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Jiang Y, Yao M, Feng J, Niu H, Qiao B, Li B, Wang B, Xiao W, Dong M, Yuan Y. Molecular Insights into Converting Hydroxide Adenosyltransferase into Halogenase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:12685-12695. [PMID: 38771136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Halogenation plays a unique role in the design of agrochemicals. Enzymatic halogenation reactions have attracted great attention due to their excellent specificity and mild reaction conditions. S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM)-dependent halogenases mediate the nucleophilic attack of halide ions (X-) to SAM to produce 5'-XDA. However, only 11 SAM-dependent fluorinases and 3 chlorinases have been reported, highlighting the desire for additional halogenases. SAM-dependent hydroxide adenosyltransferase (HATase) has a similar reaction mechanism as halogenases but uses water as a substrate instead of halide ions. Here, we explored a HATase from the thermophile Thermotoga maritima MSB8 and transformed it into a halogenase. We identified a key dyad W8L/V71T for the halogenation reaction. We also obtained the best performing mutants for each halogenation reaction: M1, M2 and M4 for Cl-, Br- and I-, respectively. The M4 mutant retained the thermostability of HATase in the iodination reaction at 80 °C, which surpasses the natural halogenase SalL. QM/MM revealed that these mutants bind halide ions with more suitable angles for nucleophilic attack of C5' of SAM, thus conferring halogenation capabilities. Our work achieved the halide ion specificity of halogenases and generated thermostable halogenases for the first time, which provides new opportunities to expand the halogenase repertoire from hydroxylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixun Jiang
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Frontier Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mingdong Yao
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Frontier Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jianqiang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Haoran Niu
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Bin Qiao
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Bingzhi Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Frontier Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Binju Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wenhai Xiao
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Frontier Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Georgia Tech Shenzhen Institute, Tianjin University, Shenzhen 518071, China
| | - Min Dong
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yingjin Yuan
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Frontier Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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2
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Jiang Y, Kim A, Olive C, Lewis JC. Selective C-H Halogenation of Alkenes and Alkynes Using Flavin-Dependent Halogenases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317860. [PMID: 38280216 PMCID: PMC10947852 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Single component flavin-dependent halogenases (FDHs) possess both flavin reductase and FDH activity in a single enzyme. We recently reported that the single component FDH AetF catalyzes site-selective bromination and iodination of a variety of aromatic substrates and enantioselective bromolactonization and iodoetherification of styrenes bearing pendant carboxylic acid or alcohol substituents. Given this inherent reactivity and selectivity, we explored the utility of AetF as catalyst for alkene and alkyne C-H halogenation. We find that AetF catalyzes halogenation of a range of 1,1-disubstituted styrenes, often with high stereoselectivity. Despite the utility of haloalkenes for cross-coupling and other applications, accessing these compounds in a stereoselective manner typically requires functional group interconversion processes, and selective halogenation of 1,1'-disubstituted olefins remains rare. We also establish that AetF and homologues of this enzyme can halogenate terminal alkynes. Mutagenesis studies and deuterium kinetic isotope effects are used to support a mechanistic proposal involving covalent catalysis for halogenation of unactivated alkynes by AetF homologues. These findings expand the scope of FDH catalysis and continue to show the unique utility of single component FDHs for biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Ahram Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Cahmlo Olive
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jared C. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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3
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Peh G, Tay T, Tan LL, Tiong E, Bi J, Goh YL, Ye S, Lin F, Tan CJX, Tan YZ, Wong J, Zhao H, Wong FT, Ang EL, Lim YH. Site-selective chlorination of pyrrolic heterocycles by flavin dependent enzyme PrnC. Commun Chem 2024; 7:7. [PMID: 38182798 PMCID: PMC10770391 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01083-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Halogenation of pyrrole requires strong electrophilic reagents and often leads to undesired polyhalogenated products. Biocatalytic halogenation is a highly attractive approach given its chemoselectivity and benign reaction conditions. While there are several reports of enzymatic phenol and indole halogenation in organic synthesis, corresponding reports on enzymatic pyrrole halogenation have been lacking. Here we describe the in vitro functional and structural characterization of PrnC, a flavin-dependent halogenase that can act on free-standing pyrroles. Computational modeling and site mutagenesis studies identified three key residues in the catalytic pocket. A moderate resolution map using single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy reveals PrnC to be a dimer. This native PrnC can halogenate a library of structurally diverse pyrrolic heterocycles in a site-selective manner and be applied in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of a chlorinated analog of the agrochemical fungicide Fludioxonil.
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Affiliation(s)
- GuangRong Peh
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Terence Tay
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Lee Ling Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Elaine Tiong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jiawu Bi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yi Ling Goh
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Suming Ye
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Fu Lin
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Cheryl Jia Xin Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yong Zi Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Disease Intervention Technology Laboratory (DITL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Joel Wong
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Fong Tian Wong
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Ee Lui Ang
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Yee Hwee Lim
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
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Abstract
The ability to site-selectively modify equivalent functional groups in a molecule has the potential to streamline syntheses and increase product yields by lowering step counts. Enzymes catalyze site-selective transformations throughout primary and secondary metabolism, but leveraging this capability for non-native substrates and reactions requires a detailed understanding of the potential and limitations of enzyme catalysis and how these bounds can be extended by protein engineering. In this review, we discuss representative examples of site-selective enzyme catalysis involving functional group manipulation and C-H bond functionalization. We include illustrative examples of native catalysis, but our focus is on cases involving non-native substrates and reactions often using engineered enzymes. We then discuss the use of these enzymes for chemoenzymatic transformations and target-oriented synthesis and conclude with a survey of tools and techniques that could expand the scope of non-native site-selective enzyme catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Harrison M Snodgrass
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Christian A Gomez
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jared C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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5
