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Ghamarypour A, Aminzadeh S, Majd A, Movahedi M. A novel thermophilic lysozyme 4356 from Cohnella sp. A01: Cloning, heterologous expression, biochemical and kinetic characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135341. [PMID: 39255879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Lysozymes have gained attention for their antiseptic properties. In silico studies have shown that the enzyme containing lysM can act as an antibacterial agent. Binding of the lysM motif of rSELys to peptidoglycan and molecular dynamics simulations showed that the protein-ligand binding is very stable. rSELys (2016 bp) is a new recombinant glycoside hydrolase from the thermophilic bacterium Cohnella sp. A01 (PTCC number: 1921). Protein expression and purification, a single band with an apparent molecular weight of ∼74 kDa was observed by SDS-PAGE. The kinetic parameters were Km 1.163 mg/ml, Vmax 670.3 U/mg, kcat 1675.75 (S-1), and kcat/Km 1440.88 (M-1S-1). Its optimum temperature was 55 °C and pH 8. Temperature stability also showed that the temperature of 50-60 °C retained more than half of its activity after 90 min. Based on the results, rSELys demonstrated antibacterial effects on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains, with inhibition zones of 11 and 9 mm, respectively. SEM analysis confirmed hydrolysis activity, the MIC was determined to be 31.25 μg/ml and 3.9 μg/ml, and MBC 0.97 μg/ml, respectively. CD and fluorescence studies showed that up to a temperature of 85 °C and a pH value of 8-12 no structural changes occur, and thermal stability protein was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameneh Ghamarypour
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Aminzadeh
- Bioprocess Engineering Group, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Majd
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Monireh Movahedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Berndt H, Fuchs S, Kraus-Stojanowic I, Pees B, Gelhaus C, Leippe M. Molecular and functional characterization of ILYS-5, a major invertebrate lysozyme of Caenorhabditis elegans. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 159:105220. [PMID: 38925432 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
To overcome bacterial invasion and infection, animals have evolved various antimicrobial effectors such as antimicrobial peptides and lysozymes. Although C. elegans is exposed to a variety of microbes due to its bacterivorous lifestyle, previous work on the components of its immune system mainly based on the description of transcriptional changes during bacterial challenges. Very few effector components of its immune system have been characterized so far. To investigate the role of lysozymes in terms of antibacterial defense and digestion, we studied a member of the widely neglected family of C. elegans invertebrate lysozymes (ILYS). We focused on the so far virtually undescribed ILYS-5, which we purified from protein extracts of C. elegans tracing its peptidoglycan-degrading activity and localized the tissue expression of the gene in vivo using a translational reporter construct. We recombinantly synthesized ILYS-5 and determined the physicochemical activity optimum and the antibacterial spectrum of a lysozyme from C. elegans for the first time. With an activity optimum at low ionic strength (≤100 mM) and at acidic pH (≤ pH 4.0), ILYS-5 is likely to be involved in killing and digestion of bacteria within acidified phagolysosomes and acidic regions of the gut, presumably secreted by lysosome-like vesicles. This notion is supported by potent activity against various live Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Notably, members of the natural associated microbiome of C. elegans are substantially less susceptible to ILYS-5. Ablation of the ilys-5 gene resulted in reduction of lifespan and fertility when cultured on the standard food bacterium Escherichia coli OP50, whereas exposure of the ilys-5 knock-out mutant to the host-associated bacterium Pseudomonas lurida MYb11 did not have a clear effect. These findings indicate a role of ILYS-5 in immunity and nutrition and a co-evolved adaptation of host and bacteria to the mutualistic nature of their interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Berndt
- Comparative Immunobiology, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Silja Fuchs
- Comparative Immunobiology, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Barbara Pees
- Comparative Immunobiology, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Gelhaus
- Comparative Immunobiology, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Leippe
- Comparative Immunobiology, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
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Ulaangerel T, Wang M, Zhao B, Yi M, Shen Y, Mengkh Y, Wen X, Dugarjav M, Bou G. A Comparative Analysis of the Gene Expression Profiles in the Mammary Glands of Lactating and Nonlactating Mares at the Second Month of Gestation. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2319. [PMID: 39199853 PMCID: PMC11350905 DOI: 10.3390/ani14162319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
To investigate molecular regulation involved in lactation during pregnancy, this study focused on the transcriptomic profiles of mammary tissue from lactating and non-lactating Mongolian mares at the second month of gestation. A total of 4197 differentially expressed genes were identified by comparing mammary tissues from pregnant mares at two different states, including 1974 differentially expressed genes such as the milk protein-related genes a-s1-casein (CSN1S1), k-casein (CSN3), lactalbumin (LALBA), and lactoferrin (LTF), which were highly expressed in the lactating mares group, and overall, these differentially expressed genes were mainly associated with biological processes such as endoplasmic reticulum protein processing, the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, steroid biosynthesis, cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, and amino sugar and nucleotide glycolysis. These findings serve as a foundation for investigating the molecular underpinnings of lactation in pregnant equids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tseweendolmaa Ulaangerel
- Equus Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (T.U.); (M.W.); (B.Z.); (M.Y.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (M.D.)
| | - Min Wang
- Equus Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (T.U.); (M.W.); (B.Z.); (M.Y.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (M.D.)
- Animal Quarantine & Disease Control Center, Darhan-Muminggan Joint County, Baotou 014500, China
| | - Bilig Zhao
- Equus Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (T.U.); (M.W.); (B.Z.); (M.Y.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (M.D.)
| | - Minna Yi
- Equus Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (T.U.); (M.W.); (B.Z.); (M.Y.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (M.D.)
| | - Yingchao Shen
- Equus Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (T.U.); (M.W.); (B.Z.); (M.Y.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (M.D.)
| | - Yibeeltu Mengkh
- Xilingol League Animal Husbandry Work Station, Xilinhot 026099, China;
| | - Xin Wen
- Equus Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (T.U.); (M.W.); (B.Z.); (M.Y.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (M.D.)
| | - Manglai Dugarjav
- Equus Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (T.U.); (M.W.); (B.Z.); (M.Y.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (M.D.)
| | - Gerelchimeg Bou
- Equus Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (T.U.); (M.W.); (B.Z.); (M.Y.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (M.D.)
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Liu J, Xia L, Xu Z, Wu W, Gao X, Lin L. Applying lysozyme, alkaline protease, and sodium hypochlorite to reduce bioclogging during managed aquifer recharge: A laboratory study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 332:117371. [PMID: 36739770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Alleviating bacterial-induced clogging is of great importance to improve the efficiency of managed aquifer recharge (MAR). Enzymes (lysozyme and alkaline protease) and sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) are common biological and chemical reagents for inhibiting bacterial growth and activity. To investigate the applicability of these reagents to reduce bioclogging, percolation experiments were performed to simulate a weak alkaline recharge water infiltration through laboratory-scale sand columns, with adding 10 mg/L lysozyme, alkaline protease, and NaClO, respectively. The results showed that, with the addition of lysozyme, alkaline protease, and NaClO, the average clogging rates (the reduced percentages of relative saturated hydraulic conductivity of the sand columns per hour during the percolation experiments) were 0.53%/h, 0.32%/h and 0.06%/h, respectively, which were much lower than that in the control group (0.99%/h). This implied that bioclogging could be alleviated to some extent following the treatments. For further analyzing the mechanisms of the regents on alleviating bioclogging, the bacterial cell amount and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) concentration were also measured to study the effects of lysozyme, alkaline protease, and NaClO on bacterial growth and EPS secretion. Lysozyme and alkaline protease could disintegrate bacterial EPS by hydrolyzing polysaccharides and proteins, respectively, while they had little effect on the bacterial cell amount. The addition of NaClO significantly decreased the bacterial cell amount (P < 0.05) and thus greatly alleviated bioclogging. Although the lowest average clogging rate was achieved in the NaClO group, it can generate disinfection by-products that are potentially harmful to the environment and human health. Therefore, the biological-based method, i.e., enzyme treatment, could be a promising option for bioclogging control. Our results provide insights for understanding the mechanisms of lysozyme, alkaline protease, and NaClO to alleviate bioclogging, which is of great importance for addressing the clogging problem during MAR activities and achieving groundwater resources sustainable utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Liu
- College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Lu Xia
- College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China.
| | - Zilin Xu
- College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Wenli Wu
- College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Xiaobing Gao
- College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Lei Lin
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
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Yang Q, Xiao G, Chen R, Huang X, Teng S. Immune responses of hemocytes in the blood clam Tegillarca granosa in response to in vivo Vibrio harveyi infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 132:108447. [PMID: 36435369 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture of the blood clam Tegillarca granosa accounts for approximately 50% of Arcidae (ark shell) production in China. Vibrio infection severely threatens the sustainability of the clam aquaculture industry. Exposure to Vibrio induces an immune response in blood clams. However, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, immune responses of hemocytes in blood clams were detected after Vibrio infection; the immersion method was used in vivo to mimic the clam's natural infection process. After 24 h of exposure to Vibrio infection, the Vibrio load in hemolymph fluid in both the treatment Ⅰ (25,033.33 ± 19,563.11 CFU/mL) and treatment Ⅱ (122,163.33 ± 194,409.49 CFU/mL) groups were significantly higher, than that in the control group (13.67 ± 37.73 CFU/mL) (P < 0.05). Correspondingly, the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species was approximately 1.40 (treatment Ⅰ) and 2.12 (treatment Ⅱ) fold higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05), and the induced DNA damage showed a similar trend (P < 0.05). Vibrio infection also significantly increased lysozyme content, adenosine triphosphate content, and peroxidase isozyme activity, in both the serum and hemocyte lysates (P < 0.05). The expression of immune-associated genes (ABCA3, c-Myc, Caspase 3, and HSP70) was upregulated under infection conditions. The phagocytic activity was approximately 1.99 (treatment Ⅰ) and 2.57 (treatment Ⅱ) fold that in control clams (P < 0.05). In addition, the total hemocyte count and red granulocyte percentage both significantly decreased by approximately 75-90% after Vibrio infection. These results provided novel insights into the mechanism of hemocyte immunity in T. granosa against Vibrio infection, which may aid in the future prevention and control of Vibrio infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyuan Yang
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Preservation of Coastal Bio-Resource, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Genetics and Breeding, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325005, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Guoqiang Xiao
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Preservation of Coastal Bio-Resource, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Genetics and Breeding, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325005, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Preservation of Coastal Bio-Resource, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Genetics and Breeding, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325005, China
| | - Xiaolin Huang
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Preservation of Coastal Bio-Resource, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Genetics and Breeding, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325005, China.
| | - Shuangshuang Teng
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Preservation of Coastal Bio-Resource, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Genetics and Breeding, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325005, China.
