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Localization of Chicken Rab22a in Cells and Its Relationship to BF or Ii Molecules and Genes. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030387. [PMID: 36766276 PMCID: PMC9913282 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rab22a is an important small GTPase protein the molecule that is involved in intracellular transportation and regulation of proteins. It also plays an important role in antigens uptake, transportation, regulation of endosome morphology, and also regulates the transport of antigens to MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) molecules. To investigate the role of Rab22a, the intracellular co-localization of chicken Rab22a (cRab22a) molecule and its relationship to BF and chicken invariant chain (cIi) molecules was studied. A 3D protein structure of Rab22a was constructed by using informatics tools (DNASTAR 4.0 and DNAMAN). Based on the model, the corresponding recombinant eukaryotic plasmids were constructed by point mutations in the protein's structural domains. HEK 293T cells were co-transfected with plasmids pEGFP-C1-cIi to observe the intracellular co-localization. Secondly, the DC2.4 Mouse Dendritic Cell and Murine RAW 264.7 cells were transfected with recombinant plasmids of pmCherry-cRab22a and pmCherry-mRab22a respectively. Subsequently, the intracellular localization of cRab22a in early and late endosomes was observed with specific antibodies against EEA1 and LAMP1 respectively. For gene expression-based studies, the cRab22a gene was down-regulated and up-regulated in HD11 cells, following the detection of transcription levels of the BFa (MHCIa) and cIi genes by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The interactions of the cRab22a gene with BFa and cIi were detected by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and Western blot. The results showed that the protein structures of chicken and mouse Rab22a were highly homologous (95.4%), and both localize to the early and late endosomes. Ser41 and Tyr74 are key amino acids in the Switch regions of Rab22a which maintain its intracellular localization. The down-regulation of cRab22a gene expression significantly reduced (p < 0.01) the transcription of BFa (MHCIa) and cIi in HD11 cells. However, when the expression of the cRab22a gene was increased 55 times as compared to control cells, the expression of the BFa (MHCIa) gene was increased 1.7 times compared to the control cells (p < 0.01), while the expression of the cIi gene did not significantly differ from control (p > 0.05). Western blot results showed that cRab22a could not directly bind to BFa and cIi. So, cRab22a can regulate BFa and cIi protein molecules indirectly. It is concluded that cRab22a was localized with cIi in the endosome. The Switch regions of cRab22a are the key domains that affect intracellular localization and colocalization of the cIi molecule.
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2
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Wu Y, Zhou W, Yang Z, Li J, Jin Y. miR-185-5p Represses Cells Growth and Metastasis of Osteosarcoma via Targeting Cathepsin E. Int J Toxicol 2022; 41:115-125. [PMID: 35213250 DOI: 10.1177/10915818211069270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a malignant bone tumor characterized by poor prognosis due to its regional invasion and early metastasis. In this study, we aimed to find the role and the underlying mechanism of Cathepsin E (CTSE) in OS growth and metastasis. We found CTSE is upregulated in metastatic OS, rather than in the primary lesion, as confirmed by RT-qPCR and western blot analysis of clinical OS samples. Furthermore, both in vitro and in vivo experiments illustrated that CTSE promoted both growth and metastasis of OS cells, partially mediated through the modulation of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). Bioinformatics analysis predicted that miR-185-5p downregulates CTSE via directly binding to the 3'UTR of CTSE, which was verified by luciferase reporter assay and rescue assays. This study reported for the first time that CTSE is a potential biomarker in OS tumorigenesis and metastasis, providing a promising therapeutic target for OS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Beijing United Family Healthcare, Beijing, China
| | - Weili Zhou
- Joint Surgery Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Zhijun Yang
- Trauma Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of South China University, Hengyang, China
| | - Jinping Li
- Joint Surgery Department of Orthopaedics, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Jin
- Joint Surgery Department of Orthopaedics, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, China
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3
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Martinez-Fabregas J, Tamargo-Azpilicueta J, Diaz-Moreno I. Lysosomes: Multifunctional compartments ruled by a complex regulatory network. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:758-774. [PMID: 35218162 PMCID: PMC8972048 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 50 years have passed since Nobel laureate Cristian de Duve described for the first time the presence of tiny subcellular compartments filled with hydrolytic enzymes: the lysosome. For a long time, lysosomes were deemed simple waste bags exerting a plethora of hydrolytic activities involved in the recycling of biopolymers, and lysosomal genes were considered to just be simple housekeeping genes, transcribed in a constitutive fashion. However, lysosomes are emerging as multifunctional signalling hubs involved in multiple aspects of cell biology, both under homeostatic and pathological conditions. Lysosomes are involved in the regulation of cell metabolism through the mTOR/TFEB axis. They are also key players in the regulation and onset of the immune response. Furthermore, it is becoming clear that lysosomal hydrolases can regulate several biological processes outside of the lysosome. They are also implicated in a complex communication network among subcellular compartments that involves intimate organelle‐to‐organelle contacts. Furthermore, lysosomal dysfunction is nowadays accepted as the causative event behind several human pathologies: low frequency inherited diseases, cancer, or neurodegenerative, metabolic, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases. Recent advances in our knowledge of the complex biology of lysosomes have established them as promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of different pathologies. Although recent discoveries have started to highlight that lysosomes are controlled by a complex web of regulatory networks, which in some cases seem to be cell‐ and stimuli‐dependent, to harness the full potential of lysosomes as therapeutic targets, we need a deeper understanding of the little‐known signalling pathways regulating this subcellular compartment and its functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Martinez-Fabregas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ) - Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja), Universidad de Sevilla - CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Joaquin Tamargo-Azpilicueta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ) - Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja), Universidad de Sevilla - CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Irene Diaz-Moreno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ) - Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja), Universidad de Sevilla - CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
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4
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Abstract
Immune principles formulated by Jenner, Pasteur, and early immunologists served as fundamental propositions for vaccine discovery against many dreadful pathogens. However, decisive success in the form of an efficacious vaccine still eludes for diseases such as tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis. Several antileishmanial vaccine trials have been undertaken in past decades incorporating live, attenuated, killed, or subunit vaccination, but the goal remains unmet. In light of the above facts, we have to reassess the principles of vaccination by dissecting factors associated with the hosts' immune response. This chapter discusses the pathogen-associated perturbations at various junctures during the generation of the immune response which inhibits antigenic processing, presentation, or remodels memory T cell repertoire. This can lead to ineffective priming or inappropriate activation of memory T cells during challenge infection. Thus, despite a protective primary response, vaccine failure can occur due to altered immune environments in the presence of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunil Kumar
