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Giovanella L, D’Aurizio F, Petranović Ovčariček P, Görges R. Diagnostic, Theranostic and Prognostic Value of Thyroglobulin in Thyroid Cancer. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2463. [PMID: 38730992 PMCID: PMC11084486 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13092463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Thyroglobulin (Tg) is an iodinated glycoprotein, which is normally stored in the follicular colloid of the thyroid, being a substrate for thyroid hormone production. Since it is produced by well-differentiated thyroid cells, it is considered a reliable tumor marker for patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) during their follow-up after total thyroidectomy and radioiodine ablation. It is used to monitor residual disease and to detect recurrent disease. After total thyroid ablation, unstimulated highly sensitive Tg measurements are sufficiently accurate to avoid exogenous or endogenous thyrotropin (TSH) stimulation and provide accurate diagnostic and prognostic information in the great majority of DTC patients. Adopting sophisticated statistical analysis, i.e., decision tree models, the use of Tg before radioiodine theranostic administration was demonstrated to be useful in refining conventional, pathology-based risk stratification and providing personalized adjuvant or therapeutic radioiodine administrations. The follow-up of DTC patients aims to promptly identify patients with residual or recurrent disease following primary treatment. Our review paper covers the diagnostic, theranostic and prognostic value of thyroglobulin in DTC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Giovanella
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Gruppo Ospedaliero Moncucco SA, Clinica Moncucco, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Clinic for Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital and University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Federica D’Aurizio
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Petra Petranović Ovčariček
- Department of Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rainer Görges
- Clinic for Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
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Giovanella L, D'Aurizio F, Algeciras-Schimnich A, Görges R, Petranovic Ovcaricek P, Tuttle RM, Visser WE, Verburg FA. Thyroglobulin and thyroglobulin antibody: an updated clinical and laboratory expert consensus. Eur J Endocrinol 2023; 189:R11-R27. [PMID: 37625447 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvad109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thyroglobulin measurement is the cornerstone of modern management of differentiated thyroid cancer, with clinical decisions on treatment and follow-up based on the results of such measurements. However, numerous factors need to be considered regarding measurement with and interpretation of thyroglobulin assay results. DESIGN The present document provides an integrated update to the 2013 and 2014 separate clinical position papers of our group on these issues. METHODS Issues concerning analytical and clinical aspects of highly-sensitive thyroglobulin measurement will be reviewed and discussed based on an extensive analysis of the available literature. RESULTS Thyroglobulin measurement remains a highly complex process with many pitfalls and major sources of interference, especially anti-thyroglobulin antibodies, need to be assessed, considered and, when necessary, dealt with appropriately. CONCLUSIONS Our expert consensus group formulated 53 practical, graded recommendations for guidance on highly-sensitive thyroglobulin and TgAb in laboratory and clinical practice, especially valuable where current guidelines do not offer sufficient guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Giovanella
- Clinic for Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Clinic for Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Federica D'Aurizio
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Rainer Görges
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Petra Petranovic Ovcaricek
- Department of Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Center "Sestre Milosrdnice", Zagreb, Croatia
| | - R Michael Tuttle
- Endocrinology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - W Edward Visser
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik A Verburg
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Deza S, Maroto J, Tellechea O, Orbegozo N, Merino J, Galofré JC, Alegre E, González Á. Clinical implications of changing thyroglobulin and antithyroglobulin antibodies analytical methods in the follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 548:117502. [PMID: 37516333 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Patients' response to treatment in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is classified according to serum thyroglobulin concentrations (Tg), usually using the American Thyroid Association guidelines and considering potential interfering anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (Ab-Tg). We aim to evaluate the clinical implications of changing Tg and Ab-Tg quantification method. MATERIAL AND METHODS Tg and Ab-Tg were quantified in 82 serum samples (60 from DTC patients) by Elecsys and Access immunoassays. RESULTS Elecsys immunoassay rendered higher values of Tg than Access: mean bias 5.03 ng/mL (95%CI:-14.14-24.21). In DTC patients, there was an almost perfect agreement for response classification (kappa index = 0.833). Discrepancies appeared in patients with undetermined response, with a more tendency to subclassification with Access. Ab-Tg showed a poor correlation (r = 0.5394). When Elecsys cut-off was reduced to 43 IU/mL, agreement for positive/negative classification improved from a kappa index of 0.607 to 0.650. Prospective study with personalized follow-up showed that only 6.3% of Tg results required an analytical confirmation, being confirmed 93% of them. CONCLUSIONS Despite the biases observed, clinical impact of an analytical change is minimal in patients' management. However, cautious and personalized follow-up period after the change is still mandatory, especially in patients with Tg levels between 0.2 and 1 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Deza
- Service of Biochemistry. Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Av. Pío XII 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Julia Maroto
- Service of Biochemistry. Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Av. Pío XII 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Olaia Tellechea
- Science Faculty. Universidad de Navarra. Calle Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Natalia Orbegozo
- Service of Biochemistry. Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Av. Pío XII 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juana Merino
- Service of Immunology. Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Av. Pío XII 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Calle Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan C Galofré
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Calle Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Endocrinology Department. Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Av. Pío XII 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Estibaliz Alegre
- Service of Biochemistry. Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Av. Pío XII 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Calle Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Álvaro González
- Service of Biochemistry. Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Av. Pío XII 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Calle Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
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Gholve C, Damle A, Kulkarni S, Banerjee S, Rajan MGR. Evaluation of Different Methods for the Detection of Anti- Thyroglobulin Autoantibody: Prevalence of Anti-Thyroglobulin Autoantibody and Anti-Microsomal Autoantibody in Thyroid Cancer Patients. Indian J Clin Biochem 2022; 37:473-479. [PMID: 36262779 PMCID: PMC9573838 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-021-01005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Four anti-thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAb) assays were evaluated for their reference interval, method agreement, concordance etc. Prevalence of TgAb and anti-thyroid peroxidase was studied in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) and control. Reference intervals for TgAb assays varied from method to method due to varied assay designs. For TgAb correlation coefficients ranged from 0.74 to 0.99 whereas concordance ranged from 81 to 96.1%. Prevalence of thyroid antibodies mainly TgAb was increased in DTC primarily in females. Use of sensitive immunoassays is recommended for thyroid autoantibody measurement. Diagnosis and follow-up are difficult in DTC with coexisting thyroid autoimmunity. Hence, careful monitoring with regular surveillance is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrakala Gholve
