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Wagner M, Tonoli D, Varesio E, Hopfgartner G. The use of mass spectrometry to analyze dried blood spots. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2016; 35:361-438. [PMID: 25252132 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Dried blood spots (DBS) typically consist in the deposition of small volumes of capillary blood onto dedicated paper cards. Comparatively to whole blood or plasma samples, their benefits rely in the fact that sample collection is easier and that logistic aspects related to sample storage and shipment can be relatively limited, respectively, without the need of a refrigerator or dry ice. Originally, this approach has been developed in the sixties to support the analysis of phenylalanine for the detection of phenylketonuria in newborns using bacterial inhibition test. In the nineties tandem mass spectrometry was established as the detection technique for phenylalanine and tyrosine. DBS became rapidly recognized for their clinical value: they were widely implemented in pediatric settings with mass spectrometric detection, and were closely associated to the debut of newborn screening (NBS) programs, as a part of public health policies. Since then, sample collection on paper cards has been explored with various analytical techniques in other areas more or less successfully regarding large-scale applications. Moreover, in the last 5 years a regain of interest for DBS was observed and originated from the bioanalytical community to support drug development (e.g., PK studies) or therapeutic drug monitoring mainly. Those recent applications were essentially driven by improved sensitivity of triple quadrupole mass spectrometers. This review presents an overall view of all instrumental and methodological developments for DBS analysis with mass spectrometric detection, with and without separation techniques. A general introduction to DBS will describe their advantages and historical aspects of their emergence. A second section will focus on blood collection, with a strong emphasis on specific parameters that can impact quantitative analysis, including chromatographic effects, hematocrit effects, blood effects, and analyte stability. A third part of the review is dedicated to sample preparation and will consider off-line and on-line extractions; in particular, instrumental designs that have been developed so far for DBS extraction will be detailed. Flow injection analysis and applications will be discussed in section IV. The application of surface analysis mass spectrometry (DESI, paper spray, DART, APTDCI, MALDI, LDTD-APCI, and ICP) to DBS is described in section V, while applications based on separation techniques (e.g., liquid or gas chromatography) are presented in section VI. To conclude this review, the current status of DBS analysis is summarized, and future perspectives are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Wagner
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Tonoli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Varesio
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Hopfgartner
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
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Johnson BA, Dajnoki A, Bodamer O. Diagnosis of lysosomal storage disorders: Gaucher disease. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN HUMAN GENETICS 2014; 82:17.15.1-17.15.6. [PMID: 25042717 DOI: 10.1002/0471142905.hg1715s82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Gaucher Disease (GD) is a progressive lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficiency of glucocerebrosidase (GBA). The clinical phenotype follows a spectrum ranging from severe early-onset to milder late-onset disease. The absence of neurological involvement defines GD type I, whereas neuronopathic features define GD type II and III. Early diagnosis may be important for timely initiation of enzyme replacement therapy to prevent disease complications, although the enzyme does not cross the blood brain barrier. Diagnosis of GD can be readily achieved by analysis of GBA in leukocytes, fibroblasts, and/or dried blood spots using fluorometric, microfluidic or mass spectrometry-based assays. Low GBA activities are typically confirmed through molecular analysis of the GBA gene. GBA analysis in dried blood spots may be attractive for high-throughput screening of at-risk individuals and/or newborn infants. The method detailed in this unit is based on GBA analysis by tandem mass spectrometry following incubation of dried blood spots with the GBA-specific substrate D-glucosyl-β1-1'-N-dodecanoyl-D-erythro-sphingosine [C12-glucocerebroside (C36H69NO8)] and internal standard N-myristoyl-D-erythro-sphingosine [C14-ceramide (C32H63NO3)]. GBA activities in more than 2,000 newborn infants showed a mean of 22.0 ± 13.8 μmol/hr/liter (median: 19.9 μmol/hr/liter; 95% CI: 21.41-22.59 μmol/hr/liter). GBA activities in an adult population (n >1,200) showed generally lower enzyme activities than newborns, with a mean of 9.87 ± 9.35 μmol/hr/liter (median: 8.06 μmol/hr/liter). GBA activities in ten adult patients with confirmed GD were less than 4.2 μmol/hr/liter and in seven infants and children with GD less than 1.24 μmol/hr/liter. This method is robust, sensitive, and suitable for high-throughput analysis of hundreds of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt A Johnson
- Division of Clinical and Translational Genetics, Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Angela Dajnoki
- Division of Clinical and Translational Genetics, Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Olaf Bodamer
- Division of Clinical and Translational Genetics, Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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Siriwardena A, Sonawane DP, Bande OP, Markad PR, Yonekawa S, Tropak MB, Ghosh S, Chopade BA, Mahuran DJ, Dhavale DD. Synthesis of 1,5-Dideoxy-1,5-iminoribitol C-Glycosides through a Nitrone–Olefin Cycloaddition Domino Strategy: Identification of Pharmacological Chaperones of Mutant Human Lysosomal β-Galactosidase. J Org Chem 2014; 79:4398-404. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500328u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aloysius Siriwardena
