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Zollet V, Arenas Hoyos I, Hirsiger S, Brahim BB, Petrucci MF, Casoni D, Wang J, Spirig R, Nettelbeck K, Garcia L, Fuest L, Vögelin E, Constantinescu M, Rieben R. Neutrophil extracellular traps and citrullinated fibrinogen contribute to injury in a porcine model of limb ischemia and reperfusion. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1436926. [PMID: 39315100 PMCID: PMC11416929 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1436926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is a complex pathological process, triggered by the restoration of blood flow following an interrupted blood supply. While restoring the blood flow is the only option to salvage the ischemic tissue, reperfusion after a prolonged period of ischemia initiates IRI, triggering a cascade of inflammatory responses ultimately leading to neutrophil recruitment to the inflamed tissue, where they release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs are web-like structures of decondensed chromatin and neutrophilic proteins, including peptidyl-arginine deiminase 2 and 4 (PAD2, PAD4), that, once outside, can citrullinate plasma proteins, irreversibly changing their conformation and potentially their function. While the involvement of NETs in IRI is known mainly from rodent models, we aimed to determine the effect of NET formation and especially PADs-mediated extracellular protein citrullination in a porcine model of limb IRI. Methods We conducted our study on amputated pig forelimbs exposed to 1 h or 9 h of ischemia and then reperfused in vivo for 12 h. Limb weight, edema formation, compartmental pressure were measured, and skeletal muscle was analyzed by immunofluorescence (TUNEL assay and dystrophin staining) to evaluate tissue damage. Fibrin tissue deposition, complement deposition and NETs were investigated by immunofluorescence. Citrullinated plasma proteins were immunoprecipitated and citrullinated fibrinogen was identified in the plasma by Western blot and in the tissue by immunofluorescence and Western blot. Results Our data consolidate the involvement of NETs in a porcine model of limb IRI, correlating their contribution to damage extension with the duration of the ischemic time. We found a massive infiltration of NETs in the group subjected to 9 h ischemia compared to the 1 h and citrullinated fibrinogen levels, in plasma and tissue, were higher in 9 h ischemia group. We propose fibrinogen citrullination as one of the mechanisms contributing to the worsening of IRI. NETs and protein citrullination represent a potential therapeutic target, but approaches are still a matter of debate. Here we introduce the idea of therapeutic approaches against citrullination to specifically inhibit PADs extracellularly, avoiding the downstream effects of hypercitrullination and keeping PADs' and NETs' intracellular regulatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Zollet
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Arenas Hoyos
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Hirsiger
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bilal Ben Brahim
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maria Francesca Petrucci
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Casoni
- Experimental Surgery Facility, Experimental Animal Center, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Junhua Wang
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Spirig
- Commonwealth Serum Laboratories (CSL) Behring, Research, Commonwealth Serum Laboratories (CSL) Behring Biologics Research Center, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kay Nettelbeck
- Experimental Surgery Facility, Experimental Animal Center, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luisana Garcia
- Experimental Surgery Facility, Experimental Animal Center, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lena Fuest
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Esther Vögelin
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mihai Constantinescu
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert Rieben
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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2
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Sue T, Ichikawa T, Hattori S, Otani H, Fujimura S, Higuchi T, Okumura N, Higuchi Y. Quantitative evaluation of citrullinated fibrinogen for detection of neutrophil extracellular traps. Immunol Res 2024; 72:409-417. [PMID: 38087184 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-023-09446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Activated neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) composed of chromatin filaments containing bactericidal proteins and enzymes. This process, known as NETosis, is an innate host defense mechanism. However, NET accumulation can lead to uncontrolled inflammation and organ damage. Therefore, NET detection provides clinically important information for the assessment of inflammatory conditions. We investigated whether quantification of citrullinated fibrinogen (C-Fbg), which is catalyzed by peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) released during NETosis, can be used to detect NETs. Human neutrophils were stimulated with fibrinogen using phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). The myeloperoxidase (MPO)-DNA complex and C-Fbg concentrations in the culture supernatants were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The protein levels of peptidylarginine deiminase 2 and 4 in culture supernatants and mRNA levels in PMA-stimulated neutrophils were also assessed. The levels of the MPO-DNA complex in the supernatants of PMA-stimulated neutrophils increased, indicating NETosis. C-Fbg level also increased, which was suppressed by both NETosis and PAD inhibitors. PAD2 was detected in the culture supernatant; however, PAD4, but not PAD2, mRNA levels increased in PMA-stimulated neutrophils. This study quantitatively demonstrates that fibrinogen is citrullinated by PAD derived from PMA-stimulated neutrophils upon NETosis. Although further studies are needed for clinical application, quantification of C-Fbg in blood may help detect the presence of NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Sue
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ichikawa
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Shu Hattori