- Radiation Medicine Centre, BARC, TMH Annexe, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012 India
| | - Archana Damle
- Radiation Medicine Centre, BARC, TMH Annexe, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012 India
| | - Savita Kulkarni
- Radiation Medicine Centre, BARC, TMH Annexe, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012 India
| | - Sharmila Banerjee
- Radiation Medicine Centre, BARC, TMH Annexe, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012 India
| | - MGR. Rajan
- Radiation Medicine Centre, BARC, TMH Annexe, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012 India
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Al Achkar A, Naous E, Salameh C, Cordahi CC, Germanos-Haddad M, Sleilaty G, Gannagé-Yared MH. Comparison of thyroid stimulating hormone, free thyroxine, total triiodothyronine, thyroglobulin and peroxidase antibodies measurements by two different platforms. Clin Chem Lab Med 2022; 60:e190-e194. [PMID: 35510640 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anis Al Achkar
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Laboratory of Hormonology, Hôtel-Dieu de France Hospital, Department of laboratory medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Laboratory of Immunology, Hôtel-Dieu de France Hospital, Department of laboratory medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Elie Naous
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Christy Salameh
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Colin Charbel Cordahi
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Myrna Germanos-Haddad
- Laboratory of Immunology, Hôtel-Dieu de France Hospital, Department of laboratory medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghassan Sleilaty
- Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marie-Hélène Gannagé-Yared
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Laboratory of Hormonology, Hôtel-Dieu de France Hospital, Department of laboratory medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Lee I, Kim HK, Soh EY, Lee J. The Association Between Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis and the Progress of Papillary Thyroid Cancer. World J Surg 2021; 44:1506-1513. [PMID: 31915977 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-019-05337-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (CLT) influences the risk of development and the progression of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) remains uncertain. We investigated the effects of CLT on the clinicopathologic features and prognosis of PTC. METHODS Two thousand nine hundred twenty-eight consecutive patients with PTC treated between 2009 and 2017 were divided into two groups: one with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and one without; 1174 (40%) of the patients had coincident CLT. RESULTS In univariate analysis, CLT correlated positively with small tumor size, frequent extrathyroidal extension, multifocal diseases, and p53 but negatively with central lymph node (LN) metastasis and BRAF mutation. In multivariate analysis, CLT was associated with extrathyroidal extension and multifocal disease; however, it was not a prognostic factor for recurrence even though it was associated with two aggressive factors. Compared with patients with PTC alone, there were more retrieved central LNs in the PTC + CLT group, and these patients also underwent more invasive diagnostic tests such as fine needle aspiration cytology and frozen biopsy of LN. CONCLUSIONS The CLT patients with PTC had better behavior features and prognoses than did those with PTC alone despite frequent multifocality and extrathyroidal extension. However, precaution may be necessary to avoid performing invasive diagnostic procedures for lateral LN metastasis and to manage the patients appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inhwa Lee
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University Medical Center, 164, World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeung Kyoo Kim
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University Medical Center, 164, World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Euy Young Soh
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University Medical Center, 164, World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghun Lee
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University Medical Center, 164, World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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Turanli S, Mersin HH. Serum antithyroglobulin antibody levels are not a good predictive factor on detection of disease activity in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Cancer Res Ther 2020; 16:624-629. [PMID: 32719278 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_340_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objective Thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) are detected in thyroid cancer patients up to 25%. We investigated the prognostic value of TgAb positivity in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) after initial therapy. Patients and Methods A database of 109 consecutive patients who underwent total thyroidectomy and therapeutic lateral neck dissection followed by remnant ablation for PTC between January 1989 and December 2014 was reviewed We recorded the patients' all serum Tg and TgAb levels over time to establish changing trends. Patients were classified as either positive or negative according to serum TgAb levels. The recurrence or persistence rates in both groups were compared. Results Of the 109 patients enrolled 14 patients had TgAb positivity. Thirty-two (29.3%) showed disease recurrence or persistent disease during 101 months of follow-up. Twenty-seven of 95 patients (28.4%) with negative TgAb had persistent or recurrent disease, whereas 5 of 14 patients (35.7%) with positive TgAb had persistence or recurrence (P = 0.57). No significant difference in disease-free survival (115.3 ± 10.8 vs. 224.1 ± 16.6 months, P = 0.78) and overall survival (P = 0.59) was observed between TgAb positive and TgAb negative patients. Conclusions TgAb status is not useful as a prognostic and predictive factor for clinical outcomes in patients with PTC in our experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevim Turanli
- Department of General Surgery, Ankara Oncology Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Husnu Hakan Mersin
- Department of General Surgery, Ankara Oncology Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Pushkarev A, Orlov A, Znoyko S, Novichikhin D, Bragina V, Sizikov A, Alipour E, Ghourchian H, Nikitin A, Sorokin G, Gorshkov B, Nikitin P. Data on characterization of glass biochips and validation of the label-free biosensor for detection of autoantibodies in human serum. Data Brief 2020; 30:105648. [PMID: 32426427 PMCID: PMC7225373 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The data represent in-depth characterization of a novel method for highly sensitive simultaneous measuring in human serum of both critical parameters of autoantibodies: concentration and native kinetics. The latter refers to autoantibody interaction with free, not immobilized, antigen. The method and related biosensors are based on the spectral-correlation and spectral-phase interferometry. The data cover: multi-factor optimization and quantitative characterization of the developed affordable single-used biochips, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) control of chemical modifications of the surface during fabrication; antibody screening; optimization and verification of protocols for label-free biosensing in human serum; mathematical model for fitting experimental data and calculation of kinetic constants of interaction of autoantibodies with free antigen; comprehensive verification of the method specificity; correlation between the data obtained with the developed biosensor and with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); comparison of analytical characteristics of the developed biosensor with the most advanced label-based methods. The data importance is confirmed by a companion paper (DOI 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112187), which shows that the combination of mentioned autoantibody parameters is promising for more accurate criteria for early diagnostics and efficient therapy of autoimmune disorders. The obtained data can be used in development of a wide range of biosensors, both label-free and based on various labels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.V. Pushkarev