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Böhringer N, Kramer JC, de la Mora E, Padva L, Wuisan ZG, Liu Y, Kurz M, Marner M, Nguyen H, Amara P, Yokoyama K, Nicolet Y, Mettal U, Schäberle TF. Genome- and metabolome-guided discovery of marine BamA inhibitors revealed a dedicated darobactin halogenase. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:943-952.e7. [PMID: 37451267 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Darobactins represent a class of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide (RiPP) antibiotics featuring a rare bicyclic structure. They target the Bam-complex of Gram-negative bacteria and exhibit in vivo activity against drug-resistant pathogens. First isolated from Photorhabdus species, the corresponding biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) are widespread among γ-proteobacteria, including the genera Vibrio, Yersinia, and Pseudoalteromonas (P.). While the organization of the BGC core is highly conserved, a small subset of Pseudoalteromonas carries an extended BGC with additional genes. Here, we report the identification of brominated and dehydrated darobactin derivatives from P. luteoviolacea strains. The marine derivatives are active against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria and showed solubility and plasma protein binding ability different from darobactin A, rendering it more active than darobactin A. The halogenation reaction is catalyzed by DarH, a new class of flavin-dependent halogenases with a novel fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Böhringer
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Division for Natural Product Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jil-Christine Kramer
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Division for Natural Product Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Eugenio de la Mora
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Metalloproteins Unit, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Leo Padva
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Division for Natural Product Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Natural Product Department, Fraunhofer-Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Zerlina G Wuisan
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Division for Natural Product Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Division for Natural Product Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Kurz
- Research & Development, Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Bldg. G 849, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Marner
- Natural Product Department, Fraunhofer-Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Hai Nguyen
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, 307 Research Drive, Rm 233 Nanaline H. Duke Building, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Patricia Amara
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Metalloproteins Unit, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Kenichi Yokoyama
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, 307 Research Drive, Rm 233 Nanaline H. Duke Building, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yvain Nicolet
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Metalloproteins Unit, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ute Mettal
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Division for Natural Product Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Till F Schäberle
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Division for Natural Product Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Natural Product Department, Fraunhofer-Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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6
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Wang Y, Ferrinho S, Connaris H, Goss RJM. The Impact of Viral Infection on the Chemistries of the Earth's Most Abundant Photosynthesizes: Metabolically Talented Aquatic Cyanobacteria. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1218. [PMID: 37627283 PMCID: PMC10452541 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are the most abundant photosynthesizers on earth, and as such, they play a central role in marine metabolite generation, ocean nutrient cycling, and the control of planetary oxygen generation. Cyanobacteriophage infection exerts control on all of these critical processes of the planet, with the phage-ported homologs of genes linked to photosynthesis, catabolism, and secondary metabolism (marine metabolite generation). Here, we analyze the 153 fully sequenced cyanophages from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database and the 45 auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) that they deliver into their hosts. Most of these AMGs are homologs of those found within cyanobacteria and play a key role in cyanobacterial metabolism-encoding proteins involved in photosynthesis, central carbon metabolism, phosphate metabolism, methylation, and cellular regulation. A greater understanding of cyanobacteriophage infection will pave the way to a better understanding of carbon fixation and nutrient cycling, as well as provide new tools for synthetic biology and alternative approaches for the use of cyanobacteria in biotechnology and sustainable manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Wang
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9AJ, UK; (S.F.); (H.C.)
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SX, UK
| | - Scarlet Ferrinho
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9AJ, UK; (S.F.); (H.C.)
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SX, UK
| | - Helen Connaris
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9AJ, UK; (S.F.); (H.C.)
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SX, UK
| | - Rebecca J. M. Goss
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9AJ, UK; (S.F.); (H.C.)
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SX, UK
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7
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Jiang Y, Lewis JC. Asymmetric catalysis by flavin-dependent halogenases. Chirality 2023. [PMID: 36916449 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
In nature, flavin-dependent halogenases (FDHs) catalyze site-selective chlorination and bromination of aromatic natural products. This ability has led to extensive efforts to engineer FDHs for selective chlorination, bromination, and iodination of electron rich aromatic compounds. On the other hand, FDHs are unique among halogenases and haloperoxidases that exhibit catalyst-controlled site selectivity in that no examples of enantioselective FDH catalysis in natural product biosynthesis have been characterized. Over the past several years, our group has established that FDHs can catalyze enantioselective reactions involving desymmetrization, atroposelective halogenation, and halocyclization. Achieving high activity and selectivity for these reactions has required extensive mutagenesis and mitigation of problems resulting from hypohalous acid generated during FDH catalysis. The single-component flavin reductase/FDH AetF is unique among the wild type enzyme we have studied in that it provides high activity and selectivity toward several asymmetric transformations. These results highlight the ability of FDH active sites to tolerate different substrate topologies and suggest that they could be useful for a broad range of oxidative halogenations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Jared C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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8
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Multifunctional Enzymes in Microbial Secondary Metabolic Processes. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13030581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms possess a strong capacity for secondary metabolite synthesis, which is represented by tightly controlled networks. The absence of any enzymes leads to a change in the original metabolic pathway, with a decrease in or even elimination of a synthetic product, which is not permissible under conditions of normal life activities of microorganisms. In order to improve the efficiency of secondary metabolism, organisms have evolved multifunctional enzymes (MFEs) that can catalyze two or more kinds of reactions via multiple active sites. However, instead of interfering, the multifunctional catalytic properties of MFEs facilitate the biosynthetic process. Among the numerous MFEs considered of vital importance in the life activities of living organisms are the synthases involved in assembling the backbone of compounds using different substrates and modifying enzymes that confer the final activity of compounds. In this paper, we review MFEs in terms of both synthetic and post-modifying enzymes involved in secondary metabolic biosynthesis, focusing on polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, terpenoids, and a wide range of cytochrome P450s(CYP450s), and provide an overview and describe the recent progress in the research on MFEs.