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hikaru Otani
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujimura
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Higuchi
- Department of General Pediatrics, Nagano Children's Hospital, Azumino, Japan
- Life Science Research Center, Nagano Children's Hospital, Azumino, Japan
| | - Nobuo Okumura
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yumiko Higuchi
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
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3
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Han Y, Tomita T, Kato M, Ashihara N, Higuchi Y, Matoba H, Wang W, Hayashi H, Itoh Y, Takahashi S, Kurita H, Nakayama J, Okumura N, Hiratsuka S. Citrullinated fibrinogen-SAAs complex causes vascular metastagenesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4960. [PMID: 37620307 PMCID: PMC10449786 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40371-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary tumor cells metastasize to a distant preferred organ. However, the most decisive host factors that determine the precise locations of metastases in cancer patients remain unknown. We have demonstrated that post-translational citrullination of fibrinogen creates a metastatic niche in the vulnerable spots. Pulmonary endothelial cells mediate the citrullination of fibrinogen, changing its conformation, surface charge, and binding properties with serum amyloid A proteins (SAAs), to make it a host tissue-derived metastatic pathogen. The human-specific SAAs-citrullinated fibrinogen (CitFbg) complex recruits cancer cells to form a protein-metastatic cell aggregation in humanized SAA cluster mice. Furthermore, a CitFbg peptide works as a competitive inhibitor to block the homing of metastatic cells into the SAAs-CitFbg sites. The potential metastatic sites in the lungs of patients are clearly visualized by our specific antibody for CitFbg. Thus, CitFbg deposition displays metastatic risks for cancer patients, and the citrullinated peptide is a new type of metastasis inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibing Han
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tomita
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kato
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Norihiro Ashihara
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yumiko Higuchi
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hisanori Matoba
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Weiyi Wang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hikaru Hayashi
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Itoh
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kurita
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Jun Nakayama
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Nobuo Okumura
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Sachie Hiratsuka
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
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Lu H, Xiao L, Wang W, Li X, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Wang X. Fibrinolysis Regulation: A Promising Approach to Promote Osteogenesis. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2022; 28:1192-1208. [PMID: 35442086 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2021.0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Soon after bone fracture, the initiation of the coagulation cascade results in the formation of a blood clot, which acts as a natural material to facilitate cell migration and osteogenic differentiation at the fracture site. The existence of hematoma is important in early stage of bone healing, but the persistence of hematoma is considered harmful for bone regeneration. Fibrinolysis is recently regarded as a period of critical transition in angiogenic-osteogenic coupling, it thereby is vital for the complete healing of the bone. Moreover, the enhanced fibrinolysis is proposed to boost bone regeneration through promoting the formation of blood vessels, and fibrinolysis system as well as the products of fibrinolysis also play crucial roles in the bone healing process. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to elucidate the fibrinolysis-derived effects on osteogenesis and summarize the potential approaches-improving bone healing by regulating fibrinolysis, with the purpose to further understand the integral roles of fibrinolysis in bone regeneration and to provide theoretical knowledge for potential fibrinolysis-related osteogenesis strategies. Impact statement Fibrinolysis emerging as a new and viable therapeutic intervention to be contained within osteogenesis strategies, however to now, there have been no review articles which collates the information between fibrinolysis and osteogenesis. This review, therefore, focusses on the effects that fibrinolysis exerts on bone healing, with a purpose to provide theoretical reference to develop new strategies to modulate fibrinolysis to accelerate fibrinolysis thus enhancing bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Lu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Lan Xiao
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Center for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,The Australia-China Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Weiqun Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Xuyan Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Yaping Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Hygiene Toxicology, School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.,School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Center for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,The Australia-China Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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5