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskii per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russia
| | - A.V. Orlov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskii per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russia
| | - S.L. Znoyko
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - D.O. Novichikhin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - V.A. Bragina
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A.A. Sizikov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskii per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russia
| | - E. Alipour
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, P.O. Box 13145-1384, Tehran, Iran
| | - H. Ghourchian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, P.O. Box 13145-1384, Tehran, Iran
| | - A.I. Nikitin
- Volga branch of Moscow Automobile and Road State Technical University, Cheboksary 428000, Russia
| | - G.M. Sorokin
- Chuvash State University, 15 Moskovskij Ave., Cheboksary, 428015, Russia
| | - B.G. Gorshkov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - P.I. Nikitin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Algeciras-Schimnich A. Thyroglobulin measurement in the management of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2018; 55:205-218. [DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2018.1450830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Nishihara E, Amino N, Kudo T, Ito M, Fukata S, Nishikawa M, Nakamura H, Miyauchi A. Comparison of thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase antibodies measured by five different kits in autoimmune thyroid diseases. Endocr J 2017; 64:955-961. [PMID: 28768936 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej17-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally believed that the detection of thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) is superior to that of thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) for the diagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. However, limited data are available on the comparison of TgAb and TPOAb prevalence as a diagnostic measurement for Hashimoto's thyroiditis using sensitive immunoassays. We herein used five different current immunoassay kits (A-E) to compare the prevalence of TgAb and TPOAb in Hashimoto's thyroiditis (n = 70), Graves' disease (n = 70), painless thyroiditis (n = 50), and healthy control subjects (n = 100). In patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, positive TgAb was significantly more frequent than positive TPOAb in kits A-D (mean ± SD of the four kits: 98.6 ± 1.7 vs 81.4 ± 2.0%). In patients with Graves' disease, TgAb prevalence was almost equivalent to that of TPOAb in five kits. Patients with painless thyroiditis exhibited positive TgAb significantly more frequently than positive TPOAb in kits A-D (73.5 ± 4.1 vs 33.0 ± 3.4%). The prevalence of TgAb alone was significantly higher than that of TPOAb alone in both Hashimoto's thyroiditis and painless thyroiditis in kits A-D. In kit E, TgAb and TPOAb prevalence did not differ significantly for any disease, and TgAb distribution was different from other kits. In conclusion, the prevalence of TgAb was higher than that of TPOAb in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and painless thyroiditis using commercially available kits. We suggest that TgAb immunoassay is the first choice of screening test for thyroid autoimmune abnormalities in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eijun Nishihara
- Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe 650-0011, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Amino
- Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe 650-0011, Japan
| | - Takumi Kudo
- Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe 650-0011, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Ito
- Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe 650-0011, Japan
| | - Shuji Fukata
- Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe 650-0011, Japan
| | | | - Hirotoshi Nakamura
- Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe 650-0011, Japan
| | - Akira Miyauchi
- Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe 650-0011, Japan
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D'Aurizio F, Metus P, Ferrari A, Caruso B, Castello R, Villalta D, Steffan A, Gaspardo K, Pesente F, Bizzaro N, Tonutti E, Valverde S, Cosma C, Plebani M, Tozzoli R. Definition of the upper reference limit for thyroglobulin antibodies according to the National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry guidelines: comparison of eleven different automated methods. AUTOIMMUNITY HIGHLIGHTS 2017. [PMID: 28631225 PMCID: PMC5476530 DOI: 10.1007/s13317-017-0096-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose In the last two decades, thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAb) measurement has progressively switched from marker of thyroid autoimmunity to test associated with thyroglobulin (Tg) to verify the presence or absence of TgAb interference in the follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Of note, TgAb measurement is cumbersome: despite standardization against the International Reference Preparation MRC 65/93, several studies demonstrated high inter-method variability and wide variation in limits of detection and in reference intervals. Taking into account the above considerations, the main aim of the present study was the determination of TgAb upper reference limit (URL), according to the National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry guidelines, through the comparison of eleven commercial automated immunoassay platforms. Methods The sera of 120 healthy males, selected from a population survey in the province of Verona, Italy, were tested for TgAb concentration using eleven IMA applied on as many automated analyzers: AIA-2000 (AIA) and AIA-CL2400 (CL2), Tosoh Bioscience; Architect (ARC), Abbott Diagnostics; Advia Centaur XP (CEN) and Immulite 2000 XPi (IMM), Siemens Healthineers; Cobas 6000 (COB), Roche Diagnostics; Kryptor (KRY), Thermo Fisher Scientific BRAHMS, Liaison XL (LIA), Diasorin; Lumipulse G (LUM), Fujirebio; Maglumi 2000 Plus (MAG), Snibe and Phadia 250 (PHA), Phadia AB, Thermo Fisher Scientific. All assays were performed according to manufacturers’ instructions in six different laboratories in Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Veneto regions of Italy [Lab 1 (AIA), Lab 2 (CL2), Lab 3 (ARC, COB and LUM), Lab 4 (CEN, IMM, KRY and MAG), Lab 5 (LIA) and Lab 6 (PHA)]. Since TgAb values were not normally distributed, the experimental URL (e-URL) was established at 97.5 percentile according to the non-parametric method. Results TgAb e-URLs showed a significant inter-method variability. Considering the same method, e-URL was much lower than that suggested by manufacturers (m-URL), except for ARC and MAG. Correlation and linear regression were unsatisfactory. Consequently, the agreement between methods was poor, with significant bias in Bland–Altman plot. Conclusions Despite the efforts for harmonization, TgAb methods cannot be used interchangeably. Therefore, additional effort is required to improve analytical performance taking into consideration approved protocols and guidelines. Moreover, TgAb URL should be used with caution in the management of differentiated thyroid carcinoma patients since the presence and/or the degree of TgAb interference in Tg measurement has not yet been well defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D'Aurizio
- Clinical Pathology Institute, University Hospital, P.le S. Maria della Misericordia, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - P Metus
- Clinical Pathology Laboratory, 'S. Maria degli Angeli' Hospital, Pordenone, Italy
| | - A Ferrari
- Clinical Pathology Laboratory, University Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - B Caruso
- Clinical Pathology Laboratory, University Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - R Castello
- General Medicine and Endocrinology, University Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - D Villalta
