1
|
Yadav M, Dahiya N, Janjoter S, Kataria D, Dixit R, Sehrawat N. A review on RNA interference studies in Anophelines to reveal candidate genes for malaria transmission blocking vaccine. Life Sci 2024; 351:122822. [PMID: 38866221 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Malaria is a major public health concern. The development of parasite-based vaccine RTS/AS01 has some therapeutic value but its lower efficacy is one of the major limitations. Mosquito-based transmission-blocking vaccines could have a higher potential for parasite inhibition within the mosquitoes. Several genes of mosquito midgut, salivary gland, hemolymph, etc. get activate in response to the Plasmodium-infected blood and helps in parasite invasion directly or indirectly inside the mosquito. The studies of such genes provided a new insight into developing the more efficient vaccines. In the field of malaria genetics research, RNAi has become an innovative strategy used to identify mosquito candidate genes for transmission-blocking vaccines. This review targeted the gene studies that have been conducted in the period 2000-2023 in different malaria vectors against different malarial parasites using the RNAi approach to reveal mosquito novel gene candidates for vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Yadav
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Nisha Dahiya
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Sangeeta Janjoter
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Divya Kataria
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | | | - Neelam Sehrawat
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ramírez-Sotelo U, García-Carnero LC, Martínez-Álvarez JA, Gómez-Gaviria M, Mora-Montes HM. An ELISA-based method for Galleria mellonella apolipophorin-III quantification. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17117. [PMID: 38500532 PMCID: PMC10946395 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Mammalian models, such as murine, are used widely in pathophysiological studies because they have a high degree of similarity in body temperature, metabolism, and immune response with humans. However, non-vertebrate animal models have emerged as alternative models to study the host-pathogen interaction with minimal ethical concerns. Galleria mellonella is an alternative model that has proved useful in studying the interaction of the host with either bacteria or fungi, performing drug testing, and assessing the immunological response to different microorganisms. The G. mellonella immune response includes cellular and humoral components with structural and functional similarities to the immune effectors found in higher vertebrates, such as humans. An important humoral effector stimulated during infections is apolipophorin III (apoLp-III), an opsonin characterized by its lipid and carbohydrate-binding properties that participate in lipid transport, as well as immunomodulatory activity. Despite some parameters, such as the measurement of phenoloxidase activity, melanin production, hemocytes counting, and expression of antimicrobial peptides genes are already used to assess the G. mellonella immune response to pathogens with different virulence degrees, the apoLp-III quantification remains to be a parameter to assess the immune response in this invertebrate. Here, we propose an immunological tool based on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that allows apoLp-III quantification in the hemolymph of larvae challenged with pathogenic agents. We tested the system with hemolymph coming from larvae infected with Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix globosa, and Sporothrix brasiliensis. The results revealed significantly higher concentrations of apoLp-III when each microbial species was inoculated, in comparison with untouched larvae, or inoculated with phosphate-buffered saline. We also demonstrated that the apoLp-III levels correlated with the strains' virulence, which was already reported. To our knowledge, this is one of the first attempts to quantify apoLp-III, using a quick and easy-to-use serological technique.
Collapse
|
3
|
Iwański B, Andrejko M. Changes in the apolipophorin III in Galleria mellonella larvae treated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 149:104536. [PMID: 37414244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we have demonstrated a correlation in time between changes in the amount of apolipophorin III (apoLp-III) in the fat body and hemocytes of Galleria mellonella larvae challenged with Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (exoA). An increase in the amount of apoLp-III was detected 1-8 h after the challenge; then, a temporary decrease was observed after 15 h followed by an increase in the level of apoLp-III, however to a different extent. The profile of apoLp-III forms in the hemolymph, hemocytes, and fat body of the exoA-challenged larvae was analyzed using two-dimensional electrophoresis (IEF/SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting with anti-apoLp-III antibodies. Two apoLp-III forms differing in isoelectric point values estimated at ∼ 6.5 and ∼ 6.1 in the hemolymph and ∼ 6.5 and ∼ 5.9 in the hemocytes as well as one isoform with pI ∼ 6.5 in the fat body with an additional apoLp-III-derived polypeptide with estimated pI ∼ 6.9 were detected in the control insects. The injection of exoA caused a significant decrease in the abundance of both apoLp-III isoforms in the insect hemolymph. In the hemocytes, a decrease in the amount of the pI ∼ 5.9 isoform was detected, while the major apoLp-III isoform (pI ∼ 6.5) remained unchanged. In addition, appearance of an additional apoLp-III-derived polypeptide with an estimated pI ∼ 5.2 was observed. Interestingly, there were no statistically significant differences in the amount of the main isoform in the fat body between the control and exoA-challenged insects, but the polypeptide with pI ∼ 6.9 disappeared completely. It should be noted that the decrease in the amount of apoLp-III and other proteins was especially noticeable at the time points when exoA was detected in the studied tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Iwański
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Mariola Andrejko
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen Y, Lv J, Zu G, Yang F, Geng J, You Z, Jiang C, Sheng Q, Nie Z. BmCBP Catalyzes the Acetylation of BmApoLp-II Protein and Regulates Its Stability in Silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECTS 2023; 14:309. [PMID: 37103124 PMCID: PMC10146067 DOI: 10.3390/insects14040309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Acetylation is an important and reversible post-translational modification (PTM) of protein, which is involved in many cellular physiological processes. In previous studies, lots of nutrient storage proteins were found to be highly acetylated in silkworms, and acetylation can improve the stability of these proteins. However, the related acetyltransferase was not involved. In the present work, a Bombyx mori nutrient storage protein, apolipophorin II (BmApoLp-II), was further confirmed to be acetylated, and the acetylation could improve its protein expression. Furthermore, RNAi and Co-IP showed that the acetyltransferase BmCBP was found to catalyze the acetylation modification of BmApoLp-II, and thus affect its protein expression. Meanwhile, it was proved that acetylation could improve the stability of the BmApoLp-II protein by completing its ubiquitination. These results lay a foundation for further study on the mechanism of regulating nutrition storage and hydrolysis utilization of storage proteins by BmCBP and the acetylation in the silkworm Bombyx mori.
Collapse
|
5
|
Gritti MA, González KY, Tavares FL, Teibler GP, Peichoto ME. Exploring the antibacterial potential of venoms from Argentinian animals. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:121. [PMID: 36934358 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03465-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
The resistance to antimicrobials developed by several bacterial species has become one of the main health problems in recent decades. It has been widely reported that natural products are important sources of antimicrobial compounds. Considering that animal venoms are under-explored in this line of research, in this study, we screened the antibacterial activity of venoms of eight snake and five lepidopteran species from northeastern Argentina. Twofold serial dilutions of venoms were tested by the agar well-diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination against seven bacterial strains. We studied the comparative protein profile of the venoms showing antibacterial activity. Only the viperid and elapid venoms showed remarkable dose-dependent antibacterial activity towards most of the strains tested. Bothrops diporus venom showed the lowest MIC values against all the strains, and S. aureus ATCC 25923 was the most sensitive strain for all the active venoms. Micrurus baliocoryphus venom was unable to inhibit the growth of Enterococcus faecalis. Neither colubrid snake nor lepidopteran venoms exhibited activity on any bacterial strain tested. The snake venoms exhibiting antibacterial activity showed distinctive protein profiles by SDS-PAGE, highlighting that we could reveal for the first time the main protein families which may be thought to contribute to the antibacterial activity of M. baliocoryphus venom. This study paves the way to search for new antibacterial agents from Argentinian snake venoms, which may be a further opportunity to give an added value to the local biodiversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micaela A Gritti
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT)-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G Malbrán", Almafuerte y Ambar s/n, 3370, Puerto Iguazú, Argentina
| | - Karen Y González
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (UNNE), Sargento Cabral 2139, 3400, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Flavio L Tavares
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana (UNILA), Av. Tarquínio Joslin dos Santos, nº. 1.000, Jd. Universitário, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, CEP 85870-901, Brazil
| | - Gladys P Teibler
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (UNNE), Sargento Cabral 2139, 3400, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - María E Peichoto
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT)-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G Malbrán", Almafuerte y Ambar s/n, 3370, Puerto Iguazú, Argentina.
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana (UNILA), Av. Tarquínio Joslin dos Santos, nº. 1.000, Jd. Universitário, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, CEP 85870-901, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Paget BW, Kleffmann T, Whiteman KE, Thomas MF, McMahon CD. Quantitative comparison of manuka and clover honey proteomes with royal jelly. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0272898. [PMID: 36763642 PMCID: PMC9916596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Royal jelly and honey are two substances produced successively by the worker bee caste. Modern proteomics approaches have been used to explore the protein component of each substance independently, but to date none have quantitatively compared the protein profile of honey and royal jelly directly. Sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment-ion spectra mass spectrometry (SWATH-MS) was used to compare protein quantities of bee origin in mānuka and clover honey to royal jelly. Two analysis techniques identified 76 proteins in total. Peptide intensity was directly compared for a subset of 31 proteins that were identified with high confidence, and the relative changes in protein abundance were compared between each honey type and royal jelly. Major Royal Jelly Proteins (MRJPs) had similar profiles in both honeys, except MRJP6, which was significantly more abundant in clover honey. Proteins involved in nectar metabolism were more abundant in honey than in royal jelly as expected. However, the trend revealed a potential catalytic role for MRJP6 in clover honey and a nectar- or honey-specific role for uncharacterised protein LOC408608. The abundance of MRJP6 in mānuka honey was equivalent to royal jelly suggesting a potential effect of nectar type on expression of this protein. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD038889.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blake W. Paget
- Hamilton Laboratory, ManukaMed LP, Masterton, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Torsten Kleffmann
- Division of Health Sciences, Research Infrastructure Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Mark F. Thomas
- Hamilton Laboratory, ManukaMed LP, Masterton, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xiao Z, Yao X, Bai S, Wei J, An S. Involvement of an Enhanced Immunity Mechanism in the Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in Lepidopteran Pests. INSECTS 2023; 14:151. [PMID: 36835720 PMCID: PMC9965922 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is the safest, economically successful entomopathogen to date. It is extensively produced in transgenic crops or used in spray formulations to control Lepidopteran pests. The most serious threat to the sustainable usage of Bt is insect resistance. The resistance mechanisms to Bt toxins depend not only on alterations in insect receptors, but also on the enhancement of insect immune responses. In this work, we review the current knowledge of the immune response and resistance of insects to Bt formulations and Bt proteins, mainly in Lepidopteran pests. We discuss the pattern recognition proteins for recognizing Bt, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and their synthetic signaling pathways, the prophenoloxidase system, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, nodulation, encapsulation, phagocytosis, and cell-free aggregates, which are involved in immune response reactions or resistance to Bt. This review also analyzes immune priming, which contributes to the evolution of insect resistance to Bt, and puts forward strategies to improve the insecticidal activity of Bt formulations and manage insect resistance, targeting the insect immune responses and resistance.