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Varjú I, Tóth E, Farkas ÁZ, Farkas VJ, Komorowicz E, Feller T, Kiss B, Kellermayer MZ, Szabó L, Wacha A, Bóta A, Longstaff C, Kolev K. Citrullinated fibrinogen forms densely packed clots with decreased permeability. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:2862-2872. [PMID: 36083779 PMCID: PMC9828116 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrin, the main scaffold of thrombi, is susceptible to citrullination by PAD (peptidyl arginine deiminase) 4, secreted from neutrophils during the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. Citrullinated fibrinogen (citFg) has been detected in human plasma as well as in murine venous thrombi, and it decreases the lysability and mechanical resistance of fibrin clots. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of fibrinogen citrullination on the structure of fibrin clots. METHODS Fibrinogen was citrullinated with PAD4 and clotted with thrombin. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to measure fiber thickness, fiber height/width ratio, and fiber persistence length in clots containing citFg. Fiber density was measured with laser scanning microscopy (LSM) and permeability measurements were carried out to estimate the porosity of the clots. The intra-fiber structure of fibrin was analyzed with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). RESULTS SEM images revealed a decrease in the median fiber diameter that correlated with the fraction of citFg in the clot, while the fiber width/length ratio remained unchanged according to AFM. With SAXS we observed that citrullination resulted in the formation of denser clots in line with increased fiber density shown by LSM. The permeability constant of citrullinated fibrin decreased more than 3-fold indicating significantly decreased porosity. SAXS also showed largely preserved periodicity in the longitudinal assembly of fibrin monomers. CONCLUSION The current observations of thin fibers combined with dense packing and low porosity in the presence of citFg can provide a structural framework for the mechanical fragility and lytic resistance of citrullinated fibrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Varjú
- Program in Cellular and Molecular MedicineBoston Children's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public HealthColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Erzsébet Tóth
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Ádám Z. Farkas
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Veronika J. Farkas
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Erzsébet Komorowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Tímea Feller
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation BiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Balázs Kiss
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation BiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | | | - László Szabó
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- Department of Functional and Structural Materials, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural SciencesHungarian Academy of SciencesBudapestHungary
| | - András Wacha
- Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Centre for Natural SciencesHungarian Academy of SciencesBudapestHungary
| | - Attila Bóta
- Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Centre for Natural SciencesHungarian Academy of SciencesBudapestHungary
| | - Colin Longstaff
- National Institute for Biological Standards and ControlSouth MimmsUK
| | - Krasimir Kolev
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
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6
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Fibrin(ogen) as a Therapeutic Target: Opportunities and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136916. [PMID: 34203139 PMCID: PMC8268464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrinogen is one of the key molecular players in haemostasis. Thrombin-mediated release of fibrinopeptides from fibrinogen converts this soluble protein into a network of fibrin fibres that form a building block for blood clots. Thrombin-activated factor XIII further crosslinks the fibrin fibres and incorporates antifibrinolytic proteins into the network, thus stabilising the clot. The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin also exposes binding sites for fibrinolytic proteins to limit clot formation and avoid unwanted extension of the fibrin fibres. Altered clot structure and/or incorporation of antifibrinolytic proteins into fibrin networks disturbs the delicate equilibrium between clot formation and lysis, resulting in either unstable clots (predisposing to bleeding events) or persistent clots that are resistant to lysis (increasing risk of thrombosis). In this review, we discuss the factors responsible for alterations in fibrin(ogen) that can modulate clot stability, in turn predisposing to abnormal haemostasis. We also explore the mechanistic pathways that may allow the use of fibrinogen as a potential therapeutic target to treat vascular thrombosis or bleeding disorders. Better understanding of fibrinogen function will help to devise future effective and safe therapies to modulate thrombosis and bleeding risk, while maintaining the fine balance between clot formation and lysis.
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7
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Molecular Dynamic Simulations Suggest That Metabolite-Induced Post-Translational Modifications Alter the Behavior of the Fibrinogen Coiled-Coil Domain. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11050307. [PMID: 34065002 PMCID: PMC8150326 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrinogen is an abundant blood plasma protein that, inter alia, participates in blood coagulation. It polymerizes to form a fibrin clot that is among the major components of the thrombus. Fibrinogen reactions with various reactive metabolites may induce post-translational modifications (PTMs) into the protein structure that affect the architecture and properties of fibrin clots. We reviewed the previous literature to find the positions of PTMs of fibrinogen. For 7 out of 307 reported PTMs, we used molecular dynamics simulations to characterize their effect on the behavior of the fibrinogen coiled-coil domain. Interactions of the γ-coil with adjacent chains give rise to π-helices in Aα and Bβ chains of even unmodified fibrinogen. The examined PTMs suppress fluctuations of the γ-coil, which may affect the fibrinolysis and stiffness of the fibrin fibers. Citrullination of AαR104 and oxidations of γP70 and γP76 to glutamic semialdehyde unfold the α-helical structure of Aα and Bβ chains. Oxidation of γM78 to methionine sulfoxide induces the formation of an α-helix in the γ-coil region. Our findings suggest that certain PTMs alter the protein secondary structure. Thus, the altered protein structure may indicate the presence of PTMs in the molecule and consequently of certain metabolites within the system.
