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Bertolini M, Wong MS, Mendive-Tapia L, Vendrell M. Smart probes for optical imaging of T cells and screening of anti-cancer immunotherapies. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5352-5372. [PMID: 37376918 PMCID: PMC10424634 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00928e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
T cells are an essential part of the immune system with crucial roles in adaptive response and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Depending on their microenvironment, T cells can be differentiated into multiple states with distinct functions. This myriad of cellular activities have prompted the development of numerous smart probes, ranging from small molecule fluorophores to nanoconstructs with variable molecular architectures and fluorescence emission mechanisms. In this Tutorial Review, we summarize recent efforts in the design, synthesis and application of smart probes for imaging T cells in tumors and inflammation sites by targeting metabolic and enzymatic biomarkers as well as specific surface receptors. Finally, we briefly review current strategies for how smart probes are employed to monitor the response of T cells to anti-cancer immunotherapies. We hope that this Review may help chemists, biologists and immunologists to design the next generation of molecular imaging probes for T cells and anti-cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bertolini
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, Edinburgh, UK.
- IRR Chemistry Hub, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Man Sing Wong
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, Edinburgh, UK.
- IRR Chemistry Hub, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lorena Mendive-Tapia
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, Edinburgh, UK.
- IRR Chemistry Hub, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marc Vendrell
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, Edinburgh, UK.
- IRR Chemistry Hub, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, Edinburgh, UK
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2
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Jana A, Baruah M, Samanta A. Activity-based fluorescent probes for sensing and imaging of Reactive Carbonyl species (RCSs). Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200044. [PMID: 35239996 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This review explains various strategies for developing fluorescent probes to detect reactive carbonyl species (RCS). There are sevaral number of mono and diacarbonyls among 30 varieties of reactive carbonyl species (RCSs) so far discovered, which play pivotal roles in pathological processes such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease, renal failure, and diabetes mellitus. These RCSs play essential roles in maintaining ion channels regulation, cellular signaling pathways, and metabolisms. Among RCSs, Carbon moxide (CO) is also utilized for its cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. Fluorescence-based non-invasive optical tools have come out as one of the promising methods for analyzing the concentrations and co-localizations of these small metabolites. There has been a tremendous eruption in developing fluorescent probes for selective detection of specific RCSs within cellular and aqueous environments due to its high sensitivity, high spatial and temporal resolution of fluorescence imaging. Fluorescence-based sensing mechanisms such as intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), photoinduced electron transfer (PeT), excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) are described. In particular, probes for dicarbonyls such as methylglyoxal (MGO), malondialdehyde (MDA), along with monocarbonyls that include formaldehyde (FA), carbon monoxide (CO) and phosgene are discussed. One of the most exciting advances in this review is the summary of fluorescent probes of dicarbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anal Jana
- Shiv Nadar University, Chemistry, INDIA
| | | | - Animesh Samanta
- Shiv Nadar University, CHEMISTRY, NH 91, TEHSIL DADRI, GAUSTAM BUDHA NAGAR, 201314, GREATER NOIDA, INDIA
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3
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de Moliner F, Biazruchka I, Konsewicz K, Benson S, Singh S, Lee JS, Vendrell M. Near-infrared benzodiazoles as small molecule environmentally-sensitive fluorophores. Front Chem Sci Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-021-2080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe development of fluorophores emitting in the near-infrared spectral window has gained increased attention given their suitable features for biological imaging. In this work, we have optimised a general and straightforward synthetic approach to prepare a small library of near-infrared-emitting C-bridged nitrobenzodiazoles using commercial precursors. C-bridged benzodiazoles have low molecular weight and neutral character as important features that are not common in most near-infrared dyes. We have investigated their fluorescence response in the presence of a wide array of 60 different biomolecules and identified compound 3i as a potential chemosensor to discriminate between Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions in aqueous media.