Collapse
|
8
|
Toopaang W, Bunnak W, Srisuksam C, Wattananukit W, Tanticharoen M, Yang YL, Amnuaykanjanasin A. Microbial polyketides and their roles in insect virulence: from genomics to biological functions. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:2008-2029. [PMID: 35822627 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00058f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: May 1966 up to January 2022Entomopathogenic microorganisms have potential for biological control of insect pests. Their main secondary metabolites include polyketides, nonribosomal peptides, and polyketide-nonribosomal peptide (PK-NRP) hybrids. Among these secondary metabolites, polyketides have mainly been studied for structural identification, pathway engineering, and for their contributions to medicine. However, little is known about the function of polyketides in insect virulence. This review focuses on the role of bacterial and fungal polyketides, as well as PK-NRP hybrids in insect infection and killing. We also discuss gene distribution and evolutional relationships among different microbial species. Further, the role of microbial polyketides and the hybrids in modulating insect-microbial symbiosis is also explored. Understanding the mechanisms of polyketides in insect pathogenesis, how compounds moderate the host-fungus interaction, and the distribution of PKS genes across different fungi and bacteria will facilitate the discovery and development of novel polyketide-derived bio-insecticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wachiraporn Toopaang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand. .,Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan.,Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Warapon Bunnak
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Chettida Srisuksam
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Wilawan Wattananukit
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Morakot Tanticharoen
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Yu-Liang Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan. .,Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan 711010, Taiwan
| | - Alongkorn Amnuaykanjanasin
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cationic protein 8 plays multiple roles in Galleria mellonella immunity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11737. [PMID: 35817811 PMCID: PMC9273619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15929-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Galleria mellonella cationic protein 8 (GmCP8) is a hemolymph protein previously identified as an opsonin and an inhibitor of fungal proteases. In this work, we showed its bactericidal activity toward Pseudomonas entomophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus thuringiensis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli and against yeast-like fungi Candida albicans. The activity against E. coli was correlated with bacterial membrane permeabilization. In turn, in the case of P. entomophila, B. thuringiensis, and C. albicans, the atomic force microscopy analysis of the microbial surface showed changes in the topography of cells and changes in their nanomechanical properties. GmCP8 also showed the inhibitory activity toward the serine protease trypsin and the metalloproteinase thermolysin. The expression of the gene encoding the GmCP8 protein did not increase either in the gut or in the fat body of G. mellonella after oral infection with P. entomophila. Similarly, the amount of GmCP8 in the hemolymph of G. mellonella did not change in immune-challenged insects. However, when GmCP8 was injected into the G. mellonella hemocel, a change in the survival curve was observed in the infected larvae. Our results shed new light on the function of GmCP8 protein in insect immunity, indicating its role in humoral defence mechanisms.
Collapse
|
10
|
Stączek S, Zdybicka-Barabas A, Wiater A, Pleszczyńska M, Cytryńska M. Activation of cellular immune response in insect model host Galleria mellonella by fungal α-1,3-glucan. Pathog Dis 2021; 78:6000214. [PMID: 33232457 PMCID: PMC7726367 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-1,3-glucan, in addition to β-1,3-glucan, is an important polysaccharide component of fungal cell walls. It is reported for many fungal species, including human pathogenic genera: Aspergillus, Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Cryptococcus, Histoplasma and Pneumocystis, plant pathogens, e.g. Magnaporthe oryzae and entomopathogens, e.g. Metarhizium acridum. In human and plant pathogenic fungi, α-1,3-glucan is considered as a shield for the β-1,3-glucan layer preventing recognition of the pathogen by the host. However, its role in induction of immune response is not clear. In the present study, the cellular immune response of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella to Aspergillus niger α-1,3-glucan was investigated for the first time. The changes detected in the total hemocyte count (THC) and differential hemocyte count (DHC), formation of hemocyte aggregates and changes in apolipophorin III localization indicated activation of G. mellonella cellular mechanisms in response to immunization with A. niger α-1,3-glucan. Our results, which have clearly demonstrated the response of the insect immune system to this fungal cell wall component, will help in understanding the α-1,3-glucan role in immune response against fungal pathogens not only in insects but also in mammals, including humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Stączek
- Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Immunobiology, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zdybicka-Barabas
- Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Immunobiology, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Adrian Wiater
- Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pleszczyńska
- Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Cytryńska
- Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Immunobiology, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fungal α-1,3-Glucan as a New Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern in the Insect Model Host Galleria mellonella. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26165097. [PMID: 34443685 PMCID: PMC8399224 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by appropriate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is a key step in activating the host immune response. The role of a fungal PAMP is attributed to β-1,3-glucan. The role of α-1,3-glucan, another fungal cell wall polysaccharide, in modulating the host immune response is not clear. This work investigates the potential of α-1,3-glucan as a fungal PAMP by analyzing the humoral immune response of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella to Aspergillus niger α-1,3-glucan. We demonstrated that 57-kDa and 61-kDa hemolymph proteins, identified as β-1,3-glucan recognition proteins, bound to A. niger α-1,3-glucan. Other hemolymph proteins, i.e., apolipophorin I, apolipophorin II, prophenoloxidase, phenoloxidase activating factor, arylphorin, and serine protease, were also identified among α-1,3-glucan-interacting proteins. In response to α-1,3-glucan, a 4.5-fold and 3-fold increase in the gene expression of antifungal peptides galiomicin and gallerimycin was demonstrated, respectively. The significant increase in the level of five defense peptides, including galiomicin, corresponded well with the highest antifungal activity in hemolymph. Our results indicate that A. niger α-1,3-glucan is recognized by the insect immune system, and immune response is triggered by this cell wall component. Thus, the role of a fungal PAMP for α-1,3-glucan can be postulated.
