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Zhang D, Tian T, Han L, Du J, Zhu T, Lei C, Song H, Li S. Expression characteristics of the cyp19a1b aromatase gene and its response to 17β-estradiol treatment in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024; 50:575-588. [PMID: 38216846 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01291-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the regulatory role of the cyp19a1b aromatase gene in the sexual differentiation of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides, LMB), we obtained the full-length cDNA sequence of cyp19a1b using rapid amplification of cDNA ends technique. Tissue expression characteristics and feedback with 17-β-estradiol (E2) were determined using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), while gonad development was assessed through histological section observations. The cDNA sequence of LMB cyp19a1b was found to be1950 base pairs (bp) in length, including a 5' untranslated region of 145 bp, a 3' untranslated region of 278 bp, and an open reading frame encoding a protein consisting of 1527 bp that encoded 508 amino acids. The qRT-PCR results indicated that cyp19a1b abundantly expressed in the brain, followed by the gonads, and its expression in the ovaries was significantly higher than that observed in the testes (P < 0.05). After feeding fish with E2 for 30 days, the expression of cyp19a1b in the pseudo-female gonads (XY-F) was significantly higher than that in males (XY-M) (P < 0.05), whereas expression did not differ significantly between XX-F and XY-F fish (P > 0.05). Although the expression of cyp19a1b in XY-F and XX-F fish was not significantly different after 60 days (P>0.05), both exhibited significantly higher levels than that of XY-M fish (P<0.05). Histological sections analysis showed the presence of oogonia in both XY-F and XX-F fish at 30 days, while spermatogonia were observed in XY-M fish. At 60 days, primary oocytes were abundantly observed in both XY-F and XX-F fish, while a few spermatogonia were visible in XY-M fish. At 90 days, the histological sections' results showed that a large number of oocytes were visible in XY-F and XX-F fish. Additionally, the gonads of XY-M fish contained numerous spermatocytes. These results suggest that cyp19a1b plays a pivotal role in the development of ovaries and nervous system development in LMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyun Zhang
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resource Application and Cultivation, China Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510380, China
- College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Taihang Tian
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resource Application and Cultivation, China Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510380, China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China
| | - Linqiang Han
- Guangdong province Liangshi Aquaculture Seed Industry, Foshan, 528100, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinxing Du
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resource Application and Cultivation, China Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resource Application and Cultivation, China Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Caixia Lei
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resource Application and Cultivation, China Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Hongmei Song
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resource Application and Cultivation, China Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510380, China.
| | - Shengjie Li
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resource Application and Cultivation, China Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510380, China.
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TRIB3 promotes pulmonary fibrosis through inhibiting SLUG degradation by physically interacting with MDM2. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:1631-1647. [PMID: 37139431 PMCID: PMC10150180 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is the pathological structure of incurable fibroproliferative lung diseases that are attributed to the repeated lung injury-caused failure of lung alveolar regeneration (LAR). Here, we report that repetitive lung damage results in a progressive accumulation of the transcriptional repressor SLUG in alveolar epithelial type II cells (AEC2s). The abnormal increased SLUG inhibits AEC2s from self-renewal and differentiation into alveolar epithelial type I cells (AEC1s). We found that the elevated SLUG represses the expression of the phosphate transporter SLC34A2 in AEC2s, which reduces intracellular phosphate and represses the phosphorylation of JNK and P38 MAPK, two critical kinases supporting LAR, leading to LAR failure. TRIB3, a stress sensor, interacts with the E3 ligase MDM2 to suppress SLUG degradation in AEC2s by impeding MDM2-catalyzed SLUG ubiquitination. Targeting SLUG degradation by disturbing the TRIB3/MDM2 interaction using a new synthetic staple peptide restores LAR capacity and exhibits potent therapeutic efficacy against experimental PF. Our study reveals a mechanism of the TRIB3-MDM2-SLUG-SLC34A2 axis causing the LAR failure in PF, which confers a potential strategy for treating patients with fibroproliferative lung diseases.