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4
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Mendive‐Tapia L, Wang J, Vendrell M. Fluorescent cyclic peptides for cell imaging. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinling Wang
- Centre for Inflammation Research The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Marc Vendrell
- Centre for Inflammation Research The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
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5
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Zhao C, Mendive-Tapia L, Vendrell M. Fluorescent peptides for imaging of fungal cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 661:187-195. [PMID: 30465736 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections, especially with the advent of antimicrobial resistance, represent a major burden to our society. As a result, there has been an increasing interest in the development of new probes that accelerate the study of fungi-related biological processes and facilitate novel clinical diagnostic and treatment strategies. Fluorescence-based reporters can provide dynamic information at the molecular level with high spatial resolution. However, conventional fluorescent probes for microbes often suffer from low specificity. In the last decade, numerous studies have been reported on the chemical design and application of fluorescent peptides for both in vitro and in vivo imaging of fungal cells. In this article, we review different strategies used in the preparation of fluorescent peptides for pathogenic fungi as well as some of their applications in medical imaging and in mode-of-action mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhao
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Lorena Mendive-Tapia
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Vendrell
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
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6
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Kuzmenkov AI, Vassilevski AA. Labelled animal toxins as selective molecular markers of ion channels: Applications in neurobiology and beyond. Neurosci Lett 2018; 679:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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7
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8
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Zhang L, Er JC, Jiang H, Li X, Luo Z, Ramezani T, Feng Y, Tang MK, Chang YT, Vendrell M. A highly selective fluorogenic probe for the detection and in vivo imaging of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:9093-6. [PMID: 26940443 PMCID: PMC4943070 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc00095a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fine-tuning the BODIPY chemical structure to develop a highly selective fluorophore for Cu/Zn SOD.
Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) is an essential enzyme that protects tissue from oxidative damage. Herein we report the first fluorogenic probe (SODO) for the detection and in vivo imaging of Cu/Zn SOD. SODO represents a unique chemical probe for translational imaging studies of Cu/Zn SOD in inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Zhang
- Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Cheng Er
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543, Singapore and Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Centre for Life Sciences, #05-01, 28 Medical Drive, 117456 Singapore
| | - Hao Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P. R. China.
| | - Zhaofeng Luo
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, P. R. China
| | - Thomas Ramezani
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Yi Feng
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Mui Kee Tang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543, Singapore
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543, Singapore
| | - Marc Vendrell
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ Edinburgh, UK.
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9
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On the synthesis of quinone-based BODIPY hybrids: New insights on antitumor activity and mechanism of action in cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4446-4456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Mendive-Tapia L, Subiros-Funosas R, Zhao C, Albericio F, Read ND, Lavilla R, Vendrell M. Preparation of a Trp-BODIPY fluorogenic amino acid to label peptides for enhanced live-cell fluorescence imaging. Nat Protoc 2017; 12:1588-1619. [PMID: 28703788 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2017.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent peptides are valuable tools for live-cell imaging because of the high specificity of peptide sequences for their biomolecular targets. When preparing fluorescent versions of peptides, labels must be introduced at appropriate positions in the sequences to provide suitable reporters while avoiding any impairment of the molecular recognition properties of the peptides. This protocol describes the preparation of the tryptophan (Trp)-based fluorogenic amino acid Fmoc-Trp(C2-BODIPY)-OH and its incorporation into peptides for live-cell fluorescence imaging-an approach that is applicable to most peptide sequences. Fmoc-Trp(C2-BODIPY)-OH contains a BODIPY (4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) fluorogenic core, which works as an environmentally sensitive fluorophore, showing high fluorescence in lipophilic conditions. It is attached to Trp via a spacer-free C-C linkage, resulting in a labeled amino acid that can mimic the molecular interactions of Trp, enabling wash-free imaging. This protocol covers the chemical synthesis of the fluorogenic amino acid Fmoc-Trp(C2-BODIPY)-OH (3-4 d), the preparation of the labeled antimicrobial peptide BODIPY-cPAF26 by solid-phase synthesis (6-7 d) and its spectral and biological characterization as a live-cell imaging probe for different fungal pathogens. As an example, we include a procedure for using BODIPY-cPAF26 for wash-free imaging of fungal pathogens, including real-time visualization of Aspergillus fumigatus (5 d for culturing, 1-2 d for imaging).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Mendive-Tapia