- Laboratoire
de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, FRE 3517 CNRS, Amiens 80039, France
| | | | - Omprakash P. Bande
- Laboratoire
de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, FRE 3517 CNRS, Amiens 80039, France
| | | | - Sayuri Yonekawa
- Programme
in Genetics and Genome Biology, Sickkids, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Michael B. Tropak
- Programme
in Genetics and Genome Biology, Sickkids, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | | | | | - Don J. Mahuran
- Programme
in Genetics and Genome Biology, Sickkids, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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Liao HC, Chiang CC, Niu DM, Wang CH, Kao SM, Tsai FJ, Huang YH, Liu HC, Huang CK, Gao HJ, Yang CF, Chan MJ, Lin WD, Chen YJ. Detecting multiple lysosomal storage diseases by tandem mass spectrometry — A national newborn screening program in Taiwan. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 431:80-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gucciardi A, Legnini E, Di Gangi IM, Corbetta C, Tomanin R, Scarpa M, Giordano G. A column-switching HPLC-MS/MS method for mucopolysaccharidosis type I analysis in a multiplex assay for the simultaneous newborn screening of six lysosomal storage disorders. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 28:1131-9. [PMID: 24449175 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders comprise a group of rare genetic diseases in which a deficit of specific hydrolases leads to the storage of undegraded substrates in lysosomes. Impaired enzyme activities can be assessed by MS/MS quantification of the reaction products obtained after incubation with specific substrates. In this study, a column-switching HPLC-MS/MS method for multiplex screening in dried blood spot of the lysosomal enzymes activities was developed. Mucopolysaccharidosis type I, Fabry, Gaucher, Krabbe, Niemann-Pick A/B and Pompe diseases were simultaneously assayed. Dried blood spots were incubated with substrates and internal standards; thereafter, supernatants were collected with minor manipulations. Samples were injected, trapped into an online perfusion column and, by a six-port valve, switched online through the C18 analytical column to perform separation of metabolites followed by MS/MS analysis. A total of 1136 de-identified newborn screening samples were analyzed to determine references for enzymes activity values. As positive controls, we analyzed dried blood spots from three patients with Pompe, one with Fabry, one with Krabbe disease and two with MPS I, and in all cases the enzyme activities were below the cutoff values measured for newborns, except for an MPS I patient after successful hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Gucciardi
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Italy
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Mechtler TP, Metz TF, Müller H, Ostermann K, Ratschmann R, De Jesus VR, Shushan B, Di Bussolo JM, Herman JL, Herkner KR, Kasper DC. Short-incubation mass spectrometry assay for lysosomal storage disorders in newborn and high-risk population screening. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 908:9-17. [PMID: 23122395 PMCID: PMC4539023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The interest in early detection strategies for lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) in newborns and high-risk population has increased in the last years due to the availability of novel treatment strategies coupled with the development of diagnostic techniques. We report the development of a short-incubation mass spectrometry-based protocol that allows the detection of Gaucher, Niemann-Pick A/B, Pompe, Fabry and mucopolysaccharidosis type I disease within 4h including sample preparation from dried blood spots. Optimized sample handling without the need of time-consuming offline preparations, such as liquid-liquid and solid-phase extraction, allows the simultaneous quantification of five lysosomal enzyme activities using a cassette of substrates and deuterated internal standards. Applying incubation times of 3h revealed in intra-day CV% values ranging from 4% to 11% for all five enzyme activities, respectively. In a first clinical evaluation, we tested 825 unaffected newborns and 16 patients with LSDs using a multiplexed, turbulent flow chromatography-ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer assay. All affected patients were identified accurately and could be differentiated from non-affected newborns. In comparison to previously published two-day assays, which included an overnight incubation, this protocol enabled the detection of lysosomal enzyme activities from sample to first result within half a day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Mechtler
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Core Unit of Pediatric Biochemistry and Analytics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas F. Metz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Core Unit of Pediatric Biochemistry and Analytics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Müller
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Core Unit of Pediatric Biochemistry and Analytics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Ostermann
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Core Unit of Pediatric Biochemistry and Analytics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rene Ratschmann
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Victor R. De Jesus
- Newborn Screening and Molecular Biology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Bori Shushan
- Clinical Mass Spec Consultants, 164 Glen Road, Toronto, ON, M4W 2W6, Canada
| | | | - Joseph L. Herman