- Allergology and Immunology, 'S. Maria degli Angeli' Hospital, Pordenone, Italy
| | - A Steffan
- Oncological Clinical Pathology Laboratory, CRO, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - K Gaspardo
- Oncological Clinical Pathology Laboratory, CRO, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - F Pesente
- Clinical Pathology Laboratory, 'S. Antonio Hospital', Tolmezzo, Italy
| | - N Bizzaro
- Clinical Pathology Laboratory, 'S. Antonio Hospital', Tolmezzo, Italy
| | - E Tonutti
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Allergology, University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - S Valverde
- Laboratory Medicine, 'Madonna della Navicella' Hospital, Chioggia (Ve), Italy
| | - C Cosma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - M Plebani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - R Tozzoli
- Clinical Pathology Laboratory, 'S. Maria degli Angeli' Hospital, Pordenone, Italy
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Gholve C, Kumarasamy J, Kulkarni S, Rajan MGR. In-House Solid-Phase Radioassay for the Detection of Anti-thyroglobulin Autoantibodies in Patients with Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Indian J Clin Biochem 2016; 32:39-44. [PMID: 28149011 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-016-0568-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAb) are estimated to detect potential interferences in thyroglobulin (Tg) immunoassays and also for the diagnosis of autoimmune thyroid disease. A user friendly and robust in-house solid-phase radioassay was standardized and parameters like sensitivity, reproducibility and stability were assessed. Further, it was validated and evaluated for the detection of autoantibodies in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients. Totally 301 samples received in our laboratory for routine serum Tg estimation were studied. The samples were analyzed for TgAb by the solid-phase radioassay developed in-house and compared with commercial anti-hTg IRMA kit (Immunotech, France). The control group comprised of 37 euthyroid males from our Centre. The intra- and inter-assay CVs for the two quality control samples (Control A = 104 ± 12.6 IU/mL and Control B = 1029 ± 114 IU/mL) were found less than or equal to 6.05 and 13.85 % respectively. Solid-phase radioassay showed a good agreement on comparison with Immunotech IRMA (r = 0.99). Using the proposed cut-off thresholds (in-house solid-phase radioassay 52 IU/mL and Immunotech IRMA 30 IU/mL), 5.4 % of the control subjects were positive for TgAb by both the methods. Prevalence of TgAb in DTC patients was 17.3 and 16.6 % using the Immunotech kit and in-house solid-phase radioassay respectively. The in-house solid-phase radioassay has the requisite sensitivity for the evaluation of TgAb comparable to commercial kit and also suitable for routine use as it is rapid, user friendly and economical.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Kumarasamy
- Radiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Savita Kulkarni
- Radiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - M G R Rajan
- Radiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
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La’ulu SL, Rasmussen KJ, Straseski JA. Pediatric Reference Intervals for Free Thyroxine and Free Triiodothyronine by Equilibrium Dialysis-Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2016; 8:26-31. [PMID: 26758817 PMCID: PMC4805045 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.2152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thyroid hormone concentrations fluctuate during growth and development. To accurately diagnose thyroid disease in pediatric patients, reference intervals (RIs) should be established with appropriate age groups from an adequate number of healthy subjects using the most exact methods possible. Obtaining statistically useful numbers of healthy patients is particularly challenging for pediatric populations. The objective of this study was to determine non-parametric RIs for free thyroxine (fT4) and free triiodothyronine (fT3) using equilibrium dialysis-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with over 2200 healthy children 6 months-17 years of age. METHODS Subjects were negative for both thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies and had normal thyrotropin concentrations. The study included 2213 children (1129 boys and 1084 girls), with at least 120 subjects (average of 125) from each year of life, except for the 6 month to 1 year age group (n=96). RESULTS Non-parametric RIs (95th percentile) for fT4 were: 18.0-34.7 pmol/L (boys and girls, 6 months-6 years) and 14.2-25.7 pmol/L (boys and girls, 7-17 years). RIs for fT3 were: 5.8-13.1 pmol/L (girls, 6 months-6 years); 5.7-11.8 pmol/L (boys, 6 months-6 years); 5.7-10.0 pmol/L (boys and girls, 7-12 years); 4.5-8.6 pmol/L (girls, 13-17 years); and 5.2-9.4 pmol/L (boys, 13-17 years). CONCLUSION Numerous significant differences were observed between pediatric age groups and previously established adult ranges. This emphasizes the need for well-characterized RIs for thyroid hormones in the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia L. La’ulu
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
,
These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Kyle J. Rasmussen
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
,
These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Joely A. Straseski
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
,
University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Department of Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
,* Address for Correspondence: ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA Phone: (800) 242-2787 ext. 3696 E-mail:
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14
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Tozzoli R, D'Aurizio F, Ferrari A, Castello R, Metus P, Caruso B, Perosa AR, Sirianni F, Stenner E, Steffan A, Villalta D. The upper reference limit for thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies is method-dependent: A collaborative study with biomedical industries. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 452:61-5. [PMID: 26519836 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The determination of the upper reference limit (URL) for thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies (TPOAbs) is a contentious issue, because of the difficulty in defining the reference population. The aim of this study was to establish the URL (eURL) for TPOAbs, according to the National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (NACB) guidelines and to compare them with those obtained in a female counterpart, by the use of six commercial automated platforms. METHODS 120 healthy males and 120 healthy females with NACB-required characteristics (<30years, TSH between 0.5 and 2.0mIU/L, normal thyroid ultrasound, without personal/family history of thyroid and non-thyroid autoimmune diseases) were studied. Sera were analyzed for TPOAbs concentration using six immunoassay methods applied in automated analyzers: Advia Centaur XP (CEN), Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics; Maglumi 2000 Plus, Shenzen New Industries Biomedical Engineering; Architect ci4100, Abbott; Cobas e411 (COB) Roche Diagnostics; Unicel DxI (UNI) and Lumipulse G1200, Fujirebio. RESULTS Within each method, TPOAbs values had a high degree of dispersion and the eURLs were lower than those stated by the manufacturer. A statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between medians of males and females was observed only for COB and for UNI. However, the comparison of the male and female proportions positive for TPOAbs using the eURL of the counterpart, showed the lack of clinical significance of the above differences (Chi-square test, p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Despite the analytical harmonization, the wide dispersion of the results and the differences of the eURLs between methods suggest the need of further studies focusing on TPO antigen preparations as the possible source of variability between different assays. In addition, the lack of clinical significant difference between males and females, in terms of TPOAb eURLs, confirms the suitability of the NACB recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Tozzoli
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, S. Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Federica D'Aurizio
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, S. Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy.