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Subiros-Funosas
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Can Zhao
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nick D Read
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rodolfo Lavilla
- Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Vendrell
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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11
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de Moliner F, Kielland N, Lavilla R, Vendrell M. Modern Synthetic Avenues for the Preparation of Functional Fluorophores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:3758-3769. [PMID: 27907246 PMCID: PMC5396271 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical research relies on the fast and accurate profiling of specific biomolecules and cells in a non‐invasive manner. Functional fluorophores are powerful tools for such studies. As these sophisticated structures are often difficult to access through conventional synthetic strategies, new chemical processes have been developed in the past few years. In this Minireview, we describe the most recent advances in the design, preparation, and fine‐tuning of fluorophores by means of multicomponent reactions, C−H activation processes, cycloadditions, and biomolecule‐based chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio de Moliner
- MRC/UoE Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Nicola Kielland
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Lavilla
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.,CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Marc Vendrell
- MRC/UoE Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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12
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de Moliner F, Kielland N, Lavilla R, Vendrell M. Moderne Strategien zur Synthese funktioneller Fluorophore. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio de Moliner
- MRC/UoE Centre for Inflammation Research; The University of Edinburgh; 47 Little France Crescent Edinburgh EH16 4TJ Großbritannien
| | - Nicola Kielland
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10-12 Barcelona 08028 Spanien
| | - Rodolfo Lavilla
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10-12 Barcelona 08028 Spanien
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine; Baldiri Reixac 10-12 Barcelona 08028 Spanien
| | - Marc Vendrell
- MRC/UoE Centre for Inflammation Research; The University of Edinburgh; 47 Little France Crescent Edinburgh EH16 4TJ Großbritannien
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13
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Sekhar AR, Sariki SK, Reddy RVR, Bisai A, Sahu PK, Tomar RS, Sankar J. Zwitterionic BODIPYs with large stokes shift: small molecular biomarkers for live cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:1096-1099. [PMID: 28054075 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc09325f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The two first examples of zwitterionic BODIPYs have been synthesized via a simple SN-Ar methodology. The molecules exhibit excellent optical behavior, such as a large Stokes shift in solution and therefore a very intense emission, and can thus avoid self-quenching. The zwitterionic nature of the molecules was unambiguously elucidated using single crystal XRD studies. The electronic conjugation was investigated by NMR, DFT (NICS (0)) and XRD analysis. Due to their inherent ionic nature, their enhanced solubility in aqueous conditions was exploited for their utility in bio-imaging and cell viability studies. These molecules demonstrate promising localization inside live yeast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adiki Raja Sekhar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462066, India.
| | - Santhosh Kumar Sariki
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462066, India
| | - R V Ramana Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462066, India.
| | - Alakesh Bisai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462066, India.
| | - Pushpendra Kumar Sahu
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462066, India
| | - Raghuvir S Tomar
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462066, India
| | - Jeyaraman Sankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462066, India.
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14
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Subiros-Funosas R, Mendive-Tapia L, Sot J, Pound JD, Barth N, Varela Y, Goñi FM, Paterson M, Gregory CD, Albericio F, Dransfield I, Lavilla R, Vendrell M. A Trp-BODIPY cyclic peptide for fluorescence labelling of apoptotic bodies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:945-948. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07879f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis and characterization of a Trp-BODIPY fluorogenic peptide for labelling subcellular bodies released by human apoptotic cells.