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
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5
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Yoo Y, Choi E, Kim Y, Cha Y, Um E, Kim Y, Kim Y, Lee YS. Therapeutic potential of targeting cathepsin S in pulmonary fibrosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112245. [PMID: 34772578 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin S (CTSS), a lysosomal protease, belongs to a family of cysteine cathepsin proteases that promote degradation of damaged proteins in the endolysosomal pathway. Aberrant CTSS expression and regulation are associated with the pathogenesis of several diseases, including lung diseases. CTSS overexpression causes a variety of pathological processes, including pulmonary fibrosis, with increased CTSS secretion and accelerated extracellular matrix remodeling. Compared to many other cysteine cathepsin family members, CTSS has unique features that it presents limited tissue expression and retains its enzymatic activity at a neutral pH, suggesting its decisive involvement in disease microenvironments. In this review, we investigated the role of CTSS in lung disease, exploring recent studies that have indicated that CTSS mediates fibrosis in unique ways, along with its structure, substrates, and distinct regulation. We also outlined examples of CTSS inhibitors in clinical and preclinical development and proposed CTSS as a potential therapeutic target for pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- YoungJo Yoo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Choi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunyoung Cha
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Um
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghwa Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunji Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sil Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-720, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Inflammation and tumor progression: signaling pathways and targeted intervention. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:263. [PMID: 34248142 PMCID: PMC8273155 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00658-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 703] [Impact Index Per Article: 234.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer development and its response to therapy are regulated by inflammation, which either promotes or suppresses tumor progression, potentially displaying opposing effects on therapeutic outcomes. Chronic inflammation facilitates tumor progression and treatment resistance, whereas induction of acute inflammatory reactions often stimulates the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and antigen presentation, leading to anti-tumor immune responses. In addition, multiple signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT), toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways, cGAS/STING, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK); inflammatory factors, including cytokines (e.g., interleukin (IL), interferon (IFN), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α), chemokines (e.g., C-C motif chemokine ligands (CCLs) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligands (CXCLs)), growth factors (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β), and inflammasome; as well as inflammatory metabolites including prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxane, and specialized proresolving mediators (SPM), have been identified as pivotal regulators of the initiation and resolution of inflammation. Nowadays, local irradiation, recombinant cytokines, neutralizing antibodies, small-molecule inhibitors, DC vaccines, oncolytic viruses, TLR agonists, and SPM have been developed to specifically modulate inflammation in cancer therapy, with some of these factors already undergoing clinical trials. Herein, we discuss the initiation and resolution of inflammation, the crosstalk between tumor development and inflammatory processes. We also highlight potential targets for harnessing inflammation in the treatment of cancer.
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7
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Firmino JP, Fernández-Alacid L, Vallejos-Vidal E, Salomón R, Sanahuja I, Tort L, Ibarz A, Reyes-López FE, Gisbert E. Carvacrol, Thymol, and Garlic Essential Oil Promote Skin Innate Immunity in Gilthead Seabream ( Sparus aurata) Through the Multifactorial Modulation of the Secretory Pathway and Enhancement of Mucus Protective Capacity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:633621. [PMID: 33777020 PMCID: PMC7994269 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.633621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main targets for the use of phytogenics in aquafeeds is the mucosal tissues as they constitute a physical and biochemical shield against environmental and pathogenic threats, comprising elements from both the innate and acquired immunity. In the present study, the modulation of the skin transcriptional immune response, the bacterial growth capacity in skin mucus, and the overall health condition of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles fed a dietary supplementation of garlic essential oil, carvacrol, and thymol were assessed. The enrichment analysis of the skin transcriptional profile of fish fed the phytogenic-supplemented diet revealed the regulation of genes associated to cellular components involved in the secretory pathway, suggesting the stimulation, and recruitment of phagocytic cells. Genes recognized by their involvement in non-specific immune response were also identified in the analysis. The promotion of the secretion of non-specific immune molecules into the skin mucus was proposed to be involved in the in vitro decreased growth capacity of pathogenic bacteria in the mucus of fish fed the phytogenic-supplemented diet. Although the mucus antioxidant capacity was not affected by the phytogenics supplementation, the regulation of genes coding for oxidative stress enzymes suggested the reduction of the skin oxidative stress. Additionally, the decreased levels of cortisol in mucus indicated a reduction in the fish allostatic load due to the properties of the tested additive. Altogether, the dietary garlic, carvacrol, and thymol appear to promote the gilthead seabream skin innate immunity and the mucus protective capacity, decreasing its susceptibility to be colonized by pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana P Firmino
- IRTA, Centre de Sant Carles de la Ràpita (IRTA-SCR), Aquaculture Program, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.,TECNOVIT-FARMFAES, S.L. Pol. Ind. Les Sorts, Alforja, Spain.,Ph.D. Program in Aquaculture, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Laura Fernández-Alacid
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Salomón
- IRTA, Centre de Sant Carles de la Ràpita (IRTA-SCR), Aquaculture Program, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.,Ph.D. Program in Aquaculture, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ignasi Sanahuja
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Antoni Ibarz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe E Reyes-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile.,Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., Santiago, Chile
| | - Enric Gisbert
- IRTA, Centre de Sant Carles de la Ràpita (IRTA-SCR), Aquaculture Program, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
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8