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8
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Bezuidenhout JA, Venter C, Roberts TJ, Tarr G, Kell DB, Pretorius E. Detection of Citrullinated Fibrin in Plasma Clots of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients and Its Relation to Altered Structural Clot Properties, Disease-Related Inflammation and Prothrombotic Tendency. Front Immunol 2020; 11:577523. [PMID: 33424834 PMCID: PMC7793985 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.577523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims The risk of cardiovascular events in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is disproportionately heightened as a result of systemic inflammation. The relative effect of autoimmune-associated citrullination on the structure and thrombotic potential of fibrin(ogen) remains unknown. We therefore compared indices of vascular function, inflammation, coagulation and fibrin clot composition in RA patients with healthy controls and evaluated parameter association with disease presence. Methods Blood samples were collected from 30 RA patients and 30 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers. Levels of serum amyloid A (SAA), c-reactive protein (CRP), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1) was measured using a sandwich immunoassay. Whole blood coagulation was assessed using Thromboelastography (TEG®). Fibrin clot networks and fiber structure was investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy. The detection and quantification of citrullination in formed fibrin clots was performed using a fluorescently labeled Citrulline monoclonal antibody with Fluorescence Wide Field Microscopy. Results Concentrations of SAA, CRP and ICAM-1 were significantly elevated in RA patients compared to controls. TEG parameters relating to coagulation initiation, rate of fibrin cross-linking, and time to reach maximum thrombus generation were attenuated in RA patients. Microscopic analysis revealed denser networks of thicker fibrin fibers in RA patients compared to controls and multiple citrullinated regions within fibrin clot structures in RA patients were present. Conclusion Our findings provide novel evidence for the citrullination of fibrin within vasculature is more prominent in RA plasma compared to control plasma and plasma is more accessible than synovial fluid. Citrullinated fibrinogen could play a role as a determinant of thrombotic risk in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes A Bezuidenhout
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Chantelle Venter
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Timothy J Roberts
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Tarr
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Douglas B Kell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Kemitorvet, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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9
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Briot J, Simon M, Méchin MC. Deimination, Intermediate Filaments and Associated Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8746. [PMID: 33228136 PMCID: PMC7699402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Deimination (or citrullination) is a post-translational modification catalyzed by a calcium-dependent enzyme family of five peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs). Deimination is involved in physiological processes (cell differentiation, embryogenesis, innate and adaptive immunity, etc.) and in autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and lupus), cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. Intermediate filaments (IF) and associated proteins (IFAP) are major substrates of PADs. Here, we focus on the effects of deimination on the polymerization and solubility properties of IF proteins and on the proteolysis and cross-linking of IFAP, to finally expose some features of interest and some limitations of citrullinomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marie-Claire Méchin
- UDEAR, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, U1056, 31059 Toulouse, France; (J.B.); (M.S.)
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10
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Fujimura S, Higuchi Y, Usami Y, Yamaura M, Higuchi T, Terasawa F, Okumura N. Changes in serum citrullinated fibrinogen concentration associated with the phase of bacteremia patients. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 512:127-134. [PMID: 33159950 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrullinated fibrinogen (C-Fbg) has been detected in rheumatoid arthritis; however, few studies have reported the role of C-Fbg in other inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to clarify the changes in serum C-Fbg associated with the bacteremia phase. METHODS We measured serum C-Fbg concentration in bacteremia patients. C-Fbg levels at each phase of bacteremia, classified by white blood cell (WBC) count and neutrophil left shift change, were compared with those of healthy control (HC). The correlation between C-Fbg concentration and certain inflammatory markers, or citrullinated histone H3 concentration was assessed. Multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis was used to examine the association of log C-Fbg with certain inflammatory markers. RESULT Serum C-Fbg levels were significantly higher in bacteremia patients than in HC (p < 0.001) and positively correlated with WBC and neutrophil count. Further, C-Fbg levels were significantly higher in phases III and IV of bacteremia than in HC (p < 0.001). MLR analysis indicated that log C-Fbg had a stronger relationship with log neutrophil counts than other certain inflammatory markers (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Serum C-Fbg levels increased in bacteremia patients, and this was consistent with an influx of neutrophils into the blood stream in accordance with the bacteremia phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Fujimura
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yumiko Higuchi
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan; Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
| | - Yoko Usami
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamaura
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Higuchi
- Department of General Pediatrics, Nagano Children's Hospital, Azumino, Japan
| | - Fumiko Terasawa
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Technology and Clinical Engineering, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Nobuo Okumura