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Trobe M, Vareka M, Schreiner T, Dobrounig P, Doler C, Holzinger EB, Steinegger A, Breinbauer R. Modular Synthesis of Teraryl‐based alpha ‐Helix Mimetics, Part 3: Iodophenyltriflate Core Fragments Featuring Side Chains of Proteinogenic Amino Acids. European J Org Chem 2022; 2022:e202101278. [PMID: 35910459 PMCID: PMC9306992 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Teraryl‐based α‐helix mimetics have proven to be useful compounds for the inhibition of protein‐protein interactions (PPI). We have developed a modular and flexible approach for the synthesis of teraryl‐based α‐helix mimetics using a benzene core unit featuring two leaving groups of differentiated reactivity in the Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling used for teraryl assembly. In previous publications we have introduced the methodology of 4‐iodophenyltriflates decorated with the side chains of some of the proteinogenic amino acids. We herein report the core fragments corresponding to the previously missing amino acids Arg, Asn, Asp, Met, Trp and Tyr. Therefore, our set now encompasses all relevant amino acid analogues with the exception of His. In order to be compatible with the triflate moiety, some of the nucleophilic side chains had to be provided in a protected form to serve as stable building blocks. Additionally, cross‐coupling procedures for the assembly of teraryls were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Trobe
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Martin Vareka
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Till Schreiner
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Patrick Dobrounig
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Carina Doler
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Ella B. Holzinger
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Andreas Steinegger
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry Stremayrgasse 9 A-8010 Graz AUSTRIA
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Trobe M, Blesl J, Vareka M, Schreiner T, Breinbauer R. Modular Synthesis of Teraryl‐based alpha‐Helix Mimetics, Part 4: Core Fragments with two Halide Leaving Groups Featuring Side Chains of Proteinogenic Amino Acids. European J Org Chem 2022; 2022:e202101279. [PMID: 35910460 PMCID: PMC9304293 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Teraryl‐based α‐helix mimetics have proven to be useful compounds for the inhibition of protein‐protein interactions (PPI). We have developed a modular and flexible approach for the synthesis of teraryl‐based α‐helix mimetics using a benzene core unit featuring two halide leaving groups of differentiated reactivity in the Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling used for teraryl assembly. The use of para‐bromo iodoarene core fragments resolved the issue of hydrolysis during cross‐coupling that was observed when using triflate as a leaving group. We report a complete set of para‐bromoiodoarene core fragments decorated with side chains of all proteinogenic amino acids relevant for PPI (Ala, Arg, Asn, Asp, Cys, Gln, Glu, His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Ser, Thr, Trp, Tyr and Val). In order to be compatible with general cross‐coupling conditions, some of the nucleophilic side chains had to be provided in a protected form to serve as stable building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Trobe
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Julia Blesl
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Martin Vareka
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Till Schreiner
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry Stremayrgasse 9 A-8010 Graz AUSTRIA
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Abdildinova A, Kurth MJ, Gong YD. Heterocycles as a Peptidomimetic Scaffold: Solid-Phase Synthesis Strategies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:449. [PMID: 34068671 PMCID: PMC8151782 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidomimetics are a privileged class of pharmacophores that exhibit improved physicochemical and biological properties. Solid-phase synthesis is a powerful tool for gaining rapid access to libraries of molecules from small molecules to biopolymers and also is widely used for the synthesis of peptidomimetics. Small molecules including heterocycles serve as a core for hundreds of drugs, including peptidomimetic molecules. This review covers solid-phase synthesis strategies for peptidomimetics molecules based on heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aizhan Abdildinova
- Innovative Drug Library Research Center, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Dongguk University, 26, 3-ga, Pil-dong, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Korea;
| | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Young-Dae Gong
- Innovative Drug Library Research Center, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Dongguk University, 26, 3-ga, Pil-dong, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Korea;
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A novel peptide antagonist of the human growth hormone receptor. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100588. [PMID: 33774052 PMCID: PMC8086144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess circulating human growth hormone (hGH) in vivo is linked to metabolic and growth disorders such as cancer, diabetes, and acromegaly. Consequently, there is considerable interest in developing antagonists of hGH action. Here, we present the design, synthesis, and characterization of a 16-residue peptide (site 1-binding helix [S1H]) that inhibits hGH-mediated STAT5 phosphorylation in cultured cells. S1H was designed as a direct sequence mimetic of the site 1 mini-helix (residues 36-51) of wild-type hGH and acts by inhibiting the interaction of hGH with the human growth hormone receptor (hGHR). In vitro studies indicated that S1H is stable in human serum and can adopt an α-helix in solution. Our results also show that S1H mitigates phosphorylation of STAT5 in cells co-treated with hGH, reducing intracellular STAT5 phosphorylation levels to those observed in untreated controls. Furthermore, S1H was found to attenuate the activity of the hGHR and the human prolactin receptor, suggesting that this peptide acts as an antagonist of both lactogenic and somatotrophic hGH actions. Finally, we used alanine scanning to determine how discrete amino acids within the S1H sequence contribute to its structural organization and biological activity. We observed a strong correlation between helical propensity and inhibitory effect, indicating that S1H-mediated antagonism of the hGHR is largely dependent on the ability for S1H to adopt an α-helix. Taken together, these results show that S1H not only acts as a novel peptide-based antagonist of the hGHR but can also be applied as a chemical tool to study the molecular nature of hGH-hGHR interactions.
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Algar S, Martín-Martínez M, González-Muñiz R. Evolution in non-peptide α-helix mimetics on the road to effective protein-protein interaction modulators. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 211:113015. [PMID: 33423841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of interactome networks, essentially protein-protein interactions (PPIs), might represent valuable therapeutic approaches to different pathological conditions. Since a high percentage of PPIs are mediated by α-helical structures at the interacting surface, the development of compounds able to reproduce the amino acid side-chain organization of α-helices (e.g. stabilized α-helix peptides and β-derivatives, proteomimetics, and α-helix small-molecule mimetics) focuses the attention of different research groups. This appraisal describes the recent progress in the non-peptide α-helix mimetics field, which has evolved from single-face to multi-face reproducing compounds and from oligomeric to monomeric scaffolds able to bear different substituents in similar spatial dispositions as the side-chains in canonical helices. Grouped by chemical structures, the review contemplates terphenyl-like molecules, oligobenzamides and heterocyclic analogues, benzamide-amino acid conjugates and non-oligomeric small-molecules mimetics, among others, and their effectiveness to stabilize/disrupt therapeutically relevant PPIs. The X-ray structures of a couple of oligomeric peptidomimetics and of some small-molecules complexed with the MDM2 protein, as well as the state of the art on their development in clinical trials, are also remarked. The discovery of a continuously increasing number of new disease-relevant PPIs could offer future opportunities for these and other forthcoming α-helix mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Algar
- Instituto de Química Médica, IQM-CSIC, Juan de La Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Mechanism by which the combination of SjCL3 and SjGAPDH protects against Schistosoma japonicum infection. Parasitol Res 2020; 120:173-185. [PMID: 33079271 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06916-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A vaccine is an important method to control schistosomiasis. Molecules related to lung-stage schistosomulum are considered potential vaccine candidates. We previously showed that glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and cathepsin L3 (CL3) displayed differential expression in the lung-stage schistosomula of Schistosoma japonicum cocultured with host cells. In the present study, we prepared the two proteins and detected the protective effects of SjGAPDH by immunizing mice with this protein alone and in combination with SjCL3 with or without Freund's adjuvant. Then, we investigated the possible mechanisms underlying S. japonicum infection. The results showed that vaccination of adjuvanted SjGAPDH decreased the worm burden (37.8%) and egg load (38.1%), and the combination of adjuvanted SjGAPDH and SjCL3 further decreased the worm burden (65.6%) and egg load (70.9%) during Schistosoma japonicum infection. However, the immunization of a combination of adjuvant-free SjGAPDH and SjCL3 displayed a lower protective effect (< 15%) than those of the adjuvanted SjCL3, the adjuvanted SjGAPDH, and a combination of adjuvanted SjGAPDH and SjCL3. Flow cytometric results showed that the frequency of regulatory T cells (Tregs) was lower (P < 0.05) in the group with adjuvanted SjGAPDH and SjCL3 (2.61%) than the remaining groups. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results indicated that except for the uninfected and infected control groups, the remaining groups displayed a Th1-type shift in immune responses. These results showed the immunization of SjGAPDH resulted in partial protection (approximately 38%); inoculation with a combination of SjCL3 and SjGAPDH in Freund's adjuvant resulted in a high immunoprotective effect (> 65%) against Schistosoma japonicum infection in mice, which was possibly caused by the reduced percentage of Tregs and a Th1-type shift in immune responses; and SjCL3 has no adjuvant-like effect, dissimilar to SmCL3.