| | - Anna Ferrari
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Castello
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, University Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo Metus
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, S. Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Beatrice Caruso
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Rosa Perosa
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Latisana General Hospital, Latisana, Italy
| | - Francesca Sirianni
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Latisana General Hospital, Latisana, Italy
| | | | - Agostino Steffan
- Department of Diagnostic Laboratory and Cellular Therapy, C.R.O., Aviano, Italy
| | - Danilo Villalta
- Allergology-Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, S. Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy
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D'Aurizio F, Metus P, Polizzi Anselmo A, Villalta D, Ferrari A, Castello R, Giani G, Tonutti E, Bizzaro N, Tozzoli R. Establishment of the upper reference limit for thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies according to the guidelines proposed by the National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry: comparison of five different automated methods. AUTOIMMUNITY HIGHLIGHTS 2015; 6:31-7. [PMID: 26275915 PMCID: PMC4633414 DOI: 10.1007/s13317-015-0070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Aim of the study The estimation of the upper reference limit (URL) for autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase (TPOAbs) is a controversial issue, because of an uncertainty associated with the criteria used to correctly define the reference population. In addition, the URL of TPOAbs is method-dependent and often arbitrarily established in current laboratory practice. The aim of this study was to determine the reference limits of TPOAbs in a male sample according to the National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (NACB) guidelines, and to compare them with those obtained in a female group, for five third-generation commercial-automated immunoassay (IMA) platforms. Methods 120 healthy males and 120 healthy females with NACB-required characteristics (younger than 30 years, TSH between 0.5 and 2.0 mIU/L, normal thyroid ultrasound, absence of thyroid disease and absence of other autoimmune diseases) were studied. Sera were analyzed for TPOAbs concentration using five IMA methods applied in automated analyzers: Immulite 2000 XPi (IMM); Maglumi 2000 Plus (MAG); Kryptor Compact Plus (KRY); Phadia 250 (PHA) and Liaison XL (LIA). Results A statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between medians in male and female groups was observed for PHA (2.6 and 3.1 IU/mL, respectively) but not for the other four methods. Scatter plots of TPOAbs values revealed a wide dispersion with very different coefficients of variation between the five methods, varying from 48.6 % for KRY in females to 126.3 % for MAG in females. The URLs differed in males and females according to the method: 28.7 and 29.0 IU/mL for IMM, 24.6 and 25.4 IU/mL for MAG, 6.4 and 6.9 IU/mL for KRY, 8.3 and 10.0 IU/mL for PHA and 14.2 and 17.9 IU/mL for LIA, respectively. Such URLs were lower than those stated by the manufacturers except for LIA in females. The difference between URLs ranged from a minimum of 11.3 % (LIA in males) to a maximum of 66.8 % (PHA in males). Conclusions Differences in URLs could result from the different coating preparations of the TPO antigen (purified native or recombinant) on solid phase, which affect the proper exposure of the immunodominant epitopes recognized by the polyclonal antibodies present in serum of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). Based on these findings, we suggest to overcome the proposal of the NACB guidelines which recommend to involve a single group of young male subjects, and propose, instead, to utilize two distinct groups: one of males and one of females. This new proposal removes the apparent contrast of an all-male reference group for a disease (such as AITD) that affects mainly females. However, in spite of the harmonization among methods provided by the use of an international standard preparation, the wide dispersion of quantitative results still observed in this study suggests the need for further efforts to better understand the cause of these discrepancies, focusing on TPO antigen preparations as the possible source of variability among different assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica D'Aurizio
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, S. Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy.