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan; Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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11
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Hoppe B, Schwedler C, Edelmann A, Pistioli A, Poddubnyy D, Burmester GR, Häupl T. Fibrinogen, factor XIII and α 2-antiplasmin genotypes are associated with inflammatory activity and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies. Thromb Res 2020; 191:90-96. [PMID: 32408093 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrin(ogen) derivatives, crosslinked fibrin and fibrinolysis play important roles in inflammation and are involved in pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). About 2/3 of RA patients exhibit anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) that target deiminated fibrinogen. Genetic variants of β-fibrinogen (FGB) (rs1800790G>A) and factor XIII A-subunit (F13A) Val34Leu (rs5985) are known to influence interactively inflammatory processes. It is hypothesized that predisposition for dense fibrin clots is related to better inflammation control. METHODS To test this hypothetical model a cohort of 924 patients (288 RA and 636 non-RA patients) (3545 observations) was genotyped for FGB (rs1800790G>A, rs1800788C>T), α-fibrinogen (FGA) (rs6050A>G, rs2070006G>A, rs2070016T>C), γ-fibrinogen (FGG) (rs1049636T>C), F13A Val34Leu (rs5985) and α2-antiplasmin (A2AP) Arg6Trp (rs2070863). Genotype constellations potentially predisposing for dense fibrin clots were defined and their relation to inflammatory activity as measured by C-reactive protein (CRP) and disease activity score of 28 joints (DAS28) was assessed in univariate and multivariate analyses. The relation of these genotype constellations with presence of ACPA was tested. RESULTS Genotype constellations involving FGB rs1800790G>A and FGA rs2070016T>C were inversely associated with CRP levels (≥10 mg/L) (OR: 0.49, P < 10-8/7adj = 0.0001; OR: 0.52, P < 0.0005/Padj = 0.01). In RA, both genotype constellations were observed with higher frequencies of low disease activity (DAS28 ≤ 3.2) (OR: 2.66, P = .009; OR 2.78, P = .01) and lower frequencies of high disease activity (DAS28>5.1) (OR: 0.52, P < .03, OR: 0.42, P = .01). Associations with CRP depended on A2AP 6Arg/Arg genotype known to be necessary for optimal anti-fibrinolytic capacity (P = .001). Finally, Genotype constellations involving FGB rs1800790G>A and FGA rs2070016T>C were found to be associated with ACPA-positivity in RA (OR: 2.18, P < .03; OR: 1.95, P = .09). CONCLUSIONS These results support the hypothesis that genotypes, which increase fibrin clot density and anti-fibrinolytic capacity, reduce inflammatory activity and are related to humoral autoimmunity in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berthold Hoppe
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, BG Klinikum Unfallkrankenhaus Berlin gGmbH, Warener Straße 7, 12683 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian Schwedler
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Edelmann
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Labor Berlin - Charité Vivantes GmbH, Sylter Straße 2, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anneta Pistioli
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, BG Klinikum Unfallkrankenhaus Berlin gGmbH, Warener Straße 7, 12683 Berlin, Germany
| | - Denis Poddubnyy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Epidemiology Unit, German Rheumatism Research Centre, Berlin, Charité-Platz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd-Rüdiger Burmester
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Platz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Häupl
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Platz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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12
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Magnadóttir B, Uysal-Onganer P, Kraev I, Svansson V, Hayes P, Lange S. Deiminated proteins and extracellular vesicles - Novel serum biomarkers in whales and orca. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2020; 34:100676. [PMID: 32114311 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2020.100676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are a family of phylogenetically conserved calcium-dependent enzymes which cause post-translational protein deimination. This can result in neoepitope generation, affect gene regulation and allow for protein moonlighting via functional and structural changes in target proteins. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) carry cargo proteins and genetic material and are released from cells as part of cellular communication. EVs are found in most body fluids where they can be useful biomarkers for assessment of health status. Here, serum-derived EVs were profiled, and post-translationally deiminated proteins and EV-related microRNAs are described in 5 ceataceans: minke whale, fin whale, humpback whale, Cuvier's beaked whale and orca. EV-serum profiles were assessed by transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis. EV profiles varied between the 5 species and were identified to contain deiminated proteins and selected key inflammatory and metabolic microRNAs. A range of proteins, critical for immune responses and metabolism were identified to be deiminated in cetacean sera, with some shared KEGG pathways of deiminated proteins relating to immunity and physiology, while some KEGG pathways were species-specific. This is the first study to characterise and profile EVs and to report deiminated proteins and putative effects of protein-protein interaction networks via such post-translationald deimination in cetaceans, revealing key immune and metabolic factors to undergo this post-translational modification. Deiminated proteins and EVs profiles may possibly be developed as new biomarkers for assessing health status of sea mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bergljót Magnadóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur v. Vesturlandsveg, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Pinar Uysal-Onganer
- Cancer Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK.
| | - Igor Kraev
- Electron Microscopy Suite, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK.
| | - Vilhjálmur Svansson
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur v. Vesturlandsveg, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Polly Hayes
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK.
| | - Sigrun Lange
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK.