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Hakmi M, Bouricha ELM, Akachar J, Lmimouni B, El Harti J, Belyamani L, Ibrahimi A. In silico exploration of small-molecule α-helix mimetics as inhibitors of SARS-COV-2 attachment to ACE2. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:1546-1557. [PMID: 33023417 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1830175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has infected more than 10 million people and caused more than 502,539 deaths worldwide as of June 2020. The explosive spread of the virus and the rapid increase in the number of cases require the immediate development of effective therapies and vaccines as well as accurate diagnosis tools. The pathogenesis of the disease is triggered by the entry of SARS-CoV-2 via its spike protein into ACE2-bearing host cells, particularly pneumocytes, resulting in overactivation of the immune system, which attacks the infected cells and damages the lung tissue. The interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) with host cells is primarily mediated by the N-terminal helix of ACE2; thus, inhibition of the spike-ACE2 interaction may be a promising therapeutic strategy for blocking the virus entry into host cells. In this paper, we used an in-silico approach to explore small-molecule α-helix mimetics as inhibitors that may disrupt the attachment of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2. First, the RBD-ACE2 interface in the 6M0J structure was studied by the MM-GBSA decomposition module of the HawkDock server, which led to the identification of two critical target regions in the RBD. Next, two virtual screening experiments of 7236 α-helix mimetics from ASINEX were conducted on the above regions using the iDock tool, which resulted in 10 candidates with favorable binding affinities. Finally, the stability of RBD complexes with the top-two ranked compounds was further validated by 100 ns of molecular dynamics simulations.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Hakmi
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical & Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - E L Mehdi Bouricha
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical & Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Jihane Akachar
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical & Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Badreddine Lmimouni
- Laboratory of medical parasitology and mycology, Military Hospital Mohammed V, Rabat Medical & Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University in Rabat, Bioinova Research Center, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Jaouad El Harti
- Therapeutic Chemistry Laboratory, Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Rabat Medical & Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Lahcen Belyamani
- Emergency Department, Military Hospital Mohammed V, Rabat Medical & Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University in Rabat, Bioinova Research Center, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Azeddine Ibrahimi
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical & Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
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10
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Børretzen A, Gravdal K, Haukaas SA, Beisland C, Akslen LA, Halvorsen OJ. FOXC2 expression and epithelial-mesenchymal phenotypes are associated with castration resistance, metastasis and survival in prostate cancer. JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY CLINICAL RESEARCH 2019; 5:272-286. [PMID: 31464093 PMCID: PMC6817834 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is important for tumour cell invasion and metastasis and is a feature of aggressive carcinomas. EMT is characterised by reduced E‐cadherin and increased N‐cadherin expression (EN‐switch), and increased expression of the EMT‐regulating transcription factor Forkhead box protein C2 (FOXC2) has been associated with progression and poor prognosis in various malignancies. FOXC2 was recently highlighted as a novel therapy target in prostate cancer, but survival data on FOXC2 are lacking. This study evaluates the expression of FOXC2, E‐cadherin and N‐cadherin in different prostatic tissues focusing on EMT, clinico‐pathological phenotype, recurrence and patient survival. Tissue microarray sections from 338 radical prostatectomies (1986–2007) with long and complete follow‐up, 33 castration resistant prostate cancers, 33 non‐skeletal metastases, 13 skeletal metastases and 41 prostatic hyperplasias were stained immunohistochemically for FOXC2, E‐cadherin and N‐cadherin. FOXC2 was strongly expressed in primary carcinomas, including castration resistant tumours and metastatic lesions as compared to benign prostatic hyperplasia. A hybrid epithelial–mesenchymal phenotype, with co‐expression of E‐cadherin and N‐cadherin, was found in the majority of skeletal metastases and in a substantial proportion of castration resistant tumours. In localised carcinomas, the EN‐switch was associated with adverse clinico‐pathological variables, such as extra‐prostatic extension, high pathological stage and lymph node infiltration. In univariate survival analyses of the clinically important, large subgroup of 199 patients with Gleason score 7, high FOXC2 expression and EN‐switching were significantly associated with shorter time to clinical recurrence, skeletal metastases and cancer specific death. In multivariate Cox' survival analysis, high FOXC2 and the EN‐switch, together with Gleason grade group (GG3 versus GG2), were independent predictors of time to these end‐points. High FOXC2 gene expression (mRNA) was also related to patient outcome, validating our immunohistochemical findings. FOXC2 and factors signifying EMT or its intermediate states may prove important as biomarkers for aggressive disease and are potential novel therapy targets in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Børretzen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, and Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karsten Gravdal
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, and Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Svein A Haukaas
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Urology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christian Beisland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Urology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars A Akslen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, and Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ole J Halvorsen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, and Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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11
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Wang X, Zhu G, Liang W, Zhao S, Yuan L, Zhou X, Lu L, Xu H. Design, Synthesis and Docking of Linear and Hairpin‐Like Alpha Helix Mimetics Based on Alkoxylated Oligobenzamide. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201900171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCentral South University South Lushan Road Changsha, Hunan
| | - Guanhua Zhu
- Division of Structural Biology and BiochemistrySchool of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological University
| | - Wenjie Liang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCentral South University South Lushan Road Changsha, Hunan
| | - Siqi Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCentral South University South Lushan Road Changsha, Hunan
| | - Lvbing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xiaohu Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCentral South University South Lushan Road Changsha, Hunan
| | - Lanyuan Lu
- Division of Structural Biology and BiochemistrySchool of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological University