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9
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Gribble GW. Naturally Occurring Organohalogen Compounds-A Comprehensive Review. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 121:1-546. [PMID: 37488466 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26629-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The present volume is the third in a trilogy that documents naturally occurring organohalogen compounds, bringing the total number-from fewer than 25 in 1968-to approximately 8000 compounds to date. Nearly all of these natural products contain chlorine or bromine, with a few containing iodine and, fewer still, fluorine. Produced by ubiquitous marine (algae, sponges, corals, bryozoa, nudibranchs, fungi, bacteria) and terrestrial organisms (plants, fungi, bacteria, insects, higher animals) and universal abiotic processes (volcanos, forest fires, geothermal events), organohalogens pervade the global ecosystem. Newly identified extraterrestrial sources are also documented. In addition to chemical structures, biological activity, biohalogenation, biodegradation, natural function, and future outlook are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon W Gribble
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
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10
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Jiang Y, Snodgrass HM, Zubi YS, Roof CV, Guan Y, Mondal D, Honeycutt NH, Lee JW, Lewis RD, Martinez CA, Lewis JC. The Single-Component Flavin Reductase/Flavin-Dependent Halogenase AetF is a Versatile Catalyst for Selective Bromination and Iodination of Arenes and Olefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202214610. [PMID: 36282507 PMCID: PMC9772203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Flavin-dependent halogenases (FDHs) natively catalyze selective halogenation of electron rich aromatic and enolate groups. Nearly all FDHs reported to date require a separate flavin reductase to supply them with FADH2 , which complicates biocatalysis applications. In this study, we establish that the single component flavin reductase/flavin dependent halogenase AetF catalyzes halogenation of a diverse set of substrates using a commercially available glucose dehydrogenase to drive its halogenase activity. High site selectivity, activity on relatively unactivated substrates, and high enantioselectivity for atroposelective bromination and bromolactonization was demonstrated. Site-selective iodination and enantioselective cycloiodoetherification was also possible using AetF. The substrate and reaction scope of AetF suggest that it has the potential to greatly improve the utility of biocatalytic halogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Jiang
- Department of ChemistryIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIN 47405USA
| | | | - Yasmine S. Zubi
- Department of ChemistryIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIN 47405USA
| | - Caitlin V. Roof
- Department of ChemistryIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIN 47405USA
| | - Yanfei Guan
- Chemical Research & DevelopmentPfizer Worldwide Research & DevelopmentGrotonConnecticut 06340USA
| | - Dibyendu Mondal
- Department of ChemistryIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIN 47405USA
- Kalsec Inc.3713W. Main St.KalamazooMichigan 49006USA
| | | | - Johnny W. Lee
- Chemical Research & DevelopmentPfizer Worldwide Research & DevelopmentGrotonConnecticut 06340USA
| | - Russell D. Lewis
- Chemical Research & DevelopmentPfizer Worldwide Research & DevelopmentGrotonConnecticut 06340USA
| | - Carlos A. Martinez
- Chemical Research & DevelopmentPfizer Worldwide Research & DevelopmentGrotonConnecticut 06340USA
| | - Jared C. Lewis
- Department of ChemistryIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIN 47405USA
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11
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Zhai G, Gong R, Lin Y, Zhang M, Li J, Deng Z, Sun J, Chen W, Zhang Z. Structural Insight into the Catalytic Mechanism of Non-Heme Iron Halogenase AdaV in 2′-Chloropentostatin Biosynthesis. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Zhai
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Rong Gong
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yaxin Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jiazhong Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wenqing Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Abichem Biotech Joint Center for Pharmaceutical Innovation, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zhengyu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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12
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Jiang Y, Mondal D, Lewis JC. Expanding the Reactivity of Flavin-Dependent Halogenases toward Olefins via Enantioselective Intramolecular Haloetherification and Chemoenzymatic Oxidative Rearrangements. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Dibyendu Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jared C. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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13
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Snodgrass HM, Mondal D, Lewis JC. Directed Evolution of Flavin-Dependent Halogenases for Site- and Atroposelective Halogenation of 3-Aryl-4(3 H)-Quinazolinones via Kinetic or Dynamic Kinetic Resolution. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16676-16682. [PMID: 36044712 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we engineer a variant of the flavin-dependent halogenase RebH that catalyzes site- and atroposelective halogenation of 3-aryl-4(3H)-quinazolinones via kinetic or dynamic kinetic resolution. The required directed evolution uses a combination of random and site-saturation mutagenesis, substrate walking using two probe substrates, and a two-tiered screening approach involving the analysis of variant conversion and then enantioselectivity of improved variants. The resulting variant, 3-T, provides >99:1 e.r. for the (M)-atropisomer of the major brominated product, 25-fold improved conversion, and 91-fold improved site selectivity relative to the parent enzyme on the probe substrate used in the final rounds of evolution. This high activity and selectivity translate well to several additional substrates with varied steric and electronic properties. Computational modeling and docking simulations are used to rationalize the effects of key mutations on substrate binding. Given the range of substrates that have been used for atroposelective synthesis via electrophilic halogenation in the literature, these results suggest that flavin-dependent halogenases (FDHs) could find many additional applications for atroposelective catalysis. More broadly, this study highlights how RebH can be engineered to accept structurally diverse substrates that enable its use for enantioselective catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison M Snodgrass
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Dibyendu Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jared C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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14
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Liu Y, Zhang H, Xiao H, Li Y, Liu Y. Expression, purification and structure determination of the chlorinase ClA2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 628:64-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Ascaso-Alegre C, MANGAS JUAN. Construction of chemoenzymatic linear cascades for the synthesis of chiral compounds. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ascaso-Alegre
- CSIC: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas Institute of Chemical Synthesis and Homogeneous Catalysis SPAIN
| | - JUAN MANGAS
- ARAID: Agencia Aragonesa para la Investigacion y Desarrollo ISQCH PEDRO CERBUNA, 12FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS D 50009 ZARAGOZA SPAIN
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16
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Cochereau B, Meslet-Cladière L, Pouchus YF, Grovel O, Roullier C. Halogenation in Fungi: What Do We Know and What Remains to Be Discovered? Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103157. [PMID: 35630634 PMCID: PMC9144378 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In nature, living organisms produce a wide variety of specialized metabolites to perform many biological functions. Among these specialized metabolites, some carry halogen atoms on their structure, which can modify their chemical characteristics. Research into this type of molecule has focused on how organisms incorporate these atoms into specialized metabolites. Several families of enzymes have been described gathering metalloenzymes, flavoproteins, or S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) enzymes that can incorporate these atoms into different types of chemical structures. However, even though the first halogenation enzyme was discovered in a fungus, this clade is still lagging behind other clades such as bacteria, where many enzymes have been discovered. This review will therefore focus on all halogenation enzymes that have been described in fungi and their associated metabolites by searching for proteins available in databases, but also by using all the available fungal genomes. In the second part of the review, the chemical diversity of halogenated molecules found in fungi will be discussed. This will allow the highlighting of halogenation mechanisms that are still unknown today, therefore, highlighting potentially new unknown halogenation enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Cochereau
- Institut des Substances et Organismes de la Mer, ISOMer, UR 2160, Nantes Université, F-44000 Nantes, France; (B.C.); (Y.F.P.); (O.G.)