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13
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de Vries JJ, Snoek CJM, Rijken DC, de Maat MPM. Effects of Post-Translational Modifications of Fibrinogen on Clot Formation, Clot Structure, and Fibrinolysis: A Systematic Review. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:554-569. [PMID: 31914791 PMCID: PMC7043730 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Post-translational modifications of fibrinogen influence the occurrence and progression of thrombotic diseases. In this systematic review, we assessed the current literature on post-translational modifications of fibrinogen and their effects on fibrin formation and clot characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith J de Vries
- From the Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte J M Snoek
- From the Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dingeman C Rijken
- From the Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Moniek P M de Maat
- From the Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Citrullination of fibrinogen by peptidylarginine deiminase 2 impairs fibrin clot structure. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 501:6-11. [PMID: 31730822 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrullination is the post-translational conversion of arginine into citrulline in proteins. The reaction is catalyzed by peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD), of which five isoforms exist. Fibrinogen is a substrate for PAD2 and PAD4, and citrullinated fibrinogen (cFBG) has been detected in patients with inflammatory diseases. In purified systems, cFBG is known to inhibit the release of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) and B (FPB) and impairs fibrin polymerization. However, the effect of cFBG on fibrin structure and fibrinolysis in a plasma environment remains unclear. We hypothesized that citrullination of fibrinogen impairs fibrin properties. METHODS Fibrinogen was citrullinated by recombinant PAD2 and PAD4. The impact of cFBG on fibrin structure was investigated by turbidity measurements in fibrinogen-deficient plasma spiked with cFBG or native fibrinogen. RESULTS Citrullination of fibrinogen by PAD2 dose-dependently reduced the rate of fibrin polymerization, as well as the overall hemostasis potential of fibrin, the maximum velocity of fibrin formation, the fibrin mass/length ratio, and the lysis of fibrin clots. CONCLUSION Citrullination of fibrinogen by PAD2 affects not only fibrin polymerization but also fibrin fiber properties, indicating that the fibrin network formed in the presence of cFBG may influence hemostasis. Our results suggest that citrullination of fibrinogen alters the composition of fibrin fibers which may lead to a looser fibrin network that is more susceptible to fibrinolysis and thereby affecting the hemostatic balance.
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15
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Zhou Y, Chen B, Mittereder N, Chaerkady R, Strain M, An LL, Rahman S, Ma W, Low CP, Chan D, Neal F, Bingham CO, Sampson K, Darrah E, Siegel RM, Hasni S, Andrade F, Vousden KA, Mustelin T, Sims GP. Spontaneous Secretion of the Citrullination Enzyme PAD2 and Cell Surface Exposure of PAD4 by Neutrophils. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1200. [PMID: 28993780 PMCID: PMC5622307 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies directed against citrullinated epitopes of proteins are highly diagnostic of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and elevated levels of protein citrullination can be found in the joints of patients with RA. Calcium-dependent peptidyl-arginine deiminases (PAD) are the enzymes responsible for citrullination. PAD2 and PAD4 are enriched in neutrophils and likely drive citrullination under inflammatory conditions. PADs may be released during NETosis or cell death, but the mechanisms responsible for PAD activity under physiological conditions have not been fully elucidated. To understand how PADs citrullinate extracellular proteins, we investigated the cellular localization and activity of PAD2 and PAD4, and we report that viable neutrophils from healthy donors have active PAD4 exposed on their surface and spontaneously secrete PAD2. Neutrophil activation by some stimulatory agents increased the levels of immunoreactive PAD4 on the cell surface, and some stimuli reduced PAD2 secretion. Our data indicate that live neutrophils have the inherent capacity to express active extracellular PADs. These novel pathways are distinguished from intracellular PAD activation during NETosis and calcium influx-mediated hypercitrullination. Our study implies that extracellular PADs may have a physiological role under non-pathogenic conditions as well as a pathological role in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yebin Zhou
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Nanette Mittereder
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Raghothama Chaerkady
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC., Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Martin Strain
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LTD., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ling-Ling An
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Saifur Rahman
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Wenting Ma
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Choon Pei Low
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LTD., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Denice Chan
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LTD., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frances Neal
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LTD., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Clifton O Bingham
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kevon Sampson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Erika Darrah
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Richard M Siegel
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sarfaraz Hasni
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Felipe Andrade
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Katherine A Vousden
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LTD., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tomas Mustelin
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Gary P Sims
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
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16