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van Leeuwen T, Araman C, Pieper Pournara L, Kampstra ASB, Bakkum T, Marqvorsen MHS, Nascimento CR, Groenewold GJM, van der Wulp W, Camps MGM, Janssen GMC, van Veelen PA, van Westen GJP, Janssen APA, Florea BI, Overkleeft HS, Ossendorp FA, Toes REM, van Kasteren SI. Bioorthogonal protein labelling enables the study of antigen processing of citrullinated and carbamylated auto-antigens. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:855-862. [PMID: 34212151 PMCID: PMC8190914 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00009h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolysis is fundamental to many biological processes. In the immune system, it underpins the activation of the adaptive immune response: degradation of antigenic material into short peptides and presentation thereof on major histocompatibility complexes, leads to activation of T-cells. This initiates the adaptive immune response against many pathogens. Studying proteolysis is difficult, as the oft-used polypeptide reporters are susceptible to proteolytic sequestration themselves. Here we present a new approach that allows the imaging of antigen proteolysis throughout the processing pathway in an unbiased manner. By incorporating bioorthogonal functionalities into the protein in place of methionines, antigens can be followed during degradation, whilst leaving reactive sidechains open to templated and non-templated post-translational modifications, such as citrullination and carbamylation. Using this approach, we followed and imaged the post-uptake fate of the commonly used antigen ovalbumin, as well as the post-translationally citrullinated and/or carbamylated auto-antigen vinculin in rheumatoid arthritis, revealing differences in antigen processing and presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyrza van Leeuwen
- Division of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry and the Institute of Chemical Immunology, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Can Araman
- Division of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry and the Institute of Chemical Immunology, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Linda Pieper Pournara
- Division of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry and the Institute of Chemical Immunology, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Arieke S B Kampstra
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center P.O. Box 9600 2300 RC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Bakkum
- Division of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry and the Institute of Chemical Immunology, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Mikkel H S Marqvorsen
- Division of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry and the Institute of Chemical Immunology, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Clarissa R Nascimento
- Division of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry and the Institute of Chemical Immunology, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - G J Mirjam Groenewold
- Division of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry and the Institute of Chemical Immunology, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Willemijn van der Wulp
- Division of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry and the Institute of Chemical Immunology, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Marcel G M Camps
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center P.O. Box 9600 2300 RC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - George M C Janssen
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center P.O. Box 9600 2300 RC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Peter A van Veelen
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center P.O. Box 9600 2300 RC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J P van Westen
- Computational Drug Discovery, Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Antonius P A Janssen
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry and the Oncode Institute, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Bogdan I Florea
- Division of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry and the Institute of Chemical Immunology, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Division of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry and the Institute of Chemical Immunology, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Ferry A Ossendorp
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center P.O. Box 9600 2300 RC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - René E M Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center P.O. Box 9600 2300 RC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Sander I van Kasteren
- Division of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry and the Institute of Chemical Immunology, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
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9
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Tang T, Yang ZY, Wang D, Yang XY, Wang J, Li L, Wen Q, Gao L, Bian XW, Yu SC. The role of lysosomes in cancer development and progression. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:131. [PMID: 33292489 PMCID: PMC7677787 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00489-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are an important component of the inner membrane system and participate in numerous cell biological processes, such as macromolecular degradation, antigen presentation, intracellular pathogen destruction, plasma membrane repair, exosome release, cell adhesion/migration and apoptosis. Thus, lysosomes play important roles in cellular activity. In addition, previous studies have shown that lysosomes may play important roles in cancer development and progression through the abovementioned biological processes and that the functional status and spatial distribution of lysosomes are closely related to cancer cell proliferation, energy metabolism, invasion and metastasis, immune escape and tumor-associated angiogenesis. Therefore, identifying the factors and mechanisms that regulate the functional status and spatial distribution of lysosomes and elucidating the relationship between lysosomes and the development and progression of cancer can provide important information for cancer diagnosis and prognosis prediction and may yield new therapeutic targets. This study briefly reviews the above information and explores the potential value of lysosomes in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ze-Yu Yang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xian-Yan Yang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Qian Wen
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Xiu-Wu Bian
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Shi-Cang Yu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
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10
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Mitschke J, Burk UC, Reinheckel T. The role of proteases in epithelial-to-mesenchymal cell transitions in cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 38:431-444. [PMID: 31482486 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-019-09808-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Changing the characteristics of cells from epithelial states to mesenchymal properties is a key process involved in developmental and physiological processes as well as in many diseases with cancer as the most prominent example. Nowadays, a great deal of work and literature concerns the understanding of the process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in terms of its molecular regulation and its implications for cancer. Similar statements can certainly be made regarding the investigation of the more than 500 proteases typically encoded by a mammalian genome. Specifically, the impact of proteases on tumor biology has been a long-standing topic of interest. However, although EMT actively regulates expression of many proteases and proteolytic enzymes are clearly involved in survival, division, differentiation, and movements of cells, information on the diverse roles of proteases in EMT has been rarely compiled. Here we aim to conceptually connect the scientific areas of "EMT" and "protease" research by describing how several important classes of proteolytic enzymes are regulated by EMT and how they are involved in initiation and execution of the EMT program. To do so, we briefly introduce the evolving key features of EMT and its regulation followed by discussion of protease involvement in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Mitschke
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike C Burk
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, partner site Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany. .,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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11