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Écologie Microbienne, INRAE, University Brest, F-29280 Plouzané, France;
| | - Laurence Meslet-Cladière
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Écologie Microbienne, INRAE, University Brest, F-29280 Plouzané, France;
| | - Yves François Pouchus
- Institut des Substances et Organismes de la Mer, ISOMer, UR 2160, Nantes Université, F-44000 Nantes, France; (B.C.); (Y.F.P.); (O.G.)
| | - Olivier Grovel
- Institut des Substances et Organismes de la Mer, ISOMer, UR 2160, Nantes Université, F-44000 Nantes, France; (B.C.); (Y.F.P.); (O.G.)
| | - Catherine Roullier
- Institut des Substances et Organismes de la Mer, ISOMer, UR 2160, Nantes Université, F-44000 Nantes, France; (B.C.); (Y.F.P.); (O.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-251-125-686
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17
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Recent development of biomimetic halogenation inspired by vanadium dependent haloperoxidase. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Büchler J, Malca SH, Patsch D, Voss M, Turner NJ, Bornscheuer UT, Allemann O, Le Chapelain C, Lumbroso A, Loiseleur O, Buller R. Algorithm-aided engineering of aliphatic halogenase WelO5* for the asymmetric late-stage functionalization of soraphens. Nat Commun 2022; 13:371. [PMID: 35042883 PMCID: PMC8766452 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-27999-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization of natural products offers an elegant route to create novel entities in a relevant biological target space. In this context, enzymes capable of halogenating sp3 carbons with high stereo- and regiocontrol under benign conditions have attracted particular attention. Enabled by a combination of smart library design and machine learning, we engineer the iron/α-ketoglutarate dependent halogenase WelO5* for the late-stage functionalization of the complex and chemically difficult to derivatize macrolides soraphen A and C, potent anti-fungal agents. While the wild type enzyme WelO5* does not accept the macrolide substrates, our engineering strategy leads to active halogenase variants and improves upon their apparent kcat and total turnover number by more than 90-fold and 300-fold, respectively. Notably, our machine-learning guided engineering approach is capable of predicting more active variants and allows us to switch the regio-selectivity of the halogenases facilitating the targeted analysis of the derivatized macrolides’ structure-function activity in biological assays. The late-stage functionalization of unactivated carbon–hydrogen bonds is a difficult but important task, which has been met with promising but limited success through synthetic organic chemistry. Here the authors use machine learning to engineer WelO5* halogenase variants, which led to regioselective chlorination of inert C–H bonds on a representative polyketide that is a non-natural substrate for the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Büchler
- Competence Center for Biocatalysis, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland.,School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Sumire Honda Malca
- Competence Center for Biocatalysis, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - David Patsch
- Competence Center for Biocatalysis, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland.,Institute of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Moritz Voss
- Competence Center for Biocatalysis, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas J Turner
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Oliver Allemann
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, 4332, Stein, Switzerland.,Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | - Alexandre Lumbroso
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, 4332, Stein, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Loiseleur
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, 4332, Stein, Switzerland.
| | - Rebecca Buller
- Competence Center for Biocatalysis, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland.
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19
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Neugebauer ME, Kissman EN, Marchand JA, Pelton JG, Sambold NA, Millar DC, Chang MCY. Reaction pathway engineering converts a radical hydroxylase into a halogenase. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 18:171-179. [PMID: 34937913 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00944-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
FeII/α-ketoglutarate (FeII/αKG)-dependent enzymes offer a promising biocatalytic platform for halogenation chemistry owing to their ability to functionalize unactivated C-H bonds. However, relatively few radical halogenases have been identified to date, limiting their synthetic utility. Here, we report a strategy to expand the palette of enzymatic halogenation by engineering a reaction pathway rather than substrate selectivity. This approach could allow us to tap the broader class of FeII/αKG-dependent hydroxylases as catalysts by their conversion to halogenases. Toward this goal, we discovered active halogenases from a DNA shuffle library generated from a halogenase-hydroxylase pair using a high-throughput in vivo fluorescent screen coupled to an alkyne-producing biosynthetic pathway. Insights from sequencing halogenation-active variants along with the crystal structure of the hydroxylase enabled engineering of a hydroxylase to perform halogenation with comparable activity and higher selectivity than the wild-type halogenase, showcasing the potential of harnessing hydroxylases for biocatalytic halogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica E Neugebauer
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Elijah N Kissman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jorge A Marchand
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Pelton
- QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas A Sambold
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Douglas C Millar
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michelle C Y Chang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Biocatalysis has an enormous impact on chemical synthesis. The waves in which biocatalysis has developed, and in doing so changed our perception of what organic chemistry is, were reviewed 20 and 10 years ago. Here we review the consequences of these waves of development. Nowadays, hydrolases are widely used on an industrial scale for the benign synthesis of commodity and bulk chemicals and are fully developed. In addition, further enzyme classes are gaining ever increasing interest. Particularly, enzymes catalysing selective C-C-bond formation reactions and enzymes catalysing selective oxidation and reduction reactions are solving long-standing synthetic challenges in organic chemistry. Combined efforts from molecular biology, systems biology, organic chemistry and chemical engineering will establish a whole new toolbox for chemistry. Recent developments are critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Hanefeld
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, The Netherlands.
| | - Caroline E Paul
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, The Netherlands.
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21
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22
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Ren X, Fasan R. Engineered and Artificial Metalloenzymes for Selective C-H Functionalization. CURRENT OPINION IN GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY 2021; 31:100494. [PMID: 34395950 PMCID: PMC8357270 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsc.2021.100494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The direct functionalization of C-H bonds constitutes a powerful strategy to construct and diversify organic molecules. However, controlling the chemo- and site-selectivity of this transformation in particularly complex molecular settings represents a significant challenge. Metalloenzymes are ideal platforms for achieving catalyst-controlled selective C-H bond functionalization as their reactivities can be tuned by protein engineering and/or redesign of their cofactor environment. In this review, we highlight recent progress in the development of engineered and artificial metalloenzymes for C-H functionalization, with a focus on biocatalytic strategies for selective C-H oxyfunctionalization and halogenation as well as C-H amination and C-H carbene insertion via abiological nitrene and carbene transfer chemistries. Engineered heme- and non-heme iron dependent enzymes have emerged as promising scaffolds for executing these transformations with high chemo-, regio- and stereocontrol as well as tunable selectivity. These emerging systems and methodologies have expanded the toolbox of sustainable strategies for organic synthesis and created new opportunities for the generation of chiral building blocks, the late-stage C-H functionalization of complex molecules, and the total synthesis of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinkun Ren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Hutchison Hall, 120 Trustee Rd, Rochester NY 14627, USA
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Hutchison Hall, 120 Trustee Rd, Rochester NY 14627, USA
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23
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Eusebio N, Rego A, Glasser NR, Castelo-Branco R, Balskus EP, Leão PN. Distribution and diversity of dimetal-carboxylate halogenases in cyanobacteria. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:633. [PMID: 34461836 PMCID: PMC8406957 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07939-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Halogenation is a recurring feature in natural products, especially those from marine organisms. The selectivity with which halogenating enzymes act on their substrates renders halogenases interesting targets for biocatalyst development. Recently, CylC - the first predicted dimetal-carboxylate halogenase to be characterized - was shown to regio- and stereoselectively install a chlorine atom onto an unactivated carbon center during cylindrocyclophane biosynthesis. Homologs of CylC are also found in other characterized cyanobacterial secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters. Due to its novelty in biological catalysis, selectivity and ability to perform C-H activation, this halogenase class is of considerable fundamental and applied interest. The study of CylC-like enzymes will provide insights into substrate scope, mechanism and catalytic partners, and will also enable engineering these biocatalysts for similar or additional C-H activating functions. Still, little is known regarding the diversity and distribution of these enzymes. RESULTS In this study, we used both genome mining and PCR-based screening to explore the genetic diversity of CylC homologs and their distribution in bacteria. While we found non-cyanobacterial homologs of these enzymes to be rare, we identified a large number of genes encoding CylC-like enzymes in publicly available cyanobacterial genomes and in our in-house culture collection of cyanobacteria. Genes encoding CylC homologs are widely distributed throughout the cyanobacterial tree of life, within biosynthetic gene clusters of distinct architectures (combination of unique gene groups). These enzymes are found in a variety of biosynthetic contexts, which include fatty-acid activating enzymes, type I or type III polyketide synthases, dialkylresorcinol-generating enzymes, monooxygenases or Rieske proteins. Our study also reveals that dimetal-carboxylate halogenases are among the most abundant types of halogenating enzymes in the phylum Cyanobacteria. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that dimetal-carboxylate halogenases are widely distributed throughout the Cyanobacteria phylum and that BGCs encoding CylC homologs are diverse and mostly uncharacterized. This work will help guide the search for new halogenating biocatalysts and natural product scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Eusebio
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Adriana Rego
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Nathaniel R Glasser
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Raquel Castelo-Branco
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Emily P Balskus
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Pedro N Leão
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal.