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu W, Lin S, Zhao Z, Su Y, Li R, Zhang Z, Guo X. Bombyx mori Apolipophorin-III inhibits Beauveria bassiana directly and through regulating expression of genes relevant to immune signaling pathways. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 184:107647. [PMID: 34303711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Insect Apolipophorin-III is a multifunctional protein and also plays an important role in insect innate immunity. Early transcriptome and proteome studies indicated that the gene expression level of Bombyx mori Apolipophorin-III (BmApoLp-III) in silkworm larvae infected with Beauveria bassiana was significantly up-regulated. In this study, BmApoLp-III gene was cloned, its expression patterns in different larval tissues investigated, the BmApoLp-III protein was successfully expressed with prokaryotic expression system and its antifungal effect was verified. The results showed that the BmApoLp-III gene was expressed in all the tested tissues of the 5th instar larvae infected by B. bassiana, with the highest expression in fat body. The fungistatic zone test showed that the recombinant BmApoLp-III has a significant antifungal effect on B. bassiana. Injecting purified BmApoLp-III to the larvae delayed the onset and death of the infected larvae. Conversely, silencing BmApoLp-III gene by RNAi resulted in early morbidity and death of the infected larvae. At the same time, injecting BmApoLp-III up-regulated the expression of genes including BmβGRP4 and BmMyd88 in the Toll signaling pathway, BmCTL5 and BmHOP in the Jak/STAT signaling pathway, serine proteinase inhibitor BmSerpin5, and antimicrobial peptide BmCecA, but down-regulated the expression of BmTak1 of Imd signaling pathway; while silencing BmApoLp-III gene down-regulated the expression of BmβGRP1 and BmSpaetzle, BmCTL5 and BmHOP, BmSerpin2 and BmSerpin5, BmBAEE and BmPPO2 of relevant pathways and BmCecA, but up-regulated the expression of BmPGRP-Lc and BmTak1 of Imd pathway. These results indicate that the BmApoLp-III could not only directly inhibit B. bassiana, but also participate in regulation of the expression of immune signaling pathway related genes, promote the expression of immune effectors, and indirectly inhibit the reproduction of B. bassiana in the silkworm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanming Wu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Su Lin
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Ze Zhao
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Yun Su
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Ruilin Li
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Zhendong Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Xijie Guo
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gaudet RG, Zhu S, Halder A, Kim BH, Bradfield CJ, Huang S, Xu D, Mamiñska A, Nguyen TN, Lazarou M, Karatekin E, Gupta K, MacMicking JD. A human apolipoprotein L with detergent-like activity kills intracellular pathogens. Science 2021; 373:eabf8113. [PMID: 34437126 PMCID: PMC8422858 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf8113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Activation of cell-autonomous defense by the immune cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is critical to the control of life-threatening infections in humans. IFN-γ induces the expression of hundreds of host proteins in all nucleated cells and tissues, yet many of these proteins remain uncharacterized. We screened 19,050 human genes by CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis and identified IFN-γ-induced apolipoprotein L3 (APOL3) as a potent bactericidal agent protecting multiple non-immune barrier cell types against infection. Canonical apolipoproteins typically solubilize mammalian lipids for extracellular transport; APOL3 instead targeted cytosol-invasive bacteria to dissolve their anionic membranes into human-bacterial lipoprotein nanodiscs detected by native mass spectrometry and visualized by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. Thus, humans have harnessed the detergent-like properties of extracellular apolipoproteins to fashion an intracellular lysin, thereby endowing resident nonimmune cells with a mechanism to achieve sterilizing immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G Gaudet
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven, CT 06477, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Shiwei Zhu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven, CT 06477, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Anushka Halder
- Yale Nanobiology Institute, West Haven, CT 06477, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Bae-Hoon Kim
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven, CT 06477, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Clinton J Bradfield
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven, CT 06477, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Shuai Huang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven, CT 06477, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Dijin Xu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven, CT 06477, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Agnieszka Mamiñska
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven, CT 06477, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Thanh Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Michael Lazarou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Erdem Karatekin
- Yale Nanobiology Institute, West Haven, CT 06477, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Kallol Gupta
- Yale Nanobiology Institute, West Haven, CT 06477, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - John D MacMicking
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven, CT 06477, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Andrejko M, Mak P, Siemińska-Kuczer A, Iwański B, Wojda I, Suder P, Kuleta P, Regucka K, Cytryńska M. A comparison of the production of antimicrobial peptides and proteins by Galleria mellonella larvae in response to infection with two Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains differing in the profile of secreted proteases. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 131:104239. [PMID: 33845095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The work presents identification of antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs) in the hemolymph of Galleria mellonella larvae infected with two Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains (ATCC 27,853 and PA18), differing in the profile of secreted proteases. The insects were immunized with bacteria cultivated in rich (LB) and minimal (M9) media, which resulted in appearance of a similar broad set of AMPs in the hemolymph. Among them, 13 peptides and proteins were identified, i.e. proline-rich peptides 1 and 2, lebocin-like anionic peptide 1 and anionic peptide 2, defensin/galiomicin, cecropin, cecropin D-like peptide, apolipophoricin, gallerimycin, moricin-like peptide B, lysozyme, apolipophorin III, and superoxide dismutase. Bacterial strain- and/or medium-dependent changes in the level of proline-rich peptide 1, anionic peptide 1 and 2, moricin-like peptide B, cecropin D-like and gallerimycin were observed. The analysis of the expression of genes encoding cecropin, gallerimycin, and galiomicin indicated that they were differently affected by the bacterial strain but mainly by the medium used for bacterial culture. The highest expression was found for the LB medium. In addition to the antibacterial and antifungal activity, proteolytic activity was detected in the hemolymph of the P. aeruginosa-infected insects. Based on these results and those presented in our previous reports, it can be postulated that the appearance of AMPs in G. mellonella hemolymph can be triggered not only by P. aeruginosa pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) but also by bacterial extracellular proteases secreted during infection. However, although there were no qualitative differences in the set of AMPs depending on the P. aeruginosa strain and medium, differences in the level of particular AMPs synthesized in response to the bacteria used were observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Andrejko
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Paweł Mak
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Siemińska-Kuczer
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Iwański
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Iwona Wojda
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Suder
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Sciences and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Ave., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paula Kuleta
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Regucka
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Cytryńska
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sheehan G, Margalit A, Sheehan D, Kavanagh K. Proteomic profiling of bacterial and fungal induced immune priming in Galleria mellonella larvae. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 131:104213. [PMID: 33662378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Some insects display immunological priming as a result of elevated humoral and cellular responses which give enhanced survival against subsequent infection. The humoral immune response of Galleria mellonella larvae following pre-exposure to heat killed Staphylococcus aureus or Candida albicans cells was determined by quantitative mass spectrometry in order to assess the relationship between the humoral immune response and resistance to subsequent bacterial or fungal infection. Larvae pre-exposed to heat killed S. aureus showed increased resistance to subsequent bacterial and fungal infection. Larvae displayed an increased hemocyte density (14.08 ± 2.14 × 106 larva-1 (p < 0.05) compared to the PBS injected control [10.41 ± 1.67 × 106 larva-1]) and increased abundance of antimicrobial proteins (cecropin-D-like peptide (+22.23 fold), hdd11 (+12.61 fold) and prophenol oxidase activating enzyme 3 (+5.96 fold) in response to heat killed S. aureus. Larvae pre-exposed to heat killed C. albicans cells were resistant to subsequent fungal infection but not bacterial infection and showed a reduced hemocyte density (6.01 ± 1.63 × 106 larva-1 (p < 0.01) and increased abundance of hdd11 (+32.73 fold) and moricin-like peptide C1 (+16.76 fold). While immune priming is well recognised in G. mellonella larvae the results presented here indicate distinct differences in the response of larvae following exposure to heat killed bacterial and fungal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Sheehan
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Anatte Margalit
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - David Sheehan
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Kevin Kavanagh
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Comparative response of Spodoptera litura challenged per os with Serratia marcescens strains differing in virulence. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 183:107562. [PMID: 33652013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Host plays an important role in influencing virulence of a pathogen and efficacy of a biopesticide. The present study was aimed to characterize the possible factors present in Spodoptera litura that influenced pathogenecity of orally ingested S. marcescens strains, differing in their virulence. Fifth instar larvae of S. litura responded differently as challenged by two Serratia marcescens strains, SEN (virulent strain, LC50 7.02 103 cfu/ml) and ICC-4 (non-virulent strain, LC50 1.19 1012 cfu/ml). Considerable increase in activity of lytic enzymes protease and phospholipase was recorded in the gut and hemolymph of larvae fed on diet supplemented with S. marcescens strain ICC-4 as compared to the larvae treated with S. marcescens strain SEN. However, a significant up-regulation of antioxidative enzymes SOD (in foregut and midgut), CAT (in the midgut) and GST (in the foregut and hemolymph) was recorded in larvae fed on diet treated with the virulent S. marcescens strain SEN in comparison to larvae fed on diet treated with the non-virulent S. marcescens strain ICC-4. Activity of defense related enzymes lysozyme and phenoloxidase activity were also higher in the hemolymph of larvae fed with diet treated with S. marcescens strain SEN as compared to hemolymph of S. marcescens strain ICC-4 treated larvae. More number of over-expressed proteins was observed in the gut and hemolymph of S. marcescens strains ICC-4 and SEN treated larvae, respectively. Identification of the selected differentially expressed proteins indicated induction of proteins involved in insect innate immune response (Immunoglobulin I-set domain, Apolipophorin III, leucine rich repeat and Titin) in S. marcescens strain SEN treated larvae. Over-expression of two proteins, actin related protein and mt DNA helicase, were noted in S. marcescens treated larvae with very high levels observed in the non-virulent strain. Up-regulation of homeobox protein was noted only in S. marcescens strain ICC-4 challenged larvae. This study indicated that ingestion of non-virulent S. marcescens strain ICC-4 induced strong immune response in insect gut while there was weak response to the virulent S. marcescens strain SEN which probably resulted in difference in their virulence.
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang Y, Zhou Q, Zhang H, Qin L, Huang B. Immunotranscriptome analysis of Plutella xylostella reveals differences in innate immune responses to low- and high-virulence Beauveria bassiana strain challenges. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:1070-1080. [PMID: 33015931 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Entomopathogenic fungi have developed multiple strategies to overcome the immune defenses of their target insects, whereas insect pests have devised various defense mechanisms to combat fungal infection. However, differences in the molecular mechanisms of the innate immune defense strategies of insects upon infection with different fungal strains from the same species have not been reported. RESULTS Two Beauveria bassiana strains were obtained that significantly varied in their pathogenicity but were comparable in terms of growth, conidial yield, and cuticle penetration. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune response of Plutella xylostella infected with these two strains, RNA-Seq was performed 48 h after infection. A total of 1027 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and more than 200 DEGs were enriched in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) pathways involved in disease response, revealing differences in the immune response of P. xylostella to different B. bassiana infections at 48 h. Twenty-eight of the DEGs were related to innate immune functions, such as pathogen recognition, immune system activation and antimicrobial reactions. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated gene silencing assays showed that PxApoLIII and PxCSP played critical roles in the P. xylostella immune response. PxApoLIII was expressed at higher levels during infection with the high-virulence strain, whereas PxCSP showed the opposite expression pattern during infection with the low-virulence strain, indicating that PxApoLIII and PxCSP might participate in P. xylostella innate immune defense against high- and low-virulence B. bassiana strains. CONCLUSION The present findings demonstrate that strains of a single species of pathogenic fungi that differ in virulence can induce the expression of different genes in P. xylostella. These results advance our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying fungi-pest interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qiumei Zhou
- Experimental Center of Clinical Research, The First Affliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Hanghang Zhang
- Nanling Forestry Technology Center, Nanling Forestry Bureau, Nanling, China
| | - Li Qin
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Insights into the Gryllus bimaculatus Immune-Related Transcriptomic Profiling to Combat Naturally Invading Pathogens. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040232. [PMID: 33080980 PMCID: PMC7711483 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural pathogen pressure is an important factor that shapes the host immune defense mechanism. The current study primarily aimed to explore the molecular basis of the natural immune defense mechanism of a sporadic pest, Gryllus bimaculatus, during swarming by constructing cDNA libraries of the female mid-gut, male mid-gut, testes, and ovaries. The Illumina HiSeq platform generated an average of 7.9 G, 11.77 G, 10.07 G, and 10.07 G bases of outputs from the male mid-gut, female mid-gut, testes, and ovaries and libraries, respectively. The transcriptome of two-spotted field crickets was assembled into 233,172 UniGenes, which yielded approximately 163.58 million reads. On the other hand, there were 43,055 genes in common that were shared among all the biological samples. Gene Ontology analysis successfully annotated 492 immune-related genes, which comprised mainly Pattern Recognition Receptors (62 genes), Signal modulators (57 genes), Signal transduction (214 genes), Effectors (36 genes), and another immune-related 123 genes. In summary, the identified wide range of immune-related genes from G. bimaculatus indicates the existence of a sophisticated and specialized broad spectrum immune mechanism against invading pathogens, which provides, for the first time, insights into the molecular mechanism of disease resistance among two-spotted field crickets.