| | - Hai Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCentral South University South Lushan Road Changsha, Hunan
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12
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Dickson P, Kodadek T. Chemical composition of DNA-encoded libraries, past present and future. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:4676-4688. [PMID: 31017595 PMCID: PMC6520149 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00581a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA-encoded libraries represent an exciting and powerful modality for high-throughput screening. In this article, we highlight recent important advances in this field and also suggest some important directions that would make the technology even more powerful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Dickson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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13
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Lee Y, Im H, Das S, Oh M, Lee JH, Ham S, Lim HS. Bridged α-helix mimetic small molecules. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:13311-13314. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03627j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a strategy for generating conformationally restricted α-helix mimetic small molecules by introducing covalent bridges that limit rotation about the central axis of α-helix mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongju Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Material Science
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang 37673
- South Korea
| | - Haeri Im
- Department of Chemistry
- Sookmyung Women's University
- Seoul 04310
- South Korea
| | - Sanket Das
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Material Science
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang 37673
- South Korea
| | - Misook Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Material Science
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang 37673
- South Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Lee
- New Drug Development Centre
- Daegu Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation
- Daegu 41061
- South Korea
| | - Sihyun Ham
- Department of Chemistry
- Sookmyung Women's University
- Seoul 04310
- South Korea
| | - Hyun-Suk Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Material Science
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang 37673
- South Korea
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14
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Karekar VV, Bhoge BA, Saraogi I. An expeditious synthetic route to proteomimetic foldamers. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj04758h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a method for rapid generation of an α-helix proteomimetic library via the late stage modification of a protected oligobenzamide intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav V. Karekar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal
- India
| | - Bapurao A. Bhoge
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal
- India
| | - Ishu Saraogi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal
- India
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal
- India
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15
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Eddinger GA, Gellman SH. Differential Effects of β 3 - versus β 2 -Amino Acid Residues on the Helicity and Recognition Properties of Bim BH3-Derived α/β-Peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13829-13832. [PMID: 30161284 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Oligomers containing α- and β-amino acid residues (α/β-peptides) have been shown to mimic the α-helical conformation of conventional peptides when the unnatural residues are derived from β3 -amino acids or cyclic β-amino acids, but the impact of incorporating β2 residues has received little attention. The effects of β2 residues on the conformation and recognition behavior of α/β-peptides that mimic an isolated α-helix were investigated. This effort has focused on 26-mers based on the Bim BH3 domain; a set of isomers with identical α/β backbones that differ only in the placement of certain side chains along the backbone (β3 vs. β2 substitution) was compared. Circular dichroism data suggest that β2 residues can be helix-destabilizing relative to β3 residues, although the size of this effect seems to depend on side chain identity. Binding data show that β3 →β2 substitution at sites that contact a partner protein, Bcl-xL , can influence affinity in a way that transcends effects on helicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A Eddinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Samuel H Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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16
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Eddinger GA, Gellman SH. Differential Effects of β
3
‐ versus β
2
‐Amino Acid Residues on the Helicity and Recognition Properties of Bim BH3‐Derived α/β‐Peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A. Eddinger
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Avenue Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Samuel H. Gellman
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Avenue Madison WI 53706 USA
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17
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Castaneda M, Chen L, Pradhan L, Li S, Zein R, Lee Y, Lim HS, Nam HJ, Lee J. A Forkhead Box Protein C2 Inhibitor: Targeting Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Cancer Metastasis. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1359-1364. [PMID: 29577543 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been suggested as a new target for therapeutic intervention of metastatic cancer. Forkhead box protein C2 (FOXC2) is known to be necessary for initiating and maintaining EMT, and therefore bestows on cancer cells metastatic and cancer stem cell (CSC)-like phenotypes, allowing cells to acquire higher motility, invasiveness, self-renewal, and therapy resistance. Here, we describe the first inhibitor of FOXC2, MC-1-F2. MC-1-F2 was able to induce cadherin switching and reverse EMT through the degradation of FOXC2 and blocking of its nuclear localization. In addition, MC-1-F2 was very effective in inhibiting cancer cell migration and invasion. As the first small-molecule inhibitor of FOXC2 and the first compound targeting EMT-associated transcription factor, MC-1-F2 will pave the way for a new anticancer therapeutic agent targeting metastatic cancer and help to elucidate the network of EMT signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Castaneda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road Richardson, Dallas, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Luxi Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road Richardson, Dallas, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Lagnajeet Pradhan
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road Richardson, Dallas, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Shichang Li
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road Richardson, Dallas, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Ruba Zein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road Richardson, Dallas, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Yeongju Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Material Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Suk Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Material Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Joo Nam
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road Richardson, Dallas, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Jiyong Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road Richardson, Dallas, TX, 75080, USA