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García‐Ramos M, Cuetos A, Kroutil W, Grogan G, Lavandera I. The Reactivity of α‐Fluoroketones with PLP Dependent Enzymes: Transaminases as Hydrodefluorinases. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina García‐Ramos
- Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department University of Oviedo Avenida Julián Clavería 8 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Aníbal Cuetos
- York Structural Biology Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
- ENANTIA C/ Baldiri Reixac, 10 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry NAWI Graz Field of Excellence BioHealth University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Gideon Grogan
- York Structural Biology Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Iván Lavandera
- Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department University of Oviedo Avenida Julián Clavería 8 33006 Oviedo Spain
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25
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Yi D, Bayer T, Badenhorst CPS, Wu S, Doerr M, Höhne M, Bornscheuer UT. Recent trends in biocatalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:8003-8049. [PMID: 34142684 PMCID: PMC8288269 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01575j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has undergone revolutionary progress in the past century. Benefited by the integration of multidisciplinary technologies, natural enzymatic reactions are constantly being explored. Protein engineering gives birth to robust biocatalysts that are widely used in industrial production. These research achievements have gradually constructed a network containing natural enzymatic synthesis pathways and artificially designed enzymatic cascades. Nowadays, the development of artificial intelligence, automation, and ultra-high-throughput technology provides infinite possibilities for the discovery of novel enzymes, enzymatic mechanisms and enzymatic cascades, and gradually complements the lack of remaining key steps in the pathway design of enzymatic total synthesis. Therefore, the research of biocatalysis is gradually moving towards the era of novel technology integration, intelligent manufacturing and enzymatic total synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yi
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Thomas Bayer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Christoffel P. S. Badenhorst
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Shuke Wu
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Mark Doerr
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Matthias Höhne
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
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26
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Flavin-dependent halogenases catalyze enantioselective olefin halocyclization. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3268. [PMID: 34075034 PMCID: PMC8169660 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Halocyclization of alkenes is a powerful bond-forming tool in synthetic organic chemistry and a key step in natural product biosynthesis, but catalyzing halocyclization with high enantioselectivity remains a challenging task. Identifying suitable enzymes that catalyze enantioselective halocyclization of simple olefins would therefore have significant synthetic value. Flavin-dependent halogenases (FDHs) catalyze halogenation of arene and enol(ate) substrates. Herein, we reveal that FDHs engineered to catalyze site-selective aromatic halogenation also catalyze non-native bromolactonization of olefins with high enantioselectivity and near-native catalytic proficiency. Highly selective halocyclization is achieved by characterizing and mitigating the release of HOBr from the FDH active site using a combination of reaction optimization and protein engineering. The structural origins of improvements imparted by mutations responsible for the emergence of halocyclase activity are discussed. This expansion of FDH catalytic activity presages the development of a wide range of biocatalytic halogenation reactions. Catalytic enantioselective halocyclization of alkenes is an important bond forming tool and a key step in natural product biosynthesis, but so far no examples of the enzymatic counterpart of this reaction on simple achiral olefins have been reported. Here, the authors describe examples of engineered flavin-dependent halogenases that catalyze halolactonization of olefins with high enantioselectivity and near-native catalytic activity.