Collapse
|
19
|
Santiago PB, Charneau S, Mandacaru SC, Bentes KLDS, Bastos IMD, de Sousa MV, Ricart CAO, de Araújo CN, Santana JM. Proteomic Mapping of Multifunctional Complexes Within Triatomine Saliva. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:459. [PMID: 32984079 PMCID: PMC7492717 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Triatomines are hematophagous insects that transmit Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. This neglected tropical disease represents a global health issue as it is spreading worldwide. The saliva of Triatominae contains miscellaneous proteins crucial for blood feeding acquisition, counteracting host's hemostasis while performing vasodilatory, anti-platelet and anti-coagulant activities, besides modulating inflammation and immune responses. Since a set of biological processes are mediated by protein complexes, here, the sialocomplexomes (salivary protein complexes) of five species of Triatominae were studied to explore the protein-protein interaction networks. Salivary multiprotein complexes from Triatoma infestans, Triatoma dimidiata, Dipetalogaster maxima, Rhodnius prolixus, and Rhodnius neglectus were investigated by Blue-Native- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. More than 70 protein groups, uncovering the landscape of the Triatominae salivary interactome, were revealed. Triabin, actin, thioredoxin peroxidase and an uncharacterized protein were identified in sialocomplexes of the five species, while hexamerin, heat shock protein and histone were identified in sialocomplexes of four species. Salivary proteins related to triatomine immunity as well as those required during blood feeding process such as apyrases, antigen 5, procalins, and nitrophorins compose different complexes. Furthermore, unique proteins for each triatomine species were revealed. This study represents the first Triatominae sialocomplexome reference to date and shows that the approach used is a reliable tool for the analysis of Triatominae salivary proteins assembled into complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Beatriz Santiago
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Sébastien Charneau
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Samuel Coelho Mandacaru
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Kaio Luís da Silva Bentes
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Valle de Sousa
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Carlos André O Ricart
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Carla Nunes de Araújo
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Jaime Martins Santana
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Palusińska-Szysz M, Zdybicka-Barabas A, Frąc M, Gruszecki WI, Wdowiak-Wróbel S, Reszczyńska E, Skorupska D, Mak P, Cytryńska M. Identification and characterization of Staphylococcus spp. and their susceptibility to insect apolipophorin III. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:1015-1032. [PMID: 32811181 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study investigated the effect of an insect antimicrobial protein, apolipophorin III (apoLp-III), against two newly isolated, identified and characterized clinical strains of Staphylococcus spp. Materials & methods: Both strains were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing and metabolic and phenotypic profiling. The antibacterial activity of apoLp-III was tested using a colony counting assay. ApoLp-III interaction with bacterial cell surface was analyzed by Fourier transform IR spectroscopy. Results: Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus capitis were identified. ApoLp-III exerted a dose-dependent bactericidal effect on the tested strains. The differences in the Staphylococcus spp. surface components may contribute to the various sensitivities of these strains to apoLp-III. Conclusion: ApoLp-III may provide a baseline for development of antibacterial preparations against Staphylococcus spp. involved in dermatological problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Palusińska-Szysz
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zdybicka-Barabas
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Frąc
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4 St., 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Wiesław I Gruszecki
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Maria Curie-Skłodowska Square 1, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Wdowiak-Wróbel
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Emilia Reszczyńska
- Department of Plant Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Paweł Mak
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387 Krakow
| | - Małgorzata Cytryńska
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Palusińska-Szysz M, Zdybicka-Barabas A, Luchowski R, Reszczyńska E, Śmiałek J, Mak P, Gruszecki WI, Cytryńska M. Choline Supplementation Sensitizes Legionella dumoffii to Galleria mellonella Apolipophorin III. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165818. [PMID: 32823647 PMCID: PMC7461559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth of Legionella dumoffii can be inhibited by Galleria mellonella apolipophorin III (apoLp-III) which is an insect homologue of human apolipoprotein E., and choline-cultured L. dumoffii cells are considerably more susceptible to apoLp-III than bacteria grown without choline supplementation. In the present study, the interactions of apoLp-III with intact L. dumoffii cells cultured without and with exogenous choline were analyzed to explain the basis of this difference. Fluorescently labeled apoLp-III (FITC-apoLp-III) bound more efficiently to choline-grown L. dumoffii, as revealed by laser scanning confocal microscopy. The cell envelope of these bacteria was penetrated more deeply by FITC-apoLp-III, as demonstrated by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy analyses. The increased susceptibility of the choline-cultured L. dumoffii to apoLp-III was also accompanied by alterations in the cell surface topography and nanomechanical properties. A detailed analysis of the interaction of apoLp-III with components of the L. dumoffii cells was carried out using both purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and liposomes composed of L. dumoffii phospholipids and LPS. A single micelle of L. dumoffii LPS was formed from 12 to 29 monomeric LPS molecules and one L. dumoffii LPS micelle bound two molecules of apoLp-III. ApoLp-III exhibited the strongest interactions with liposomes with incorporated LPS formed of phospholipids isolated from bacteria cultured on exogenous choline. These results indicated that the differences in the phospholipid content in the cell membrane, especially PC, and LPS affected the interactions of apoLp-III with bacterial cells and suggested that these differences contributed to the increased susceptibility of the choline-cultured L. dumoffii to G. mellonella apoLp-III.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Palusińska-Szysz
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Agnieszka Zdybicka-Barabas
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (A.Z.-B.); (M.C.)
| | - Rafał Luchowski
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Square 1, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; (R.L.); (W.I.G.)
| | - Emilia Reszczyńska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Justyna Śmiałek
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (J.Ś.); (P.M.)
| | - Paweł Mak
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (J.Ś.); (P.M.)
| | - Wiesław I. Gruszecki
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Square 1, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; (R.L.); (W.I.G.)
| | - Małgorzata Cytryńska
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (A.Z.-B.); (M.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Han Q, Han Y, Wen H, Pang Y, Li Q. Molecular Evolution of Apolipoprotein Multigene Family and the Original Functional Properties of Serum Apolipoprotein (LAL2) in Lampetra japonica. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1751. [PMID: 32849624 PMCID: PMC7431520 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (APO) genes represent a large family of genes encoding various binding proteins associated with plasma lipid transport. Due to the long divergence history, it remains to be confirmed whether these genes evolved from a common ancestor through gene duplication and original function, and how this evolution occurred. In this study, based on the phylogenetic tree, sequence alignment, motifs, and evolutionary analysis of gene synteny and collinearity, APOA, APOC, and APOE in higher vertebrates may have a common ancestor, lamprey serum apolipoprotein LAL1 or LAL2, which traces back to 360 million years ago. Moreover, the results of immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry show that LAL2 is primarily distributed in the liver, kidney, and blood leukocytes of lampreys, and specifically localized in the cytoplasm of liver cells and leukocytes, as well as secreted into sera. Surface plasmon resonance technology demonstrates that LAL2 colocalizes to breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7) or chronic myeloid leukemia cells (K562) associated with lamprey immune protein (LIP) and further enhances the killing effect of LIP on tumor cells. In addition, using quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) and western blot methods, we found that the relative mRNA and protein expression of lal2 in lamprey leukocytes and sera increased significantly at different times after stimulating with Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio anguillarum, and Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C). Moreover, LAL2 was found to recognize and bind to gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) and play an important role in the antibacterial process. All in all, our data reveals a long, complex evolutionary history for apolipoprotein genes under different selection pressures, confirms the immune effect of LAL2 in lamprey sera against pathogens, and lays the foundation for further research regarding biological functions of lamprey immune systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Han
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.,Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Yinglun Han
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.,Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Hongyan Wen
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.,Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Yue Pang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.,Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Qingwei Li
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.,Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Apolipophorin III interaction with phosphatidylglycerol and lipopolysaccharide: A potential mechanism for antimicrobial activity. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 229:104909. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.104909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
24
|
Meilhac O, Tanaka S, Couret D. High-Density Lipoproteins Are Bug Scavengers. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040598. [PMID: 32290632 PMCID: PMC7226336 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoproteins were initially defined according to their composition (lipids and proteins) and classified according to their density (from very low- to high-density lipoproteins—HDLs). Whereas their capacity to transport hydrophobic lipids in a hydrophilic environment (plasma) is not questionable, their primitive function of cholesterol transporter could be challenged. All lipoproteins are reported to bind and potentially neutralize bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS); this is particularly true for HDL particles. In addition, HDL levels are drastically decreased under infectious conditions such as sepsis, suggesting a potential role in the clearance of bacterial material and, particularly, LPS. Moreover, "omics" technologies have unveiled significant changes in HDL composition in different inflammatory states, ranging from acute inflammation occurring during septic shock to low-grade inflammation associated with moderate endotoxemia such as periodontal disease or obesity. In this review, we will discuss HDL modifications associated with exposure to pathogens including bacteria, viruses and parasites, with a special focus on sepsis and the potential of HDL therapy in this context. Low-grade inflammation associated with atherosclerosis, periodontitis or metabolic syndrome may also highlight the protective role of HDLs in theses pathologies by other mechanisms than the reverse transport of cholesterol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Meilhac
- Université de la Réunion, Inserm, UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), F-97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (S.T.); (D.C.)