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18
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Wuo MG, Arora PS. Engineered protein scaffolds as leads for synthetic inhibitors of protein-protein interactions. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2018; 44:16-22. [PMID: 29803113 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rationally designed protein-protein interaction inhibitors mimic interfacial binding epitopes, specifically residues that contribute significantly to binding. However, direct mimicry often does not lead to high affinity ligands because the natural complexes themselves are functionally transient and of low affinity. The mimics typically need to be optimized for potency. Engineered proteins displaying conformationally-defined epitopes may serve as attractive alternatives to natural protein partners as they can be strictly screened for tight binding. The advantage of focused screens with conformationally-defined protein scaffolds is that conservation of the geometry of the natural binding epitopes may preserve binding site specificity while allowing direct mimicry by various synthetic secondary structure scaffolds. Here we review different classes of engineered proteins for their binding epitope geometry and as leads for synthetic secondary and tertiary structure mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Wuo
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Paramjit S Arora
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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19
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Shu K, Kodadek T. Solid-Phase Synthesis of β-Hydroxy Ketones Via DNA-Compatible Organocatalytic Aldol Reactions. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2018; 20:277-281. [PMID: 29578681 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.8b00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
One-bead one-compound (OBOC) libraries constructed by solid-phase split-and-pool synthesis are a valuable source of protein ligands. Most OBOC libraries are composed of oligoamides, particularly peptides, peptoids, and peptoid-inspired molecules. Further diversification of the chemical space covered by OBOC libraries is desirable. Toward this end, we report here that the proline-catalyzed asymmetric aldol reaction, developed by List and Barbas for solution-phase synthesis, also works well for coupling immobilized aldehydes and soluble ketones. These reaction conditions do not compromise the amplification of DNA by the polymerase chain reaction. Thus, this chemistry should be useful for the construction of novel DNA-encoded OBOC libraries by solid-phase synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitou Shu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
- Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8306, Japan
| | - Thomas Kodadek
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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20
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Van Mileghem S, Egle B, Gilles P, Veryser C, Van Meervelt L, De Borggraeve WM. Carbonylation as a novel method for the assembly of pyrazine based oligoamide alpha-helix mimetics. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:373-378. [PMID: 27910980 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02358d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of oligoamide α-helix peptidomimetics is reported. The oligoamide type systems are prepared in a modular fashion by coupling the monomers using palladium-catalyzed carbonylation chemistry. This enabled us to use substrates with a low nucleophilicity, leading to previously unreported pyrazine based oligoamide α-helix mimetics. The proof of principle is given by synthesizing a small set of compounds. Various end-capping groups were introduced and also a mixed multimer was successfully prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seger Van Mileghem
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, box 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brecht Egle
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, box 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Gilles
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, box 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cedrick Veryser
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, box 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Van Meervelt
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, box 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Wim M De Borggraeve
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, box 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Tran-Hoang N, Kodadek T. Solid-Phase Synthesis of β-Amino Ketones Via DNA-Compatible Organocatalytic Mannich Reactions. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2018; 20:55-60. [PMID: 29316387 PMCID: PMC7074847 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.7b00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
One-bead-one-compound (OBOC) libraries constructed by solid-phase split-and-pool synthesis are a valuable source of protein ligands. Most OBOC libraries are comprised of oligoamides, particularly peptides, peptoids, and peptoid-inspired molecules. Further diversification of the chemical space covered by OBOC libraries is desirable. Toward this end, we report here the efficient proline-catalyzed asymmetric Mannich reaction between immobilized aldehydes and soluble ketones and anilines. The reaction conditions do not compromise the amplification of DNA by the PCR. Thus, this chemistry will likely be useful for the construction of novel DNA-encoded libraries by solid-phase synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Tran-Hoang
- Department of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Thomas Kodadek
- Department of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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22
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Watkins AM, Craven TW, Renfrew PD, Arora PS, Bonneau R. Rotamer Libraries for the High-Resolution Design of β-Amino Acid Foldamers. Structure 2017; 25:1771-1780.e3. [PMID: 29033287 PMCID: PMC5845441 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
β-Amino acids offer attractive opportunities to develop biologically active peptidomimetics, either employed alone or in conjunction with natural α-amino acids. Owing to their potential for unique conformational preferences that deviate considerably from α-peptide geometries, β-amino acids greatly expand the possible chemistries and physical properties available to polyamide foldamers. Complete in silico support for designing new molecules incorporating non-natural amino acids typically requires representing their side-chain conformations as sets of discrete rotamers for model refinement and sequence optimization. Such rotamer libraries are key components of several state-of-the-art design frameworks. Here we report the development, incorporation in to the Rosetta macromolecular modeling suite, and validation of rotamer libraries for β3-amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Watkins
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Timothy W Craven
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10009, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - P Douglas Renfrew
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10009, USA; Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Paramjit S Arora
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Richard Bonneau
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10009, USA; Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY 10010, USA; Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Computer Science Department, New York University, New York, NY 10009, USA.
