1
|
Middleton EK, Gilbert MJH, Landry T, Lamarre SG, Speers-Roesch B. Environmental variation associated with overwintering elicits marked metabolic plasticity in a temperate salmonid, Salvelinus fontinalis. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246743. [PMID: 38235572 PMCID: PMC10911287 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Poleward winters commonly expose animals, including fish, to frigid temperatures and low food availability. Fishes that remain active over winter must therefore balance trade-offs between conserving energy and maintaining physiological performance in the cold, yet the extent and underlying mechanisms of these trade-offs are not well understood. We investigated the metabolic plasticity of brook char (Salvelinus fontinalis), a temperate salmonid, from the biochemical to whole-animal level in response to cold and food deprivation. Acute cooling (1°C day-1) from 14°C to 2°C had no effect on food consumption but reduced activity by 77%. We then assessed metabolic performance and demand over 90 days with exposure to warm (8°C) or cold winter (2°C) temperatures while fish were fed or starved. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) decreased substantially during initial cooling from 8°C to 2°C (Q10=4.2-4.5) but brook char exhibited remarkable thermal compensation during acclimation (Q10=1.4-1.6). Conversely, RMR was substantially lower (40-48%) in starved fish, conserving energy. Thus, the absolute magnitude of thermal plasticity may be masked or modified under food restriction. This reduction in RMR was associated with atrophy and decreases in in vivo protein synthesis rates, primarily in non-essential tissues. Remarkably, food deprivation had no effect on maximum oxygen uptake rates and thus aerobic capacity, supporting the notion that metabolic capacity can be decoupled from RMR in certain contexts. Overall, our study highlights the multi-faceted energetic flexibility of Salvelinus spp. that likely contributes to their success in harsh and variable environments and may be emblematic of winter-active fishes more broadly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ella K. Middleton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, Canada, E2K 5E2
| | - Matthew J. H. Gilbert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, Canada, E2K 5E2
| | - Thomas Landry
- Département de Biologie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, Canada, E1A 3E9
| | - Simon G. Lamarre
- Département de Biologie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, Canada, E1A 3E9
| | - Ben Speers-Roesch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, Canada, E2K 5E2
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cao Q, Zhang H, Li T, He L, Zong J, Shan H, Huang L, Zhang Y, Liu H, Jiang J. Profiling miRNAs of Teleost Fish in Responses to Environmental Stress: A Review. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030388. [PMID: 36979079 PMCID: PMC10045198 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
miRNAs are a class of endogenous and evolutionarily conserved noncoding short RNA molecules that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression through sequence-specific interactions with mRNAs and are capable of controlling gene expression by binding to miRNA targets and interfering with the final protein output. The miRNAs of teleost were firstly reported in zebrafish development, but there are recent studies on the characteristics and functions of miRNAs in fish, especially when compared with mammals. Environmental factors including salinity, oxygen concentration, temperature, feed, pH, environmental chemicals and seawater metal elements may affect the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulators of miRNAs, contributing to nearly all biological processes. The survival of aquatic fish is constantly challenged by the changes in these environmental factors. Environmental factors can influence miRNA expression, the functions of miRNAs and their target mRNAs. Progress of available information is reported on the environmental effects of the identified miRNAs, miRNA targets and the use of miRNAs in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quanquan Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- MARBEC, University Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, 34090 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence: or (Q.C.); (H.L.); (J.J.); Tel./Fax: +86-28-86291010 (J.J.)
| | - Hailong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lingjie He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jiali Zong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hongying Shan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lishi Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yupeng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: or (Q.C.); (H.L.); (J.J.); Tel./Fax: +86-28-86291010 (J.J.)