- CHU de La Réunion, Centre d’Investigations Clinique 1410, 97410 Saint-Pierre, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-262-93-88-11
| | - Sébastien Tanaka
- Université de la Réunion, Inserm, UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), F-97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (S.T.); (D.C.)
- AP-HP, Service d’Anesthésie-Réanimation, CHU Bichat-Claude Bernard, 75018 Paris, France
| | - David Couret
- Université de la Réunion, Inserm, UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), F-97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (S.T.); (D.C.)
- CHU de La Réunion, Neurocritical Care Unit, 97410 Saint-Pierre, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sheehan G, Tully L, Kavanagh KA. Candida albicans increases the pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus during polymicrobial infection of Galleria mellonella larvae. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2020; 166:375-385. [PMID: 32068530 PMCID: PMC7377259 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study detailed the responses of Galleria mellonella larvae to disseminated infection caused by co-infection with Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. Doses of C. albicans (1×105 larva-1) and S. aureus (1×104 larva-1) were non-lethal in mono-infection but when combined significantly (P<0.05) reduced larval survival at 24, 48 and 72 h relative to larvae receiving S. aureus (2×104 larva-1) alone. Co-infected larvae displayed a significantly higher density of S. aureus larva-1 compared to larvae infected solely with S. aureus. Co-infection resulted in dissemination throughout the host and the appearance of large nodules. Co-infection of larvae with C. albicans and S. aureus (2×104 larva-1) resulted in an increase in the density of circulating haemocytes compared to that in larvae infected with only S. aureus. Proteomic analysis of co-infected larval haemolymph revealed increased abundance of proteins associated with immune responses to bacterial and fungal infection such as cecropin-A (+45.4-fold), recognition proteins [e.g. peptidoglycan-recognition protein LB (+14-fold)] and proteins associated with nodule formation [e.g. Hdd11 (+33.3-fold)]. A range of proteins were also decreased in abundance following co-infection, including apolipophorin (-62.4-fold), alpha-esterase 45 (-7.7-fold) and serine proteinase (-6.2-fold). Co-infection of larvae resulted in enhanced proliferation of S. aureus compared to mono-infection and an immune response showing many similarities to the innate immune response of mammals to infection. The utility of G. mellonella larvae for studying polymicrobial infection is highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Sheehan
- SSPC Pharma Research Centre, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Laura Tully
- SSPC Pharma Research Centre, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Kevin A Kavanagh
- SSPC Pharma Research Centre, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yang F, Zhu B, Liu J, Liu Y, Jiang C, Sheng Q, Qiu J, Nie Z. The effect of acetylation on the protein stability of BmApoLp-III in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 29:104-111. [PMID: 31390480 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Acetylation is an important, reversible posttranslational modification to a protein. In a previous study, we found that there were a large number of acetylated sites in various nutrient storage proteins of the silkworm haemolymph. In this study, we confirmed that acetylation can affect the stability of nutrient storage protein Bombyx mori apolipophorin-III (BmApoLp-III). First, the expression of BmApoLp-III could be upregulated when BmN cells were treated with the deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat (LBH589); similarly, the expression was downregulated when the cells were treated with the acetylase inhibitor C646. Furthermore, the increase in acetylation by LBH589 could inhibit the degradation and improve the accumulation of BmApoLp-III in BmN cells treated with cycloheximide and MG132 respectively. Moreover, we found that an increase in acetylation could decrease the ubiquitination of BmApoLp-III and vice versa; therefore, we predicted that acetylation could improve the stability of BmApoLp-III by competing for ubiquitination and inhibiting the protein degradation pathway mediated by ubiquitin. Additionally, BmApoLp-III had an antiapoptosis function that increased after LBH589 treatment, which might have been due to the improved protein stability after acetylation. These results have laid the foundation for further study on the mechanism of acetylation in regulating the storage and utilization of silkworm nutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Yang
- College of Life Sciences and medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - B Zhu
- College of Life Sciences and medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - J Liu
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Linan, China
| | - Y Liu
- Zhejiang Economic & Trade Polytechnic, Hangzhou, China
| | - C Jiang
- College of Life Sciences and medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Q Sheng
- College of Life Sciences and medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - J Qiu
- College of Life Sciences and medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Z Nie
- College of Life Sciences and medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
The composition of insect hemolymph can change depending on many factors, e.g. access to nutrients, stress conditions, and current needs of the insect. In this chapter, insect immune-related polypeptides, which can be permanently or occasionally present in the hemolymph, are described. Their division into peptides or low-molecular weight proteins is not always determined by the length or secondary structure of a given molecule but also depends on the mode of action in insect immunity and, therefore, it is rather arbitrary. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with their role in immunity, modes of action, and classification are presented in the chapter, followed by a short description of some examples: cecropins, moricins, defensins, proline- and glycine-rich peptides. Further, we will describe selected immune-related proteins that may participate in immune recognition, may possess direct antimicrobial properties, or can be involved in the modulation of insect immunity by both abiotic and biotic factors. We briefly cover Fibrinogen-Related Proteins (FREPs), Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecules (Dscam), Hemolin, Lipophorins, Lysozyme, Insect Metalloproteinase Inhibitor (IMPI), and Heat Shock Proteins. The reader will obtain a partial picture presenting molecules participating in one of the most efficient immune strategies found in the animal world, which allow insects to inhabit all ecological land niches in the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Wojda
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Cytryńska
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zdybicka-Barabas
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jakub Kordaczuk
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Vertyporokh L, Kordaczuk J, Mak P, Hułas-Stasiak M, Wojda I. Host-pathogen interactions upon the first and subsequent infection of Galleria mellonella with Candida albicans. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 117:103903. [PMID: 31233768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.103903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Insects are able to develop enhanced resistance in response to repeated infection. This phenomenon is called immune priming. In this work, so-called "primed" Galleria mellonella larvae were re-infected with a lethal dose of Candida albicans 48 h after injection of a non-lethal dose, while "non-primed" larvae were infected only with a lethal dose. The increased resistance of the primed larvae correlated with a slower rate of body colonisation by the fungus. Changes in the protein profiles were detected in the whole hemolymph of the primed insects. The analysis of low-molecular weight proteins and peptides obtained with the use of three different organic solvents and comparative quantitative HPLC analysis thereof showed that the primed larvae did not have higher amounts of any infection-inducible polypeptides than the non-primed larvae. Moreover, electrophoresis of low-molecular weight polypeptides revealed an even lower level of immune-induced peptides in the primed larvae than in the non-primed ones. Furthermore, the defence activity of larval hemolymph, i.e. the antifungal, antibacterial, and lysozyme-type activity, was up-regulated in the primed larvae at the time of re-infection and, consequently, at the early time points after the infection with the lethal dose. Twenty four hours after the infection, these parameters were equally high in the non-primed and primed larvae. Accordingly, at the time of the injection of the lethal dose, certain immune-inducible genes were up-regulated. However, 24 h after the infection with the lethal dose, their expression in both groups was incomparably higher than at the time of the infection and, in most cases, it was as high in the primed larvae as in the non-primed ones. We found that only anti yeast-like activity was enhanced 24 h after the re-infection. This correlated with results obtained by testing the priming effect in heterologous systems: the primed animals did not exhibit higher resistance to the other pathogens tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidiia Vertyporokh
- Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Immunobiology, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jakub Kordaczuk
- Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Immunobiology, Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Mak
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Hułas-Stasiak
- Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Comparative Anatomy and Anthropology, Lublin, Poland
| | - Iwona Wojda
- Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Immunobiology, Lublin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Exploring the Galleria mellonella model to study antifungal photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 27:66-73. [PMID: 31100446 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) shows antimicrobial activity on yeast of the genus Candida. In aPDT, the depth at which the light penetrates the tissue is extremely important for the elaboration of the treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of aPDT on experimental candidiasis and the laser impact in the tissue using Galleria mellonella as the infection model. METHODS G. mellonella larvae were infected with different Candida albicans strains. After 30 min, they were treated with methylene blue-mediated aPDT and a low intensity laser (660 nm). The larvae were incubated at 37 °C for seven days and monitored daily to determine the survival curve, using the Log-rank test (Mantel Cox). To evaluate the distribution of the laser as well as its depth of action in the larva body, the Interactive 3D surface PLOT of Image J was used. The effects of aPDT on the immune system were also evaluated by the quantification of hemocytes in the hemolymph of G. mellonella after 6 h of Candida infection (ANOVA and Tukey's test). RESULTS In both the ATCC 18,804 strain and the C. albicans clinical strain 17, aPDT prolonged the survival of the infected G. mellonella larvae by a lethal fungal dose. There was a statistically significant difference between the aPDT and the control groups in the ATCC strain (P = 0.0056). The depth of laser action in the insect body without the photosensitizer was 2.5 mm and 2.4 mm from the cuticle of the larva with the photosensitizer. In the larvae, a uniform distribution of light occurred along 32% of the body length for the group without the photosensitizer and in 39.5% for the group with the photosensitizer. In the immunological analysis, the infection by C. albicans ATCC 18,804 in G. mellonella led to a reduction in the number of hemocytes in the hemolymph. The aPDT and laser treatment induced a slight increase in the number of hemocytes. CONCLUSION Both aPDT and laser treatment positively influenced the treatment of experimental candidiasis. G. mellonella larvae were a useful model for the study of light tissue penetration in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy.