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23
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Yakimov A, Pobegalov G, Bakhlanova I, Khodorkovskii M, Petukhov M, Baitin D. Blocking the RecA activity and SOS-response in bacteria with a short α-helical peptide. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:9788-9796. [PMID: 28934502 PMCID: PMC5766188 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The RecX protein, a very active natural RecA protein inhibitor, can completely disassemble RecA filaments at nanomolar concentrations that are two to three orders of magnitude lower than that of RecA protein. Based on the structure of RecX protein complex with the presynaptic RecA filament, we designed a short first in class α-helical peptide that both inhibits RecA protein activities in vitro and blocks the bacterial SOS-response in vivo. The peptide was designed using SEQOPT, a novel method for global sequence optimization of protein α-helices. SEQOPT produces artificial peptide sequences containing only 20 natural amino acids with the maximum possible conformational stability at a given pH, ionic strength, temperature, peptide solubility. It also accounts for restrictions due to known amino acid residues involved in stabilization of protein complexes under consideration. The results indicate that a few key intermolecular interactions inside the RecA protein presynaptic complex are enough to reproduce the main features of the RecX protein mechanism of action. Since the SOS-response provides a major mechanism of bacterial adaptation to antibiotics, these results open new ways for the development of antibiotic co-therapy that would not cause bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Yakimov
- Department of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute (B.P.Konstantinov of National Research Centre 'Kurchatov Institute'), Gatchina 188300, Russia.,Peter the Great St Petersburg Polytechnic University, St Petersburg 195251, Russia
| | - Georgii Pobegalov
- Peter the Great St Petersburg Polytechnic University, St Petersburg 195251, Russia
| | - Irina Bakhlanova
- Department of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute (B.P.Konstantinov of National Research Centre 'Kurchatov Institute'), Gatchina 188300, Russia.,Peter the Great St Petersburg Polytechnic University, St Petersburg 195251, Russia
| | | | - Michael Petukhov
- Department of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute (B.P.Konstantinov of National Research Centre 'Kurchatov Institute'), Gatchina 188300, Russia.,Peter the Great St Petersburg Polytechnic University, St Petersburg 195251, Russia
| | - Dmitry Baitin
- Department of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute (B.P.Konstantinov of National Research Centre 'Kurchatov Institute'), Gatchina 188300, Russia.,Peter the Great St Petersburg Polytechnic University, St Petersburg 195251, Russia
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24
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Sawyer N, Watkins AM, Arora PS. Protein Domain Mimics as Modulators of Protein-Protein Interactions. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:1313-1322. [PMID: 28561588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are ubiquitous in biological systems and often misregulated in disease. As such, specific PPI modulators are desirable to unravel complex PPI pathways and expand the number of druggable targets available for therapeutic intervention. However, the large size and relative flatness of PPI interfaces make them challenging molecular targets. This Account describes our systematic approach using secondary and tertiary protein domain mimics (PDMs) to specifically modulate PPIs. Our strategy focuses on mimicry of regular secondary and tertiary structure elements from one of the PPI partners to inspire rational PDM design. We have compiled three databases (HIPPDB, SIPPDB, and DIPPDB) of secondary and tertiary structures at PPI interfaces to guide our designs and better understand the energetics of PPI secondary and tertiary structures. Our efforts have focused on three of the most common secondary and tertiary structures: α-helices, β-strands, and helix dimers (e.g., coiled coils). To mimic α-helices, we designed the hydrogen bond surrogate (HBS) as an isosteric PDM and the oligooxopiperazine helix mimetic (OHM) as a topographical PDM. The nucleus of the HBS approach is a peptide macrocycle in which the N-terminal i, i + 4 main-chain hydrogen bond is replaced with a covalent carbon-carbon bond. In mimicking a main-chain hydrogen bond, the HBS approach stabilizes the α-helical conformation while leaving all helical faces available for functionalization to tune binding affinity and specificity. The OHM approach, in contrast, envisions a tetrapeptide to mimic one face of a two-turn helix. We anticipated that placement of ethylene bridges between adjacent amides constrains the tetrapeptide backbone to mimic the i, i + 4, and i + 7 side chains on one face of an α-helix. For β-strands, we developed triazolamers, a topographical PDM where the peptide bonds are replaced by triazoles. The triazoles simultaneously stabilize the extended, zigzag conformation of β-strands and transform an otherwise ideal protease substrate into a stable molecule by replacement of the peptide bonds. We turned to a salt bridge surrogate (SBS) approach as a means for stabilizing very short helix dimers. As with the HBS approach, the SBS strategy replaces a noncovalent interaction with a covalent bond. Specifically, we used a bis-triazole linkage that mimics a salt bridge interaction to drive helix association and folding. Using this approach, we were able to stabilize helix dimers that are less than half of the length required to form a coiled coil from two independent strands. In addition to demonstrating the stabilization of desired structures, we have also shown that our designed PDMs specifically modulate target PPIs in vitro and in vivo. Examples of PPIs successfully targeted include HIF1α/p300, p53/MDM2, Bcl-xL/Bak, Ras/Sos, and HIV gp41. The PPI databases and designed PDMs created in these studies will aid development of a versatile set of molecules to probe complex PPI functions and, potentially, PPI-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Sawyer
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Andrew M. Watkins
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Paramjit S. Arora
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
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25
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Wu H, An H, Mo SC, Kodadek T. Asymmetric synthesis of vinylogous β-amino acids and their incorporation into mixed backbone oligomers. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:3255-3264. [PMID: 28346549 PMCID: PMC7243482 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00333a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chiral vinylogous β-amino acids (VBAA) were synthesized using enantioselective Mannich reactions of aldehydes with in situ generated N-carbamoyl imines followed by a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction. The efficiency with which these units could be incorporated into oligomers with different moieties on the C- and N-terminal sides was established, as was the feasibility of sequencing oligomers containing VBAAs by tandem mass spectrometry. The data show that VBAAs will be useful building blocks for the construction of combinatorial libraries of peptidomimetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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26
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Busschaert N, Thompson S, Hamilton AD. An α-helical peptidomimetic scaffold for dynamic combinatorial library formation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:313-316. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07787k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A novel oligobenzamide-based α-helix mimetic was designed and synthesised with either imine or hydrazone functionalities that serve both to pre-organise the side-chain vectors to mimic the i, i + 4 and i + 7 residues of an α-helix, and to allow for the facile creation of dynamic libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Busschaert