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15
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Zhao C, Fernandez A, Avlonitis N, Vande Velde G, Bradley M, Read ND, Vendrell M. Searching for the Optimal Fluorophore to Label Antimicrobial Peptides. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2016; 18:689-696. [PMID: 27723293 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.6b00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of antimicrobial resistance, there is an urgent need for new strategies to treat infectious diseases. Antimicrobial peptides are considered as promising candidates, and therefore there is a need to understand their mechanism of action in order to exploit their therapeutic potential. To this end, fluorescent analogs are powerful tools to analyze their behavior and subcellular localization in cells and in vivo. However, the conjugation of fluorophores to antimicrobial peptides, especially in short sequences, can impair their biological activity, making the selection of the fluorescent label an essential step in these studies. In the present work, we have systematically modified a model antifungal hexapeptide with a collection of fluorophores covering broad physicochemical and spectral properties. The resulting conjugates have been examined in two different fungal species, in terms of their activity and intracellular localization. The biological results confirm the influence of the different fluorescent moieties on the subcellular localization of antimicrobial sequences, and provides an insight on the optimal fluorophores to be used in the preparation of fluorescent peptides for different bioimaging assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhao
- Manchester
Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory
Medicine, University of Manchester, CTF Building, Grafton Street, M13 9NT Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Fernandez
- MRC/UoE
Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little
France Crescent, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolaos Avlonitis
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Greetje Vande Velde
- Biomedical
MRI Unit/MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark Bradley
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Nick D. Read
- Manchester
Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory
Medicine, University of Manchester, CTF Building, Grafton Street, M13 9NT Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Vendrell
- MRC/UoE
Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little
France Crescent, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Arndt S, Walter HK, Wagenknecht HA. Synthesis of Wavelength-shifting DNA Hybridization Probes by Using Photostable Cyanine Dyes. J Vis Exp 2016:54121. [PMID: 27501433 PMCID: PMC4993372 DOI: 10.3791/54121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this protocol, we demonstrate a method for the synthesis of 2'-alkyne modified deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strands by automated solid phase synthesis using standard phosphoramidite chemistry. Oligonucleotides are post-synthetically labeled by two new photostable cyanine dyes using copper-catalyzed click-chemistry. The synthesis of both donor and acceptor dye is described and is performed in three consecutive steps. With the DNA as the surrounding architecture, these two dyes undergo an energy transfer when they are brought into close proximity by hybridization. Therefore, annealing of two single stranded DNA strands is visualized by a change of fluorescence color. This color change is characterized by fluorescence spectroscopy but can also be directly observed by using a handheld ultraviolet (UV) lamp. The concept of a dual fluorescence color readout makes these oligonucleotide probes excellent tools for molecular imaging especially when the described photostable dyes are used. Thereby, photobleaching of the imaging probes is prevented, and biological processes can be observed in real time for a longer time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Arndt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
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17
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Kowada T, Maeda H, Kikuchi K. BODIPY-based probes for the fluorescence imaging of biomolecules in living cells. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 44:4953-72. [PMID: 25801415 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00030k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 866] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging techniques have been widely used to visualize biological molecules and phenomena. In particular, several studies on the development of small-molecule fluorescent probes have been carried out, because their fluorescence properties can be easily tuned by synthetic chemical modification. For this reason, various fluorescent probes have been developed for targeting biological components, such as proteins, peptides, amino acids, and ions, to the interior and exterior of cells. In this review, we cover advances in the development of 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY)-based fluorescent probes for biological studies over the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Kowada
- Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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18