Collapse
|
30
|
Lipid-bound apoLp-III is less effective in binding to lipopolysaccharides and phosphatidylglycerol vesicles compared to the lipid-free protein. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 458:61-70. [PMID: 31016454 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03530-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Apolipophorin III (apoLp-III) is an insect apolipoprotein that is predominantly present in a lipid-free state in the hemolymph. ApoLp-III from Galleria mellonella is able to interact with membrane components of Gram-negative bacteria, as part of an innate immune response to infection. The protein also exists in a lipoprotein-associated state when large amounts of lipids are mobilized. Therefore, lipid-bound apoLp-III was generated to analyze the binding interaction with lipopolysaccharides and phosphatidylglycerol, both abundantly present in membranes of Gram-negative bacteria. G. mellonella apoLp-III was lipidated with palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine to form lipid-protein complexes. The particle shape was discoidal with a 16.4 nm diameter, a molecular mass of 460 kDa, and contained 4 apoLp-III molecules. These discoidal lipoproteins were used to compare the lipopolysaccharide and phosphatidylglycerol binding activity with lipid-free apoLp-III. Lipopolysaccharide binding interaction was analyzed by non-denaturing PAGE, showing reduced ability of the lipid-bound protein to form lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes and to disaggregate lipopolysaccharide micelles. The apoLp-III-induced release of calcein from phosphatidylglycerol vesicles was decreased approximately fivefold when the protein was in the lipid-bound form, indicating reduced binding interaction with the phosphatidylglycerol membrane surface. These results show that when apoLp-III adopts a lipid-bound conformation, it is markedly less effective in interacting with lipopolysaccharides and phosphatidylglycerol vesicles. Thus, in order to be an effective antimicrobial protein, apoLp-III needs to be in a lipid-free state.
Collapse
|
31
|
Yu HZ, Wang J, Zhang SZ, Toufeeq S, Li B, Li Z, Yang LA, Hu P, Xu JP. Molecular characterisation of Apolipophorin-III gene in Samia cynthia ricini and its roles in response to bacterial infection. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 159:61-70. [PMID: 30347207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Apolipophorin-III (ApoLp-III) is an abundant hemolymph protein mainly involved in lipid transport and innate immunity in insects. In the present study, the gene Samia cynthia ricini ApoLp-III (ScApoLp-III) was identified from a transcriptome database, and contained 790 nucleotides with a putative open reading frame (ORF) of 561 bp encoding 186 amino acid residues. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that ScApoLp-III had significant homology with ApoLp-III protein from Antheraea pernyi. Higher ScApoLp-III expression levels were found in the fat body and silk gland by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Injection of Staphylococcus aureus induced up-regulation of ScApoLp-III in the midgut, fat body and hemocytes. However, ScApoLp-III was down-regulated in the midgut and fat body after Pseudomonas aeruginosa injection, indicating that ScApoLp-III may contribute to the host's defense against invading pathogens. Additionally, recombinant ScApoLp-III was found to bind different bacteria, including E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and B. subtilis. Bactericidal tests showed that recombinant ScApoLp-III strongly inhibited Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli and P. aeruginosa. However, it had no obvious influence on Gram-positive bacteria. Taken together, our results suggest that the ScApoLp-III might play an important role in the innate immunity of S. c. ricini.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Zhong Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China; National Navel Orange Engineering and Technology Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Shang-Zhi Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Shahzad Toufeeq
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Li-Ang Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Pei Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Jia-Ping Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang X, Luo H, Zhang R. Innate immune responses in the Chinese oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:22-33. [PMID: 29241953 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity, the evolutionarily conserved defense system, has been extensively analyzed in insect models over recent decades. The significant progress in this area has formed our dominant conceptual framework of the innate immune system, but critical advances in other insects have had a profound impact on our insights into the mystery of innate immunity. In recent years, we focused on the immune responses in Antheraea pernyi, an important commercial silkworm species reared in China. Here, we review the immune responses of A. pernyi based on immune-related gene-encoded proteins that are divided into five categories, namely pattern recognition receptors, hemolymph proteinases and their inhibitors, prophenoloxidase, Toll pathway factors and antimicrobial peptides, and others. Although the summarized information is limited since the research on A. pernyi immunity is in its infancy, we hope to provide evidence for further exploration of innate immune mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xialu Wang
- School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Hao Luo
- School of Life Science and Bio-pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- School of Life Science and Bio-pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Stączek S, Zdybicka-Barabas A, Mak P, Sowa-Jasiłek A, Kedracka-Krok S, Jankowska U, Suder P, Wydrych J, Grygorczuk K, Jakubowicz T, Cytryńska M. Studies on localization and protein ligands of Galleria mellonella apolipophorin III during immune response against different pathogens. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 105:18-27. [PMID: 29289504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A lipid-binding protein apolipophorin III (apoLp-III), an exchangeable component of lipophorin particles, is involved in lipid transport and immune response in insects. In Galleria mellonella, apoLp-III binding to high-density lipophorins and formation of low-density lipophorin complexes upon immune challenge was reported. However, an unanswered question remains whether apoLp-III could form different complexes in a pathogen-dependent manner. Here we report on pathogen- and time-dependent alterations in the level of apoLp-III free and lipophorin-bound form that occur in the hemolymph and hemocytes shortly after immunization of G. mellonella larvae with different pathogens, i.e. Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli, Gram-positive bacterium Micrococcus luteus, yeast-like fungus Candida albicans, and filamentous fungus Fusarium oxysporum. These changes were accompanied by differently persistent re-localization of apoLp-III in the hemocytes. The apoLp-III-interacting proteins were recovered from immune hemolymph by affinity chromatography on a Sepharose bed with immobilized anti-apoLp-III antibodies. ApoLp-I, apoLp-II, hexamerin, and arylphorin were identified as main components that bound to apoLp-III; the N-terminal amino acid sequences of G. mellonella apoLp-I and apoLp-II were determined for the first time. In the recovered complexes, the pathogen-dependent differences in the content of individual apolipophorins were detected. Apolipophorins may thus be postulated as signaling molecules responding in an immunogen-dependent manner in early steps of G. mellonella immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Stączek
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zdybicka-Barabas
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Mak
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland; Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Gronostajowa 7A St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Aneta Sowa-Jasiłek
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Kedracka-Krok
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland; Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Gronostajowa 7A St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Urszula Jankowska
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Gronostajowa 7A St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Suder
- Biochemistry and Neurobiology Department, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 ave., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Wydrych
- Department of Comparative Anatomy and Anthropology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Grygorczuk
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Teresa Jakubowicz
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Cytryńska
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Taszłow P, Vertyporokh L, Wojda I. Humoral immune response of Galleria mellonella after repeated infection with Bacillus thuringiensis. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 149:87-96. [PMID: 28803980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The insect immune system relies on innate mechanisms only. However, there is an increasing number of data reporting that previous immune challenge with microbial elicitors or a low number of microorganisms can modulate susceptibility after subsequent lethal infection with the same or different pathogen. This phenomenon is called immune priming. Its biochemical and molecular mechanisms remain unravelled. Here we present that Galleria mellonella larvae that survived infection induced by intrahemocelic injection of a low dose of Bacillus thuringiensis were more resistant to re-injection of a lethal dose of the same bacteria but not other bacteria and fungi tested. This correlated with enhanced activity detected in full hemolymph as well as in separated hemolymph polypeptides. In addition, we observed differences in the hemolymph protein pattern between primed and non-primed larvae after infection with the lethal dose of B. thuringiensis. Expression of genes encoding inducible defence molecules was not enhanced in the primed larvae after the infection with the lethal dose of B. thuringiensis. It is likely that priming affects the turnover of immune related hemolymph proteins; hence, upon repeated contact, the immune response may be more ergonomic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Taszłow
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Lidiia Vertyporokh
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Iwona Wojda
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wojda I. Immunity of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella. INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:342-357. [PMID: 26847724 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of insect immune mechanisms provides important information concerning innate immunity, which in many aspects is conserved in animals. This is one of the reasons why insects serve as model organisms to study virulence mechanisms of human pathogens. From the evolutionary point of view, we also learn a lot about host-pathogen interaction and adaptation of organisms to conditions of life. Additionally, insect-derived antibacterial and antifungal peptides and proteins are considered for their potential to be applied as alternatives to antibiotics. While Drosophila melanogaster is used to study the genetic aspect of insect immunity, Galleria mellonella serves as a good model for biochemical research. Given the size of the insect, it is possible to obtain easily hemolymph and other tissues as a source of many immune-relevant polypeptides. This review article summarizes our knowledge concerning G. mellonella immunity. The best-characterized immune-related proteins and peptides are recalled and their short characteristic is given. Some other proteins identified at the mRNA level are also mentioned. The infectious routes used by Galleria natural pathogens such as Bacillus thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana are also described in the context of host-pathogen interaction. Finally, the plasticity of G. mellonella immune response influenced by abiotic and biotic factors is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Wojda
- Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Immunobiology, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Dhawan R, Gupta K, Kajla M, Kakani P, Choudhury TP, Kumar S, Kumar V, Gupta L. Apolipophorin-III Acts as a Positive Regulator of Plasmodium Development in Anopheles stephensi. Front Physiol 2017; 8:185. [PMID: 28439240 PMCID: PMC5383653 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipophorin III (ApoLp-III) is a well-known hemolymph protein having a functional role in lipid transport and immune responses of insects. Here we report the molecular and functional characterization of Anopheles stephensi Apolipophorin-III (AsApoLp-III) gene. This gene consists of 679 nucleotides arranged into two exons of 45 and 540 bp that give an ORF encoding 194 amino acid residues. Excluding a putative signal peptide of the first 19 amino acid residues, the 175-residues in mature AsApoLp-III protein has a calculated molecular mass of 22 kDa. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the divergence of mosquitoes (Order Diptera) ApoLp-III from their counterparts in moths (Order: Lepidoptera). Also, it revealed a close relatedness of AsApoLp-III to ApoLp-III of An. gambiae. AsApoLp-III mRNA expression is strongly induced in Plasmodium berghei infected mosquito midguts suggesting its crucial role in parasite development. AsApoLp-III silencing decreased P. berghei oocysts numbers by 7.7 fold against controls. These effects might be due to the interruption of AsApoLp-III mediated lipid delivery to the developing oocysts. In addition, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), an antiplasmodial gene, is also highly induced in AsApoLp-III silenced midguts suggesting that this gene acts like an agonist and protects Plasmodium against the mosquito immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rini Dhawan
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and SciencePilani, India
| | - Kuldeep Gupta
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and SciencePilani, India
| | - Mithilesh Kajla
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and SciencePilani, India
| | - Parik Kakani
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and SciencePilani, India
| | - Tania P Choudhury
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and SciencePilani, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and SciencePilani, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Bansi Lal UniversityBhiwani, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and SciencePilani, India
| | - Lalita Gupta
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and SciencePilani, India.,Department of Zoology, Chaudhary Bansi Lal UniversityBhiwani, India
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kirschman LJ, Quade AH, Zera AJ, Warne RW. Immune function trade-offs in response to parasite threats. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 98:199-204. [PMID: 28109904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune function is often involved in physiological trade-offs because of the energetic costs of maintaining constitutive immunity and mounting responses to infection. However, immune function is a collection of discrete immunity factors and animals should allocate towards factors that combat the parasite threat with the highest fitness cost. For example, animals on dispersal fronts of expanding population may be released from density-dependent diseases. The costs of immunity, however, and life history trade-offs in general, are often context dependent. Trade-offs are often most apparent under conditions of unusually limited resources or when animals are particularly stressed, because the stress response can shift priorities. In this study we tested how humoral and cellular immune factors vary between phenotypes of a wing dimorphic cricket and how physiological stress influences these immune factors. We measured constitutive lysozyme activity, a humoral immune factor, and encapsulation response, a cellular immune factor. We also stressed the crickets with a sham predator in a full factorial design. We found that immune strategy could be explained by the selective pressures encountered by each morph and that stress decreased encapsulation, but not lysozyme activity. These results suggest a possible trade-off between humoral and cellular immunity. Given limited resources and the expense of immune factors, parasite pressures could play a key factor in maintaining insect polyphenism via disruptive selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Kirschman
- Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA.