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Slade DJ, Horibata S, Coonrod SA, Thompson PR. A novel role for protein arginine deiminase 4 in pluripotency: the emerging role of citrullinated histone H1 in cellular programming. Bioessays 2014; 36:736-40. [PMID: 24889365 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) alter the chromatin architecture, generating "open" and "closed" states, and these structural changes can modulate gene expression under specific cellular conditions. While methylation and acetylation are the best-characterized histone PTMs, citrullination by the protein arginine deiminases (PADs) represents another important player in this process. In addition to "fine tuning" chromatin structure at specific loci, histone citrullination can also promote rapid global chromatin decondensation during the formation of extracellular traps (ETs) in immune cells. Recent studies now show that PAD4-mediated citrullination of histone H1 at promoter elements can also promote localized chromatin decondensation in stem cells, thus regulating the pluripotent state. These observations suggest that PAD-mediated histone deimination profoundly affects chromatin structure, possibly above and beyond that of other PTMs. Additionally, these recent findings further enhance our understanding of PAD biology and the important contributions that these enzymes play in development, health, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Slade
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
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17
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Cordova KN, Willis VC, Haskins K, Holers VM. A citrullinated fibrinogen-specific T cell line enhances autoimmune arthritis in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:1457-65. [PMID: 23319740 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Citrullinated proteins, derived from the conversion of peptidyl-arginine to peptidyl-citrulline, are present in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), who also uniquely produce high levels of anti-citrullinated protein Abs. Citrullinated fibrinogen (CF) is abundant in rheumatoid synovial tissue, and anti-citrullinated protein Ab-positive RA patients exhibit circulating immune complexes containing CF. Thus, CF is a potential major target of pathogenic autoimmunity in RA. T cells are believed to be involved in this process by initiating, controlling, and driving Ag-specific immune responses in RA. In this study, we isolated a CD4 T cell line specific for CF that produces inflammatory cytokines. When transferred into mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), this T cell line specifically enhanced the severity of autoimmune arthritis. Additionally, pathogenic IgG2a autoantibody levels to mouse type II collagen were increased in mice that received the T cells in CIA, and levels of these T cells were increased in the synovium, suggesting the T cells may have had systemic effects on the B cell response as well as local effects on the inflammatory environment. This work demonstrates that CD4 T cells specific for CF can amplify disease severity after onset of CIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen N Cordova
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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18
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Sanchez-Pernaute O, Filkova M, Gabucio A, Klein M, Maciejewska-Rodrigues H, Ospelt C, Brentano F, Michel BA, Gay RE, Herrero-Beaumont G, Gay S, Neidhart M, Juengel A. Citrullination enhances the pro-inflammatory response to fibrin in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 72:1400-6. [PMID: 23234648 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-201906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fibrin deposits are characteristic of the synovial tissues in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Once citrullinated, fibrin becomes an autoantigen and is thought to contribute in this way to perpetuate the disease. Our study aimed to analyse the responses of RA synovial fibroblasts (RASF) to native and citrullinated fibrin. METHODS The transcriptome induced by fibrin in RASF was approached with whole-genome-based gene expression arrays. The upregulation of selected pro-inflammatory genes by fibrin was confirmed in additional primary cell cultures using quantitative PCR and ELISA. Citrullination reactions were carried out with recombinant human peptidylarginine deiminases (PAD) 2 and 4. RESULTS In the whole-genome array native fibrin was found to modulate the gene expression profile of RASF, particularly upregulating mRNA levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines. The induction of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 by fibrin was confirmed in additional samples at both the mRNA and the protein level. Blocking and knockdown experiments showed the participation of toll-like receptor (TLR)4 in the induction of both cytokines. As compared with the native macromolecule, PAD2-citrullinated fibrin induced significantly higher expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines in these cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that fibrin mediates inflammatory responses in RASF via a TLR4 pathway. In this way, fibrin and particularly its citrullinated form may contribute to sustain the cytokine burst in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sanchez-Pernaute
- Center for Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland.
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19
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Acharya NK, Nagele EP, Han M, Coretti NJ, DeMarshall C, Kosciuk MC, Boulos PA, Nagele RG. Neuronal PAD4 expression and protein citrullination: possible role in production of autoantibodies associated with neurodegenerative disease. J Autoimmun 2012; 38:369-80. [PMID: 22560840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Peptidyl arginine deiminases (PADs) catalyze a post-translational protein modification reaction called citrullination, where arginine is converted to citrulline. This modification has been linked to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). More recently, several studies have suggested that Alzheimer's disease (AD), a devastating neurodegenerative disorder, may have an autoimmune component. In the present study, we have investigated the possibility that expression of PADs and protein citrullination plays a role in the production of brain-reactive autoantibodies that may contribute to Alzheimer's-related brain pathology. Here, we report the selective expression of the PAD isoforms, PAD2 and PAD4, in astrocytes and neurons, respectively, and the concomitant accumulation of citrullinated proteins within PAD4-expressing cells, including neurons of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Expression of PADs and citrullinated proteins is prominent in brain regions engaged in neurodegenerative changes typical for AD pathology. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that the pentatricopeptide repeat domain2 (PTCD2) protein, an antigen target of a prominent AD diagnostic autoantibody, is present in a citrullinated form in AD brains. Our results suggest that disease-associated neuronal loss results in the release of cellular contents, including citrullinated proteins, into the brain interstitium. We propose that these citrullinated proteins and their degradation fragments enter into the blood and lymphatic circulation, and some are capable of eliciting an immune response that results in the production of autoantibodies. The long-term and progressive nature of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases results in chronic exposure of the immune system to these citrullinated products and may drive the continual production of autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimish K Acharya
