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Oshiro AM, Khan KU, Carli GC, Pahor-Filho E, Sakomura NK, Fernandes JBK, Takahashi LS. Effect of digestible protein on intermediate metabolism, hepatic enzyme activities, energy reserves, and growth performance of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) in the finishing growth phase. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024; 50:259-271. [PMID: 37847337 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01243-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of different levels of digestible protein (DP) on blood metabolites, hepatic enzyme activity of glycolysis and amino acid metabolism, energy reserves, and the production characteristics of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) during the finishing growth phase. Six semi purified and isoenergetic diets, containing 16.3, 20.1, 23.8, 27.2, 31.5, and 34.8% of balanced DP, provided with essential amino acid balance, were hand-fed to pacu (1100.0 ± 10.3 g, initial weight) three times daily for 7 weeks. The experiment consisted of six treatments, with three randomly arranged replicates (tanks) per treatment. The data obtained from this experiment were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and significant differences (p < 0.05) between treatments were determined using Tukey's test. Blood metabolites, except serum ammonia and the hepatic enzymes activities of glycolysis and amino acid metabolism, except hexokinase activity were affected (p < 0.05) by balanced DP. The energy reserve indices, except hepatic total lipid content, were also found associated (p < 0.05) with balanced DP. The test diets significantly (p < 0.05) affected growth performance parameters. Higher dietary proteins led to a greater energy uptake by fish from the protein in feed. Overall, fish fed the intermediate level (23.8%) of balanced DP with digestible energy of 17.95 MJ kg-1 showed better production traits and physio-biochemical health markers. This information could help nutritionists and farmers to develop nutritionally balanced and economically and environmentally sustainable aquafeed for promoting healthy and sustainable production of pacu in intensive culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Miyuki Oshiro
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences (FCAT), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena. Rod. Comte. João Ribeiro de Barros, km 651, Dracena, SP, 17900-000, Brazil
| | - Kifayat Ullah Khan
- Aquaculture Center (CAUNESP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal. Via de Ac. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Via de Ac. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, Faculty of Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Gabriela Castellani Carli
- Aquaculture Center (CAUNESP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal. Via de Ac. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Via de Ac. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Pahor-Filho
- Aquaculture Center (CAUNESP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal. Via de Ac. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Via de Ac. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Nilva Kazue Sakomura
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal. Via de Ac. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - João Batista Kochenborger Fernandes
- Aquaculture Center (CAUNESP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal. Via de Ac. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Via de Ac. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Susumu Takahashi
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences (FCAT), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena. Rod. Comte. João Ribeiro de Barros, km 651, Dracena, SP, 17900-000, Brazil.
- Aquaculture Center (CAUNESP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal. Via de Ac. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Via de Ac. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil.
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Metabolic adaptation to high-starch diet in largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides) was associated with the restoration of metabolic functions via inflammation, bile acid synthesis and energy metabolism. Br J Nutr 2023; 129:381-394. [PMID: 35473811 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522001180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A short-term 2-week (2w) and long-term 8-week (8w) feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of low-starch (LS) and high-starch (HS) diets on the growth performance, metabolism and liver health of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Two isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets containing two levels of starch (LS, 9·06 %; HS, 13·56 %) were fed to largemouth bass. The results indicated that HS diet had no significant effects on specific growth rate during 2w, whereas significantly lowered specific growth rate at 8w. HS diet significantly increased hepatic glycolysis and gluconeogenesis at postprandial 24 h in 2w. The hepatosomatic index, plasma alkaline phosphatase, total bile acid (TBA) levels, and hepatic glycogen, TAG, total cholesterol, TBA, and NEFA contents were significantly increased in the HS group at 2w. Moreover, HS diet up-regulated fatty acid and TAG synthesis-related genes and down-regulated TAG hydrolysis and β-oxidation-related genes. Therefore, the glucolipid metabolism disorders resulted in metabolic liver disease induced by HS diet at 2w. However, the up-regulation of bile acid synthesis, inflammation and energy metabolism-related genes in 2w indicated that largemouth bass was still in a state of 'self-repair' response. Interestingly, all the metabolic parameters were returned to homoeostasis, with up-regulation of intestinal glucose uptake and transport-related genes, even hepatic histopathological analysis showed no obvious abnormality in the HS group in 8w. In conclusion, HS feed induced short-term acute metabolic disorder, but long-term metabolic adaptation to HS diet was related to repairing metabolism disorders via improving inflammatory responses, bile acid synthesis and energy metabolism. These results strongly indicated that the largemouth bass owned certain adaptability to HS diet.