| | - Adam H Quade
- Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Anthony J Zera
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Robin W Warne
- Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wen D, Wang X, Shang L, Huang Y, Li T, Wu C, Zhang R, Zhang J. Involvement of a versatile pattern recognition receptor, apolipophorin-III in prophenoloxidase activation and antibacterial defense of the Chinese oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 65:124-131. [PMID: 27387151 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Apolipophorin-III (apoLp-III) is an exchangeable apolipoprotein found in many insect species and functions as a lipid transport vehicle. Recent studies have shown that apoLp-III is a multifunctional molecule involved in not only lipid transportation but also innate immune responses. In the present study, the pattern recognition properties of Antheraea pernyi apoLp-III were investigated. Recombinant Ap-apoLp-III was bound to different species of microbes and further study showed the rAp-apoLp-III is capable of interacting with pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on the microbial cell surface. In addition, an Ap-apoLp-III/PAMP mixture stimulated the prophenoloxidase (PPO) activation of A. pernyi hemolymph in vitro, to a greater extent than PAMP alone while Ap-apoLp-III itself failed to activate the PPO system, indicating that Ap-apoLp-III up-regulates PPO activation by combining with PAMP. After pathogen invasion following an injection of Staphylococcus aureus, RNAi-mediated silencing of apoLp-III decreased the transcriptional abundance of three antimicrobial peptide genes. These data suggest that apoLp-III is a versatile pattern recognition receptor and may play important roles in the innate immune responses of Antheraea pernyi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daihua Wen
- School of Life Science and Bio-pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Xialu Wang
- School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Lei Shang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, China
| | - Yu Huang
- School of Life Science and Bio-pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Tienan Li
- School of Life Science and Bio-pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Chunfu Wu
- School of Life Science and Bio-pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- School of Life Science and Bio-pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Jinghai Zhang
- School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Grassl J, Peng Y, Baer-Imhoof B, Welch M, Millar AH, Baer B. Infections with the Sexually Transmitted Pathogen Nosema apis Trigger an Immune Response in the Seminal Fluid of Honey Bees (Apis mellifera). J Proteome Res 2016; 16:319-334. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Grassl
- Centre for Integrative Bee Research
(CIBER) and ARC Centre of Excellence
in Plant Energy Biology and ‡School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, Bayliss Building, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Yan Peng
- Centre for Integrative Bee Research
(CIBER) and ARC Centre of Excellence
in Plant Energy Biology and ‡School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, Bayliss Building, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Barbara Baer-Imhoof
- Centre for Integrative Bee Research
(CIBER) and ARC Centre of Excellence
in Plant Energy Biology and ‡School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, Bayliss Building, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Mat Welch
- Centre for Integrative Bee Research
(CIBER) and ARC Centre of Excellence
in Plant Energy Biology and ‡School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, Bayliss Building, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - A. Harvey Millar
- Centre for Integrative Bee Research
(CIBER) and ARC Centre of Excellence
in Plant Energy Biology and ‡School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, Bayliss Building, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Boris Baer
- Centre for Integrative Bee Research
(CIBER) and ARC Centre of Excellence
in Plant Energy Biology and ‡School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, Bayliss Building, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Butt TM, Coates CJ, Dubovskiy IM, Ratcliffe NA. Entomopathogenic Fungi: New Insights into Host-Pathogen Interactions. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2016; 94:307-64. [PMID: 27131329 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Although many insects successfully live in dangerous environments exposed to diverse communities of microbes, they are often exploited and killed by specialist pathogens. Studies of host-pathogen interactions (HPI) provide valuable insights into the dynamics of the highly aggressive coevolutionary arms race between entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) and their arthropod hosts. The host defenses are designed to exclude the pathogen or mitigate the damage inflicted while the pathogen responds with immune evasion and utilization of host resources. EPF neutralize their immediate surroundings on the insect integument and benefit from the physiochemical properties of the cuticle and its compounds that exclude competing microbes. EPF also exhibit adaptations aimed at minimizing trauma that can be deleterious to both host and pathogen (eg, melanization of hemolymph), form narrow penetration pegs that alleviate host dehydration and produce blastospores that lack immunogenic sugars/enzymes but facilitate rapid assimilation of hemolymph nutrients. In response, insects deploy an extensive armory of hemocytes and macromolecules, such as lectins and phenoloxidase, that repel, immobilize, and kill EPF. New evidence suggests that immune bioactives work synergistically (eg, lysozyme with antimicrobial peptides) to combat infections. Some proteins, including transferrin and apolipophorin III, also demonstrate multifunctional properties, participating in metabolism, homeostasis, and pathogen recognition. This review discusses the molecular intricacies of these HPI, highlighting the interplay between immunity, stress management, and metabolism. Increased knowledge in this area could enhance the efficacy of EPF, ensuring their future in integrated pest management programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T M Butt
- Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - C J Coates
- Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | | | - N A Ratcliffe
- Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom; Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Short-term heat shock affects the course of immune response in Galleria mellonella naturally infected with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 130:42-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
42
|
Zdybicka-Barabas A, Sowa-Jasiłek A, Stączek S, Jakubowicz T, Cytryńska M. Different forms of apolipophorin III in Galleria mellonella larvae challenged with bacteria and fungi. Peptides 2015; 68:105-12. [PMID: 25579437 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Apolipophorin III (apoLp-III), a lipid-binding protein and an insect homolog of human apolipoprotein E, plays an important role in lipid transport and immune response in insects. In the present study, we have demonstrated a correlation in time between changes in the apoLp-III abundance occurring in the hemolymph, hemocytes, and fat body after immunization of Galleria mellonella larvae with Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Gram-positive bacteria Micrococcus luteus, yeast Candida albicans, and a filamentous fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Using two-dimensional electrophoresis (IEF/SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting with anti-apoLp-III antibodies, the profile of apoLp-III forms in G. mellonella larvae challenged with the bacteria and fungi has been analyzed. Besides the major apoLp-III protein (pI=6.5), one and three additional apoLp-III forms differing in the pI value have been detected, respectively, in the hemolymph, hemocytes, and fat body of non-immunized insects. Also, evidence has been provided that particular apoLp-III-derived polypeptides appear after the immune challenge and are present mainly in the hemolymph and hemocytes. The time of their appearance and persistence in the hemolymph was dependent on the pathogen used. At least two of the apoLp-III forms detected in hemolymph bound to the microbial cell surface. The increasing number of hemolymph apoLp-III polypeptides and differences in their profiles observed in time after the challenge with different immunogens confirmed the important role of apoLp-III in discriminating between pathogens by the insect defense system and in antibacterial as well as antifungal immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zdybicka-Barabas
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Aneta Sowa-Jasiłek
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Stączek
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Teresa Jakubowicz
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Cytryńska
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kim BY, Jin BR. Apolipophorin III from honeybees (Apis cerana) exhibits antibacterial activity. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 182:6-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
44
|
Palusinska-Szysz M, Zdybicka-Barabas A, Cytryńska M, Wdowiak-Wróbel S, Chmiel E, Gruszecki WI. Analysis of cell surface alterations in Legionella pneumophila cells treated with human apolipoprotein E. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:1-8. [PMID: 25176171 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of human apolipoprotein E (apoE) to Legionella pneumophila lipopolysaccharide was analysed at the molecular level by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thereby providing biophysical evidence for apoE-L. pneumophila lipopolysaccharide interaction. Atomic force microscopy imaging of apoE-exposed L. pneumophila cells revealed alterations in the bacterial cell surface topography and nanomechanical properties in comparison with control bacteria. The changes induced by apoE binding to lipopolysaccharide on the surface of L. pneumophila cells may participate in: (1) impeding the penetration of host cells by the bacteria; (2) suppression of pathogen intracellular growth and eventually; and (3) inhibition of the development of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Palusinska-Szysz
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zdybicka-Barabas
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Cytryńska
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Wdowiak-Wróbel
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Chmiel
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wiesław I Gruszecki