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Liu Y, Zha H, Yu S, Zhong J, Liu X, Yang H, Zhu Q. Molecular characterization and antibacterial activities of a goose-type lysozyme gene from roughskin sculpin (Trachidermus fasciatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:1079-1087. [PMID: 35870746 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lysozymes, acting as antimicrobial molecules, play a vital role in the host's innate immune response to pathogen infections. In the present study, a g-type lysozyme gene termed Tf-LyzG from roughskin sculpin, Trachidermus fasciatus was firstly reported. The deduced amino acid sequence of Tf-LyzG contained 188 residues and possessed conserved catalytic residues (Glu71, Asp84, and Asp95). Gene expression analysis revealed that Tf-LyzG was widely distributed in the tested eleven tissues with the highest expression in the gill and could be significantly induced post lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. The lysozyme activity of the purified recombinant protein (rTf-LyzG) was found to be most active at pH 5.5 and 37 °C. rTf-LyzG exhibited a wide spectrum of potent bacteriolytic activity against four Gram-positive bacteria and six Gram-negative bacteria. It also displayed a high affinity to polysaccharides on bacteria surfaces including LPS, lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and peptidoglycan (PGN). rTf-LyzG was capable of binding and agglutinating all nine bacteria. Flow cytometry assay further revealed that rTf-LyzG could disrupt the membrane of Micrococcus lysodeikticus which is confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis that reveals blebs around the bacterial cell membrane. In summary, these data indicate that Tf-LyzG is of great importance in the fish immune response against pathogens invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Liu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Haidong Zha
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Jiniao Zhong
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Xueqin Liu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China.
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The effect of putrescine on the lysozyme activity and structure: Spectroscopic approaches and molecular dynamic simulation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 213:112402. [PMID: 35151046 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The present research addressed the influence of polyamine (putrescine) on the compound as well as function of lysozyme; accordingly, UV- Visible, fluorescence spectroscopy and simulation method were applied to fulfill this goal. Lysozyme's structural variability was examined at various putrescine concentrations; also, the putrescine binding to lysozyme was addressed using spectrofluorescence, circular dichroism (CD) and UV-Vis measurements. The obtained results indicated that with raising the putrescine concentration, the intrinsic quenching fluorescence of lysozyme was decreased based on the static mechanism. Analysis of thermodynamic parameters also indicated that van der Waals as well as hydrogen bond forces served a fundamental role in determining the resulting stability; this was in agreement with modeling studies. Measurement of UV absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and circular dichroism spectroscopy also demonstrated that lysozyme's second and tertiary structures were altered in a putrescine concentration-dependent manner. Putrescine inhibited lysozyme's enzymatic activity, displaying its affinity with the lysozyme's active site. Further, molecular simulation conducted revealed that putrescine could have spontaneous binding to lysozyme, changing its structure, thus further emphasizing the experimental results.
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Stabili L, Rizzo L, Caprioli R, Leone A, Piraino S. Jellyfish Bioprospecting in the Mediterranean Sea: Antioxidant and Lysozyme-Like Activities from Aurelia coerulea (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) Extracts. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19110619. [PMID: 34822490 PMCID: PMC8625557 DOI: 10.3390/md19110619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine invertebrates represent a vast, untapped source of bioactive compounds. Cnidarians are represented by nearly 10,000 species that contain a complex mixture of venoms, collagen, and other bioactive compounds, including enzymes, oligosaccharides, fatty acids, and lipophilic molecules. Due to their high abundance in coastal waters, several jellyfish taxa may be regarded as candidate targets for the discovery of novel lead molecules and biomaterials and as a potential source of food/feed ingredients. The moon jellyfish Aurelia coerulea is one of the most common jellyfish worldwide and is particularly abundant in sheltered coastal lagoons and marinas of the Mediterranean Sea, where it first appeared—as an alien species—in the last century, when Pacific oyster cultivation began. In the present study, the antioxidant and lysozyme antibacterial activities associated with extracts from different medusa compartments—namely the umbrella, oral arms, and secreted mucus—were investigated. Extracts from the oral arms of A. coerulea displayed significant antioxidant activity. Similarly, lysozyme-like activity was the highest in extracts from oral arms. These findings suggest that A. coerulea outbreaks may be used in the search for novel cytolytic and cytotoxic products against marine bacteria. The geographically wide occurrence and the seasonally high abundance of A. coerulea populations in coastal waters envisage and stimulate the search for biotechnological applications of jellyfish biomasses in the pharmaceutical, nutritional, and nutraceutical sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Stabili
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (R.C.); (S.P.)
- Institute of Water Research, National Research Council, S.S. di Taranto, Via Roma 3, 74123 Taranto, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (L.R.)
| | - Lucia Rizzo
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (L.R.)
| | - Rosa Caprioli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (R.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Antonella Leone
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Via Prov.le Lecce Monteroni, 72100 Lecce, Italy;
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Roma, Italy
| | - Stefano Piraino
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (R.C.); (S.P.)
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Roma, Italy
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Impact of dietary supplementation with Echinacea purpurea on growth performance, immunological, biochemical, and pathological findings in broiler chickens infected by pathogenic E. coli. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 52:1599-1607. [PMID: 31828572 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02162-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study is aimed to appraise the impact of dietary supplementation with Echinacea purpurea (EP) in broiler chickens infected by pathogenic E. coli. Eighty-one-day-old chicks of both sexes, commercial Hubbard chicks, were divided into 4 groups. The first was kept as normal control, the second was supplemented by EP (5 mg/kg feed) from the first day to the end, where the third was infected orally by 1 ml E. coli O78 at 107 CFU intra-crop at 7 days old, while the last group was supplemented by EP and infected by the E. coli O78 as previously described . E. coli-infected chicks disclosed severe symptoms with mortality 30%. Where, the infected and EP supplemented group showed less clinical symptoms and 15% mortality. EP-supplemented groups showed a significant improvement in their body weight in comparing with infected group. E. coli-infected chickens revealed a significant drop in lymphocytes' number with a significant elevation in monocyte and heterophils with non-significant changes in total leucocyte count when matched with gp. (1), while the fourth group revealed non-significant changes in total leucocyte with a significant drop in heterophils and monocyte and a significant elevation in the lymphocytes matching with the 3rd group. Serum biochemical markers of liver, kidneys, and immunological parameters showed sever adverse alterations associated with E. coli infection. Dietary supplementations with Echinacea purpurea improve the final body weight and immune response of non-infected chicks and have a respectable effect for facing E. coli infection. EP improves hematological and serum biochemical adverse effects occured by E. coli infection. Histopathology of liver, kidneys, intestines, and spleen confirms these alterations.
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Is pallial mucus involved in Ostrea edulis defenses against the parasite Bonamia ostreae? J Invertebr Pathol 2019; 169:107259. [PMID: 31805287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.107259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bonamia ostreae is an intrahemocytic parasite that has been responsible for severe mortalities in the flat oyster Ostrea edulis since the 1970́s. The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is considered to be resistant to the disease and appears to have mechanisms to avoid infection. Most studies carried out on the invertebrate immune system focus on the role of hemolymph, although mucus, which covers the body surface of molluscs, could also act as a barrier against pathogens. In this study, the in vitro effect of mucus from the oyster species Ostrea edulis and C. gigas on B. ostreae was investigated using flow cytometry. Results showed an increase in esterase activities and mortality rate of parasites exposed to mucus from both oyster species. In order to better understand the potential role of mucus in the defense of the oyster against parasites such as B. ostreae, liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry were used to describe and compare mucus protein composition from both species. In all oyster species, pallial mucus contains a high level of proteins; however, O. edulis mucus produced a variety of proteins that could be involved in the immune response against the parasite, including Cu/Zn extracellular superoxide dismutase, thioxiredoxin, peroxiredon VI, heat shock protein 90 as well as several hydrolases. Conversely, a different set of antioxidant proteins, hydrolases and stress related proteins were identified in mucus from C. gigas. Our results suggest an innate immunity adaptation of oysters to develop a specific response against their respective pathogens. The mucosal protein composition also provides new insights for further investigations into the immune response in oysters.