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Chandran Y, Kang NY, Park SJ, Husen Alamudi S, Kim JY, Sahu S, Su D, Lee J, Vendrell M, Chang YT. A highly selective fluorescent probe for direct detection and isolation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4862-4865. [PMID: 26115574 PMCID: PMC4613884 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell research has gathered immense attention in the past decade due to the remarkable ability of stem cells for self-renewal and tissue-specific differentiation. Despite having numerous advancements in stem cell isolation and manipulation techniques, there is a need for highly reliable probes for the specific detection of live stem cells. Herein we developed a new fluorescence probe (CDy9) with high selectivity for mouse embryonic stem cells. CDy9 allows the detection and isolation of intact stem cells with marginal impact on their function and capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogeswari Chandran
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 11 Biopolis Way, #02-02 Helios, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Nam-Young Kang
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 11 Biopolis Way, #02-02 Helios, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Sung-Jin Park
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 11 Biopolis Way, #02-02 Helios, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Samira Husen Alamudi
- Department of Chemistry & MedChem Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Jun-Young Kim
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 11 Biopolis Way, #02-02 Helios, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Srikanta Sahu
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 11 Biopolis Way, #02-02 Helios, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Dongdong Su
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 11 Biopolis Way, #02-02 Helios, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Jungyeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry & MedChem Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Marc Vendrell
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 11 Biopolis Way, #02-02 Helios, Singapore 138667, Singapore; Department of Chemistry & MedChem Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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Teoh CL, Su D, Sahu S, Yun SW, Drummond E, Prelli F, Lim S, Cho S, Ham S, Wisniewski T, Chang YT. Chemical Fluorescent Probe for Detection of Aβ Oligomers. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:13503-9. [PMID: 26218347 PMCID: PMC4756585 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b06190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) is implicated in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), with the soluble, Aβ oligomeric species thought to be the critical pathological species. Identification and characterization of intermediate species formed during the aggregation process is crucial to the understanding of the mechanisms by which oligomeric species mediate neuronal toxicity and following disease progression. Probing these species proved to be extremely challenging, as evident by the lack of reliable sensors, due to their heterogeneous and transient nature. We describe here an oligomer-specific fluorescent chemical probe, BoDipy-Oligomer (BD-Oligo), developed through the use of the diversity-oriented fluorescent library approach (DOFLA) and high-content, imaging-based screening. This probe enables dynamic oligomer monitoring during fibrillogenesis in vitro and shows in vivo Aβ oligomers staining possibility in the AD mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chai Lean Teoh
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, 02-02 Helios, Biopolis, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Dongdong Su
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, 02-02 Helios, Biopolis, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Srikanta Sahu
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, 02-02 Helios, Biopolis, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Seong-Wook Yun
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, 02-02 Helios, Biopolis, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Eleanor Drummond
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, Room 802, 450 East 29th Street, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Frances Prelli
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, Room 802, 450 East 29th Street, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Sulgi Lim
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Fluctuating Thermodynamics, Sookmyung Women’s University, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil 100, Yongsan-Ku, Seoul 140-742, Korea
| | - Sunhee Cho
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Fluctuating Thermodynamics, Sookmyung Women’s University, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil 100, Yongsan-Ku, Seoul 140-742, Korea
| | - Sihyun Ham
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Fluctuating Thermodynamics, Sookmyung Women’s University, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil 100, Yongsan-Ku, Seoul 140-742, Korea
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Departments of Neurology, Pathology and Psychiatry and the Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, Room 802, 450 East 29th Street, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, 02-02 Helios, Biopolis, Singapore 138667, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry and MedChem Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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Bohländer PR, Wagenknecht HA. Bright and photostable cyanine-styryl chromophores with green and red fluorescence colour for DNA staining. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2015; 3:044003. [PMID: 29148508 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/3/4/044003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and optical characterisation of a series of green- and red-emitting cyanine and cyanine-styryl dyes is presented that were developed based on the cyanine-indole-quinolinium and based on the thiazole red type structure. For the green emitting fluorophores the quinolinium part was replaced by a pyridinium group. The bridge to the indole group was attached either to the 2-position or to the 4-position of the pyridinium moiety. For the red-emitting dyes the connection to the indole moiety is at the 4-position of the quinolinium part. In each set of dyes a methyl group at the indole-NH and/or a phenyl group at the 2-position of the indole part were introduced to tune the optical properties and photostability. Additionally, two dyes were modified with a cyano group to tune the photophysical properties and to enhance the photostabilities. The developed dyes show good photostabilities and bright green or red fluorescence intensities in the presence of DNA. Thus, these dyes represent important and promising candidates for fluorescent molecular imaging of nucleic acids inside living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy R Bohländer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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21
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Sato Y, Sato T, Sato T, Nishizawa S, Teramae N. The effect of LNA nucleobases as enhancers for the binding of amiloride to an abasic site in DNA/DNA and DNA/RNA duplexes. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 12:7250-6. [PMID: 25101634 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00977k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We report on a significant effect of locked nucleic acid (LNA) nucleobases on the binding of amiloride for abasic site (AP)-containing DNA duplexes. Fluorescence titration experiments showed that the binding affinity of amiloride for the target thymine (T) opposite an AP site significantly improves for the DNA duplexes possessing LNA nucleobases that flank the AP site, compared to the corresponding normal DNA duplexes. In particular, LNA flanking nucleobases on both 5'- and 3'-sides of the AP site are found to be effective for the enhancement of the binding affinity. From thermodynamic characterization of the amiloride binding, the loss in the binding entropy is remarkably reduced for the LNA-containing DNA duplexes, which is indeed responsible for the enhanced affinity of amiloride. Moreover, such an effect of LNA nucleobases was also observed for amiloride binding to DNA/RNA hybrid duplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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22
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Lee JS, Lee JW, Kang N, Ha HH, Chang YT. Diversity-Oriented Approach for Chemical Biology. CHEM REC 2015; 15:495-510. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201402087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Seok Lee
- Molecular Recognition Research Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); 39-1 Hawolgok-dong Seoul 136-791 Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Chemistry; University of Science and Technology (UST); 113 Gwahank-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-333 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Wook Lee
- Natural Product Research Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); 679 Saimdang-ro Gangneung Ganwon-do 210-340 Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Chemistry; University of Science and Technology (UST); 113 Gwahank-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-333 Republic of Korea
| | - Namyoung Kang
- Lab of Bioimaging Probe Development; Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC), 11 Biopolis Way, #02-02 Helios; Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138667 Singapore
| | - Hyung-Ho Ha
- College of Pharmacy; Sunchon National University; Sunchon 540-742 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Lab of Bioimaging Probe Development; Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC), 11 Biopolis Way, #02-02 Helios; Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138667 Singapore
- Department of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry Program; National University of Singapore (NUS); 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
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23
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Lee JS, Yoo YH, Yoon CN. Small-molecule probes elucidate global enzyme activity in a proteomic context. BMB Rep 2014; 47:149-57. [PMID: 24499666 PMCID: PMC4163878 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2014.47.3.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent dramatic improvements in high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) have revolutionized the speed and scope of proteomic studies. Conventional MS-based proteomics methodologies allow global protein profiling based on expression levels. Although these techniques are promising, there are numerous biological activities yet to be unveiled, such as the dynamic regulation of enzyme activity. Chemical proteomics is an emerging field that extends these types proteomic profiling. In particular, activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) utilizes small-molecule probes to monitor enzyme activity directly in living intact subjects. In this mini-review, we summarize the unique roles of smallmolecule probes in proteomics studies and highlight some recent examples in which this principle has been applied. [BMB Reports 2014; 47(3): 149-157]
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Seok Lee
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 136-791; University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-333, Korea
| | - Young-Hwa Yoo
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 136-791, Korea
| | - Chang No Yoon
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 136-791, Korea