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27
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Paul CE, Eggerichs D, Westphal AH, Tischler D, van Berkel WJH. Flavoprotein monooxygenases: Versatile biocatalysts. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 51:107712. [PMID: 33588053 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Flavoprotein monooxygenases (FPMOs) are single- or two-component enzymes that catalyze a diverse set of chemo-, regio- and enantioselective oxyfunctionalization reactions. In this review, we describe how FPMOs have evolved from model enzymes in mechanistic flavoprotein research to biotechnologically relevant catalysts that can be applied for the sustainable production of valuable chemicals. After a historical account of the development of the FPMO field, we explain the FPMO classification system, which is primarily based on protein structural properties and electron donor specificities. We then summarize the most appealing reactions catalyzed by each group with a focus on the different types of oxygenation chemistries. Wherever relevant, we report engineering strategies that have been used to improve the robustness and applicability of FPMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Paul
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Eggerichs
- Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Adrie H Westphal
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Marshall JR, Mangas-Sanchez J, Turner NJ. Expanding the synthetic scope of biocatalysis by enzyme discovery and protein engineering. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.131926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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29
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Halogenases: structures and functions. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 65:51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Neubauer PR, Pienkny S, Wessjohann L, Brandt W, Sewald N. Predicting the Substrate Scope of the Flavin-Dependent Halogenase BrvH. Chembiochem 2020; 21:3282-3288. [PMID: 32645255 PMCID: PMC7754283 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The recently described flavin-dependent halogenase BrvH is able to catalyse both the bromination and chlorination of indole, but shows significantly higher bromination activity. BrvH was annotated as a tryptophan halogenase, but does not accept tryptophan as a substrate. Its native substrate remains unknown. A predictive model with the data available for BrvH was analysed. A training set of compounds tested in vitro was docked into the active site of a complete protein model based on the X-ray structure of BrvH. The atoms not resolved experimentally were modelled by using molecular mechanics force fields to obtain this protein model. Furthermore, docking poses for the substrates and known non-substrates have been calculated. Parameters like distance, partial charge and hybridization state were analysed to derive rules for predicting activity. With this model for activity of the BrvH, a virtual screening suggested several structures for potential substrates. Some of the compounds preselected in this way were tested in vitro, and several could be verified as convertible substrates. Based on information on halogenated natural products, a new dataset was created to specifically search for natural products as substrates/products, and virtual screening in this database yielded further hits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia R. Neubauer
- Organic and Bioorganic ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstrasse 2533501BielefeldGermany
| | - Silke Pienkny
- Leibniz Institute for Plant Biochemistry (IPB)Weinberg 306120HalleGermany
| | - Ludger Wessjohann
- Leibniz Institute for Plant Biochemistry (IPB)Weinberg 306120HalleGermany
| | - Wolfgang Brandt
- Leibniz Institute for Plant Biochemistry (IPB)Weinberg 306120HalleGermany
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organic and Bioorganic ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstrasse 2533501BielefeldGermany
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31
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de Oliveira BFR, Carr CM, Dobson ADW, Laport MS. Harnessing the sponge microbiome for industrial biocatalysts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:8131-8154. [PMID: 32827049 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10817-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Within the marine sphere, host-associated microbiomes are receiving growing attention as prolific sources of novel biocatalysts. Given the known biocatalytic potential of poriferan microbial inhabitants, this review focuses on enzymes from the sponge microbiome, with special attention on their relevant properties and the wide range of their potential biotechnological applications within various industries. Cultivable bacterial and filamentous fungal isolates account for the majority of the enzymatic sources. Hydrolases, mainly glycoside hydrolases and carboxylesterases, are the predominant reported group of enzymes, with varying degrees of tolerance to alkaline pH and growing salt concentrations being common. Prospective areas for the application of these microbial enzymes include biorefinery, detergent, food and effluent treatment industries. Finally, alternative strategies to identify novel biocatalysts from the sponge microbiome are addressed, with an emphasis on modern -omics-based approaches that are currently available in the enzyme research arena. By providing this current overview of the field, we hope to not only increase the appetite of researchers to instigate forthcoming studies but also to stress how basic and applied research can pave the way for new biocatalysts from these symbiotic microbial communities in a productive fashion. KEY POINTS: • The sponge microbiome is a burgeoning source of industrial biocatalysts. • Sponge microbial enzymes have useful habitat-related traits for several industries. • Strategies are provided for the future discovery of microbial enzymes from sponges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Francesco Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. .,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Clodagh M Carr
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan D W Dobson
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marinella Silva Laport
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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32
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Minges H, Sewald N. Recent Advances in Synthetic Application and Engineering of Halogenases. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Minges
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry Department of Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstraße 25 33501 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry Department of Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstraße 25 33501 Bielefeld Germany
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33
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Tungstate-Catalyzed Biomimetic Oxidative Halogenation of (Hetero)Arene under Mild Condition. iScience 2020; 23:101072. [PMID: 32371372 PMCID: PMC7201191 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aryl halide (Br, Cl, I) is among the most important compounds in pharmaceutical industry, material science, and agrochemistry, broadly utilized in diverse transformations. Tremendous approaches have been established to prepare this scaffold; however, many of them suffer from atom economy, harsh condition, inability to be scaled up, or cost-unfriendly reagents and catalysts. Inspired by vanadium haloperoxidases herein we presented a biomimetic approach for halogenation (Br, Cl, I) of (hetero)arene catalyzed by tungstate under mild pH in a cost-efficient and environment- and operation-friendly manner. Broad substrates, diverse functional group tolerance, and good chemo- and regioselectivities were observed, even in late-stage halogenation of complex molecules. Moreover, this approach can be scaled up to over 100 g without time-consuming and costly column purification. Several drugs and key precursors for drugs bearing aryl halides (Br, Cl, I) have been conveniently prepared based on our approach. Tungstate-catalyzed halogenation of (hetero)arenes under mild condition Robust in 100-g-scale synthesis; good functional group tolerance Late-stage halogenation of complex molecules; good application in drug synthesis
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34
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Zhao C, Yan S, Li Q, Zhu H, Zhong Z, Ye Y, Deng Z, Zhang Y. An Fe 2+ - and α-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Halogenase Acts on Nucleotide Substrates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:9478-9484. [PMID: 32160364 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
While halogenated nucleosides are used as common anticancer and antiviral drugs, naturally occurring halogenated nucleosides are rare. Adechlorin (ade) is a 2'-chloro nucleoside natural product first identified from Actinomadura sp. ATCC 39365. However, the installation of chlorine in the ade biosynthetic pathway remains elusive. Reported herein is a Fe2+ -α-ketoglutarate halogenase AdeV that can install a chlorine atom at the C2' position of 2'-deoxyadenosine monophosphate to afford 2'-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine monophosphate. Furthermore, 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine-5'-monophosphate and 2'-deoxyinosine-5'-monophosphate can also be converted, albeit 20-fold and 2-fold, respectively, less efficiently relative to the conversion of 2'-deoxyadenosine monophosphate. AdeV represents the first example of a Fe2+ -α-ketoglutarate-dependent halogenase that converts nucleotides into chlorinated analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shan Yan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qin Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hucheng Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhiyu Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Ying Ye
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
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35
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Zhao C, Yan S, Li Q, Zhu H, Zhong Z, Ye Y, Deng Z, Zhang Y. An Fe
2+
‐ and α‐Ketoglutarate‐Dependent Halogenase Acts on Nucleotide Substrates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource EvaluationSchool of PharmacyTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Shan Yan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource EvaluationSchool of PharmacyTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Qin Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource EvaluationSchool of PharmacyTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Hucheng Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource EvaluationSchool of PharmacyTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Zhiyu Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug DiscoveryMinistry of EducationSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesWuhan University Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
| | - Ying Ye
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource EvaluationSchool of PharmacyTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug DiscoveryMinistry of EducationSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesWuhan University Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource EvaluationSchool of PharmacyTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China
