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Lettoof DC, Nguyen TV, Richmond WR, Nice HE, Gagnon MM, Beale DJ. Bioaccumulation and metabolic impact of environmental PFAS residue on wild-caught urban wetland tiger snakes (Notechis scutatus). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 897:165260. [PMID: 37400030 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
PFAS contamination of urban waters is widespread but understanding the biological impact of its accumulation is limited to humans and common ecotoxicological model organisms. Here, we combine PFAS exposure and bioaccumulation patterns with whole organism responses and omics-based ecosurveillance methods to investigate the potential impacts of PFAS on a top predator of wetlands, the tiger snake (Notechis scutatus). Tiger snakes (18 male and 17 female) were collected from four wetlands with varying PFAS chemical profiles and concentrations in Perth, Western Australia. Tiger snake livers were tested for 28 known PFAS compounds, and Σ28PFAS in liver tissues ranged between 322 ± 193 μg/kg at the most contaminated site to 1.31 ± 0.86 μg/kg at the least contaminated site. The dominant PFAS compound detected in liver tissues was PFOS. Lower body condition was associated with higher liver PFAS, and male snakes showed signs of high bioaccumulation whereas females showed signs of maternal offloading. Biochemical profiles of snake muscle, fat (adipose tissue), and gonads were analysed using a combination of liquid chromatography triple quadrupole (QqQ) and quadrupole time-of-flight (QToF) mass spectrometry methodologies. Elevated PFAS was associated with enriched energy production and maintenance pathways in the muscle, and had weak associations with energy-related lipids in the fat tissue, and lipids associated with cellular genesis and spermatogenesis in the gonads. These findings demonstrate the bioavailability of urban wetland PFAS in higher-order reptilian predators and suggest a negative impact on snake health and metabolic processes. This research expands on omics-based ecosurveillance tools for informing mechanistic toxicology and contributes to our understanding of the impact of PFAS residue on wildlife health to improve risk management and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Lettoof
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Brand Drive, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; Environment, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, Floreat, WA 6014, Australia.
| | - T V Nguyen
- Environment, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Qld 4102, Australia; NTT Institute of High Technology, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - W R Richmond
- Department of Water and Environmental Regulation, Government of Western Australia, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - H E Nice
- Department of Water and Environmental Regulation, Government of Western Australia, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - M M Gagnon
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Brand Drive, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - D J Beale
- Environment, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Qld 4102, Australia
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Patel N, Ivantsova E, Konig I, Souders CL, Martyniuk CJ. Perfluorotetradecanoic Acid (PFTeDA) Induces Mitochondrial Damage and Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Embryos/Larvae. TOXICS 2022; 10:776. [PMID: 36548609 PMCID: PMC9785682 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Industrial and consumer products, such as pesticides, lubricants, and cosmetics, can contain perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). Although many short-chain PFCs have been linked to physiological and behavioral changes in fish, there are limited data on longer-chain PFCs. The objective of this study was to determine the potential impact of perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTeDA) exposure on zebrafish (Danio rerio) during early developmental stages. We measured several endpoints including gene expression, mitochondrial bioenergetics, and locomotor activity in zebrafish. Survival, timing of hatching, and deformity frequency were unaffected by PFTeDA at the concentrations tested (0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 µM) over a 7-day exposure period. The expression levels of mitochondrial-related genes (cox1 and mt-nd3) and oxidative stress-related genes (cat, hsp70, and hsp90a) were increased in larval fish with exposure to 10 µM PFTeDA; however, there was no change in oxidative respiration of embryos (i.e., basal respiration and oligomycin-induced ATP-linked respiration). Reactive oxygen species were reduced in larvae treated with 10 µM PFTeDA, coinciding with the increased transcription of antioxidant defense genes. Both the visual motor response test and light-dark preference test were conducted on 7 dpf larvae and yielded no significant findings. This study improves current knowledge regarding toxicity mechanisms for longer-chain PFCs such as PFTeDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neep Patel
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Emma Ivantsova