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Xue Q, Beguel JP, La Peyre J. Dominin and Segon Form Multiprotein Particles in the Plasma of Eastern Oysters ( Crassostrea virginica) and Are Likely Involved in Shell Formation. Front Physiol 2019; 10:566. [PMID: 31156455 PMCID: PMC6530089 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dominin and segon are two proteins purified and characterized from the plasma of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica, making up about 70% of the total plasma proteins. Their proposed functions are in host defense based on their pathogen binding properties and in metal metabolism based on their metal binding abilities. In the present study, the two proteins were further studied for their native states in circulation and extrapallial fluid and their possible involvement in shell formation. Two-dimensional electrophoresis confirmed that the oyster plasma was dominated by a few major proteins and size exclusion chromatography indicated that these proteins were present in circulation in a morphologically homogenous form. Density gradient ultracentrifugation in Cesium Chloride isolated morphologically homogenous particles of about 25 nm in diameter from the plasma and extrapallial fluids. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis identified dominin, segon and an unidentified protein as the principal components of the particles and the three proteins likely formed a multiprotein complex that associated to form the particle. Additionally, three major proteins extracted from shell organic matrix were identified based on the apparent molecular weight in SDS-PAGE to correspond to the three major proteins of plasma and protein particles. Moreover, the hemocyte expression of dominin and segon genes measured by real-time RT-PCR increased significantly upon the initiation of shell repair and were significantly greater in younger oysters. These findings suggest that dominin and segon form protein particles by association with each other and perhaps some other major plasma proteins and play a significant role in oyster shell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinggang Xue
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Jean-Philipe Beguel
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Jerome La Peyre
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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Luo R, Zhou X, Chen Y, Tuo S, Jiang F, Niu X, Pan F, Wang H. Lysozyme Aptamer-Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for the Purification of Lysozyme from Chicken Egg White. Foods 2019; 8:foods8020067. [PMID: 30759859 PMCID: PMC6406557 DOI: 10.3390/foods8020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysozyme is in high demand due to its many favorable characteristics such as being naturally occurring, non-toxic, and easy to digest and absorb. Recently, superparamagnetic nanoparticles with strong magnetic responsiveness have attracted significant interest for enzyme purification. The aptamer of the enzyme can be chemically synthesized rapidly at a large scale using simple and low-cost preparation methods. Therefore, Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄ NPs) were prepared by chemical co-precipitation and were then functionalized with amino groups to produce NH₂-Fe₃O₄ NPs. The specific reaction of aldehyde and amino groups was used to attach lysozyme aptamers with specific sequences to NH₂-Fe₃O₄ NPs to produce Apt-NH₂-Fe₃O₄ NPs. The synthesized materials were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), hysteresis loop analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The optimal experimental conditions for adsorption of lysozyme were investigated. The effects of initial lysozyme concentration, adsorption time, pH, reaction temperature, and ionic strength were determined. The maximum adsorption capacity and relevant activity of Apt-NH₂-Fe₃O₄ NPs was 460 mg·g-¹ and 16,412 ± 55 U·mg-¹ in an aqueous lysozyme solution. In addition, as demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) electrophoresis analysis, lysozyme could be separated from crude fresh egg white using Apt-NH₂-Fe₃O₄ NPs with an amount up to 113 ± 4.2 mg·g-¹ and an activity up to 16,370 46 U·mg-¹.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiping Luo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Xinrui Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Yan Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Sicheng Tuo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Fulin Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Xiaodi Niu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Fengguang Pan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Hongsu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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Liu Y, Zhang YH, Li T, Cao XT, Zhou Y, Yuan JF, Gu ZM, Lan JF. PcLys-i3, an invertebrate lysozyme, is involved in the antibacterial immunity of the red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 87:109-115. [PMID: 29909090 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play important roles in innate immunity against pathogens and lysozymes are a particularly type of AMP. Lysozymes are hydrolytic enzymes that are characterized by their ability to cleave the beta-(1,4)-glycosidic bond between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine in peptidoglycan, which is the major bacterial cell wall polymer. In this work, a lysozyme was identified from Procambarus clarkii and designated PcLys-i3. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to analyze the tissue distribution and expression profiles of PcLys-i3. PcLys-i3 was present in all tested tissues and had high expression levels in gills, stomach and intestine. The expression levels of PcLys-i3 were up-regulated in gills and intestine after challenge with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus and Aeromonas hydrophila. PcLys-i3 and PcFer proteins can enhance the bacterial elimination in crayfish, whereas the bacterial elimination was weakened when the expression level of PcLys-i3 or PcFer RNAs was suppressed by RNAi. Recombinant PcLys-i3 and PcFer significantly reduced the mortality of crayfish with bacterial infections. Further study found that PcLys-i3 could interact with PcFer in vitro. Finally, the PcLys-i3 and PcFer proteins could bind to bacteria and inhibit bacterial replication. These results suggest that both PcLys-i3 and PcFer play important roles in the antibacterial immunity of red swamp crayfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Ying-Hao Zhang
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Cao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Jun-Fa Yuan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Ze-Mao Gu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Jiang-Feng Lan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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Wu T, Jiang Q, Wu D, Hu Y, Chen S, Ding T, Ye X, Liu D, Chen J. What is new in lysozyme research and its application in food industry? A review. Food Chem 2018; 274:698-709. [PMID: 30372997 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lysozyme, an important bacteriostatic protein, is widely distributed in nature. It is generally believed that the high efficiency of lysozyme in inhibiting gram-positive bacteria is caused by its ability to cleave the β-(1,4)-glycosidic bond between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. In recent years, there has been growing interest in modifying lysozyme via physical or chemical interactions in order to improve its sensitivity against gram-negative bacterial strains. This review addresses some significant techniques, including sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), infrared (IR) spectra, fluorescence spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), UV-vis spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD) spectra and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), which can be used to characterize lysozymes and methods that modify lysozymes with carbohydrates to enhance their various physicochemical characteristics. The applications of biomaterials based on lysozymes in different food matrices are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technoklogy and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qingqing Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technoklogy and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Dan Wu
- Zhiwei Guan Foods Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 311199, China
| | - Yaqin Hu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technoklogy and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Shiguo Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technoklogy and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tian Ding
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technoklogy and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xingqian Ye
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technoklogy and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Donghong Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technoklogy and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianchu Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technoklogy and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Ran R, Li T, Liu X, Ni H, Li W, Meng F. RNA interference-mediated silencing of genes involved in the immune responses of the soybean pod borer Leguminivora glycinivorella (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae). PeerJ 2018; 6:e4931. [PMID: 29910977 PMCID: PMC6003399 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) technology may be useful for developing new crop protection strategies against the soybean pod borer (SPB; Leguminivora glycinivorella), which is a critical soybean pest in northeastern Asia. Immune-related genes have been recently identified as potential RNAi targets for controlling insects. However, little is known about these genes or mechanisms underlying their expression in the SPB. In this study, we completed a transcriptome-wide analysis of SPB immune-related genes. We identified 41 genes associated with SPB microbial recognition proteins, immune-related effectors or signalling molecules in immune response pathways (e.g., Toll and immune deficiency pathways). Eleven of these genes were selected for a double-stranded RNA artificial feeding assay. The down-regulated expression levels of LgToll-5-1a and LgPGRP-LB2a resulted in relatively high larval mortality rates and abnormal development. Our data represent a comprehensive genetic resource for immune-related SPB genes, and may contribute to the elucidation of the mechanism regulating innate immunity in Lepidoptera species. Furthermore, two immune-related SPB genes were identified as potential RNAi targets, which may be used in the development of RNAi-mediated SPB control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Ran
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in the Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in the Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in the Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hejia Ni
- Colleges of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in the Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics & Breeding for Soybean in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Fanli Meng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in the Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics & Breeding for Soybean in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Su W, Rong J, Zha S, Yan M, Fang J, Liu G. Ocean Acidification Affects the Cytoskeleton, Lysozymes, and Nitric Oxide of Hemocytes: A Possible Explanation for the Hampered Phagocytosis in Blood Clams, Tegillarca granosa. Front Physiol 2018; 9:619. [PMID: 29875703 PMCID: PMC5974108 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An enormous amount of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) has been dissolved into the ocean, leading to a lower pH and changes in the chemical properties of seawater, which has been termed ocean acidification (OA). The impacts of pCO2-driven acidification on immunity have been revealed recently in various marine organisms. However, the mechanism causing the reduction in phagocytosis still remains unclear. Therefore, the impacts of pCO2-driven OA at present and near-future levels (pH values of 8.1, 7.8, and 7.4) on the rate of phagocytosis, the abundance of cytoskeleton components, the levels of nitric oxide (NO), and the concentration and activity of lysozymes (LZM) of hemocytes were investigated in a commercial bivalve species, the blood clam (Tegillarca granosa). In addition, the effects of OA on the expression of genes regulating actin skeleton and nitric oxide synthesis 2 (NOS2) were also analyzed. The results obtained showed that the phagocytic rate, cytoskeleton component abundance, concentration and activity of LZM of hemocytes were all significantly reduced after a 2-week exposure to the future OA scenario of a pH of 7.4. On the contrary, a remarkable increase in the concentration of NO compared to that of the control was detected in clams exposed to OA. Furthermore, the expression of genes regulating the actin cytoskeleton and NOS were significantly up-regulated after OA exposure. Though the mechanism causing phagocytosis seemed to be complicated based on the results obtained in the present study and those reported previously, our results suggested that OA may reduce the phagocytosis of hemocytes by (1) decreasing the abundance of cytoskeleton components and therefore hampering the cytoskeleton-mediated process of engulfment, (2) reducing the concentration and activity of LZM and therefore constraining the degradation of the engulfed pathogen through an oxygen-independent pathway, and (3) inducing the production of NO, which may negatively regulate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Su
- Agriculture-Environment-Biology Group, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiahuan Rong
- Agriculture-Environment-Biology Group, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shanjie Zha
- Agriculture-Environment-Biology Group, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Maocang Yan
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jun Fang