- Department of Chemistry
- New York University
- New York
- USA
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
| | - Sam Thompson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- UK
- Chemistry
- University of Southampton
| | - Andrew D. Hamilton
- Department of Chemistry
- New York University
- New York
- USA
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
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27
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Kodadek T, McEnaney PJ. Towards vast libraries of scaffold-diverse, conformationally constrained oligomers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:6038-59. [PMID: 26996593 PMCID: PMC4846527 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc00617e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
There is great interest in the development of probe molecules and drug leads that would bind tightly and selectively to protein surfaces that are difficult to target with traditional molecules, such as those involved in protein-protein interactions. The currently available evidence suggests that this will require molecules that are larger and have quite different chemical properties than typical Lipinski-compliant molecules that target enzyme active sites. We describe here efforts to develop vast libraries of conformationally constrained oligomers as a potentially rich source of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kodadek
- Departments of Chemistry and Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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28
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Azzarito V, Rowell P, Barnard A, Edwards TA, Macdonald A, Warriner SL, Wilson AJ. Probing Protein Surfaces: QSAR Analysis with Helix Mimetics. Chembiochem 2016; 17:768-73. [PMID: 26690307 PMCID: PMC6591138 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
α-Helix-mediated protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are important targets for small-molecule inhibition; however, generic approaches to inhibitor design are in their infancy and would benefit from QSAR analyses to rationalise the noncovalent basis of molecular recognition by designed ligands. Using a helix mimetic based on an oligoamide scaffold, we have exploited the power of a modular synthesis to access compounds that can readily be used to understand the noncovalent determinants of hDM2 recognition by this series of cell-active p53/hDM2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Azzarito
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre For Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Philip Rowell
- Astbury Centre For Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Anna Barnard
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Institue of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Thomas A Edwards
- Astbury Centre For Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- Astbury Centre For Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Stuart L Warriner
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
- Astbury Centre For Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Andrew J Wilson
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
- Astbury Centre For Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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29
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Burslem GM, Kyle HF, Prabhakaran P, Breeze AL, Edwards TA, Warriner SL, Nelson A, Wilson AJ. Synthesis of highly functionalized oligobenzamide proteomimetic foldamers by late stage introduction of sensitive groups. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:3782-6. [PMID: 27005701 PMCID: PMC4839272 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00078a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
α-Helix proteomimetics represent an emerging class of ligands that can be used to inhibit an array of helix mediated protein-protein interactions. Within this class of inhibitor, aromatic oligobenzamide foldamers have been widely and successfully used. This manuscript describes alternative syntheses of these compounds that can be used to access mimetics that are challenging to synthesize using previously described methodologies, permitting access to compounds functionalized with multiple sensitive side chains and accelerated library assembly through late stage derivatisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M Burslem
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS29JT, UK. and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS29JT, UK
| | - Hannah F Kyle
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS29JT, UK and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Panchami Prabhakaran
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS29JT, UK. and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS29JT, UK
| | - Alexander L Breeze
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS29JT, UK and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK and Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Thomas A Edwards
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS29JT, UK and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Stuart L Warriner
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS29JT, UK. and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS29JT, UK
| | - Adam Nelson
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS29JT, UK. and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS29JT, UK
| | - Andrew J Wilson
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS29JT, UK. and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS29JT, UK
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30
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Burslem GM, Kyle HF, Breeze AL, Edwards TA, Nelson A, Warriner SL, Wilson AJ. Towards "bionic" proteins: replacement of continuous sequences from HIF-1α with proteomimetics to create functional p300 binding HIF-1α mimics. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:5421-4. [PMID: 27009828 PMCID: PMC4843846 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc01812b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Using the HIF-1α transcription factor as a model, this manuscript illustrates how an extended sequence of α-amino acids in a polypeptide can be replaced with a non-natural topographical mimic of an α-helix comprised from an aromatic oligoamide. The resultant hybrid is capable of reproducing the molecular recognition profile of the p300 binding sequence of HIF-1α from which it is derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M Burslem
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS29JT, UK and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS29JT, UK.
| | - Hannah F Kyle
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS29JT, UK. and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Alexander L Breeze
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS29JT, UK. and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK and Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Thomas A Edwards
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS29JT, UK. and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Adam Nelson
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS29JT, UK and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS29JT, UK.
| | - Stuart L Warriner
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS29JT, UK and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS29JT, UK.
| | - Andrew J Wilson
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS29JT, UK and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS29JT, UK.