| | - Paolo Metus
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, S. Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Annalisa Polizzi Anselmo
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, S. Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Danilo Villalta
- Allergology-Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, S. Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Anna Ferrari
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Castello
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, University Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Graziella Giani
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, General Hospital, S. Vito al Tagliamento, PN, Italy
| | - Elio Tonutti
- Allergology and Immunopathology, University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Nicola Bizzaro
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, General Hospital, Tolmezzo, UD, Italy
| | - Renato Tozzoli
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, S. Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy
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Santini F, Marzullo P, Rotondi M, Ceccarini G, Pagano L, Ippolito S, Chiovato L, Biondi B. Mechanisms in endocrinology: the crosstalk between thyroid gland and adipose tissue: signal integration in health and disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2014; 171:R137-52. [PMID: 25214234 DOI: 10.1530/eje-14-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and thyroid diseases are common disorders in the general population and they frequently occur in single individuals. Alongside a chance association, a direct relationship between 'thyroid and obesity' has been hypothesized. Thyroid hormone is an important determinant of energy expenditure and contributes to appetite regulation, while hormones and cytokines from the adipose tissue act on the CNS to inform on the quantity of energy stores. A continuous interaction between the thyroid hormone and regulatory mechanisms localized in adipose tissue and brain is important for human body weight control and maintenance of optimal energy balance. Whether obesity has a pathogenic role in thyroid disease remains largely a matter of investigation. This review highlights the complexity in the identification of thyroid hormone deficiency in obese patients. Regardless of the importance of treating subclinical and overt hypothyroidism, at present there is no evidence to recommend pharmacological correction of the isolated hyperthyrotropinemia often encountered in obese patients. While thyroid hormones are not indicated as anti-obesity drugs, preclinical studies suggest that thyromimetic drugs, by targeting selected receptors, might be useful in the treatment of obesity and dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferruccio Santini
- Endocrinology UnitObesity Center, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Translational MedicineUniversity of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, ItalyDivision of General MedicineI.R.C.C.S. Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Verbania, ItalyUnit of Internal Medicine and EndocrinologyFondazione Salvatore Maugeri I.R.C.C.S., University of Pavia, Pavia, ItalyDepartment of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Marzullo
- Endocrinology UnitObesity Center, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Translational MedicineUniversity of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, ItalyDivision of General MedicineI.R.C.C.S. Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Verbania, ItalyUnit of Internal Medicine and EndocrinologyFondazione Salvatore Maugeri I.R.C.C.S., University of Pavia, Pavia, ItalyDepartment of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy Endocrinology UnitObesity Center, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Translational MedicineUniversity of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, ItalyDivision of General MedicineI.R.C.C.S. Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Verbania, ItalyUnit of Internal Medicine and EndocrinologyFondazione Salvatore Maugeri I.R.C.C.S., University of Pavia, Pavia, ItalyDepartment of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Rotondi
- Endocrinology UnitObesity Center, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Translational MedicineUniversity of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, ItalyDivision of General MedicineI.R.C.C.S. Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Verbania, ItalyUnit of Internal Medicine and EndocrinologyFondazione Salvatore Maugeri I.R.C.C.S., University of Pavia, Pavia, ItalyDepartment of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ceccarini
- Endocrinology UnitObesity Center, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Translational MedicineUniversity of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, ItalyDivision of General MedicineI.R.C.C.S. Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Verbania, ItalyUnit of Internal Medicine and EndocrinologyFondazione Salvatore Maugeri I.R.C.C.S., University of Pavia, Pavia, ItalyDepartment of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Loredana Pagano
- Endocrinology UnitObesity Center, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Translational MedicineUniversity of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, ItalyDivision of General MedicineI.R.C.C.S. Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Verbania, ItalyUnit of Internal Medicine and EndocrinologyFondazione Salvatore Maugeri I.R.C.C.S., University of Pavia, Pavia, ItalyDepartment of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Ippolito
- Endocrinology UnitObesity Center, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Translational MedicineUniversity of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, ItalyDivision of General MedicineI.R.C.C.S. Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Verbania, ItalyUnit of Internal Medicine and EndocrinologyFondazione Salvatore Maugeri I.R.C.C.S., University of Pavia, Pavia, ItalyDepartment of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Chiovato
- Endocrinology UnitObesity Center, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Translational MedicineUniversity of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, ItalyDivision of General MedicineI.R.C.C.S. Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Verbania, ItalyUnit of Internal Medicine and EndocrinologyFondazione Salvatore Maugeri I.R.C.C.S., University of Pavia, Pavia, ItalyDepartment of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Bernadette Biondi
- Endocrinology UnitObesity Center, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Translational MedicineUniversity of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, ItalyDivision of General MedicineI.R.C.C.S. Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Verbania, ItalyUnit of Internal Medicine and EndocrinologyFondazione Salvatore Maugeri I.R.C.C.S., University of Pavia, Pavia, ItalyDepartment of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Gestational thyroid reference intervals in antibody-negative Chinese women. Clin Biochem 2014; 47:673-5. [PMID: 24631176 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to establish gestation-specific reference intervals (GRIs) for thyroid function assays in pregnant Chinese women with ARCHITECT and compare them to other GRI studies. DESIGN AND METHOD Thyroid antibody negative pregnant Chinese women were enrolled and followed to establish GRIs for thyroid function by use of the Abbott ARCHITECT i2000SR analyzer (N=1409). Samples from 360 non-pregnant Chinese women served as controls. RESULTS GRIs of thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine for first trimester pregnancies were 0.16-3.78mIU/L, 10.9-17.7pmol/L and 2.9-5.0pmol/L, respectively. GRIs for second trimester pregnancies were 0.34-3.51mIU/L, 9.3-15.2pmol/L and 2.9-4.6pmol/L. GRIs for third trimester pregnancies were 0.34-4.32mIU/L, 7.9-14.1pmol/L and 2.9-4.5pmol/L. CONCLUSIONS Our thyroid GRIs were different from those in other Chinese studies generated on other analyzers, but were similar to a Swiss study using the same analyzer. These data should prove useful for the interpretation of thyroid function assays among pregnant women measured on the Abbott analyzer.