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guangxu Liu
- Agriculture-Environment-Biology Group, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Rudtanatip T, Lynch SA, Wongprasert K, Culloty SC. Assessment of the effects of sulfated polysaccharides extracted from the red seaweed Irish moss Chondrus crispus on the immune-stimulant activity in mussels Mytilus spp. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 75:284-290. [PMID: 29438847 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Seaweeds contain a number of health enhancing and antimicrobial bioactive compounds including sulfated polysaccharides (SP). In the present study, SP extracted from a European red seaweed Irish moss Chondrus crispus was chemically analyzed, SP content extracted and the immune-response effect on wild Irish mussels Mytilus spp. investigated for the first time. A high percent yield of SP was extracted from C. crispus and the immune-stimulant activity of SP was assessed in a laboratory trial with mussels exposed to three different treatments of low (10 μg mL-1), medium (20 μg mL-1) and high (50 μg mL-1) SP dose concentrations and a control mussel group with no exposure to SP. An initial mussel sample was processed prior to the trial commencing and mussels were subsequently sampled on Days 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 10 post SP exposure. Both cell, humoral and immune related gene responses including haemocyte cell viability, haemocyte counts, lysozyme activity and expression of immune related genes (defensin, mytimycin and lysozyme mRNA) were assessed. No mussel mortalities were observed in either the treated or non-treated groups. Mussels exposed with SP showed an increase in haemocyte cell viability and the total number of haemocytes compared to control mussels. Lysozyme activity was also higher in treated mussels. Additionally, up-regulated expression of defensin, mytimycin and lysozyme mRNA was observed in SP treated mussels shortly after exposure (on Days 1, 2, and 3) to SP. These results indicate that a high quality yield of SP can be readily extracted from C. crispus and more importantly based on the animal model used in this study, SP extracted from C. crispus can rapidly induce health enhancing activities in Mytilus spp. at a cellular, humoral and molecular level and with a prolonged effect up to ten days post treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawut Rudtanatip
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6th Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sharon A Lynch
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Development Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University College Cork, The Cooperage, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Kanokpan Wongprasert
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6th Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Sarah C Culloty
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Development Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University College Cork, The Cooperage, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland
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Wang L, Song X, Song L. The oyster immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:99-118. [PMID: 28587860 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oysters, the common name for a number of different bivalve molluscs, are the worldwide aquaculture species and also play vital roles in the function of ecosystem. As invertebrate, oysters have evolved an integrated, highly complex innate immune system to recognize and eliminate various invaders via an array of orchestrated immune reactions, such as immune recognition, signal transduction, synthesis of antimicrobial peptides, as well as encapsulation and phagocytosis of the circulating haemocytes. The hematopoietic tissue, hematopoiesis, and the circulating haemocytes have been preliminary characterized, and the detailed annotation of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas genome has revealed massive expansion and functional divergence of innate immune genes in this animal. Moreover, immune priming and maternal immune transfer are reported in oysters, suggesting the adaptability of invertebrate immunity. Apoptosis and autophagy are proved to be important immune mechanisms in oysters. This review will summarize the research progresses of immune system and the immunomodulation mechanisms of the primitive catecholaminergic, cholinergic, neuropeptides, GABAergic and nitric oxidase system, which possibly make oysters ideal model for studying the origin and evolution of immune system and the neuroendocrine-immune regulatory network in lower invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, DalianOcean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaorui Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, DalianOcean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, DalianOcean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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Zhou J, Zhao S, Fang WH, Zhou JF, Zhang JX, Ma H, Lan JF, Li XC. Newly identified invertebrate-type lysozyme (Splys-i) in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) exhibiting muramidase-deficient antimicrobial activity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 74:154-166. [PMID: 28438599 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Lysozymes are widely distributed immune effectors exerting muramidase activity against the peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell wall to trigger cell lysis. However, some invertebrate-type (i-type) lysozymes deficient of muramidase activity still exhibit antimicrobial activity. To date, the mechanism underlying the antimicrobial effect of muramidase-deficient i-type lysozymes remains unclear. Accordingly, this study characterized a novel i-type lysozyme, Splys-i, in the mud crab Scylla paramamosain. Splys-i shared the highest identity with the Litopenaeus vannamei i-type lysozyme (Lvlys-i2, 54% identity) at the amino acid level. Alignment analysis and 3D structure comparison show that Splys-i may be a muramidase-deficient i-type lysozyme because it lacks the two conserved catalytic residues (Glu and Asp) that are necessary for muramidase activity. Splys-i is mainly distributed in the intestine, stomach, gills, hepatopancreas, and hemocytes, and it is upregulated by Vibrio harveyi or Staphylococcus aureus challenge. Recombinant Splys-i protein (rSplys-i) can inhibit the growth of Gram-negative bacteria (V. harveyi, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahemolyticus, and Escherichia coli), Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus megaterium), and the fungus Candida albicans to varying degrees. In this study, two binding assays and a bacterial agglutination assay were conducted to elucidate the potential antimicrobial mechanisms of Splys-i. Results demonstrated that rSplys-i could bind to all nine aforementioned microorganisms. It also exhibited a strong binding activity to lipopolysaccharide from E. coli and lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan (PGN) from S. aureus but a weak binding activity to PGN from B. subtilis and β-glucan from fungi. Moreover, rSplys-i could agglutinate these nine types of microorganisms in the presence of Ca2+ at different protein concentrations. These results suggest that the binding activity and its triggered agglutinating activity might be two major mechanisms of action to realize the muramidase-deficient antibacterial activity. In addition, rSplys-i can hydrolyze the peptidoglycan of some Gram-positive bacteria because it exhibits weak isopeptidase activities in salt and protein concentration-dependent manner. This result indicates that such an isopeptidase activity may contribute to the muramidase-deficient antimicrobial activity to a certain degree. In conclusion, Splys-i is upregulated by pathogenic bacteria, and it inhibits bacterial growth by binding and agglutination activities as well as isopeptidase activity, suggesting that Splys-i is involved in immune defense against bacteria through several different mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China; School of Aquaculture and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Shu Zhao
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Wen-Hong Fang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Jun-Fang Zhou
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Jing-Xiao Zhang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Hongyu Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063 China
| | - Jiang-Feng Lan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Xin-Cang Li
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China.
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Nilojan J, Bathige SDNK, Kugapreethan R, Thulasitha WS, Nam BH, Lee J. Molecular, transcriptional and functional insights into duplicated goose-type lysozymes from Sebastes schlegelii and their potential immunological role. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:66-77. [PMID: 28528707 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii), an important aquaculture species in Korea, has been affected by bacterial diseases leading to a drastic decline in production. Goose-type lysozyme (LysG) is a key enzyme of the innate immune system to eradicate bacterial infections. In this study, two isoforms of LysG from black rockfish, designated as RfLysG1 and RfLysG2, have been identified and characterized at the molecular, transcriptional, and functional levels. The deduced amino acid sequences had the LysG family characteristics and exhibited conserved properties, including active residues and domains. The cDNA sequences of RfLysG1 and RfLysG2 were 1514 bp and 900 bp in length, respectively. The 567-bp open reading frame (ORF) of RfLysG1 encoded a protein of 188 amino acids with molecular mass 20.11 kDa, and the 600-bp ORF of RfLysG2 encoded a polypeptide with 199 amino acids and molecular mass of 22.19 kDa. Homology studies indicated that RfLysG1 showed the highest identity (84.6%) with LysG-B of Oplegnathus fasciatus, while RfLysG2 showed the highest identity (74.4%) with LysG of Siniperca chuatsi. Both sequences possessed a soluble lytic trans-glycosylase domain. Both lacked signal peptide and they were not identified as proteins secreted by non-classical pathway by the SecretomeP server. Transcriptional analysis of the two genes showed constitutive expression, where both genes were highly expressed in blood under normal physiological conditions. In response to the immune challenges lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Streptococcus iniae, and poly I:C injection, the expression of RfLysG1 and RfLysG2 was significantly upregulated in blood and spleen tissues in a time-dependent manner. Turbidimetric assays indicated that both recombinant proteins tagged with maltose-binding protein (MBP) were reactive against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but MBP was inactive. Optimum temperatures for the recombinant RfLysG1 and RfLysG2 were 40 °C and 50 °C, respectively, and both were highly active at pH 3.0. The results provide evidence for the vital immunological role and bacteriolytic potential of RfLysG1 and RfLysG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehanathan Nilojan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - S D N K Bathige
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Roopasingam Kugapreethan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - W S Thulasitha
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Department of Zoology, University of Jaffna, Jaffna 40000, Sri Lanka
| | - Bo-Hye Nam
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 408-1 Sirang-ri, Gijang-up, Gijang-gun, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Yang D, Wang Q, Cao R, Chen L, Liu Y, Cong M, Wu H, Li F, Ji C, Zhao J. Molecular characterization, expression and antimicrobial activities of two c-type lysozymes from manila clam Venerupis philippinarum. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 73:109-118. [PMID: 28344168 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lysozymes play an important role in the innate immune responses with which mollusks respond to bacterial invasion through its lytic activity. In the present study, two c-type lysozymes (designed as VpCLYZ-1 and VpCLYZ-2, respectively) were identified and characterized from the manila clam Venerupis philippinarum. The full-length cDNA of VpCLYZ-1 and VpCLYZ-2 was of 629 and 736 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 156 and153 amino acid residues, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequences of VpCLYZs showed high similarity to other known invertebrate c-type lysozymes. Multiple alignments and phylogenetic relationship strongly suggested that VpCLYZ-1 and VpCLYZ-2 belonged to the c-type lysozyme family. Both VpCLYZ-1 and VpCLYZ-2 transcripts were constitutively expressed in a wide range of tissues with different levels. The VpCLYZ-1 transcript was dominantly expressed in hepatopancreas and hemocytes, while VpCLYZ-2 transcript was mainly expressed in the tissues of hepatopancreas and gills. Both the mRNA expression of VpCLYZ-1 and VpCLYZ-2 was significantly up-regulated at 12 h post Vibrio anguillarum challenge. The recombinant VpCLYZ-1 and VpCLYZ-2 (designed as rVpCLYZ-1 and rVpCLYZ-2) exhibited lytic activity against all tested bacteria, and rVpCLYZ-1 showed higher activities than rVpCLYZ-2 in killing Micrococcus luteus and V. anguillarum. Overall, our results suggested that VpCLYZ-1 and VpCLYZ-2 belonged to the c-type lysozyme family, and played important roles in the immune responses of manila clam, especially in the elimination of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinglong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China; Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Ruiwen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Lizhu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yongliang Liu
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Ming Cong
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Huifeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Chenglong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China; Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China.