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Smirlis D, Dingli F, Pescher P, Prina E, Loew D, Rachidi N, Späth GF. SILAC-based quantitative proteomics reveals pleiotropic, phenotypic modulation in primary murine macrophages infected with the protozoan pathogen Leishmania donovani. J Proteomics 2019; 213:103617. [PMID: 31846769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniases are major vector-borne tropical diseases responsible for great human morbidity and mortality, caused by protozoan, trypanosomatid parasites of the genus Leishmania. In the mammalian host, parasites survive and multiply within mononuclear phagocytes, especially macrophages. However, the underlying mechanisms by which Leishmania spp. affect their host are not fully understood. Herein, proteomic alterations of primary, bone marrow-derived BALB/c macrophages are documented after 72 h of infection with Leishmania donovani insect-stage promastigotes, applying a SILAC-based, quantitative proteomics approach. The protocol was optimised by combining strong anion exchange and gel electrophoresis fractionation that displayed similar depth of analysis (combined total of 6189 mouse proteins). Our analyses revealed 86 differentially modulated proteins (35 showing increased and 51 decreased abundance) in response to Leishmania donovani infection. The proteomics results were validated by analysing the abundance of selected proteins. Intracellular Leishmania donovani infection led to changes in various host cell biological processes, including primary metabolism and catabolic process, with a significant enrichment in lysosomal organisation. Overall, our analysis establishes the first proteome of bona fide primary macrophages infected ex vivo with Leishmania donovani, revealing new mechanisms acting at the host/pathogen interface. SIGNIFICANCE: Little is known on proteome changes that occur in primary macrophages after Leishmania donovani infection. This study describes a SILAC-based quantitative proteomics approach to characterise changes of bone marrow-derived macrophages infected with L. donovani promastigotes for 72 h. With the application of SILAC and the use of SAX and GEL fractionation methods, we have tested new routes for proteome quantification of primary macrophages. The protocols developed here can be applicable to other diseases and pathologies. Moreover, this study sheds important new light on the "proteomic reprogramming" of infected macrophages in response to L. donovani promastigotes that affects primary metabolism, cellular catabolic processes, and lysosomal/vacuole organisation. Thus, our study reveals key molecules and processes that act at the host/pathogen interface that may inform on new immuno- or chemotherapeutic interventions to combat leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina Smirlis
- Institut Pasteur and Institut National de Santé et Recherche Médicale INSERM U1201, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Paris, France; Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Athens, Greece.
| | - Florent Dingli
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Université de recherche PSL, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Pescher
- Institut Pasteur and Institut National de Santé et Recherche Médicale INSERM U1201, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Paris, France
| | - Eric Prina
- Institut Pasteur and Institut National de Santé et Recherche Médicale INSERM U1201, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Paris, France
| | - Damarys Loew
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Université de recherche PSL, Paris, France
| | - Najma Rachidi
- Institut Pasteur and Institut National de Santé et Recherche Médicale INSERM U1201, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Paris, France
| | - Gerald F Späth
- Institut Pasteur and Institut National de Santé et Recherche Médicale INSERM U1201, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Paris, France.
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12
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Høglund RA, Torsetnes SB, Lossius A, Bogen B, Homan EJ, Bremel R, Holmøy T. Human Cysteine Cathepsins Degrade Immunoglobulin G In Vitro in a Predictable Manner. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194843. [PMID: 31569504 PMCID: PMC6801702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are critical components of the adaptive immune system involved in the generation of epitopes for presentation on human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules and have been implicated in degradation of autoantigens. Immunoglobulin variable regions with somatic mutations and random complementarity region 3 amino acid composition are inherently immunogenic. T cell reactivity towards immunoglobulin variable regions has been investigated in relation to specific diseases, as well as reactivity to therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Yet, how the immunoglobulins, or the B cell receptors, are processed in endolysosomal compartments of professional antigen presenting cells has not been described in detail. Here we present in silico and in vitro experimental evidence suggesting that cysteine cathepsins S, L and B may have important roles in generating peptides fitting HLA class II molecules, capable of being presented to T cells, from monoclonal antibodies as well as from central nervous system proteins including a well described autoantigen. By combining neural net models with in vitro proteomics experiments, we further suggest how such degradation can be predicted, how it fits with available cellular models, and that it is immunoglobulin heavy chain variable family dependent. These findings are relevant for biotherapeutic drug design as well as to understand disease development. We also suggest how these tools can be improved, including improved machine learning methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Alexander Høglund
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
- Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Medical Division, Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Silje Bøen Torsetnes
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
- Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Medical Division, Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
| | - Andreas Lossius
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
- Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Medical Division, Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | | | - Trygve Holmøy
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway.
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13
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Backus KM, Cao J, Maddox SM. Opportunities and challenges for the development of covalent chemical immunomodulators. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3421-3439. [PMID: 31204229 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Compounds that react irreversibly with cysteines have reemerged as potent and selective tools for altering protein function, serving as chemical probes and even clinically approved drugs. The exquisite sensitivity of human immune cell signaling pathways to oxidative stress indicates the likely, yet still underexploited, general utility of covalent probes for selective chemical immunomodulation. Here, we provide an overview of immunomodulatory cysteines, including identification of electrophilic compounds available to label these residues. We focus our discussion on three protein classes essential for cell signaling, which span the 'druggability' spectrum from amenable to chemical probes (kinases), somewhat druggable (proteases), to inaccessible (phosphatases). Using existing inhibitors as a guide, we identify general strategies to guide the development of covalent probes for selected undruggable classes of proteins and propose the application of such compounds to alter immune cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keriann M Backus
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Jian Cao
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sean M Maddox
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, USA
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14
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Class II MHC antigen processing in immune tolerance and inflammation. Immunogenetics 2018; 71:171-187. [PMID: 30421030 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-018-1095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Presentation of peptide antigens by MHC-II proteins is prerequisite to effective CD4 T cell tolerance to self and to recognition of foreign antigens. Antigen uptake and processing pathways as well as expression of the peptide exchange factors HLA-DM and HLA-DO differ among the various professional and non-professional antigen-presenting cells and are modulated by cell developmental state and activation. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of these cell-specific factors in controlling the source and breadth of peptides presented by MHC-II under different conditions. During inflammation, increased presentation of selected self-peptides has implications for maintenance of peripheral tolerance and autoimmunity.