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Beastall GH. What is the significance of anti-thyroid antibodies in children and adolescents? Clin Biochem 2014; 47:1-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Spencer C, Fatemi S. Thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) methods - Strengths, pitfalls and clinical utility for monitoring TgAb-positive patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 27:701-12. [PMID: 24094640 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAb) are detected at diagnosis or during treatment in approximately 25% of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). When present, TgAb interferes with thyroglobulin (Tg) measurement causing falsely low or undetectable Tg immunometric assay (IMA) values that can mask disease. Guidelines mandate that every Tg test have TgAb measured simultaneously and quantitatively by immunoassay and not a recovery test. The propensity and magnitude of TgAb-Tg interference relates to both Tg and TgAb concentrations and the class of Tg method used. Because the TgAb trend reflects changes in thyroid tissue mass, TgAb concentrations serve as a surrogate post-operative DTC tumor marker. A rising, or de novo appearance of TgAb may indicate recurrence, whereas a progressive decline suggests successful treatment. This review focuses on the technical limitations of current TgAb methods, characteristics of TgAb interference with different classes of Tg method, and the clinical value of monitoring TgAb trends as a surrogate DTC tumor marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Spencer
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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20
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Verburg FA, Luster M, Cupini C, Chiovato L, Duntas L, Elisei R, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Rimmele H, Seregni E, Smit JWA, Theimer C, Giovanella L. Implications of thyroglobulin antibody positivity in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: a clinical position statement. Thyroid 2013; 23:1211-25. [PMID: 23692026 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2012.0606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even though the presence of antithyroglobulin antibodies (TgAbs) represents a significant problem in the follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), the current guidelines on the management of DTC that have been published in recent years contain no text concerning the methods to be used for detecting such antibody-related interference in thyroglobulin (Tg) measurement or how to manage TgAb-positive patients in whom Tg cannot be used reliably as a tumor marker. AIM An international group of experts from the European Thyroid Association Cancer Research Network who are involved in the care of DTC patients met twice to form a consensus opinion on how to proceed with treatment and follow-up in TgAb-positive DTC patients based on the available evidence in the literature. Here we will report on the consensus opinions that were reached regarding technical and clinical issues. RESULTS This clinical opinion article provides an overview of the available evidence and the resulting consensus recommendations. The current literature does not provide sufficient data for giving evidence-based answers to many questions arising in the care of TgAb-positive DTC patients. Where insufficient evidence was available, a thorough discussion by a group of physician-scientists, all of whom have a distinguished track record in thyroid cancer care, was held to arrive at a consensus expert opinion. The questions and answers discussed were then summarized into an algorithm for the management of TgAb-positive patients. CONCLUSION We were able to define 26 consensus expert recommendations and a resulting algorithm for the care of TgAb-positive DTC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik A Verburg
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Aachen , Aachen, Germany
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Fernandez-Calle P, Pelaz S, Oliver P, Alcaide MJ, Gomez-Rioja R, Buno A, Iturzaeta JM. The importance of having a flexible scope ISO 15189 accreditation and quality specifications based on biological variation--the case of validation of the biochemistry analyzer Dimension Vista. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2013; 23:83-95. [PMID: 23457769 PMCID: PMC3900090 DOI: 10.11613/bm.2013.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Technological innovation requires the laboratories to ensure that modifications or incorporations of new techniques do not alter the quality of their results. In an ISO 15189 accredited laboratory, flexible scope accreditation facilitates the inclusion of these changes prior to accreditation body evaluation. A strategy to perform the validation of a biochemistry analyzer in an accredited laboratory having a flexible scope is shown. MATERIALS AND METHODS A validation procedure including the evaluation of imprecision and bias of two Dimension Vista analysers 1500 was conducted. Comparability of patient results between one of them and the lately replaced Dimension RxL Max was evaluated. All studies followed the respective Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) protocols. 30 chemistry assays were studied. Coefficients of variation, percent bias and total error were calculated for all tests and biological variation was considered as acceptance criteria. Quality control material and patient samples were used as test materials. Interchangeability of the results was established by processing forty patients' samples in both devices. RESULTS 27 of the 30 studied parameters met allowable performance criteria. Sodium, chloride and magnesium did not fulfil acceptance criteria. Evidence of interchangeability of patient results was obtained for all parameters except magnesium, NT-proBNP, cTroponin I and C-reactive protein. CONCLUSIONS A laboratory having a well structured and documented validation procedure can opt to get a flexible scope of accreditation. In addition, performing these activities prior to use on patient samples may evidence technical issues which must be corrected to minimize their impact on patient results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Fernandez-Calle
- Emergency Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Han SM, Han JH, Park JA, Quinn FA, Park J, Oh E. Longitudinal evaluation of thyroid autoimmunity and function in pregnant Korean women. Clin Chem Lab Med 2013; 51:2295-301. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2013-0598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pickett AJ, Jones M, Evans C. Causes of discordance between thyroglobulin antibody assays. Ann Clin Biochem 2012; 49:463-7. [DOI: 10.1258/acb.2012.012008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Anti-thyroglobulin (Anti-Tg) assays show poor concordance. Methods We have investigated concordance and the causes of discordance between Abbott, Roche and Immulite Anti-Tg assays in 606 patients followed up for differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). The reference range (RR) or lower reporting limit (LRL) was used to classify samples as negative or positive. Results Anti-Tg prevalence ranged between 6% and 55% depending on the method and cut-off. Concordance was 45% using LRL and 75% using RR. Specimens between the RR and LRL using the Immulite and Roche assays were identified that were positive by the Abbott assay and showed poor recovery of Tg in the Tg assay. This suggests misclassification using the RR. Anti-Tg International Reference Preparation (IRP) concentrations measured by the Roche and Abbott methods agreed well but patient samples did not. This is likely to be due to the heterogeneity of Anti-Tg. The Immulite assay appeared less sensitive than the Abbott and Roche based on investigations using the IRP and the low prevalence of Anti-Tg in the DTC patients (6–8%). Interference by Tg (>1000 μg/L) in the Roche assay was also identified as a cause of assay discordance. Conclusions Anti-Tg is used as a tumour marker for DTC and to predict interference in Tg assays themselves and hence inform clinicians of reported Tg concentrations. We have identified several causes of Anti-Tg assay discordance. This includes variation in assay sensitivity and interference from Tg, the heterogeneity of Anti-Tg and the use of different cut-offs to classify samples as antibody-positive or -negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan John Pickett