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Zannella C, Mosca F, Mariani F, Franci G, Folliero V, Galdiero M, Tiscar PG, Galdiero M. Microbial Diseases of Bivalve Mollusks: Infections, Immunology and Antimicrobial Defense. Mar Drugs 2017. [PMID: 28629124 PMCID: PMC5484132 DOI: 10.3390/md15060182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of bivalve mollusks (phylum Mollusca, class Bivalvia) constitute a prominent commodity in fisheries and aquacultures, but are also crucial in order to preserve our ecosystem’s complexity and function. Bivalve mollusks, such as clams, mussels, oysters and scallops, are relevant bred species, and their global farming maintains a high incremental annual growth rate, representing a considerable proportion of the overall fishery activities. Bivalve mollusks are filter feeders; therefore by filtering a great quantity of water, they may bioaccumulate in their tissues a high number of microorganisms that can be considered infectious for humans and higher vertebrates. Moreover, since some pathogens are also able to infect bivalve mollusks, they are a threat for the entire mollusk farming industry. In consideration of the leading role in aquaculture and the growing financial importance of bivalve farming, much interest has been recently devoted to investigate the pathogenesis of infectious diseases of these mollusks in order to be prepared for public health emergencies and to avoid dreadful income losses. Several bacterial and viral pathogens will be described herein. Despite the minor complexity of the organization of the immune system of bivalves, compared to mammalian immune systems, a precise description of the different mechanisms that induce its activation and functioning is still missing. In the present review, a substantial consideration will be devoted in outlining the immune responses of bivalves and their repertoire of immune cells. Finally, we will focus on the description of antimicrobial peptides that have been identified and characterized in bivalve mollusks. Their structural and antimicrobial features are also of great interest for the biotechnology sector as antimicrobial templates to combat the increasing antibiotic-resistance of different pathogenic bacteria that plague the human population all over the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Zannella
- Department of Experimental Medicine-University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Francesco Mosca
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Piano d'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Francesca Mariani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Piano d'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Franci
- Department of Experimental Medicine-University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Veronica Folliero
- Department of Experimental Medicine-University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Marilena Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine-University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Pietro Giorgio Tiscar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Piano d'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine-University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
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Tian Y, Jiang Y, Shang Y, Zhang YP, Geng CF, Wang LQ, Chang YQ. Establishment of lysozyme gene RNA interference systemand its involvement in salinity tolerance in sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 65:71-79. [PMID: 28359949 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The lysozyme gene was silenced using RNA interference (RNAi) to analyze the function of lysozyme in sea cucumber under salt stress. The interfering efficiency of four lysozyme RNAi oligos ranged from 0.55 to 0.70. From the four oligos, p-miR-L245 was used for further interfering experiments because it had the best silencing efficiency. Peristomial film injection of p-miR-L245 (10 μg) was used for further interfering experiments. The lowest gene expression, determined by RT-PCR assay, in muscle, coelomic fluid, and parapodium occurred 48 h after p-miR-L245 injection, while that of body wall and tube foot was 96 h and 24 h, respectively. Lysozyme activity in muscle and body wall was significantly lower than the controls. The lowest lysozyme activity in muscle, body wall and parapodium, was found at 48, 72, and 48 h, respectively, which was consistent with the transcription expression of lysozyme. The lowest point of lysozyme activity was at 96 h in coelomic fluid and tube foot, which was laid behind lysozyme expression in transcription level. The expression profile of the lysozyme transcription level and lysozyme activity in the body wall and tube foot increased at 12 h after p-miR-L245 injection before the interference effect appeared. NKA gene expression was expressed at a high level in the positive control (PC) and negative control (NC) groups at 12, 24, and 48 h, while NKA was expressed at low levels in the lysozyme RNAi injection group at 12 and 24 h. The level of NKA gene expression recovered to the level of the PC and NC group at 48, 72, and 96 h after the lysozyme RNAi injection. NKCC1 gene expression was high in the PC and NC groups at 96 h, while the NKCC1 was expressed at a low level 96 h after lysozyme RNAi injection. The results suggest that lysozyme decay involves NKA and NKCC1 gene expression under salinity 18 psμ. The K+ and Cl- concentration after lysozyme RNAi injection was lower than in the PC and NC group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tian
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, 116023, Dalian, China.
| | - Yanan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Yanpeng Shang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Yu-Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Chen-Fan Geng
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Li-Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Ya-Qing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, 116023, Dalian, China
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24
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Fernández-Boo S, Villalba A, Cao A. Protein expression profiling in haemocytes and plasma of the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum in response to infection with Perkinsus olseni. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:1369-1385. [PMID: 27233620 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The protein expression profiling in clam haemocytes and plasma in response to Perkinsus olseni was addressed. Adult Manila clams from a P. olseni-free bed were experimentally challenged with parasite zoospores to analyse immune response. In another experiment, the effects of longer term infection were assessed in adult clams collected from a P. olseni-affected bed, by comparing moderate to very heavily infected clams with non-infected ones. Haemocyte and plasma proteins were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis; spot patterns were qualitatively compared between treatments within each experiment and the spots indicating differential protein expression associated with P. olseni challenge or with field infection were processed for protein identification. Fifteen clam proteins (four in haemocytes and eleven in plasma) of which expression was markedly affected by P. olseni were identified. Some of the identified proteins have a well-known role in clam immune response against the parasite, such as lysozyme and lectins. Rho GTPase-activating protein 6 could be a marker of resistance against P. olseni, which should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fernández-Boo
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Consellería do Mar da Xunta de Galicia, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - A Villalba
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Consellería do Mar da Xunta de Galicia, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain.
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá de Henares, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
| | - A Cao
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Consellería do Mar da Xunta de Galicia, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
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25
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Wang M, Zhao X, Kong X, Wang L, Jiao D, Zhang H. Molecular characterization and expressing analysis of the c-type and g-type lysozymes in Qihe crucian carp Carassius auratus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 52:210-220. [PMID: 27012394 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysozyme as an important nonspecific immune factor, can kill bacteria by hydrolyzing β-1,4-glycosidic linkages of peptidoglycan layer, and plays an important role in innate immune response against pathogen infection. In the present study, we report molecular cloning, tissue distribution and functional characterization of the c-type and g-type lysozymes in Qihe crucian carp Carassius auratus (designated as Ca-clys and Ca-glys, respectively). The full-length of Ca-clys and Ca-glys cDNA were cloned using RT-PCR and RACE methods. Catalytic and other conserved residues, required for functionality, were identified by multiple sequence alignment and structure predicted. The findings indicating the Ca-clys with signal peptide sequence, while the Ca-glys without, imply that the two isozymes function in different sites of cell. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Ca-clys and Ca-glys genes evolve at different rates. Moreover, spatial expression analysis showed that Ca-clys transcript was most abundant in kidney and least in gill. However, the expression level of Ca-glys was significantly lower compared with Ca-clys in various tissues, which was the most abundant in spleen and least in brain. After intraperitoneal injection with A. hydrophila and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the mRNA levels of Ca-clys and Ca-glys were generally up-regulated in liver and gill, but indicated the different expression changes in spleen, kidney and head kidney. With regard to the lysozyme activity, it was showed that the total enzyme activities generally increased in liver, gill, spleen, and head kidney after stimulation. These results confirmed that both Ca-clys and Ca-glys play an important role in non-specific immunity after A. hydrophila invasion. In this study, it was speculated that expressions of Ca-clys and Ca-glys were regulated in different patterns against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Wang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Xianliang Zhao
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Xianghui Kong
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China.