| | - Jun Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: or (Q.C.); (H.L.); (J.J.); Tel./Fax: +86-28-86291010 (J.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Messina M, Iacumin L, Pascon G, Tulli F, Tibaldi E, Cardinaletti G. Effect of feed restriction and refeeding on body condition, digestive functionality and intestinal microbiota in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:169-189. [PMID: 36680627 PMCID: PMC9935662 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01170-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to investigate the influence of fasting and refeeding on body condition, gut physiology and microbiota in reared O. mykiss. Ninety-six fish were randomly allotted among three groups subjected to different feeding plan: C (control, fed for 5 weeks); R (restricted ration over 3 weeks followed by 2 weeks feeding); F (fasted over 3 weeks followed by 2 weeks feeding) in a well's fresh water flow-through rearing plan. Sampling occurred at 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 14 days during the refeeding period. At day 0 and throughout the feeding period until day 14, the weight of the fish was significantly affected by the feeding restriction. Feed deprivation reduced significantly the viscerosomatic and hepatosomatic indexes. Brush border membrane enzymes' specific activity was modulated by feeding regimes until day 7, to level in all experimental groups at day 14. At the end of the restricted/fasted period, the microbiota of the C group was made up of 70% of Actinobacteria, 24% of Proteobacteria, 4.2% of Firmicutes and < 1% of Bacteroides, while the restricted and fasted group were characterized by a strong reduction of Actinobacteria, and a significant increase in Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. The feed deprivation determined a dysbiosis, allowing the development of different commensal or pathogenic bacteria. In conclusion, the effects of 2 weeks of feed deprivation, excluding those related to body weight, are gradually mitigated by refeeding, which allows the restoration of digestive functions and a healthy intestinal microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Messina
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Lucilla Iacumin
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Giulia Pascon
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Francesca Tulli
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Emilio Tibaldi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Gloriana Cardinaletti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sui X, Wang H, Wu F, Yang C, Zhang H, Xu Z, Guo Y, Guo Z, Xin B, Ma T, Li Y, Dai Z. Hepatic metabolite responses to 4-day complete fasting and subsequent refeeding in rats. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14009. [PMID: 36157064 PMCID: PMC9504452 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fasting has been widely used to improve various metabolic diseases in humans. Adaptive fasting is necessary for metabolic adaptation during prolonged fasting, which could overcome the great advantages of short-term fasting. The liver is the main organ responsible for energy metabolism and metabolic homeostasis. To date, we lack literature that describes the physiologically relevant adaptations of the liver during prolonged fasting and refeeding. For that reason, this study aims to evaluate the response of the liver of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats to prolonged fasting and refeeding. Methods Sixty-six male SD rats were divided into the fasting groups, which were fasted for 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, or 96 h, and the refeeding groups, which were refed for 1, 3, or 6 days after 96 h of fasting. Serum glucose, TG, FFA, β-hydroxybutyrate, insulin, glucagon, leptin, adiponectin and FGF21 levels were assessed. The glucose content, PEPCK activity, TG concentration and FFA content were measured in liver tissue, and the expression of genes involved in gluconeogenesis (PEPCK and G6Pase), ketogenesis (PPARα, CPT-1a and HMGCS2) and the protein expression of nutrient-sensing signaling molecules (AMPK, mTOR and SIRT1) were determined by RT-qPCR and western blotting, respectively. Results Fasting significantly decreased the body weight, which was totally recovered to baseline after 3 days of refeeding. A 4-day fast triggered an energy metabolic substrate shift from glucose to ketones and caused serum hormone changes and changes in the protein expression levels of nutrient-sensing signaling molecules. Glycogenolysis served as the primary fuel source during the first 24 h of fasting, while gluconeogenesis supplied the most glucose thereafter. Serum FFA concentrations increased significantly with 48 h of fasting. Serum FFAs partly caused high serum β-hydroxybutyrate levels, which became an important energy source with the prolongation of the fasting duration. One day of refeeding quickly reversed the energy substrate switch. Nutrient-sensing signaling molecules (AMPK and SIRT1 but not mTOR signaling) were highly expressed at the beginning of fasting (in the first 4 h). Serum insulin and leptin decreased with fasting initiation, and serum glucagon increased, but adiponectin and FGF21 showed no significant changes. Herein, we depicted in detail the timing of the metabolic response and adaptation of the liver to a 4-day water-only fast and subsequent refeeding in rats, which provides helpful support for the design of safe prolonged and intermittent fasting regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiukun Sui
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China,State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China,Space Science and Technology Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zihan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yaxiu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - ZhiFeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Bingmu Xin
- Space Science and Technology Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ting Ma
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongquan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu P, Chen L, Cheng J, Pan Y, Zhu X, Chu W, Zhang J. Effect of starvation and refeeding on reactive oxygen species, autophagy and oxidative stress in Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi) muscle growth. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 101:168-178. [PMID: 35538670 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In skeletal muscle, autophagy regulates the development and growth of muscle fibres and maintains the normal muscle metabolism. Under starvation and refeeding conditions, the effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels on skeletal muscle autophagy is still unclear, although the excessive accumulation of ROS has been shown to increase autophagy in cells. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of starvation and diet after starvation on the autophagy of adult Chinese perch muscle, and to determine the level of ROS in the muscle. We performed zero (Normal control), three and seven starvation treatments on adult Chinese perch, and returned to normal feeding for 3 days after starvation for 7 days. In the muscles of the adult Chinese perch muscle after 3 days of starvation, the autophagy marker protein LC3 and the number of autophagosomes remained basically the same as in the normal feeding situation. However, on starvation for 7 days, the mitochondrial autophagy was sensitive and the number of autophagosomes increased, but the antioxidant-related molecules (malondialdehyde, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione and anti-superoxide anion) decreased and the accumulation of ROS was obvious. In addition, the extended starvation time also increased the level of LC3 protein. However, by refeeding after starvation this nutritional stress resulted in a decrease in ROS levels and a partial restoration of antioxidant enzyme activity. Our data show that in the adult Chinese perch muscle, starvation could reduce the antioxidant activity through the accumulation of ROS, and that the number of autophagosomes continues to increase. Refeeding after starvation could effectively compensate for the level of ROS, and restore the mRNA abundance of antioxidant genes and the activity of antioxidant enzymes to reduce autophagy and improve feed efficiency. Further research should optimize starvation conditions to reduce autophagy in muscles and maintain normal muscle metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Fish Developmental Biology of Education Ministry of China, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia Cheng