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15
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Stathopoulou C, Gangaplara A, Mallett G, Flomerfelt FA, Liniany LP, Knight D, Samsel LA, Berlinguer-Palmini R, Yim JJ, Felizardo TC, Eckhaus MA, Edgington-Mitchell L, Martinez-Fabregas J, Zhu J, Fowler DH, van Kasteren SI, Laurence A, Bogyo M, Watts C, Shevach EM, Amarnath S. PD-1 Inhibitory Receptor Downregulates Asparaginyl Endopeptidase and Maintains Foxp3 Transcription Factor Stability in Induced Regulatory T Cells. Immunity 2018; 49:247-263.e7. [PMID: 30054205 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cell differentiation into multiple T helper (Th) cell lineages is critical for optimal adaptive immune responses. This report identifies an intrinsic mechanism by which programmed death-1 receptor (PD-1) signaling imparted regulatory phenotype to Foxp3+ Th1 cells (denoted as Tbet+iTregPDL1 cells) and inducible regulatory T (iTreg) cells. Tbet+iTregPDL1 cells prevented inflammation in murine models of experimental colitis and experimental graft versus host disease (GvHD). Programmed death ligand-1 (PDL-1) binding to PD-1 imparted regulatory function to Tbet+iTregPDL1 cells and iTreg cells by specifically downregulating endo-lysosomal protease asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP). AEP regulated Foxp3 stability and blocking AEP imparted regulatory function in Tbet+iTreg cells. Also, Aep-/- iTreg cells significantly inhibited GvHD and maintained Foxp3 expression. PD-1-mediated Foxp3 maintenance in Tbet+ Th1 cells occurred both in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and during chronic viral infection. Collectively, this report has identified an intrinsic function for PD-1 in maintaining Foxp3 through proteolytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arunakumar Gangaplara
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Grace Mallett
- Bio-Imaging Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Francis A Flomerfelt
- Experimental Transplantation Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lukasz P Liniany
- Bio-Imaging Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - David Knight
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Leigh A Samsel
- Flow Cytometry Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Joshua J Yim
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tania C Felizardo
- Experimental Transplantation Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael A Eckhaus
- Division of Veterinary Resources, Office of Research Services, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Laura Edgington-Mitchell
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Drug Discovery Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | | | - Jinfang Zhu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel H Fowler
- Experimental Transplantation Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sander I van Kasteren
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, 2311 EZ Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Arian Laurence
- Bio-Imaging Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; Department of Haematology, Northern Centre for Cancer Care, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Colin Watts
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Ethan M Shevach
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shoba Amarnath
- Bio-Imaging Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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16
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Bakkum T, van Leeuwen T, Sarris AJC, van Elsland DM, Poulcharidis D, Overkleeft HS, van Kasteren SI. Quantification of Bioorthogonal Stability in Immune Phagocytes Using Flow Cytometry Reveals Rapid Degradation of Strained Alkynes. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1173-1179. [PMID: 29693370 PMCID: PMC5962927 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
One of the areas
in which bioorthogonal chemistry—chemistry
performed inside a cell or organism—has become of pivotal importance
is in the study of host–pathogen interactions. The incorporation
of bioorthogonal groups into the cell wall or proteome of intracellular
pathogens has allowed study within the endolysosomal system. However,
for the approach to be successful, the incorporated bioorthogonal
groups must be stable to chemical conditions found within these organelles,
which are some of the harshest found in metazoans: the groups are
exposed to oxidizing species, acidic conditions, and reactive thiols.
Here we present an assay that allows the assessment of the stability
of bioorthogonal groups within host cell phagosomes. Using a flow
cytometry-based assay, we have quantified the relative label stability
inside dendritic cell phagosomes of strained and unstrained alkynes.