- New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging (NJISA) at University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ), School of Osteopathic medicine (SOM), 2-Medical Center Drive, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
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20
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Sokolove J, Zhao X, Chandra PE, Robinson WH. Immune complexes containing citrullinated fibrinogen costimulate macrophages via Toll-like receptor 4 and Fcγ receptor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:53-62. [PMID: 20954191 DOI: 10.1002/art.30081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with the presence of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs). Nearly two-thirds of patients with ACPA-positive RA have immune complexes that contain citrullinated fibrinogen, and these citrullinated fibrinogen-containing immune complexes (cFb-IC) can exacerbate disease in murine models of RA; however, the exact role of such ACPA ICs in RA pathogenesis has remained elusive. We undertook the present study to investigate a novel mechanism by which ACPAs specifically targeting citrullinated fibrinogen may directly stimulate macrophage tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production. METHODS Murine or human macrophages were stimulated with native fibrinogen (nFb), cFb, or in vitro-generated nFb-IC or cFb-IC, and TNF production was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. ICs were generated with either polyclonal anti-Fb antibodies or pooled IgG from patients with ACPA-positive RA. To evaluate the role of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4)/myeloid differentiation protein (MyD88) pathway and the Fcγ receptor (FcγR) pathway in the induction of TNF by Fb and Fb-IC, parallel experiments were performed using 1) TLR-4-deficient or MyD88-deficient macrophages, and 2) inhibitors of TLR-4 or FcγR. RESULTS Citrullinated Fb stimulated macrophage TNF production more potently than did native Fb. Incorporation of cFb into ICs augmented its ability to stimulate TNF production by macrophages. Stimulation of TNF by cFb was dependent on TLR-4 and MyD88, while stimulation by cFb-IC was dependent on both TLR-4/MyD88 and FcγR. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that cFb-IC can costimulate macrophages via dual engagement of TLR-4 and FcγR, resulting in the synergistic induction of TNF production. Our findings suggest a potential role of citrullination in increasing the potency of an endogenous innate immune ligand and provide insight into the mechanism by which anticitrulline autoimmunity may contribute to the onset and propagation of inflammation in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Sokolove
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
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21
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Mangat P, Wegner N, Venables PJ, Potempa J. Bacterial and human peptidylarginine deiminases: targets for inhibiting the autoimmune response in rheumatoid arthritis? Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:209. [PMID: 20553633 PMCID: PMC2911857 DOI: 10.1186/ar3000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) convert arginine within a peptide (peptidylarginine) into peptidylcitrulline. Citrullination by human PADs is important in normal physiology and inflammation. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major pathogen in periodontitis, is the only prokaryote described to possess PAD. P. gingivalis infection may generate citrullinated peptides, which trigger anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies. In susceptible individuals, host protein citrullination by human PADs in the joint probably perpetuates antibody formation, paving the way for the development of chronic arthritis. Blockades of bacterial and human PADs may act as powerful novel therapies by inhibiting the generation of the antigens that trigger and sustain autoimmunity in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Mangat
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Imperial College, 65 Aspenlea Road, London, W6 8LH, UK
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Wegner N, Lundberg K, Kinloch A, Fisher B, Malmström V, Feldmann M, Venables PJ. Autoimmunity to specific citrullinated proteins gives the first clues to the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Rev 2010; 233:34-54. [PMID: 20192991 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is now clearly a true autoimmune disease with accumulating evidence of pathogenic disease-specific autoimmunity to citrullinated proteins. Citrullination, also termed deimination, is a modification of arginine side chains catalyzed by peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzymes. This post-translational modification has the potential to alter the structure, antigenicity, and function of proteins. In RA, antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptides are now well established for clinical diagnosis, though we argue that the identification of specific citrullinated antigens, as whole proteins, is necessary for exploring pathogenic mechanisms. Four citrullinated antigens, fibrinogen, vimentin, collagen type II, and alpha-enolase, are now well established, with others awaiting further characterization. All four proteins are expressed in the joint, and there is evidence that antibodies to citrullinated fibrinogen and collagen type II mediate inflammation by the formation of immune complexes, both in humans and animal models. Antibodies to citrullinated proteins are associated with HLA 'shared epitope' alleles, and autoimmunity to at least one antigenic sequence, the CEP-1 peptide from citrullinated alpha-enolase (KIHAcitEIFDScitGNPTVE), shows a specific association with HLA-DRB1*0401, *0404, 620W PTPN22, and smoking. Periodontitis, in which Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major pathogenic bacterium, has been linked to RA in epidemiological studies and also shares similar gene/environment associations. This is also the only bacterium identified that expresses endogenous citrullinated proteins and its own bacterial PAD enzyme, though the precise molecular mechanisms of bacterial citrullination have yet to be explored. Thus, both smoking and Porphyromonas gingivalis are attractive etiological agents for further investigation into the gene/environment/autoimmunity triad of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Wegner
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Analysis of plasmin generation and clot lysis of plasma fibrinogen purified from a heterozygous dysfibrinogenemia, BβGly15Cys (Hamamatsu II). Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2009; 20:726-32. [DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0b013e328332aa09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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