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de Souza AM, Silva AFE, Campeche DFB, Melo JFB, Dos Santos ATS, Vidal LVO. Corn substitution by mesquite bean flour (Prosopis juliflora) maintains growth and improves protein metabolism of Nile tilapia juveniles (Oreochromis niloticus). Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:410. [PMID: 34297225 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02826-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of mesquite bean flour (Prosopis juliflora) as an energy ingredient in extruded diets for juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Two experiments were carried out: the first consisted of a study to evaluate the chemical composition and digestibility of the energy and nutrients of MBF; the second consisted of a growth test, in which juveniles consumed diets containing different proportions of corn substitution by MBF, in which zootechnical, hematological, physiological, and metabolic variables were evaluated. It was observed that MBF has a chemical composition similar to corn, as well as the apparent digestibility of energy and nutrients. The higher sucrose/starch ratio of the ingredient stands out, as well as the difference in digestibility (p < 0.05) between the predominant carbohydrates 87.63 and 99.25% for starch and sucrose, respectively. In the growth assay, no difference was observed between zootechnical variables (p > 0.05), and sucrase and alkaline phosphatase activities were increased (p < 0.05), which was not observed for amylase and lipase (p > 0.05). The hematological variables did not change (p > 0.05). Metabolic variables indicate a reduction in gluconeogenesis from amino acids, as can be seen by the reduction in liver transaminase levels (ALT and AST) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), as well as the greater availability of free amino acids in plasmas (p < 0.05). Thus, it can be said that MBF has a high nutritional value and can totally replace corn in diets for juvenile tilapia and the metabolic findings indicate a potential protein-sparing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Miranda de Souza
- Centro Multidisciplinar da Barra, Universidade Federal Do Oeste da Bahia, Avenida 23 de Agosto, Centro, CEP: 47100-000, Barra, BA, CEP: 47100-000, Brasil
| | - Altiery Felix E Silva
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Medicina Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500, Ondina, CEP: 40170-110, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | | | - José Fernando Bibiano Melo
- Campus Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal Do Vale Do São Francisco, Rodovia BR 407, km 12, Lote 543, Projeto de Irrigação Nilo Coelho, CEP: 56300-000, Petrolina, PE, Brasil
| | - Adailton Thiago Silva Dos Santos
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Medicina Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500, Ondina, CEP: 40170-110, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Luiz Vítor Oliveira Vidal
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Medicina Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500, Ondina, CEP: 40170-110, Salvador, BA, Brasil.
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Xia SL, Li XF, Abasubong KP, Xu C, Shi HJ, Liu WB, Zhang DD. Effects of dietary glucose and starch levels on the growth, apparent digestibility, and skin-associated mucosal non-specific immune parameters in juvenile blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 79:193-201. [PMID: 29733960 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A 10-week feeding trial was performed to evaluate the effects of different types and levels of carbohydrates in growth performance, apparent digestibility coefficients and skin-associated mucosal non-specific immune parameters in blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Fish were randomly fed four diets containing two carbohydrates (glucose and starch) diets and two carbohydrates levels (330 and 440 g kg-1). High carbohydrate levels remarkably increased the weight gain rate (WGR), apparent digestibility of dry matters, protein and carbohydrates, body crud protein content, plasma levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), and skin-associated mucosal levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM), HDL cholesterol, lysozyme (LZM), advanced the transcriptions of mucin 2 (Muc2), mucin 5b (Muc5b) and apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), whereas the opposite was true for feed conversion ratio (FCR), plasma levels of IgM, skin-associated mucosal levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and β-Defensins, and the transcriptions of heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60). In addition, carbohydrate types of glucose remarkably increased the survival rate, apparent digestibility of dry matters, protein and carbohydartes, body crud ash, plasma levels of total protein (TP), globulin (GLB), immunoglobulin M (IgM), complement C3 and complement C4 and the transcriptions of Muc5b. Whereas the carbohydrate types of starch remarkably increased viscerosomatic index (VSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI), condition factor (CF), abdominal fat percentage (AFP), apparent digestibility of liquid, advanced the transcriptions of Muc2, apoA-I and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70). Significant interactions between different types and levels of dietary carbohydrates were also observed in WGR, apparent digestibility of dry matters, protein and liquid, body crud ash, plasma levels of TP, albumin (ALB) and AST, skin-associated mucosal levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and β-Defensins, and the transcriptions of Muc2 and Muc5b. Our results indicate that inclusion of high level of glucose in the diet of blunt snout bream could improve growth performance, nonspecific immunity, and increase the efficiency of protein, which is suggesting that high level of glucose could be used in feed production. However, the proportion of the specific formula of glucose using in feed needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Lei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiang-Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kenneth Prudence Abasubong