We show that groups that were shown to be stable in other systems
were degraded by as much as 79% after maturation of the phagosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bakkum
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and The Institute for Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tyrza van Leeuwen
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and The Institute for Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alexi J. C. Sarris
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and The Institute for Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne M. van Elsland
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and The Institute for Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitrios Poulcharidis
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and The Institute for Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and The Institute for Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander I. van Kasteren
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and The Institute for Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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17
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Høglund RA, Lossius A, Johansen JN, Homan J, Benth JŠ, Robins H, Bogen B, Bremel RD, Holmøy T. In Silico Prediction Analysis of Idiotope-Driven T-B Cell Collaboration in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1255. [PMID: 29038659 PMCID: PMC5630699 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells acting as antigen-presenting cells are believed to be important in multiple sclerosis (MS), but the antigen they present remains unknown. We hypothesized that B cells may activate CD4+ T cells in the central nervous system of MS patients by presenting idiotopes from their own immunoglobulin variable regions on human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules. Here, we use bioinformatics prediction analysis of B cell immunoglobulin variable regions from 11 MS patients and 6 controls with other inflammatory neurological disorders (OINDs), to assess whether the prerequisites for such idiotope-driven T–B cell collaboration are present. Our findings indicate that idiotopes from the complementarity determining region (CDR) 3 of MS patients on average have high predicted affinities for disease associated HLA-DRB1*15:01 molecules and are predicted to be endosomally processed by cathepsin S and L in positions that allows such HLA binding to occur. Additionally, complementarity determining region 3 sequences from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) B cells from MS patients contain on average more rare T cell-exposed motifs that could potentially escape tolerance and stimulate CD4+ T cells than CSF B cells from OIND patients. Many of these features were associated with preferential use of the IGHV4 gene family by CSF B cells from MS patients. This is the first study to combine high-throughput sequencing of patient immune repertoires with large-scale prediction analysis and provides key indicators for future in vitro and in vivo analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune A Høglund
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Lossius
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jorunn N Johansen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jane Homan
- EigenBio LLC, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jūratė Šaltytė Benth
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Health Services Research Unit, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Harlan Robins
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Trygve Holmøy
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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18
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Chen Z, Boyd SD, Calvo JS, Murray KW, Mejia GL, Benjamin CE, Welch RP, Winkler DD, Meloni G, D'Arcy S, Gassensmith JJ. Fluorescent Functionalization across Quaternary Structure in a Virus-like Particle. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:2277-2283. [PMID: 28787574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proteinaceous nanomaterials and, in particular, virus-like particles (VLPs) have emerged as robust and uniform platforms that are seeing wider use in biomedical research. However, there are a limited number of bioconjugation reactions for functionalizing the capsids, and very few of those involve functionalization across the supramolecular quaternary structure of protein assemblies. In this work, we exploit the recently described dibromomaleimide moiety as part of a bioconjugation strategy on VLP Qβ to break and rebridge the exposed and structurally important disulfides in good yields. Not only was the stability of the quaternary structure retained after the reaction, but the newly functionalized particles also became brightly fluorescent and could be tracked in vitro using a commercially available filter set. Consequently, we show that this highly efficient bioconjugation reaction not only introduces a new functional handle "between" the disulfides of VLPs without compromising their thermal stability but also can be used to create a fluorescent probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Biological Sciences, and §School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Stefanie D Boyd
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Biological Sciences, and §School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Jenifer S Calvo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Biological Sciences, and §School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Kyle W Murray
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Biological Sciences, and §School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Galo L Mejia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Biological Sciences, and §School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Candace E Benjamin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Biological Sciences, and §School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Raymond P Welch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Biological Sciences, and §School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Duane D Winkler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Biological Sciences, and §School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Gabriele Meloni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Biological Sciences, and §School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Sheena D'Arcy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Biological Sciences, and §School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Jeremiah J Gassensmith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Biological Sciences, and §School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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19
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Hartholt RB, van Velzen AS, Peyron I, Ten Brinke A, Fijnvandraat K, Voorberg J. To serve and protect: The modulatory role of von Willebrand factor on factor VIII immunogenicity. Blood Rev 2017; 31:339-347. [PMID: 28716211 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hemophilia A is a bleeding disorder characterized by the absence or dysfunction of blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII). Patients are treated with regular infusions of FVIII concentrate. In response to treatment, approximately 30% of patients with severe hemophilia A develop inhibitory antibodies targeting FVIII. Both patient and treatment related risk factors for inhibitor development have been described. Multiple studies comparing the immunogenicity of recombinant and plasma-derived FVIII have yielded conflicting results. The randomized controlled SIPPET (Survey of Inhibitors in Plasma-Product Exposed Toddlers) trial demonstrated an increased risk of inhibitor development of recombinant FVIII when compared to von Willebrand factor (VWF)-containing plasma-derived FVIII. Presently, it is unclear which mechanism underlies the reduced immunogenicity of plasma-derived FVIII. In this review we address the potential role of VWF on FVIII immunogenicity and we discuss how VWF affects the immune recognition, processing and presentation of FVIII. We also briefly discuss the potential impact of glycan-composition on FVIII immunogenicity. It is well established that VWF shields the uptake of FVIII by antigen presenting cells. We have recently shown that VWF binds to the surface of dendritic cells. Here, we present a novel model in which surface bound FVIII-VWF complexes regulate the internalization of FVIII. Binding of FVIII to VWF is critically dependent on sulfation of Tyr1699 (HVGS numbering) in the light chain of FVIII. Incomplete sulfation of Tyr1699 has been suggested to occur in several recombinant FVIII products resulting in a loss of VWF binding. We hypothesize that this results in alternative pathways of FVIII internalization by antigen presenting cells which are not regulated by VWF. This hypothetical mechanism may explain the reduced immunogenicity of VWF containing plasma-derived FVIII concentrates as found in the SIPPET study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin B Hartholt
- Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Alice S van Velzen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ivan Peyron
- Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Anja Ten Brinke
- Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Karin Fijnvandraat
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan Voorberg
- Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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20
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Adler LN, Jiang W, Bhamidipati K, Millican M, Macaubas C, Hung SC, Mellins ED. The Other Function: Class II-Restricted Antigen Presentation by B Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:319. [PMID: 28386257 PMCID: PMC5362600 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mature B lymphocytes (B cells) recognize antigens using their B cell receptor (BCR) and are activated to become antibody-producing cells. In addition, and integral to the development of a high-affinity antibodies, B cells utilize the specialized major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) antigen presentation pathway to process BCR-bound and internalized protein antigens and present selected peptides in complex with MHCII to CD4+ T cells. This interaction influences the fate of both types of lymphocytes and shapes immune outcomes. Specific, effective, and optimally timed antigen presentation by B cells requires well-controlled intracellular machinery, often regulated by the combined effects of several molecular events. Here, we delineate and summarize these events in four steps along the antigen presentation pathway: (1) antigen capture and uptake by B cells; (2) intersection of internalized antigen/BCRs complexes with MHCII in peptide-loading compartments; (3) generation and regulation of MHCII/peptide complexes; and (4) exocytic transport for presentation of MHCII/peptide complexes at the surface of B cells. Finally, we discuss modulation of the MHCII presentation pathway across B cell development and maturation to effector cells, with an emphasis on the shaping of the MHCII/peptide repertoire by two key antigen presentation regulators in B cells: HLA-DM and HLA-DO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lital N Adler
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Claudia Macaubas
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shu-Chen Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Mellins
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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21
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Mengwasser J, Babes L, Cordes S, Mertlitz S, Riesner K, Shi Y, McGearey A, Kalupa M, Reinheckel T, Penack O. Cathepsin E Deficiency Ameliorates Graft-versus-Host Disease and Modifies Dendritic Cell Motility. Front Immunol 2017; 8:203. [PMID: 28298913 PMCID: PMC5331043 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial products influence immunity after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT). In this context, the role of cathepsin E (Ctse), an aspartate protease known to cleave bacterial peptides for antigen presentation in dendritic cells (DCs), has not been studied. During experimental acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), we found infiltration by Ctse-positive immune cells leading to higher Ctse RNA- and protein levels in target organs. In Ctse-deficient allo-SCT recipients, we found ameliorated GVHD, improved survival, and lower numbers of tissue-infiltrating DCs. Donor T cell proliferation was not different in Ctse-deficient vs. wild-type allo-SCT recipients in MHC-matched and MHC-mismatched models. Furthermore, Ctse-deficient DCs had an intact ability to induce allogeneic T cell proliferation, suggesting that its role in antigen presentation may not be the main mechanism how Ctse impacts GVHD. We found that Ctse deficiency significantly decreases DC motility in vivo, reduces adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM), and diminishes invasion through ECM. We conclude that Ctse has a previously unrecognized role in regulating DC motility that possibly contributes to reduced DC counts and ameliorated inflammation in GVHD target organs of Ctse-deficient allo-SCT recipients. However, our data do not provide definite proof that the observed effect of Ctse−/− deficiency is exclusively mediated by DCs. A contribution of Ctse−/−-mediated functions in other recipient cell types, e.g., macrophages, cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Mengwasser
- Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany
| | - Liane Babes
- Faculty of Medicine, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Steffen Cordes
- Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany
| | - Sarah Mertlitz
- Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany
| | - Katarina Riesner
- Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany
| | - Yu Shi
- Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany
| | - Aleixandria McGearey
- Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany
| | - Martina Kalupa
- Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Faculty of Medicine, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Olaf Penack
- Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Matte
- Gene Therapy Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Post-graduation Program on Genetics and Molecular Biology
- Genetics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Pasqualim
- Gene Therapy Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Post-graduation Program on Genetics and Molecular Biology
- Genetics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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23
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Xu X, Greenland JR, Gotts JE, Matthay MA, Caughey GH. Cathepsin L Helps to Defend Mice from Infection with Influenza A. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164501. [PMID: 27716790 PMCID: PMC5055332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-derived proteases can augment or help to clear infections. This dichotomy is exemplified by cathepsin L (CTSL), which helps Hendra virus and SARS coronavirus to invade cells, but is essential for survival in mice with mycoplasma pneumonia. The present study tested the hypothesis that CTSL protects mice from serious consequences of infection by the orthomyxovirus influenza A, which is thought to be activated by host-supplied proteases other than CTSL. Ctsl-/- mice infected with influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34(H1N1) had larger lung viral loads and higher mortality than infected Ctsl+/+ mice. Lung inflammation in surviving infected mice peaked 14 days after initial infection, accompanied marked focal distal airway bronchiolization and epithelial metaplasia followed by desquamation and fibrotic interstitial remodeling, and persisted for at least 6 weeks. Most deaths occurred during the second week of infection in both groups of mice. In contrast to mycoplasma pneumonia, infiltrating cells were predominantly mononuclear rather than polymorphonuclear. The histopathology of lung inflammation and remodeling in survivors was similar in Ctsl-/- and Ctsl+/+ mice, although Ctsl+/+ mice cleared immunoreactive virus sooner. Furthermore, Ctsl-/- mice had profound deficits in CD4+ lymphocytes before and after infection and weaker production of pathogen-specific IgG. Thus, CTSL appears to support innate as well as adaptive responses, which confer a survival advantage on mice infected with the orthomyxovirus influenza A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - John R. Greenland
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey E. Gotts
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Matthay
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - George H. Caughey
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Jagessar SA, Holtman IR, Hofman S, Morandi E, Heijmans N, Laman JD, Gran B, Faber BW, van Kasteren SI, Eggen BJL, 't Hart BA. Lymphocryptovirus Infection of Nonhuman Primate B Cells Converts Destructive into Productive Processing of the Pathogenic CD8 T Cell Epitope in Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1074-88. [PMID: 27412414 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
EBV is the major infectious environmental risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS), but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Patient studies do not allow manipulation in vivo. We used the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models in the common marmoset and rhesus monkey to model the association of EBV and MS. We report that B cells infected with EBV-related lymphocryptovirus (LCV) are requisite APCs for MHC-E-restricted autoaggressive effector memory CTLs specific for the immunodominant epitope 40-48 of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). These T cells drive the EAE pathogenesis to irreversible neurologic deficit. The aim of this study was to determine why LCV infection is important for this pathogenic role of B cells. Transcriptome comparison of LCV-infected B cells and CD20(+) spleen cells from rhesus monkeys shows increased expression of genes encoding elements of the Ag cross-presentation machinery (i.e., of proteasome maturation protein and immunoproteasome subunits) and enhanced expression of MHC-E and of costimulatory molecules (CD70 and CD80, but not CD86). It was also shown that altered expression of endolysosomal proteases (cathepsins) mitigates the fast endolysosomal degradation of the MOG40-48 core epitope. Finally, LCV infection also induced expression of LC3-II(+) cytosolic structures resembling autophagosomes, which seem to form an intracellular compartment where the MOG40-48 epitope is protected against proteolytic degradation by the endolysosomal serine protease cathepsin G. In conclusion, LCV infection induces a variety of changes in B cells that underlies the conversion of destructive processing of the immunodominant MOG40-48 epitope into productive processing and cross-presentation to strongly autoaggressive CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Anwar Jagessar