| | - Li Wang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Dan Jiao
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Hongxu Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China
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Detree C, Chabenat A, Lallier FH, Satoh N, Shoguchi E, Tanguy A, Mary J. Multiple I-Type Lysozymes in the Hydrothermal Vent Mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus and Their Role in Symbiotic Plasticity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148988. [PMID: 26882089 PMCID: PMC4755537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was first to identify lysozymes paralogs in the deep sea mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus then to measure their relative expression or activity in different tissue or conditions. B. azoricus is a bivalve that lives close to hydrothermal chimney in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). They harbour in specialized gill cells two types of endosymbiont (gram-bacteria): sulphide oxidizing bacteria (SOX) and methanotrophic bacteria (MOX). This association is thought to be ruled by specific mechanism or actors of regulation to deal with the presence of symbiont but these mechanisms are still poorly understood. Here, we focused on the implication of lysozyme, a bactericidal enzyme, in this endosymbiosis. The relative expression of Ba-lysozymes paralogs and the global anti-microbial activity, were measured in natural population (Lucky Strike--1700 m, Mid-Atlantic Ridge), and in in situ experimental conditions. B. azoricus individuals were moved away from the hydrothermal fluid to induce a loss of symbiont. Then after 6 days some mussels were brought back to the mussel bed to induce a re-acquisition of symbiotic bacteria. Results show the presence of 6 paralogs in B. azoricus. In absence of symbionts, 3 paralogs are up-regulated while others are not differentially expressed. Moreover the global activity of lysozyme is increasing with the loss of symbiont. All together these results suggest that lysozyme may play a crucial role in symbiont regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Detree
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Equipe ABICE, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Apolline Chabenat
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Equipe ABICE, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - François H. Lallier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Equipe ABICE, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Nori Satoh
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Japan
| | - Eiichi Shoguchi
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Japan
| | - Arnaud Tanguy
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Equipe ABICE, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Jean Mary
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Equipe ABICE, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
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Pales Espinosa E, Koller A, Allam B. Proteomic characterization of mucosal secretions in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. J Proteomics 2015; 132:63-76. [PMID: 26612663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The soft body surface of marine invertebrates is covered by a layer of mucus, a slippery gel secreted by mucocytes lining epithelia. The functions of this gel are diverse including locomotion, cleansing, food particles processing and defense against physicochemical injuries and infectious agents. In oysters, mucus covering pallial organs has been demonstrated to have a major importance in the processing of food particles and in the interactions with waterborne pathogens. Given the limited information available on mucus in bivalves and the apparent wide spectra of activity of bioactive molecules present in this matrix, the characterization of these mucosal secretions has become a research priority. In this study, mucus was separately collected from the mantle, gills and labial palps of the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) and analyzed by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Results showed the presence of a wide variety of molecules involved in host-microbe interactions, including putative adhesion molecules (e.g. c-type lectins) confirming that transcripts previously identified in epithelial cells are translated into proteins secreted in mucus. Mucus composition was different among samples collected from different organs. These results generate a reference map for C. virginica pallial mucus to better characterize the various physiological functions of mucosal secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Pales Espinosa
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, United States.
| | - Antonius Koller
- Proteomics Center, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8691, United States
| | - Bassem Allam
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, United States
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28
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Stabili L, Schirosi R, Parisi MG, Piraino S, Cammarata M. The Mucus of Actinia equina (Anthozoa, Cnidaria): An Unexplored Resource for Potential Applicative Purposes. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:5276-96. [PMID: 26295400 PMCID: PMC4557023 DOI: 10.3390/md13085276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucus produced by many marine organisms is a complex mixture of proteins and polysaccharides forming a weak watery gel. It is essential for vital processes including locomotion, navigation, structural support, heterotrophic feeding and defence against a multitude of environmental stresses, predators, parasites, and pathogens. In the present study we focused on mucus produced by a benthic cnidarian, the sea anemone Actinia equina (Linnaeus, 1758) for preventing burial by excess sedimentation and for protection. We investigated some of the physico-chemical properties of this matrix such as viscosity, osmolarity, electrical conductivity, protein, carbohydrate, and total lipid contents. Some biological activities such as hemolytic, cytotoxic, and antibacterial lysozyme-like activities were also studied. The A. equina mucus is mainly composed by water (96.2% ± 0.3%), whereas its dry weight is made of 24.2% ± 1.3% proteins and 7.8% ± 0.2% carbohydrates, with the smallest and largest components referable to lipids (0.9%) and inorganic matter (67.1%). The A. equina mucus matrix exhibited hemolytic activity on rabbit erythrocytes, cytotoxic activity against the tumor cell line K562 (human erythromyeloblastoid leukemia) and antibacterial lysozyme-like activity. The findings from this study improve the available information on the mucus composition in invertebrates and have implications for future investigations related to exploitation of A. equina and other sea anemones' mucus as a source of bioactive compounds of high pharmaceutical and biotechnological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Stabili
- Institute for Marine Coastal Environment (Unit of Taranto), National Research Council (IAMC-CNR) Via Roma 3, 74100 Taranto, Italy.
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Università del Salento, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Roberto Schirosi
- Lachifarma s.r.l., S.S.16 Zona Industriale, Zollino (Le) 73010, Italy.
| | - Maria Giovanna Parisi
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Stefano Piraino
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Università del Salento, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Marine Sciences (CoNISMa), Local Research Unit Lecce, Lecce 73100, Italy.
| | - Matteo Cammarata
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
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Toro TB, Nguyen TP, Watt TJ. An improved 96-well turbidity assay for T4 lysozyme activity. MethodsX 2015; 2:256-62. [PMID: 26150996 PMCID: PMC4487725 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T4 lysozyme (T4L) is an important model system for investigating the relationship between protein structure and function. Despite being extensively studied, a reliable, quantitative activity assay for T4L has not been developed. Here, we present an improved T4L turbidity assay as well as an affinity-based T4L expression and purification protocol. This assay is designed for 96-well format and utilizes conditions amenable for both T4L and other lysozymes. This protocol enables easy, efficient, and quantitative characterization of T4L variants and allows comparison between different lysozymes. Our method: Is applicable for all lysozymes, with enhanced sensitivity for T4 lysozyme compared to other 96-well plate turbidity assays; Utilizes standardized conditions for comparing T4 lysozyme variants and other lysozymes; and Incorporates a simplified expression and purification protocol for T4 lysozyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasha B Toro
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, United States
| | - Thao P Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, United States
| | - Terry J Watt
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, United States
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Wang L, Yue F, Song X, Song L. Maternal immune transfer in mollusc. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 48:354-359. [PMID: 24858027 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Maternal immunity refers to the immunity transferred from mother to offspring via egg, playing an important role in protecting the offspring at early life stages and contributing a trans-generational effect on offspring's phenotype. Because fertilization is external in most of the molluscs, oocytes and early embryos are directly exposed to pathogens in the seawater, and thus maternal immunity could provide a better protection before full maturation of their immunological systems. Several innate immune factors including pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) like lectins, and immune effectors like lysozyme, lipopolysaccharide binding protein/bacterial permeability-increasing proteins (LBP/BPI) and antioxidant enzymes have been identified as maternally derived immune factors in mollusc eggs. Among these immune factors, some maternally derived lectins and antibacterial factors have been proved to endue mollusc eggs with effective defense ability against pathogen infection, while the roles of other factors still remain untested. The physiological condition of mollusc broodstock has a profound effect on their offspring fitness. Many other factors such as nutrients, pathogens, environment conditions and pollutants could exert considerable influence on the maternal transfer of immunity. The parent molluscs which have encountered an immune stimulation endow their offspring with a trans-generational immune capability to protect them against infections effectively. The knowledge on maternal transfer of immunity and the trans-generational immune effect could provide us with an ideal management strategy of mollusc broodstock to improve the immunity of offspring and to establish a disease-resistant family for a long-term improvement of cultured stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Feng Yue
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaorui Song
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China.