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Isaac Konig
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Christopher L. Souders
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christopher J. Martyniuk
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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3
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Perfluorooctanoic acid affects mouse brain and liver tissue through oxidative stress. ARHIV ZA HIGIJENU RADA I TOKSIKOLOGIJU 2022; 73:148-157. [PMID: 35792765 PMCID: PMC9287837 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2022-73-3629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate oxidative stress induced by perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in the brain and liver tissues of Balb/c mice as well as protective effects of taurine and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in both organs. For this purpose, animals were treated with PFOA (15 and 30 mg/kg) orally and their lipid peroxidation, total glutathione levels (GSH), and antioxidant enzyme activities measured and both tissues analysed for histopathological changes. Our results showed a dose-dependent decrease in body weight and increase in relative brain and liver weights, PFOA-induced lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in the brain tissue, and changes in GSH levels, GPx, superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities in the liver tissue. Pre-treatment with taurine or CoQ10 provided protection against PFOA-induced Cu-Zn SOD reduction in the liver tissue. Our findings evidence the depleting effect of PFOA on antioxidative systems and confirm that PFOA exerts its (neuro)toxicity through oxidative stress, but further research is needed to identify the exact toxicity mechanisms, especially in the brain.
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Li F, Yu Y, Guo M, Lin Y, Jiang Y, Qu M, Sun X, Li Z, Zhai Y, Tan Z. Integrated analysis of physiological, transcriptomics and metabolomics provides insights into detoxication disruption of PFOA exposure in Mytilus edulis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 214:112081. [PMID: 33677383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a persistent environmental contaminant, resists environmental degradation and bioaccumulates in food chains. Lots of literatures have proved that PFOA exposure could disrupt detoxifying function in a variety of organisms, however, it still remained poorly known about this in mollusk. Here, we examined physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic responses to PFOA in Mytilus edulis, a model organism frequently used in studies of aquatic pollution. We aimed to characterize PFOA-induced stress responses and detoxification mechanisms. PFOA exposure significantly altered antioxidant enzyme activity levels and the abundances of lipid peroxidation products. In addition, transcriptomic analysis indicated that several genes associated with oxidative stress and detoxication were differentially expressed after PFOA exposure. In combination, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses showed that PFOA exposure disturbed several metabolic processes in M. edulis, including the lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism etc. Molecular examination and enzymes assay of PFOA-exposed M. edulis after a 7-day depuration period still did not recover to control levels. The Pathway enrichment analysis proved that several pathways related to detoxification, such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) pathway etc, were obviously affected. The present work verifies firstly PFOA disruption to molluscan detoxification and identifies the key pathways to understand the molecular mechanisms thereof. This study provides new insights into the detoxication disruption invoked in response to PFOA exposure in M. edulis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengling Li
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Yongxing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Yao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Yanhua Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Meng Qu
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Xiaojie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Zhaoxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Yuxiu Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
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Casetta J, Ribeiro RP, Lewandowski V, Khatlab ADS, de Oliveira Neto AR, Boscolo WR, Gasparino E. Expression of the PEPT1, CAT, SOD2 and GPX1 genes in the zebrafish intestine supplemented with methionine dipeptide under predation risk. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 105:1214-1225. [PMID: 33772913 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of methionine supplementation, predation risk and their interaction on gut histology, whole-body cortisol levels, and intestinal gene expression in zebrafish. A total of 360 one-year-old animals were maintained under two environmental conditions and fed diets containing different methionine sources. Fish were fed either a control diet (CTL, without methionine supplementation), a diet supplemented with dl-methionine (DLM), or a diet supplemented with methionine dipeptide (MM) in the absence (AP) of a predator or in the presence of the predator (PP) for 48 h or 20 days. Predator-induced stress for 20 days resulted in lower body weight. Zebrafish fed methionine-supplemented diets had higher weight gain than control fish. We found no effect of predation stress or methionine supplementation on cortisol level. Predation risk and methionine supplementation showed no interaction effect on dipeptide transporter gene expression. After 48 h of predation pressure, zebrafish had higher mRNA expression of SOD2, CAT and GPX1 in the gut. After 20 days of exposure to the predator, zebrafish fed methionine-supplemented diets had lower expression of GPX1, SOD2 and CAT than those diet CTL. Methionine dipeptide and free methionine supplementation improved growth, intestinal health and survivability of zebrafish both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaísa Casetta
- Animal Science Department, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | - Vanessa Lewandowski
- Department of Aquacultural Engineering, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Eliane Gasparino
- Animal Science Department, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
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Yang Y, Meng K, Chen M, Xie S, Chen D. Fluorotelomer Alcohols' Toxicology Correlates with Oxidative Stress and Metabolism. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 256:71-101. [PMID: 33866421 DOI: 10.1007/398_2020_57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) are widely used as industrial raw materials due to their unique hydrophobic and oleophobic properties. However, because of accidental exposure to products containing FTOHs or with the widespread use of FTOHs, they tend to contaminate the water and the soil. There are reports demonstrating that FTOHs can cause various harmful effects in animals and humans (for example, neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, immunotoxicity, endocrine-disrupting activity, and developmental and reproductive toxicities). Oxidative stress is related to a variety of toxic effects induced by FTOHs. To date, few reviews have addressed the relationship between the toxicity of FTOHs and oxidative stress. This article summarises research demonstrating that the toxicity induced by FTOHs correlates with oxidative stress and metabolism. Furthermore, during the metabolic process of FTOHs, a number of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450) are involved and many metabolites are produced by these enzymes, which can induce oxidative stress. This is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Yang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kuiyu Meng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Min Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shuyu Xie
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Dong H, Lu G, Yan Z, Liu J, Ji Y. Molecular and phenotypic responses of male crucian carp (Carassius auratus) exposed to perfluorooctanoic acid. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 653:1395-1406. [PMID: 30759578 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has long been produced and widely used due to its excellent water and oil repellent properties. However, this trend has facilitated to the ubiquitous existence of PFOA in environmental matrix, and the potential ecotoxicity on aquatic organisms has not been fully elucidated. To study the tissue-specific bioconcentration and the nervous system- and energy-related biochemical effects of PFOA, as well as the phenotypic alterations by this chemical, male crucian carp (Carassius auratus) were exposed to gradient concentrations of PFOA (nominal 0.2, 10, 500 and 25,000 μg/L) in a flow-through apparatus for 7 days. PFOA was enriched in tissues following an order of blood > kidney ≥ liver > gill > brain > muscle. The bioconcentration factors ranged from 0.1 to 60.4. Acetylcholinesterase activity in the fish brain was inhibited, while liver carboxylesterase was induced in most cases and attenuated with time. The acyl-CoA oxidase activity was dose-dependently elevated and accompanied by a decline of ATP contents. PFOA treatments also inhibited the activity of the electron transport system (ETS). At the transcriptional level, ETS component complexes II and IV were concordantly depressed, and ATP synthesis was also downregulated. The mRNA level of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α was increasingly upregulated, with related downstream genes upregulated in varying degrees. The phenotypes showed patterns of increased liver pathology and reduced swimming activity. In summary, PFOA leads to adverse effects in Carassius auratus related to multiple aspects, which may be associated with the nervous system, fundamental energy metabolism and other unpredictable factors. The results obtained in this study are expected to help clarify the PFOA toxic mechanisms on energy relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huike Dong
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; Water Conservancy Project & Civil Engineering College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi 860000, China.
| | - Zhenhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jianchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Yong Ji
- College of Water Conservancy and Ecological Engineering, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330099, China
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8
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Toxic effects of perfluorinated compounds at human cellular level and on a model vertebrate. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 104:14-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kumar G, Denslow ND. Gene Expression Profiling in Fish Toxicology: A Review. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 241:1-38. [PMID: 27464848 DOI: 10.1007/398_2016_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we present an overview of transcriptomic responses to chemical exposures in a variety of fish species. We have discussed the use of several molecular approaches such as northern blotting, differential display reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (DDRT-PCR), suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), real time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), microarrays, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) for measuring gene expression. These techniques have been mainly used to measure the toxic effects of single compounds or simple mixtures in laboratory conditions. In addition, only few studies have been conducted to examine the biological significance of differentially expressed gene sets following chemical exposure. Therefore, future studies should focus more under field conditions using a multidisciplinary approach (genomics, proteomics and metabolomics) to understand the synergetic effects of multiple environmental stressors and to determine the functional significance of differentially expressed genes. Nevertheless, recent developments in NGS technologies and decreasing costs of sequencing holds the promise to uncover the complexity of anthropogenic impacts and biological effects in wild fish populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Kumar
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic.
| | - Nancy D Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Wu F, Zheng Y, Gao J, Chen S, Wang Z. Induction of oxidative stress and the transcription of genes related to apoptosis in rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) larvae with Aroclor 1254 exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 110:254-260. [PMID: 25265027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of environmental contaminants widely dispersed in aquatic system. Recent data have shown that Aroclor 1254 (a highly chlorinated PCB mixture) has the potential to induce oxidative stress. The antioxidant genes are usually up-regulated in response to the oxidative stress. However, the mechanisms underlying the modulation are little known. We hypothesized that nuclear factors erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) might be involved in the regulation. In this study, rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) larvae were exposed to the Aroclor 1254 at four concentrations (5, 50, 500 and 5000μg/L) for 7 days. We found that the mRNA expressions of antioxidant genes (Cu/Zn-sod, Mn-sod, Cat, Gpx1 and Gclc) were strongly enhanced by Aroclor 1254 at high concentrations. H2O2 was significantly induced by 500 and 5000μg/L Aroclor 1254 exposure and protein thiol significantly decreased with 5000μg/L Aroclor 1254 exposure. The expression of Nrf2 and NF-κB were significantly up-regulated. Taken together, we proposed that the activation of Nrf2 and NF-κB by ROS might be a potential mechanism underlying the antioxidant gene expression induction in G. rarus larvae by Aroclor 1254. Furthermore, we investigated that the expression of genes related with apoptosis. The gene expression patterns reveal that waterborne Aroclor 1254-induced apoptosis is probably through DNA damage (p53 and p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (Puma)), disrupting mitochondrial membrane integrity (B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated X (Bax)) and c-jin N-terminal kinase (JNK)-mediated apoptotic pathway (thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)). Aroclor 1254 at 5μg/L did not cause any changes in G. rarus. The findings will help us to understand the toxicological mechanism of Aroclor 1254 in fish and properly assess the risk of the environmental contaminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feili Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yao Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiancao Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shu Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zaizhao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Zhu B, Liu L, Gong YX, Ling F, Wang GX. Triazole-induced toxicity in developing rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:13625-13635. [PMID: 25028328 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Using rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) at early-life stages as experimental models, the developmental toxicity of five widely used triazole fungicides (myclobutanil, fluconazole, flusilazole, triflumizole, and epoxiconazole) were investigated following exposure to 1-15 mg/L for 72 h. Meanwhile, morphological parameters (body length, body weight, and heart rate), enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), and acetyl cholinesterase (AChE)), and mRNA levels (hsp70, mstn, mt, apaf1, vezf1, and cyp1a) were also recorded following exposure to 0.2, 1.0, and 5.0 mg/L for 72 h. Results indicated that increased malformation and mortality, decreased body length, body weight, and heart rate provide a concentration-dependent pattern; values of 72 h LC50 (median lethal concentration) and EC50 (median effective concentration) ranged from 3 to 12 mg/L. Most importantly, the results of the present study suggest that even at the lowest concentration, 0.2 mg/L, five triazole fungicides also caused notable changes in enzyme activities and mRNA levels. Overall, the present study points out that those five triazole fungicides are highly toxic to the early development of G. rarus embryos. The information presented in this study will be helpful in better understanding the toxicity induced by triazole fungicides in fish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhu
- Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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