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015CE Rotterdam, the Netherlands; MS Centre ErasMS, 3015CE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Inge R Holtman
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sam Hofman
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Elena Morandi
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, NG7 2UH Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Heijmans
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Jon D Laman
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bruno Gran
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, NG7 2UH Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bart W Faber
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands; and
| | - Sander I van Kasteren
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and The Institute for Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, 2333CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Bart J L Eggen
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015CE Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, the Netherlands;
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25
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van Elsland DM, Bos E, de Boer W, Overkleeft HS, Koster AJ, van Kasteren SI. Detection of bioorthogonal groups by correlative light and electron microscopy allows imaging of degraded bacteria in phagocytes. Chem Sci 2016; 7:752-758. [PMID: 28791116 PMCID: PMC5529995 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02905h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between parasites and phagocytic immune cells is a key inter-species interaction in biology. Normally, phagocytosis results in the killing of invaders, but obligate intracellular parasites hijack the pathway to ensure their survival and replication. The in situ study of these parasites in the phagocytic pathway is very difficult, as genetic modification is often complicated and, if successful, only allows the tracking of pathogen phagocytosis up until the degradation of the engineered reporter constructs. Here we combine bioorthogonal chemistry with correlative light-electron microscopy (CLEM) to follow bacterial processing in the phagolysosomal system. Labelled bacteria are produced using bioorthogonal non-canonical amino tagging (BONCAT), precluding the need for any genetic modification. The bacterial proteome - even during degradation - was then visualised using a novel CLEM-based approach. This allowed us to obtain high resolution information about the subcellular location of the degrading bacteria, even after the proteolytic degradation of reporter constructs. To further explore the potential of CLEM-based imaging of bioorthogonal functionalities, azide-labelled glycans were imaged by this same approach, as well as active-subpopulations of enzymes using a 2-step activity-based protein profiling strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne M van Elsland
- Division of Bio-organic Synthesis , Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Gorlaeus Laboratories , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands .
- Institute for Chemical Immunology , Gorlaeus Laboratories , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Erik Bos
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Section Electron Microscopy , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands .
| | - Wouter de Boer
- Division of Bio-organic Synthesis , Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Gorlaeus Laboratories , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands .
- Institute for Chemical Immunology , Gorlaeus Laboratories , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Division of Bio-organic Synthesis , Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Gorlaeus Laboratories , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands .
- Institute for Chemical Immunology , Gorlaeus Laboratories , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Abraham J Koster
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Section Electron Microscopy , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands .
| | - Sander I van Kasteren
- Division of Bio-organic Synthesis , Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Gorlaeus Laboratories , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands .
- Institute for Chemical Immunology , Gorlaeus Laboratories , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands
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26
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Wang F, Muller S. Manipulating autophagic processes in autoimmune diseases: a special focus on modulating chaperone-mediated autophagy, an emerging therapeutic target. Front Immunol 2015; 6:252. [PMID: 26042127 PMCID: PMC4437184 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a constitutive intracellular degradation pathway, displays essential role in the homeostasis of immune cells, antigen processing and presentation, and many other immune processes. Perturbation of autophagy has been shown to be related to several autoimmune syndromes, including systemic lupus erythematosus. Therefore, modulating autophagy processes appears most promising for therapy of such autoimmune diseases. Autophagy can be said non-selective or selective; it is classified into three main forms, namely macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), the former process being by far the most intensively investigated. The role of CMA remains largely underappreciated in autoimmune diseases, even though CMA has been claimed to play pivotal functions into major histocompatibility complex class II-mediated antigen processing and presentation. Therefore, hereby, we give a special focus on CMA as a therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases, based in particular on our most recent experimental results where a phosphopeptide modulates lupus disease by interacting with CMA regulators. We propose that specifically targeting lysosomes and lysosomal pathways, which are central in autophagy processes and seem to be altered in certain autoimmune diseases such as lupus, could be an innovative approach of efficient and personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjuan Wang
- Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry/Laboratory of Excellence MEDALIS, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire , Strasbourg , France
| | - Sylviane Muller
- Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry/Laboratory of Excellence MEDALIS, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire , Strasbourg , France ; University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study , Strasbourg , France
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27
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Oresic Bender K, Ofori L, van der Linden WA, Mock ED, Datta GK, Chowdhury S, Li H, Segal E, Sanchez Lopez M, Ellman JA, Figdor CG, Bogyo M, Verdoes M. Design of a highly selective quenched activity-based probe and its application in dual color imaging studies of cathepsin S activity localization. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:4771-7. [PMID: 25785540 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The cysteine cathepsins are a group of 11 proteases whose function was originally believed to be the degradation of endocytosed material with a high degree of redundancy. However, it has become clear that these enzymes are also important regulators of both health and disease. Thus, selective tools that can discriminate between members of this highly related class of enzymes will be critical to further delineate the unique biological functions of individual cathepsins. Here we present the design and synthesis of a near-infrared quenched activity-based probe (qABP) that selectively targets cathepsin S which is highly expressed in immune cells. Importantly, this high degree of selectivity is retained both in vitro and in vivo. In combination with a new green-fluorescent pan-reactive cysteine cathepsin qABP we performed dual color labeling studies in bone marrow-derived immune cells and identified vesicles containing exclusively cathepsin S activity. This observation demonstrates the value of our complementary cathepsin probes and provides evidence for the existence of specific localization of cathepsin S activity in dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gopal K Datta
- ∥Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Somenath Chowdhury
- ∥Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan A Ellman
- ∥Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Carl G Figdor
- ⊥Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Martijn Verdoes
- ⊥Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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