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36
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Pereira PRM, Araújo JDO, Silva JRA, Alves CN, Lameira J, Lima AH. Exploring Chloride Selectivity and Halogenase Regioselectivity of the SalL Enzyme through Quantum Mechanical/Molecular Mechanical Modeling. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:738-746. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b01079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo R. M. Pereira
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - Jéssica de O. Araújo
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - José Rogério A. Silva
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - Cláudio N. Alves
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - Jerônimo Lameira
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brasil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - Anderson H. Lima
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brasil
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37
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Song R, Shi H, Zhu J, Wang H, Shen Y. A Single-Component Flavoenzyme Catalyzed Regioselective Halogenation of Pyrone in the Biosynthesis of Venemycins. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:2533-2537. [PMID: 31774264 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Flavin-dependent halogenases (FDHs) are known for installing halogens on natural products. To date, most reported FDHs are two-component FDHs, which require a flavin reductase as the reaction partner to function. Here, we report the identification of a new halogenated biaryl compound 2-chloro venemycin (1) through constitutive expression of the regulator gene vemR in the vem gene cluster in Streptomyces sp. S006 and media optimization. In addition, we provide biochemical evidence that, in the absence of the flavin reductase, purified FDH VemK catalyzes the regioselective halogenation of the pyrone moiety of venemycin (2). Mutagenesis studies showed that T315 and R317 residues are likely crucial for catalysis and NAD(P)H binding. VemK represents the first characterized single-component FDH from Streptomyces and the first FDH that halogenates a pyrone moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rentai Song
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haixia Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haoxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuemao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People’s Republic of China
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38
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Duewel S, Schmermund L, Faber T, Harms K, Srinivasan V, Meggers E, Hoebenreich S. Directed Evolution of an FeII-Dependent Halogenase for Asymmetric C(sp3)–H Chlorination. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Duewel
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Luca Schmermund
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Tabea Faber
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Harms
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Vasundara Srinivasan
- LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Eric Meggers
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Hoebenreich
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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39
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Directed evolution of carbon–hydrogen bond activating enzymes. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 60:29-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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40
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Hayashi T, Ligibel M, Sager E, Voss M, Hunziker J, Schroer K, Snajdrova R, Buller R. Evolved Aliphatic Halogenases Enable Regiocomplementary C−H Functionalization of a Pharmaceutically Relevant Compound. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18535-18539. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hayashi
- Competence Center for BiocatalysisInstitute of Chemistry and BiotechnologyZürich University of Applied Sciences Einsiedlerstrasse 31 8820 Wädenswil Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Ligibel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchGlobal Discovery Chemistry 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Emine Sager
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchGlobal Discovery Chemistry 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Moritz Voss
- Competence Center for BiocatalysisInstitute of Chemistry and BiotechnologyZürich University of Applied Sciences Einsiedlerstrasse 31 8820 Wädenswil Switzerland
| | - Jürg Hunziker
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchGlobal Discovery Chemistry 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Kirsten Schroer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchGlobal Discovery Chemistry 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Radka Snajdrova
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchGlobal Discovery Chemistry 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Buller
- Competence Center for BiocatalysisInstitute of Chemistry and BiotechnologyZürich University of Applied Sciences Einsiedlerstrasse 31 8820 Wädenswil Switzerland
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41
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Hayashi T, Ligibel M, Sager E, Voss M, Hunziker J, Schroer K, Snajdrova R, Buller R. Evolvierte aliphatische Halogenasen ermöglichen die regiokomplementäre C‐H‐Funktionalisierung einer hochwertigen Chemikalie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hayashi
- Kompetenzzentrum für Biokatalyse, Institut für Chemie und BiotechnologieZürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Einsiedlerstrasse 31 8820 Wädenswil Schweiz
| | - Mathieu Ligibel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchGlobal Discovery Chemistry 4056 Basel Schweiz
| | - Emine Sager
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchGlobal Discovery Chemistry 4056 Basel Schweiz
| | - Moritz Voss
- Kompetenzzentrum für Biokatalyse, Institut für Chemie und BiotechnologieZürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Einsiedlerstrasse 31 8820 Wädenswil Schweiz
| | - Jürg Hunziker
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchGlobal Discovery Chemistry 4056 Basel Schweiz
| | - Kirsten Schroer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchGlobal Discovery Chemistry 4056 Basel Schweiz
| | - Radka Snajdrova
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchGlobal Discovery Chemistry 4056 Basel Schweiz
| | - Rebecca Buller
- Kompetenzzentrum für Biokatalyse, Institut für Chemie und BiotechnologieZürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Einsiedlerstrasse 31 8820 Wädenswil Schweiz
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42
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Domergue J, Erdmann D, Fossey-Jouenne A, Petit JL, Debard A, de Berardinis V, Vergne-Vaxelaire C, Zaparucha A. XszenFHal, a novel tryptophan 5-halogenase from Xenorhabdus szentirmaii. AMB Express 2019; 9:175. [PMID: 31673806 PMCID: PMC6823310 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0898-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavin-dependent halogenases (FHals) catalyse the halogenation of electron-rich substrates, mainly aromatics. Halogenated compounds have many applications, as pharmaceutical, agrochemicals or as starting materials for the synthesis of complex molecules. By exploring the sequenced bacterial diversity, we discovered and characterized XszenFHal, a novel FHal from Xenorhabdus szentirmaii, a symbiotic bacterium of entomopathogenic nematode. The substrate scope of XszenFHal was examined and revealed activities towards tryptophan, indole and indole derivatives, leading to the formation of the corresponding 5-chloro products. XszenFHal makes a valuable addition to the panel of flavin-dependent halogenases already discovered and enriches the potential for biotechnology applications by allowing access to 5-halogenated indole derivatives.
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43
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Sharma N, Lee YM, Li XX, Nam W, Fukuzumi S. Regioselective Oxybromination of Benzene and Its Derivatives by Bromide Anion with a Mononuclear Nonheme Mn(IV)–Oxo Complex. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:14299-14303. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Namita Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Yong-Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Xiao-Xi Li
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Wonwoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8502, Japan
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44
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Gkotsi DS, Ludewig H, Sharma SV, Connolly JA, Dhaliwal J, Wang Y, Unsworth WP, Taylor RJK, McLachlan MMW, Shanahan S, Naismith JH, Goss RJM. A marine viral halogenase that iodinates diverse substrates. Nat Chem 2019; 11:1091-1097. [PMID: 31611633 PMCID: PMC6875430 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-019-0349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Oceanic cyanobacteria are the most abundant oxygen-generating phototrophs on our planet, and therefore, important to life. These organisms are infected by viruses called cyanophages, recently shown to encode metabolic genes that modulate host photosynthesis, phosphorus cycling and nucleotide metabolism. Herein, we report the characterisation of a wild type flavin-dependent viral halogenase (VirX1) from a cyanophage. Notably, halogenases have been previously associated with secondary metabolism, tailoring natural products. Exploration of this viral halogenase reveals it capable of regioselective halogenation of a diverse range of substrates, with a preference for forming aryl iodide species; this has potential implications for the metabolism of the infected host. Until recently, a flavin-dependent halogenase (FDH) capable of iodination in vitro had not been reported. VirX1 is interesting from a biocatalytic perspective showing strikingly broad substrate flexibility, and a clear preference for iodination, as illustrated by kinetic analysis. These factors together render it an attractive tool for synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danai S Gkotsi
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, UK.,Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - Hannes Ludewig
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, UK.,Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - Sunil V Sharma
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, UK.,Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - Jack A Connolly
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, UK.,Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - Jagwinder Dhaliwal
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, UK.,Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, UK.,Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | | | | | - Matthew M W McLachlan
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK.,QEDDI, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen Shanahan
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK
| | - James H Naismith
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre of Human Genomics, Oxford, UK.,Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Laboratory, Didcot, UK.,The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Didcot, UK
| | - Rebecca J M Goss
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, UK. .,Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, UK.