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Taszłow P, Wojda I. Changes in the hemolymph protein profiles in Galleria mellonella infected with Bacillus thuringiensis involve apolipophorin III. The effect of heat shock. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 88:123-143. [PMID: 25308190 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This report concerns the effect of heat shock on host-pathogen interaction in Galleria mellonella infected with Bacillus thuringiensis. We show enhanced activity against Gram-positive bacteria in the hemolymph of larvae pre-exposed to heat shock before infection with B. thuringiensis. Heat shock influenced the protein pattern in the hemolymph of infected larvae: more peptides with a molecular weight below 10 kDa were detected in comparison with nonshocked animals. Additionally, we noticed that the amount of apolipophorin III (apoLp-III) in the hemolymph decreased transiently following infection, which was considerably higher in larvae pre-exposed to heat shock. On the other hand, its expression in the fat body showed a consequent infection-induced decline, observed equally in shocked and nonshocked animals. This suggests that the amount of apoLp-III in the hemolymph of G. mellonella larvae is regulated at multiple levels. We also report that this protein is more resistant to degradation in the hemolymph of larvae pre-exposed to heat shock in comparison to nonshocked larvae. Two-dimensional analysis revealed the presence of three isoforms of apoLp-III, all susceptible to proteolytic degradation. However, one of them was the most abundant, both in the protease-treated and untreated hemolymph. Taking into consideration that, in general, apoLp-III has a stimulative effect on different immune-related hemolymph proteins and peptides, the reported findings bring us closer to understanding the effect of heat shock on the resistance of G. mellonella to infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Taszłow
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhang J, Lu A, Kong L, Zhang Q, Ling E. Functional analysis of insect molting fluid proteins on the protection and regulation of ecdysis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:35891-906. [PMID: 25368323 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.599597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Molting fluid accumulates between the old and new cuticles during periodical ecdysis in Ecdysozoa. Natural defects in insect ecdysis are frequently associated with melanization (an immunity response) occurring primarily in molting fluids, suggesting that molting fluid may impact immunity as well as affect ecdysis. To address this hypothesis, proteomic analysis of molting fluids from Bombyx mori during three different types of ecdysis was performed. Many proteins were newly identified, including immunity-related proteins, in each molting fluid. Molting fluids inhibited the growth of bacteria in vitro. The entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana, which can escape immune responses in feeding larvae, is quickly recognized by larvae during ecdysis, followed by melanization in molting fluid and old cuticle. Fungal conidia germination was delayed, and no hyphae were detected in the hemocoels of pharate instar insects. Molting fluids protect the delicate pharate instar insects with extremely thin cuticles against microorganisms. To explore the function of molting fluids in ecdysis regulation, based on protein similarity, 32 genes were selected for analysis in ecdysis regulation through RNAi in Tribolium castaneum, a model commonly used to study integument development because RNAi is difficult to achieve in B. mori. We identified 24 molting proteins that affected ecdysis after knockdown, with different physiological functions, including old cuticle protein recycling, molting fluid pressure balance, detoxification, and signal detection and transfer of molting fluids. We report that insects secrete molting fluid for protection and regulation of ecdysis, which indicates a way to develop new pesticides through interrupting insect ecdysis in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- From the Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China and
| | - Anrui Lu
- From the Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China and
| | - Lulu Kong
- the College of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qiaoli Zhang
- From the Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China and
| | - Erjun Ling
- From the Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China and
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Galleria mellonella apolipophorin III – an apolipoprotein with anti-Legionella pneumophila activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:2689-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
48
|
Sharma A, Khan AN, Subrahmanyam S, Raman A, Taylor GS, Fletcher MJ. Salivary proteins of plant-feeding hemipteroids - implication in phytophagy. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 104:117-36. [PMID: 24280006 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485313000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Many hemipteroids are major pests and vectors of microbial pathogens, infecting crops. Saliva of the hemipteroids is critical in enabling them to be voracious feeders on plants, including the economically important ones. A plethora of hemipteroid salivary enzymes is known to inflict stress in plants, either by degrading the plant tissue or by affecting their normal metabolism. Hemipteroids utilize one of the following three strategies of feeding behaviour: salivary sheath feeding, osmotic-pump feeding and cell-rupture feeding. The last strategy also includes several different tactics such as lacerate-and-flush, lacerate-and-sip and macerate-and-flush. Understanding hemipteroid feeding mechanisms is critical, since feeding behaviour directs salivary composition. Saliva of the Heteroptera that are specialized as fruit and seed feeders, includes cell-degrading enzymes, auchenorrhynchan salivary composition also predominantly consists of cell-degrading enzymes such as amylase and protease, whereas that of the Sternorhyncha includes a variety of allelochemical-detoxifying enzymes. Little is known about the salivary composition of the Thysanoptera. Cell-degrading proteins such as amylase, pectinase, cellulase and pectinesterase enable stylet entry into the plant tissue. In contrast, enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, laccase and trehalase detoxify plant chemicals, enabling the circumvention of plant-defence mechanisms. Salivary enzymes such as M1-zinc metalloprotease and CLIP-domain serine protease as in Acyrthosiphon pisum (Aphididae), and non-enzymatic proteins such as apolipophorin, ficolin-3-like protein and 'lava-lamp' protein as in Diuraphis noxia (Aphididae) have the capacity to alter host-plant-defence mechanisms. A majority of the hemipteroids feed on phloem, hence Ca++-binding proteins such as C002 protein, calreticulin-like isoform 1 and calmodulin (critical for preventing sieve-plate occlusion) are increasingly being recognized in hemipteroid-plant interactions. Determination of a staggering variety of proteins shows the complexity of hemipteroid saliva: effector proteins localized in hemipteran saliva suggest a similarity to the physiology of pathogen-plant interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Sharma
- School of Agricultural & Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, PO Box 883, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - A N Khan
- School of Agricultural & Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, PO Box 883, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - S Subrahmanyam
- School of Agricultural & Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, PO Box 883, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - A Raman
- School of Agricultural & Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, PO Box 883, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - G S Taylor
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, and School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - M J Fletcher
- Orange Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Forest Road, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Diago-Navarro E, Chen L, Passet V, Burack S, Ulacia-Hernando A, Kodiyanplakkal RP, Levi MH, Brisse S, Kreiswirth BN, Fries BC. Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae exhibit variability in capsular polysaccharide and capsule associated virulence traits. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:803-13. [PMID: 24634498 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel therapies are urgently needed to treat carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR-Kp)-mediated infection, which constitute a major health threat in the United States. In order to assess if it is feasible to develop anticapsular antibodies as a potential novel therapy, it is crucial to first systematically characterize capsular polysaccharide (CPS) and virulence traits in these strains. METHODS Forty CR-Kp were genotyped by pulsed field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and molecular capsule typing (C-patterns and wzi sequencing). Their biofilm formation, serum resistance, macrophage-mediated killing, and virulence in Galleria mellonella were compared. MAb (1C9) was generated by co-immunization with 2 CPSs, and cross-reactivity was investigated. RESULTS MLST assigned 80% of CR-Kp isolates to the ST258-clone. Molecular capsule typing identified new C-patterns, including C200/wzi-154, which was widely represented and associated with blaKPC-3-bearing strains. Heterogeneity was detected in biofilm formation and macrophage-mediated killing. Differences in serum resistance correlated with virulence in G. mellonella. ST258 strains carrying blaKPC-3 were less virulent than those with blaKPC-2. MAb 1C9 cross-reacted with 58% of CR-Kp CPSs. CONCLUSIONS CR-Kp ST258 strains exhibit variability of virulence-associated traits. Differences were associated with the type of KPC gene and CPS. Identification of cross-reacting anti-CPS mAbs encourages their development as adjunctive therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Diago-Navarro
- Department of Medicine Infectious Disease Division Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Liang Chen
- Public Health Research Institute Tuberculosis Center, NJMS-Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Virginie Passet
- Institut Pasteur, Microbial Evolutionary Genomics CNRS, UMR3525, Paris, France
| | - Seth Burack
- Department of Medicine Infectious Disease Division Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Amaia Ulacia-Hernando
- Department of Medicine Infectious Disease Division Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Rosy Priya Kodiyanplakkal
- Department of Medicine Infectious Disease Division Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Michael H Levi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Sylvain Brisse
- Institut Pasteur, Microbial Evolutionary Genomics CNRS, UMR3525, Paris, France
| | - Barry N Kreiswirth
- Public Health Research Institute Tuberculosis Center, NJMS-Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Bettina C Fries
- Department of Medicine Infectious Disease Division Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Andrejko M, Zdybicka-Barabas A, Cytryńska M. Diverse effects of Galleria mellonella infection with entomopathogenic and clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 115:14-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|