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Bohländer PR, Wagenknecht HA. Synthesis and evaluation of cyanine-styryl dyes with enhanced photostability for fluorescent DNA staining. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 11:7458-62. [PMID: 24088963 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41717d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The photostability of cyanine-styryl dyes of the indole-quinolinium type can be significantly improved by structural variations while the excellent optical properties including the bright fluorescence in the presence of DNA can be maintained or even improved, too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy R Bohländer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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25
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Fan Y, Zhao J, Yan Q, Chen PR, Zhao D. Water-soluble triscyclometalated organoiridium complex: phosphorescent nanoparticle formation, nonlinear optics, and application for cell imaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:3122-3131. [PMID: 24517374 DOI: 10.1021/am500549y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Two water-soluble triscyclometalated organoiridium complexes, 1 and 2, with polar side chains that form nanoparticles emitting bright-red phosphorescence in water were synthesized. The optimal emitting properties are related to both the triscyclometalated structure and nanoparticle-forming ability in aqueous solution. Nonlinear optical properties are also observed with the nanoparticles. Because of their proper cellular uptake in addition to high emission brightness and effective two-photon absorbing ability, cell imaging can be achieved with nanoparticles of 2 bearing quaternary ammonium side chains at ultra-low effective concentrations using NIR incident light via the multiphoton excitation phosphorescence process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanpeng Fan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department of Applied Chemistry and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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26
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Make caffeine visible: a fluorescent caffeine "traffic light" detector. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2255. [PMID: 23877095 PMCID: PMC3719075 DOI: 10.1038/srep02255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine has attracted abundant attention due to its extensive existence in beverages and medicines. However, to detect it sensitively and conveniently remains a challenge, especially in resource-limited regions. Here we report a novel aqueous phase fluorescent caffeine sensor named Caffeine Orange which exhibits 250-fold fluorescence enhancement upon caffeine activation and high selectivity. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicate that π-stacking and hydrogen-bonding contribute to their interactions while dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy experiments demonstrate the change of Caffeine Orange ambient environment induces its fluorescence emission. To utilize this probe in real life, we developed a non-toxic caffeine detection kit and tested it for caffeine quantification in various beverages. Naked-eye sensing of various caffeine concentrations was possible based on color changes upon irradiation with a laser pointer. Lastly, we performed the whole system on a microfluidic device to make caffeine detection quick, sensitive and automated.
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27
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Xie D, Jing J, Cai YB, Tang J, Chen JJ, Zhang JL. Construction of an orthogonal ZnSalen/Salophen library as a colour palette for one- and two-photon live cell imaging. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc53299b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Yoo JS, Lee SC, Jow ZY, Koh PYX, Chang YT. A Macrophage-Specific Fluorescent Probe for Intraoperative Lymph Node Staging. Cancer Res 2013; 74:44-55. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Rosania GR, Shedden K, Zheng N, Zhang X. Visualizing chemical structure-subcellular localization relationships using fluorescent small molecules as probes of cellular transport. J Cheminform 2013; 5:44. [PMID: 24093553 PMCID: PMC3852740 DOI: 10.1186/1758-2946-5-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To study the chemical determinants of small molecule transport inside cells, it is crucial to visualize relationships between the chemical structure of small molecules and their associated subcellular distribution patterns. For this purpose, we experimented with cells incubated with a synthetic combinatorial library of fluorescent, membrane-permeant small molecule chemical agents. With an automated high content screening instrument, the intracellular distribution patterns of these chemical agents were microscopically captured in image data sets, and analyzed off-line with machine vision and cheminformatics algorithms. Nevertheless, it remained challenging to interpret correlations linking the structure and properties of chemical agents to their subcellular localization patterns in large numbers of cells, captured across large number of images. Results To address this challenge, we constructed a Multidimensional Online Virtual Image Display (MOVID) visualization platform using off-the-shelf hardware and software components. For analysis, the image data set acquired from cells incubated with a combinatorial library of fluorescent molecular probes was sorted based on quantitative relationships between the chemical structures, physicochemical properties or predicted subcellular distribution patterns. MOVID enabled visual inspection of the sorted, multidimensional image arrays: Using a multipanel desktop liquid crystal display (LCD) and an avatar as a graphical user interface, the resolution of the images was automatically adjusted to the avatar’s distance, allowing the viewer to rapidly navigate through high resolution image arrays, zooming in and out of the images to inspect and annotate individual cells exhibiting interesting staining patterns. In this manner, MOVID facilitated visualization and interpretation of quantitative structure-localization relationship studies. MOVID also facilitated direct, intuitive exploration of the relationship between the chemical structures of the probes and their microscopic, subcellular staining patterns. Conclusion MOVID can provide a practical, graphical user interface and computer-assisted image data visualization platform to facilitate bioimage data mining and cheminformatics analysis of high content, phenotypic screening experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gus R Rosania