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Drennen B, Scheenstra JA, Yap JL, Chen L, Lanning ME, Roth BM, Wilder PT, Fletcher S. Structural Re-engineering of the α-Helix Mimetic JY-1-106 into Small Molecules: Disruption of the Mcl-1-Bak-BH3 Protein-Protein Interaction with 2,6-Di-Substituted Nicotinates. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:827-33. [PMID: 26844930 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The disruption of aberrant protein-protein interactions (PPIs) with synthetic agents remains a challenging goal in contemporary medicinal chemistry but some progress has been made. One such dysregulated PPI is that between the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, including myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1), and the α-helical Bcl-2 homology-3 (BH3) domains of its pro-apoptotic counterparts, such as Bak. Herein, we describe the discovery of small-molecule inhibitors of the Mcl-1 oncoprotein based on a novel chemotype. Particularly, re-engineering of our α-helix mimetic JY-1-106 into 2,6-di-substituted nicotinates afforded inhibitors of comparable potencies but with significantly decreased molecular weights. The most potent inhibitor 2-(benzyloxy)-6-(4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenoxy)nicotinic acid (1 r: Ki =2.90 μm) likely binds in the p2 pocket of Mcl-1 and engages R263 in a salt bridge through its carboxylic acid, as supported by 2D (1) H-(15) N HSQC NMR data. Significantly, inhibitors were easily accessed in just four steps, which will facilitate future optimization efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Drennen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jacob A Scheenstra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jeremy L Yap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Lijia Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Maryanna E Lanning
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Braden M Roth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Paul T Wilder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,University of Maryland, Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Steven Fletcher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,University of Maryland, Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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Lee JH, Oh M, Kim HS, Lee H, Im W, Lim HS. Converting One-Face α-Helix Mimetics into Amphiphilic α-Helix Mimetics as Potent Inhibitors of Protein-Protein Interactions. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2016; 18:36-42. [PMID: 26651509 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.5b00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Many biologically active α-helical peptides adopt amphiphilic helical structures that contain hydrophobic residues on one side and hydrophilic residues on the other side. Therefore, α-helix mimetics capable of mimicking such amphiphilic helical peptides should possess higher binding affinity and specificity to target proteins. Here we describe an efficient method for generating amphiphilic α-helix mimetics. One-face α-helix mimetics having hydrophobic side chains on one side was readily converted into amphiphilic α-helix mimetics by introducing appropriate charged residues on the opposite side. We also demonstrate that such two-face amphiphilic α-helix mimetics indeed show remarkably improved binding affinity to a target protein, compared to one-face hydrophobic α-helix mimetics. We believe that generating a large combinatorial library of these amphiphilic α-helix mimetics can be valuable for rapid discovery of highly potent and specific modulators of protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Lee
- New
Drug Development Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 701-310, South Korea
| | - Misook Oh
- Department
of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, South Korea
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Huisun Lee
- Department
of Molecular Biosciences and Centre for Computational Biology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Wonpil Im
- Department
of Molecular Biosciences and Centre for Computational Biology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Hyun-Suk Lim
- Department
of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, South Korea
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
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Yang C, Wang W, Chen L, Liang J, Lin S, Lee MY, Ma DL, Leung CH. Discovery of a VHL and HIF1α interaction inhibitor with in vivo angiogenic activity via structure-based virtual screening. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:12837-12840. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc04938a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe herein compound 1, which is similar to many known natural products, as an inhibitor of the VHL–HIF1α interaction via structure-based virtual screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- Macao
- China
| | - Wanhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Baptist University
- Kowloon Tong
- China
| | - Linmin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- Macao
- China
| | - Jiaxin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- Macao
- China
| | - Sheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Baptist University
- Kowloon Tong
- China
| | - Ming-Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- Macao
- China
| | - Dik-Lung Ma
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Baptist University
- Kowloon Tong
- China
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- Macao
- China
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Drennen B, MacKerell AD, Fletcher S. Expedient access to pre-organized α-helix mimetics based on an isocinchomeronic acid core. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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Trobe M, Breinbauer R. Improved and scalable synthesis of building blocks for the modular synthesis of teraryl-based alpha-helix mimetics. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-015-1599-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Yu X, Guttenberger N, Fuchs E, Peters M, Weber H, Breinbauer R. Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of a Library of Star-Shaped 2H-Imidazolines. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2015; 17:682-90. [PMID: 26402035 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.5b00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A library of star-shaped 2H-imidazolines has been synthesized via Debus-Radziszewski condensation from 1,2-diketones and ketone starting materials. Selective reduction of one imine group of the 2H-imidazole intermediate with LiAlH4 or catalytic flow hydrogenation furnished 2H-imidazolines, which could be conveniently diversified by reacting the amine N with electrophiles, resulting in a set of 21 amide-, carbamate-, urea-, and allylamine-containing products. In total, five points of diversification could be used, which allow the production of a set of functionally diverse compounds. The synthesis of acylated 2H-imidazolidines resulted in intrinsically labile compounds, which spontaneously degraded to acyclic derivatives, as shown for the reaction of 2H-imidazolidine with hexylisocyanate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuepu Yu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Elisabeth Fuchs
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Peters
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Hansjörg Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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37
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Wilson AJ. Helix mimetics: Recent developments. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 119:33-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Lanning ME, Fletcher S. Multi-Facial, Non-Peptidic α-Helix Mimetics. BIOLOGY 2015; 4:540-55. [PMID: 26404384 PMCID: PMC4588149 DOI: 10.3390/biology4030540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
α-Helices often recognize their target proteins at protein–protein interfaces through more than one recognition face. This review describes the state-of-the-art in the design of non-peptidic α-helix mimetics that reproduce functionality from multiple faces of an α-helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryanna E Lanning
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Steven Fletcher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, 22 S. Greene St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Yamashita T, Knipe PC, Busschaert N, Thompson S, Hamilton AD. A Modular Synthesis of Conformationally Preorganised Extended β-Strand Peptidomimetics. Chemistry 2015; 21:14699-702. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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