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Immunology, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Meinir Jones
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Immunology, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Carol Evans
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Immunology, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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Algeciras-Schimnich A, Lasho MA, Ness KM, Cheryk LA, Grebe SKG. The Roche Elecsys and Siemens-Centaur thyroglobulin autoantibody assays show comparable clinical performance to the recently unavailable Beckman-Coulter access thyroglobulin autoantibody assay in identifying samples with potentially false-low thyroglobulin measurements due to thyroglobulin autoantibody interference. Thyroid 2011; 21:813-4. [PMID: 21707436 PMCID: PMC3123526 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2011.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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25
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Comparison of thyroglobulin antibody interference in first- and second-generation thyroglobulin immunoassays. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011; 49:1025-7. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Langer P. The impacts of organochlorines and other persistent pollutants on thyroid and metabolic health. Front Neuroendocrinol 2010; 31:497-518. [PMID: 20797403 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High prevalence of thyroid and metabolic disorders has been repeatedly observed in the population living in the area of eastern Slovakia highly polluted by a mixture of PCBs, DDE and HCB since about 50 years ago. Among thyroid disorders, increase of thyroid volume as measured by ultrasound volumetry may be suggested as one of notable findings which appeared possibly related to increased OCs levels and to autoimmunity signs (e.g. positive thyroperoxidase antibodies in blood and/or hypoechogenicity image obtained by ultrasound), while some participation of individual susceptibility and also of immunogenic effect of OCs and iodine in this iodine replete country cannot be excluded. Another notable finding has been the increase of blood FT4 and TT3 positively related to high PCBs level. Such increased FT4 level has been found associated with TSH level in hyperthyroid range in about 2% of examined population from polluted area. High prevalence of thyroid autoimmune disorders strongly supported the assumption on impaired immune system and thus also on presumably increased prevalence of other autoimmune disorders in highly exposed population. In addition, markedly increased prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes significantly related to major OCs (PCBs, DDE and HCB) levels and accompanied by increasing level of cholesterol and triglycerides has been observed. The observations also suggested a role of prenatal exposure to OCs in the development of several adverse health signs (e.g. increased prevalence of thyroid antibodies, impaired fasting glucose level, increased thyroid volume, decreased thymus volume, decreased neurobehavioral performance, increased hearing and dental disorders) in young generation born to highly exposed mothers in polluted area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Langer
- Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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27
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Quinn FA, Tam MC, Wong PT, Poon PK, Leung MS. Thyroid autoimmunity and thyroid hormone reference intervals in apparently healthy Chinese adults. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 405:156-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Thyroglobulin and anti-thyroglobulin assays in thyroid cancer monitoring. Clin Biochem 2009; 42:416-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 12/07/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tozzoli R, Giavarina D, Villalta D, Soffiati G, Bizzaro N. Definition of reference limits for autoantibodies to thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin in a large population of outpatients using an indirect method based on current data. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2009; 132:1924-8. [PMID: 19061292 DOI: 10.5858/132.12.1924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The reference limits for thyroid antibodies are generally made by measuring thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin antibody values in a group of healthy subjects (direct method), as proposed by the National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry. OBJECTIVE To define the upper reference limits of thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin, by using an indirect method to analyze data from a large number of outpatients that were stored in the information system of a general hospital laboratory. DESIGN Thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin values from 21 492 patients, who had undergone antithyroid antibody measurements, were retrieved from the laboratory information system; the upper reference limits (in the top 97.5 percentile) were calculated using the indirect Kairisto method, after exclusion of outliers. RESULTS The mean upper reference limits for females and males were 15 kIU/L and 9 kIU/L for thyroid peroxidase, and 21 kIU/L and 19 kIU/L for thyroglobulin, respectively. The upper limits showed minimal or no differences in the different age classes in either females or males. CONCLUSIONS Using a vast population of patients, we demonstrated that the upper limits for thyroid antibodies are much lower than the values obtained with classic, direct methods and that they do not vary in relation to age and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Tozzoli
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Ospedale Civile, Latisana, Italy
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Abstract
Abstract
Background: Thyroid function changes during pregnancy, complicating the diagnosis of thyroid disorders. Maternal thyroid dysfunction has been associated with a variety of adverse outcomes. We evaluated thyroid function test results by ethnicity and week of gestation during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy.
Methods: We collected 3064 blood specimens in serum tubes from Asians (13%), blacks (22%), Hispanics (23%), and whites (42%). We measured thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total and free thyroxine (TT4 and FT4), total and free triiodothyronine (TT3 and FT3), thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAb), and thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies (TPOAb) by use of an ARCHITECT i2000SR (Abbott Diagnostics). The TSH reference interval was calculated for samples negative for both TgAb and TPOAb and reference intervals for TT4, FT4, TT3, and FT3 in antibody-negative samples with normal TSH.
Results: Serum samples were positive for TgAb in 10.6%, 1.8%, 6.2%, 6.5%, and 5.9% of Asian, black, Hispanic, white, and combined groups, respectively. Samples were positive for TPOAb in 12.4%, 4.1%, 11.8%, 12.3%, and 10.4% of the same groups, respectively. The nonparametric reference intervals for all participants were 0.15–3.11 mIU/L (TSH), 9.3–15.2 pmol/L (0.72–1.18 ng/dL; FT4), 89.0–176.3 nmol/L (6.90–13.67 μg/dL; TT4), 3.82–5.96 pmol/L (2.48–3.87 pg/mL; FT3), and 1.82–3.68 nmol/L (118–239 ng/dL; TT3).
Conclusions: Blacks had lower prevalences of TgAb and TPOAb positivity and of increased serum TSH. The prevalence of TgAb and TPOAb positivity was highest in Asians. Whites had the highest prevalence of increased TSH. The lower and upper reference limits of TT3 were significantly lower for Asians. Reference intervals for women in the 2nd trimester were different from those of nonpregnant individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia L La'ulu
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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