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45
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A family of radical halogenases for the engineering of amino-acid-based products. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:1009-1016. [PMID: 31548692 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The integration of synthetic and biological catalysis enables new approaches to the synthesis of small molecules by combining the high selectivity of enzymes with the reaction diversity offered by synthetic chemistry. While organohalogens are valued for their bioactivity and utility as synthetic building blocks, only a handful of enzymes that carry out the regioselective halogenation of unactivated [Formula: see text] bonds have previously been identified. In this context, we report the structural characterization of BesD, a recently discovered radical halogenase from the FeII/α-ketogluturate-dependent family that chlorinates the free amino acid lysine. We also identify and characterize additional halogenases that produce mono- and dichlorinated, as well as brominated and azidated, amino acids. The substrate selectivity of this new family of radical halogenases takes advantage of the central role of amino acids in metabolism and enables engineering of biosynthetic pathways to afford a wide variety of compound classes, including heterocycles, diamines, α-keto acids and peptides.
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Characterization of PlGoxB, a flavoprotein required for cysteine tryptophylquinone biosynthesis in glycine oxidase from Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 674:108110. [PMID: 31541619 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
LodA-like proteins are oxidases with a protein-derived cysteine tryptophylquinone (CTQ) prosthetic group. In Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea glycine oxidase (PlGoxA), CTQ biosynthesis requires post-translational modifications catalyzed by a modifying enzyme encoded by PlgoxB. The PlGoxB protein was expressed and shown to possess a flavin cofactor. PlGoxB was unstable in solution as it readily lost the flavin and precipitated. PlGoxB precipitation was significantly reduced by incubation with either excess FAD or an equal concentration of prePlGoxA, the precursor protein that is its substrate. In contrast, the mature CTQ-bearing PlGoxA had no stabilizing effect. A homology model of PlGoxB was generated using the structure of Alkylhalidase CmIS. The FAD-binding site of PlGoxB in the model was nearly identical to that of the template structure. The bound FAD in PlGoxB had significant solvent exposure, consistent with the observed tendency to lose FAD. This also suggested that interaction of prePlGoxA with PlGoxB at the exposed FAD-binding site could prevent the observed loss of FAD and subsequent precipitation of PlGoxB. A docking model of the putative PlGoxB-prePlGoxA complex was consistent with these hypotheses. The experimental results and computational analysis implicate structural features of PlGoxB that contribute to its stability and function.
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Pawar S, Chaudhari A, Prabha R, Shukla R, Singh DP. Microbial Pyrrolnitrin: Natural Metabolite with Immense Practical Utility. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E443. [PMID: 31484394 PMCID: PMC6769897 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolnitrin (PRN) is a microbial pyrrole halometabolite of immense antimicrobial significance for agricultural, pharmaceutical and industrial implications. The compound and its derivatives have been isolated from rhizospheric fluorescent or non-fluorescent pseudomonads, Serratia and Burkholderia. They are known to confer biological control against a wide range of phytopathogenic fungi, and thus offer strong plant protection prospects against soil and seed-borne phytopathogenic diseases. Although chemical synthesis of PRN has been obtained using different steps, microbial production is still the most useful option for producing this metabolite. In many of the plant-associated isolates of Serratia and Burkholderia, production of PRN is dependent on the quorum-sensing regulation that usually involves N-acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) autoinducer signals. When applied on the organisms as antimicrobial agent, the molecule impedes synthesis of key biomolecules (DNA, RNA and protein), uncouples with oxidative phosphorylation, inhibits mitotic division and hampers several biological mechanisms. With its potential broad-spectrum activities, low phototoxicity, non-toxic nature and specificity for impacts on non-target organisms, the metabolite has emerged as a lead molecule of industrial importance, which has led to developing cost-effective methods for the biosynthesis of PRN using microbial fermentation. Quantum of work narrating focused research efforts in the emergence of this potential microbial metabolite is summarized here to present a consolidated, sequential and updated insight into the chemistry, biology and applicability of this natural molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Pawar
- School of Life Sciences, Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon 425001, India.
| | - Ambalal Chaudhari
- School of Life Sciences, Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon 425001, India.
| | - Ratna Prabha
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan 275101, India.
| | - Renu Shukla
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan 275101, India.
| | - Dhananjaya P Singh
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan 275101, India.
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Devine PN, Howard RM, Kumar R, Thompson MP, Truppo MD, Turner NJ. Extending the application of biocatalysis to meet the challenges of drug development. Nat Rev Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-018-0055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Heine T, van Berkel WJH, Gassner G, van Pée KH, Tischler D. Two-Component FAD-Dependent Monooxygenases: Current Knowledge and Biotechnological Opportunities. BIOLOGY 2018; 7:biology7030042. [PMID: 30072664 PMCID: PMC6165268 DOI: 10.3390/biology7030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Flavoprotein monooxygenases create valuable compounds that are of high interest for the chemical, pharmaceutical, and agrochemical industries, among others. Monooxygenases that use flavin as cofactor are either single- or two-component systems. Here we summarize the current knowledge about two-component flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent monooxygenases and describe their biotechnological relevance. Two-component FAD-dependent monooxygenases catalyze hydroxylation, epoxidation, and halogenation reactions and are physiologically involved in amino acid metabolism, mineralization of aromatic compounds, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. The monooxygenase component of these enzymes is strictly dependent on reduced FAD, which is supplied by the reductase component. More and more representatives of two-component FAD-dependent monooxygenases have been discovered and characterized in recent years, which has resulted in the identification of novel physiological roles, functional properties, and a variety of biocatalytic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Heine
- Institute of Biosciences, Environmental Microbiology, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - George Gassner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA.
| | - Karl-Heinz van Pée
- Allgemeine Biochemie, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Institute of Biosciences, Environmental Microbiology, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
- Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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