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hua-Juan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wen-Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ding-Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Lin SM, Shi CM, Mu MM, Chen YJ, Luo L. Effect of high dietary starch levels on growth, hepatic glucose metabolism, oxidative status and immune response of juvenile largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 78:121-126. [PMID: 29684600 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An experimental trial was conducted to investigate the effects of high dietary starch levels on growth, hepatic glucose metabolism enzyme, antioxidant capacity and immune responses of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. Fish (initial body weight: 16.9 ± 0.24 g) were fed three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic semi-purified diets containing 5%, 10% and 20% wheat starch, respectively. The results indicated that fish fed 5% and 10% starch diets showed significantly better weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with that fed 20% starch diet. Meanwhile, fish fed 20% starch diet had a significantly higher hepatic glycogen and muscle glycogen contents than those fed the other diets. The alanine amiotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) activities, glucose and insulin contents in plasma increased significantly with dietary starch levels, whereas triglyceride content showed the opposite trend. In addition, the highest glucokinase (GK), pyruvate kinase (PK) and phosphofructokinase (PFK) activities in liver were also observed in fish fed 20% starch diet. However, both fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) and pyruvate carboxylase (PC) activities in liver decreased significantly as dietary starch levels increased. Moreover, the lower superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), the higher malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in liver were observed in fish fed 20% starch diets. Compared to the 5% and 10% starch, the 20% starch could enhance the content of plasma nitric oxide (NO) and the activities of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Results demonstrate that the starch levels may affect growth performance and metabolic changes, which suggest that high-starch diets were inefficiently used as an energy source by M. salmoides juveniles. Excessive dietary starch contents could result in oxidative stress, suppress innate immunity, and thus affect the health status of M. salmoides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Mei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Chao-Ming Shi
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Ming-Ming Mu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yong-Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Li Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
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Macronutrient Requirements of Silvery-Black Porgy (Sparidentex hasta): A Comparison with Other Farmed Sparid Species. FISHES 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes2020005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Guerra-Santos B, López-Olmeda JF, de Mattos BO, Baião AB, Pereira DSP, Sánchez-Vázquez FJ, Cerqueira RB, Albinati RCB, Fortes-Silva R. Synchronization to light and mealtime of daily rhythms of locomotor activity, plasma glucose and digestive enzymes in the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 204:40-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Pérez-Jiménez A, Abellán E, Arizcun M, Cardenete G, Morales AE, Hidalgo MC. Dietary carbohydrates improve oxidative status of common dentex (Dentex dentex) juveniles, a carnivorous fish species. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 203:17-23. [PMID: 27553761 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Common dentex (Dentex dentex) is an appreciated carnivorous fish with high growth rate and life cycle adaptable to existing farming techniques. Since the use of carbohydrates is an economic and sustainable alternative for a protein-sparing effect, the study of how this macronutrient affects the welfare of carnivorous species must be studied. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of different types and levels of carbohydrates on common dentex oxidative status. Nine isonitrogenous (43%) and isoenergetic (22MJkg-1) diets were formulated combining three types (pregelatinized starch-PS, dextrin-Dx and maltodextrin-Mx) and three levels (12, 18 and 24%) of carbohydrates. The activities of catalase-CAT, superoxide dismutase-SOD, glutathione peroxidase-GPX, glutathione reductase-GR and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase-G6PDH, SOD isoenzymatic profile, lipid peroxidation-LPO and protein oxidation-PO were determined in liver and white muscle. SOD and CAT were not affected. GPX in liver and white muscle and GR in liver increased at higher inclusion carbohydrates levels. The lowest levels of GR and G6PDH in both tissues and LPO in liver were observed in maltodextrin groups. No significant effects by carbohydrate source were observed in liver PO and white muscle LPO. Regarding carbohydrate level effect, 18% and 24% dietary inclusion level decreased LPO in white muscle and PO in liver. LPO in liver was also decreased at 24% inclusion level. Altogether, results indicate the use of carbohydrates as an alternative energy source does not produce negative effects on oxidative status of common dentex, on the contrary, even contribute to their oxidative protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Pérez-Jiménez
- Departamento de Zoología, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain; CIMAR/CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Emilia Abellán
- Planta de Cultivos Marinos, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Mazarrón, 30870 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Arizcun
- Planta de Cultivos Marinos, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Mazarrón, 30870 Murcia, Spain
| | - Gabriel Cardenete
- Departamento de Zoología, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Amalia E Morales
- Departamento de Zoología, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - M Carmen Hidalgo
- Departamento de Zoología, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
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