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Zhai D, Lee SC, Yun SW, Chang YT. A ratiometric fluorescent dye for the detection of glutathione in live cells and liver cancer tissue. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:7207-9. [PMID: 23841114 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc43480j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel ratiometric biothiol probe Glutathione Green was developed. It allows quantitative measurement of glutathione in cell extracts and direct visualization of changes in glutathione levels in live cells. Remarkably, this is the first reported biothiol probe which can detect the carcinoma region of liver tissue based on the differences in the glutathione level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duanting Zhai
- Department of Chemistry and MedChem Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
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Holzhauser C, Wagenknecht HA. DNA and RNA “Traffic Lights”: Synthetic Wavelength-Shifting Fluorescent Probes Based on Nucleic Acid Base Substitutes for Molecular Imaging. J Org Chem 2013; 78:7373-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Holzhauser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe,
Germany
| | - Hans-Achim Wagenknecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe,
Germany
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The Development of Novel Near-Infrared (NIR) Tetraarylazadipyrromethene Fluorescent Dyes. MATERIALS 2013; 6:1779-1788. [PMID: 28809242 PMCID: PMC5452499 DOI: 10.3390/ma6051779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Novel structures of an near-infrared (NIR) tetraarylazadipyrromethene (aza-BODIPY) series have been prepared. We designed the core structure containing two amido groups at the para-position of the aromatic rings. The amido group was incorporated to secure insensitivity to pH and to ensure a bathochromic shift to the NIR region. Forty members of aza-BODIPY compounds were synthesized by substitution of the acetyl group with commercial amines on the alpha bromide. The physicochemical properties and photostability were investigated and the fluorescence emission maxima (745~755 nm) were found to be in the near infrared (NIR) range of fluorescence.
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Watanabe K, Nishimura Y, Nomoto T, Umemoto N, Zhang Z, Zhang B, Kuroyanagi J, Shimada Y, Shintou T, Okano M, Miyazaki T, Imamura T, Tanaka T. In vivo assessment of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier and blood-retinal barrier to fluorescent indoline derivatives in zebrafish. BMC Neurosci 2012; 13:101. [PMID: 22894547 PMCID: PMC3807752 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Successful delivery of compounds to the brain and retina is a challenge in the development of therapeutic drugs and imaging agents. This challenge arises because internalization of compounds into the brain and retina is restricted by the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and blood-retinal barrier (BRB), respectively. Simple and reliable in vivo assays are necessary to identify compounds that can easily cross the BBB and BRB. Methods We developed six fluorescent indoline derivatives (IDs) and examined their ability to cross the BBB and BRB in zebrafish by in vivo fluorescence imaging. These fluorescent IDs were administered to live zebrafish by immersing the zebrafish larvae at 7-8 days post fertilization in medium containing the ID, or by intracardiac injection. We also examined the effect of multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs) on the permeability of the BBB and BRB to the ID using MK571, a selective inhibitor of MRPs. Results The permeability of these barriers to fluorescent IDs administered by simple immersion was comparable to when administered by intracardiac injection. Thus, this finding supports the validity of drug administration by simple immersion for the assessment of BBB and BRB permeability to fluorescent IDs. Using this zebrafish model, we demonstrated that the length of the methylene chain in these fluorescent IDs significantly affected their ability to cross the BBB and BRB via MRPs. Conclusions We demonstrated that in vivo assessment of the permeability of the BBB and BRB to fluorescent IDs could be simply and reliably performed using zebrafish. The structure of fluorescent IDs can be flexibly modified and, thus, the permeability of the BBB and BRB to a large number of IDs can be assessed using this zebrafish-based assay. The large amount of data acquired might be useful for in silico analysis to elucidate the precise mechanisms underlying the interactions between chemical structure and the efflux transporters at the BBB and BRB. In turn, understanding these mechanisms may lead to the efficient design of compounds targeting the brain and retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Watanabe
- Corporate R&D Headquarters, Canon Inc Tokyo, Ohta-ku, Japan
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