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Yaxiong Pan
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Zhu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Wuying Chu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianshe Zhang
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dai Y, Shen Y, Guo J, Yang H, Chen F, Zhang W, Wu W, Xu X, Li J. Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are involved of glucose metabolism adaptation during fasting and re-feeding in black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus). AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
7
|
Dai YF, Shen YB, Wang ST, Zhang JH, Su YH, Bao SC, Xu XY, Li JL. RNA-Seq Transcriptome Analysis of the Liver and Brain of the Black Carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) During Fasting. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 23:389-401. [PMID: 33864541 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-021-10032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) is an important carnivorous freshwater-cultured species. To understand the molecular basis underlying the response of black carp to fasting, we used RNA-Seq to analyze the liver and brain transcriptome of fasting fish. Annotation to the NCBI database identified 66,609 unigenes, of which 22,841 were classified into the Gene Ontology database and 15,925 were identified in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. Comparative analysis of the expression profile between fasting and normal feeding fish revealed 13,737 differentially expressed genes (P < 0.05), of which 12,480 were found in liver tissue and 1257 were found in brain tissue. The KEGG pathway analysis showed significant differences in expression of genes involved in metabolic and immune pathways, such as the insulin signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, cAMP signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, AMPK signaling pathway, endocytosis, and apoptosis. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis confirmed that expression of the genes encoding the factors involved in those pathways differed between fasting and feeding fish. These results provide valuable information about the molecular response mechanism of black carp under fasting conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yu-Bang Shen
- College of Aquaculture and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Shen-Tong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jia-Hua Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yu-Hong Su
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Sheng-Chen Bao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jia-Le Li
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zheng M, Lu J, Lin G, Su H, Sun J, Luan T. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota by dietary exposure of three graphene-family materials in zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:112969. [PMID: 31398638 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.112969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The increasing application and subsequent mass production of graphene-family materials (GFMs) will lead to greater possibilities for their release into the environment. Although GFMs exhibit toxicity toward various aquatic organisms, little information is available on their influence on gut microbiota of aquatic organism. In this study, zebrafish were fed diets containing three GFMs, namely, monolayer graphene powder (GR), graphene oxide nanosheet (GO) and reduced graphene oxide powder (rGO), or appropriate control for 21 days. The gut bacterial communities were then characterized for comparison of the exposure effects of each GFM. Alterations of the intestinal morphology and oxidative stress indicators were also examined. The results showed GFMs led to different inflammatory responses and significantly altered the relative composition of the gut bacterial species by increasing the relative abundance of Fusobacteria and the genus Cetobacterium and Lactobacillus and decreasing the abundance of Firmicutes and the genus Pseudomonas; GR caused marked shifts in the diversity of the gut microbiota. The GFMs also altered the intestinal morphology and antioxidant enzyme activities by inducing more vacuolation and generating more goblet cells. Our findings demonstrate that GFM exposure poses potential health risks to aquatic organisms through alteration of the gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zheng
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jianguo Lu
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Genmei Lin
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Hualong Su
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jingyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sánchez-Nuño S, Sanahuja I, Fernández-Alacid L, Ordóñez-Grande B, Carbonell T, Ibarz A. Oxidative attack during temperature fluctuation challenge compromises liver protein homeostasis of a temperate fish model. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 236:110311. [PMID: 31279671 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.110311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal variations in water temperature are a natural stressor of temperate fish that affect growth performance and metabolism globally. Gilthead sea bream is one of the most economically interesting species in the Mediterranean; but its liver metabolism is affected by the cold season. However, the effects of cold on protein turnover mechanisms have hardly been studied. Here, we study the relationship between liver oxidative status and protein homeostasis pathways during a 50-day low temperature period at 14 °C, and subsequent recovery at two times: 7 days (early recovery) and 30 days (late recovery). Liver redox status was determined by measuring oxidised lipids and proteins, the glutathione redox cycle and major antioxidant enzymes activities. Protein turnover was analysed via liver protein expression of HSP70 and HSP90; proteasome 26S subunits and polyubiquitination, as markers of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS); and cathepsin D, as a lysosomal protease. Low temperature exposure depressed antioxidant enzyme activities, affecting the glutathione redox cycle and reducing total glutathione levels. Both the UPS and lysosomal pathways were also depressed and consequently, oxidised protein accumulated in liver. Interestingly, both protein oxidation and polyubiquitination tagging depended on protein molecular weight. Despite all these alterations, temperature recovery reverted most consequences of the cold at different rates: with delayed recovery of total glutathione levels and oxidised protein degradation with respect to enzyme activities recovery. All these findings demonstrate that protein liver homeostasis is compromised after chronic cold exposure and could be the cause of liver affectations reported in aquaculture of temperate fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Sánchez-Nuño
- Departament Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Sanahuja
- Departament Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Fernández-Alacid
- Departament Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Borja Ordóñez-Grande
- Departament Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Carbonell
- Departament Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Ibarz
- Departament Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|