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31
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Tian Y, Liang XW, Chang YQ, Song J. Expression of c-type lysozyme gene in sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) is highly regulated and time dependent after salt stress. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 180:68-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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The use of lysozyme modified with fluorescein for the detection of Gram-positive bacteria. Microbiol Res 2015; 170:242-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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33
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Allam B, Pales Espinosa E, Tanguy A, Jeffroy F, Le Bris C, Paillard C. Transcriptional changes in Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) in response to Brown Ring Disease. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 41:2-11. [PMID: 24882017 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Brown Ring Disease (BRD) is a bacterial infection affecting the economically-important clam Ruditapes philippinarum. The disease is caused by a bacterium, Vibrio tapetis, that colonizes the edge of the mantle, altering the biomineralization process and normal shell growth. Altered organic shell matrices accumulate on the inner face of the shell leading to the formation of the typical brown ring in the extrapallial space (between the mantle and the shell). Even though structural and functional changes have been described in solid (mantle) and fluid (hemolymph and extrapallial fluids) tissues from infected clams, the underlying molecular alterations and responses remain largely unknown. This study was designed to gather information on clam molecular responses to the disease and to compare focal responses at the site of the infection (mantle and extrapallial fluid) with systemic (hemolymph) responses. To do so, we designed and produced a Manila clam expression oligoarray (15K Agilent) using transcriptomic data available in public databases and used this platform to comparatively assess transcriptomic changes in mantle, hemolymph and extrapallial fluid of infected clams. Results showed significant regulation in diseased clams of molecules involved in pathogen recognition (e.g. lectins, C1q domain-containing proteins) and killing (defensin), apoptosis regulation (death-associated protein, bcl-2) and in biomineralization (shell matrix proteins, perlucin, galaxin, chitin- and calcium-binding proteins). While most changes in response to the disease were tissue-specific, systemic alterations included co-regulation in all 3 tested tissues of molecules involved in microbe recognition and killing (complement-related factors, defensin). These results provide a first glance at molecular alterations and responses caused by BRD and identify targets for future functional investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem Allam
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | | | - Arnaud Tanguy
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, UPMC-CNRS, Roscoff, France
| | - Fanny Jeffroy
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Plouzané, France
| | - Cedric Le Bris
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Plouzané, France
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34
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35
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Zhou X, Yu Y, Tao J, Yu L. Production of LYZL6, a novel human c-type lysozyme, in recombinant Pichia pastoris employing high cell density fed-batch fermentation. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 118:420-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Xu N, Pan J, Liu S, Xue Q, Zhang S. Three in one: Identification, expression and enzymatic activity of lysozymes in amphioxus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:508-517. [PMID: 24968076 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The lysozymes identified so far in animals belong to the g-type, c-type, and i-type. Vertebrate animals possess only the former two types, i.e., g- and c-types, while all the three types have been reported in invertebrates. Here we demonstrate that (1) three cDNAs that encode g-, c-, and i-type lysozymes, respectively, were identified in a single species of the amphioxus Branchiostoma japonicum; (2) all the 3-type genes displayed distinct tissue-specific expression pattern; (3) recombinant g-, c-, and i-type lysozymes all exhibited enzymatic activities; and (4) native g-, c-, and i-type lysozymes were identified in the different tissues of amphioxus. Collectively, these results suggest the presence of all the 3-type lysozymes in a single animal species, first such data ever reported. The presence of biologically active i-type lysozyme in amphioxus also suggests that i-type lysozyme gene is retained at least in Protochordata, contrasting to the previous proposal that i-type lysozyme gene has been lost in a common ancestor of all chordates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Junli Pan
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shousheng Liu
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qinggang Xue
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70830, USA.
| | - Shicui Zhang
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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37
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Guo Y, He H. Identification and characterization of a goose-type lysozyme from sewage snail Physa acuta. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 39:321-325. [PMID: 24882016 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater snail Physa acuta has been considered as an important invasive species and medical mollusc. Field investigation has shown that this snail could survive better than other snails in polluted water bodies. To understand the immune mechanisms of P. acuta, suppression subtractive hybridization hepatopancreas cDNA library has been constructed with bacterial challenge. In this study, a full-length cDNA of a novel goose-type lysozyme (PALysG) has been identified from P. acuta by EST and RACE technique. The conservative structure domains share high homology with other molluscan g-type lysozymes including the SLT domain, the substrate binding sites, the catalytic residues, three alpha-helices structures and six molluscan specific cysteines. Meanwhile, PALysG is the first record of goose-type lysozyme in Gastropoda. Real-time PCR indicated that PALysG mRNA had been expressed significantly at high levels in hepatopancreas for 8-48 h. PALysG recombinant protein displayed the lytic activity of g-type lysozyme with other organisms against Micrococcus lysodikicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhai Guo
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hongxuan He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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38
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The Complete Amino Acid Sequence and Enzymatic Properties of an i-Type Lysozyme Isolated from the Common Orient Clam (Meretrix lusoria). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 77:2269-77. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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39
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Li J, Jiang M, Wang Y. Expression, Purification, and Characteristic of Tibetan Sheep Breast Lysozyme Using Pichia pastoris Expression System. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 27:574-9. [PMID: 25049990 PMCID: PMC4093532 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2013.13529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A lysozyme gene from breast of Tibetan sheep was successfully expressed by secretion using a-factor signal sequence in the methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris GS115. An expression yield and specific activity greater than 500 mg/L and 4,000 U/mg was obtained. Results at optimal pH and temperature showed recombinant lysozyme has higher lytic activity at pH 6.5 and 45°C. This study demonstrates the successful expression of recombinant lysozyme using the eukaryotic host organism P. pastoris paving the way for protein engineering. Additionally, this study shows the feasibility of subsequent industrial manufacture of the enzyme with this expression system together with a high purity scheme for easy high-yield purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Li
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Exploitation, Chengdu 610041,
China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu 610041,
China
| | - Mingfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Exploitation, Chengdu 610041,
China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu 610041,
China
| | - Yong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Exploitation, Chengdu 610041,
China
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40
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Guascito MR, Chirizzi D, Malitesta C, Giotta L, Mastrogiacomo D, Valli L, Stabili L. Development and characterization of a novel bioactive polymer with antibacterial and lysozyme-like activity. Biopolymers 2014; 101:461-70. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rachele Guascito
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali; Università del Salento; Via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Daniela Chirizzi
- Dipartimento di Beni Culturali; Università del Salento; Via Birago 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Cosimino Malitesta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali; Università del Salento; Via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Livia Giotta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali; Università del Salento; Via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Disma Mastrogiacomo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali; Università del Salento; Via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Ludovico Valli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali; Università del Salento; Via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Loredana Stabili
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali; Università del Salento; Via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
- Dipartimento di Beni Culturali; Università del Salento; Via Birago 73100 Lecce Italy
- Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero CNR U.O.S. Taranto; Via Roma 3 74100 Taranto Italy
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41
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42
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Bathige SDNK, Umasuthan N, Whang I, Lim BS, Jung HB, Lee J. Evidences for the involvement of an invertebrate goose-type lysozyme in disk abalone immunity: cloning, expression analysis and antimicrobial activity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1369-1379. [PMID: 23973847 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Lysozymes are ubiquitously distributed enzymes with hydrolytic activity against bacterial peptidoglycan and function to protect organisms from microbial pathogens. In this study, an invertebrate goose-type lysozyme, designated as abLysG, was identified in the disk abalone, Haliotis discus discus. The full-length cDNA of abLysG was 894 bp in length with an open reading frame of 789 bp encoding a polypeptide of 263 amino acids containing a signal peptide and a characteristic soluble lytic transglycosylase domain. Six cysteine residues and two catalytic residues (Glu(142) and Asp(168)) conserved among molluscs were also identified. The 3D homology structural models of abLysG and hen egg white lysozyme had similar conformations of the active sites involved in the binding of substrate. BAC sequence data revealed that the genomic structure of disk abalone g-type lysozyme comprises 7 exons with 6 intervening introns. The deduced amino acid sequence of abLysG shared 45.2-61.6% similarity with those of other molluscs and vertebrates. The TFSEARCH server predicted a variety of transcription factor-binding sites in the 5'-flanking region of the abLysG gene, some of which are involved in transcriptional regulation of the lysozyme gene. abLysG expression was detected in multiple tissues with the highest expression in mantle. Moreover, qPCR analysis of abLysG mRNA expression demonstrated significant up-regulation in gill in response to infection by live bacteria (Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Listeria monocytogenes), virus (viral hemorrhagic septicemia) and bacterial mimics (LPS and PGN). Expression of the recombinant disk abalone g-type lysozyme in Escherichia coli BL21, demonstrated its bacteriolytic activity against several Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial species. Collectively these data suggest that abLysG is an antimicrobial enzyme with a potential role in the disk abalone innate immune system to protect it from bacterial and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D N K Bathige
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
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Bathige SDNK, Umasuthan N, Kasthuri SR, Whang I, Lim BS, Nam BH, Lee J. A bifunctional invertebrate-type lysozyme from the disk abalone, Haliotis discus discus: genome organization, transcriptional profiling and biological activities of recombinant protein. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:282-94. [PMID: 23796790 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Lysozyme is an important enzyme in the innate immune system that plays a vital role in fighting microbial infections. In the current study, we identified, cloned, and characterized a gene that encodes an invertebrate-type lysozyme from the disk abalone, Haliotis discus discus (abLysI). The full-length cDNA of abLysI consisted of 545 bp with an open reading frame of 393 bp that encodes 131 amino acids. The theoretical molecular mass of mature abLysI was 12.3 kDa with an isoelectric point of 8.03. Conserved features in other homologs, such as catalytic sites for lytic activity (Glu(30) and Asp(41)), isopeptidase activity (His(107)), and ten cysteine residues were identified in abLysI. Genomic sequence analysis with respect to its cDNA showed that abLysI was organized into four exons interrupted by three introns. Several immune-related transcription factor binding sites were discovered in the putative promoter region. Homology and phylogeny analysis of abLysI depicted high identity and closer proximity, respectively, with an annelid i-type lysozyme from Hirudo medicinalis, and indicated that abLysI is a novel molluscan i-type lysozyme. Tissue-specific expressional studies revealed that abLysI is mainly transcribed in hepatopancreas followed by mantle. In addition, abLysI mRNA expression was induced following bacterial (Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Listeria monocytogenes) and viral (viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus) challenges. Recombinantly expressed abLysI [(r)abLysI] demonstrated strong lytic activity against Micrococcus lysodeikticus, isopeptidase activity, and antibacterial activity against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, (r)abLysI showed optimum lytic activity at pH 4.0 and 60 °C, while exhibiting optimum isopeptidase activity at pH 7.0. Taken together, these results indicate that abLysI is potentially involved in immune responses of the disk abalone to protect it from invaders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D N K Bathige
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
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Host–parasite interactions: Marine bivalve molluscs and protozoan parasites, Perkinsus species. J Invertebr Pathol 2013; 114:196-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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45
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Umasuthan N, Bathige SDNK, Kasthuri SR, Wan Q, Whang I, Lee J. Two duplicated chicken-type lysozyme genes in disc abalone Haliotis discus discus: molecular aspects in relevance to structure, genomic organization, mRNA expression and bacteriolytic function. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:284-299. [PMID: 23664908 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Lysozymes are crucial antibacterial proteins that are associated with catalytic cleavage of peptidoglycan and subsequent bacteriolysis. The present study describes the identification of two lysozyme genes from disc abalone Haliotis discus discus and their characterization at sequence-, genomic-, transcriptional- and functional-levels. Two cDNAs and BAC clones bearing lysozyme genes were isolated from abalone transcriptome and BAC genomic libraries, respectively and sequences were determined. Corresponding deduced amino acid sequences harbored a chicken-type lysozyme (LysC) family profile and exhibited conserved characteristics of LysC family members including active residues (Glu and Asp) and GS(S/T)DYGIFQINS motif suggested that they are LysC counterparts in disc abalone and designated as abLysC1 and abLysC2. While abLysC1 represented the homolog recently reported in Ezo abalone [1], abLysC2 shared significant identity with LysC homologs. Unlike other vertebrate LysCs, coding sequence of abLysCs were distributed within five exons interrupted by four introns. Both abLysCs revealed a broader mRNA distribution with highest levels in mantle (abLysC1) and hepatopancreas (abLysC2) suggesting their likely main role in defense and digestion, respectively. Investigation of temporal transcriptional profiles post-LPS and -pathogen challenges revealed induced-responses of abLysCs in gills and hemocytes. The in vitro muramidase activity of purified recombinant (r) abLysCs proteins was evaluated, and findings indicated that they are active in acidic pH range (3.5-6.5) and over a broad temperature range (20-60 °C) and influenced by ionic strength. When the antibacterial spectra of (r)abLysCs were examined, they displayed differential activities against both Gram positive and Gram negative strains providing evidence for their involvement in bacteriolytic function in abalone physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navaneethaiyer Umasuthan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
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Seo JK, Lee MJ, Nam BH, Park NG. cgMolluscidin, a novel dibasic residue repeat rich antimicrobial peptide, purified from the gill of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:480-488. [PMID: 23711469 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A 5.5 kDa antimicrobial peptide consisting of 55 amino acids, cgMolluscidin, was purified from the acidified gill extract of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, by ion-exchange and C18 reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. By comparing the N-terminal amino acid sequences and the molecular weight of this peptide with those of other known antimicrobial peptides, it has been revealed that this peptide had no homology with any known peptides. cgMolluscidin showed potent antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive bacteria, including Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, and Staphylococcus aureus (minimal effective concentrations [MECs]; 1.3-31.3 μg/mL), and Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus ([MECs]; 0.4-2.3 μg/mL), without hemolytic activity. However, cgMolluscidin did not show any significant activity against Candida albicans. The deduced amino acid sequence of the cgMolluscidin showed no hit in public protein databases, while the nucleotide sequence had a 99% homology (E value = 0) with only the unknown ESTs sequenced by C. gigas EST project. Tissue distribution of the cgMolluscidin mRNA suggests that it is constitutively expressed as a mature form in a non-tissue-specific manner. The cgMolluscidin mRNA expression level was significantly up-regulated at 12 h (2.8-fold) post injection with Vibrio sp. This peptide is highly basic and contains several dibasic residue repeats including Lysine-Lysine or Lysine-Arginine in the sequence, but may not form an ordered structure. These results suggest that cgMolluscidin might be an oyster-specific novel antimicrobial peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Kil Seo
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Daeyeon Campus, Yongso-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
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47
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Wang Q, Wang C, Mu C, Wu H, Zhang L, Zhao J. A novel C-type lysozyme from Mytilus galloprovincialis: insight into innate immunity and molecular evolution of invertebrate C-type lysozymes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67469. [PMID: 23818979 PMCID: PMC3688608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A c-type lysozyme (named as MgCLYZ) gene was cloned from the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Blast analysis indicated that MgCLYZ was a salivary c-type lysozyme which was mainly found in insects. The nucleotide sequence of MgCLYZ was predicted to encode a polypeptide of 154 amino acid residues with the signal peptide comprising the first 24 residues. The deduced mature peptide of MgCLYZ was of a calculated molecular weight of 14.4 kD and a theoretical isoelectric point (pI) of 8.08. Evolution analysis suggested that bivalve branch of the invertebrate c-type lysozymes phylogeny tree underwent positive selection during evolution. By quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, MgCLYZ transcript was widely detected in all examined tissues and responded sensitively to bacterial challenge in hemocytes and hepatopancreas. The optimal temperature and pH of recombinant MgCLYZ (rMgCLYZ) were 20°C and 4, respectively. The rMgCLYZ displayed lytic activities against Gram-positive bacteria including Micrococcus luteus and Staphyloccocus aureus, and Gram-negative bacteria including Vibrio anguillarum, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas putida, Proteus mirabilis and Bacillus aquimaris. These results suggest that MgCLYZ perhaps play an important role in innate immunity of M. galloprovincialis, and invertebrate c-type lysozymes might be under positive selection in a species-specific manner during evolution for undergoing adaptation to different environment and diverse pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changkao Mu
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huifeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linbao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, People’s Republic of China
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Okada Y, Yamaura K, Suzuki T, Itoh N, Osada M, Takahashi KG. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of chitinase from the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 165:83-9. [PMID: 23507628 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Chitinases are necessary enzymes supporting functions as a host defense factor against chitin-coated pathogens. They also function as a digestive enzyme for the hydrolysis of dietary chitin. We conducted characterization and assessed the tissue expression of the encoding gene of a chitinase (EC 3.2.1.14), Cg-Chit1, and the production of recombinant protein of Cg-Chit1, from the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Chitinase activity in mantle extracts was detected to a marked degree in samples collected in July and August. Mantle chitinase worked well at pH 5.5, 7.0, and 8.5 tested in this study. RT-PCR showed that Cg-Chit1 expression is highly tissue-specific in the hemocytes and mantle. We then determined the distribution of Cg-Chit1 mRNA in C. gigas hemocytes and mantle histologically using in situ hybridization. Of the two subgroups of oyster hemocytes, granulocytes (main phagocytes) and hyalinocytes, only the former were found to express Cg-Chit1. In the mantle, chitinase-2 was expressed at the inner lobe of the mantle edge. Recombinant Cg-Chit1 clearly showed chitinase activity in a wide range of neutral/basic pH. These findings suggest that Cg-Chit1 functions as a host defense factor to hydrolyze chitin-coated organisms after phagocytosis by granulocytes and to exclude foreign substances from the mantle cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Okada
- Laboratory of Aquacultural Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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Kim M, Park M, Jeong Y. Purification and characterization of lysozyme from filipino venus, Ruditapes philippinarum. Food Sci Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-012-0193-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Wang Q, Zhang L, Zhao J, You L, Wu H. Two goose-type lysozymes in Mytilus galloprovincialis: possible function diversification and adaptive evolution. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45148. [PMID: 23028813 PMCID: PMC3448621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two goose-type lysozymes (designated as MGgLYZ1 and MGgLYZ2) were identified from the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. MGgLYZ1 mRNA was widely expressed in the examined tissues and responded sensitively to bacterial challenge in hemocytes, while MGgLYZ2 mRNA was predominately expressed and performed its functions in hepatopancreas. However, immunolocalization analysis showed that both these lysozymes were expressed in all examined tissues with the exception of adductor muscle. Recombinant MGgLYZ1 and MGgLYZ2 could inhibit the growth of several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and they both showed the highest activity against Pseudomonas putida with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.95-1.91 µM and 1.20-2.40 µM, respectively. Protein sequences analysis revealed that MGgLYZ2 had lower isoelectric point and less protease cutting sites than MGgLYZ1. Recombinant MGgLYZ2 exhibited relative high activity at acidic pH of 4-5, while MGgLYZ1 have an optimum pH of 6. These results indicated MGgLYZ2 adapted to acidic environment and perhaps play an important role in digestion. Genomic structure analysis suggested that both MGgLYZ1 and MGgLYZ2 genes are composed of six exons with same length and five introns, indicating these genes were conserved and might originate from gene duplication during the evolution. Selection pressure analysis showed that MGgLYZ1 was under nearly neutral selection while MGgLYZ2 evolved under positive selection pressure with three positively selected amino acid residues (Y(102), L(200) and S(202)) detected in the mature peptide. All these findings suggested MGgLYZ2 perhaps served as a digestive lysozyme under positive selection pressure during the evolution while MGgLYZ1 was mainly involved in innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianmin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, PR China
- * E-mail: (JZ); (HW)
| | | | - Huifeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, PR China
- * E-mail: (JZ); (HW)
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