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 101 Constitution Boulevard, Franklin, MA 02038, USA
| | - Kurt R. Herkner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Core Unit of Pediatric Biochemistry and Analytics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David C. Kasper
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Core Unit of Pediatric Biochemistry and Analytics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Hamilton J, Jones I, Srivastava R, Galloway P. A new method for the measurement of lysosomal acid lipase in dried blood spots using the inhibitor Lalistat 2. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 413:1207-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Orsini JJ, Martin MM, Showers AL, Bodamer OA, Zhang XK, Gelb MH, Caggana M. Lysosomal storage disorder 4+1 multiplex assay for newborn screening using tandem mass spectrometry: application to a small-scale population study for five lysosomal storage disorders. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 413:1270-3. [PMID: 22548856 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to modify a previously published tandem mass spectrometry method of screening for 5 lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) in order to make it better suited for high-throughput newborn screening. METHODS Two 3-mm dried blood spot (DBS) punches were incubated, each with a different assay solution. The quadruplex solution was used for screening for Gaucher, Pompe, Krabbe and Fabry diseases, while a separate solution was used for Niemann-Pick A/B disease. RESULTS The mean activities of acid-β-glucocerebrosidase (ABG), acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), acid glucosidase (GAA), galactocerebroside-β-galactosidase (GALC) and acid-galactosidase A (GLA) were measured on 5055 unidentified newborns. The mean activities (compared with their disease controls) were, 15.1 (0.35), 22.2 (1.34), 16.8 (0.51), 3.61 (0.23), and 20.7 (1.43) (μmol/L/h), respectively. The number of specimens that fell below our retest level cutoff of <20% daily mean activity (DMA) for each analyte is: ABG (6), ASM (0), GAA (5), GALC (17), and GLA (2). CONCLUSIONS This method provides a simplified and reliable assay for screening for five LSDs with clear distinction between activities from normal and disease samples. Advantages of this new method include significant decreases in processing time and the number of required assay solutions and overall decreased complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Orsini
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States.
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Newborn screening for lysosomal storage disorders in hungary. JIMD Rep 2012; 6:117-25. [PMID: 23430949 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2012_130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are considered to be orphan diseases, they pose a highly relevant cause for morbidity and mortality as their cumulative prevalence is estimated to be 1:4,000. This is especially important as treatment in form of enzyme replacement therapy, substrate reduction therapy or stem cell transplantation is amenable for some LSDs. It is plausible that an early start of treatment might improve the overall prognosis and, even more important, prevent irreversible damage of key organs. To get a more precise insight into the real frequency of some LSDs in the general population, we screened 40,024 samples from the Hungarian newborn screening (NBS) program in Szeged for Fabry disease (FD), Gaucher disease (GD), Pompe disease (PD), and Niemann-Pick A/B (NPB) disease using tandem mass spectrometry. Altogether, 663 samples (1.66%) were submitted for retesting. Genetic confirmation was carried out for 120 samples with abnormal screening results after retesting, which identified three cases of GD, three cases of FD, nine cases of PD, and two cases with NPB. In some cases, we detected up to now unknown mutations - one in NPB and seven in PD - which raise questions about the clinical consequences of a NBS in the sense of late-onset manifestations. Overall, we conclude that screening for LSDs by tandem MS/MS followed by a genetic workup in identified patients is a robust, easy, valid, and feasible technology in newborn screening programs. Furthermore, early diagnosis of LSDs gives a chance to early treatment, but needs more clinical long-term data especially regarding the consequence of private mutations.
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Goddard-Borger ED, Tropak MB, Yonekawa S, Tysoe C, Mahuran DJ, Withers SG. Rapid assembly of a library of lipophilic iminosugars via the thiol-ene reaction yields promising pharmacological chaperones for the treatment of Gaucher disease. J Med Chem 2012; 55:2737-45. [PMID: 22360565 DOI: 10.1021/jm201633y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A highly divergent route to lipophilic iminosugars that utilizes the thiol-ene reaction was developed to enable the rapid synthesis of a collection of 16 dideoxyiminoxylitols bearing various different lipophilic substituents. Enzyme kinetic analyses revealed that a number of these products are potent, low-nanomolar inhibitors of human glucocerebrosidase that stabilize the enzyme to thermal denaturation by up to 20 K. Cell based assays conducted on Gaucher disease patient derived fibroblasts demonstrated that administration of the compounds can increase lysosomal glucocerebrosidase activity levels by therapeutically relevant amounts, as much as 3.2-fold in cells homozygous for the p.N370S mutation and 1.4-fold in cells homozygous for the p.L444P mutation. Several compounds elicited this increase in enzyme activity over a relatively wide dosage range. The data assembled here illustrate how the lipophilic moiety common to many glucocerebrosidase inhibitors might be used to optimize a lead compound's ability to chaperone the protein in cellulo. The flexibility of this synthetic strategy makes it an attractive approach to the rapid optimization of glycosidase inhibitor potency and pharmacokinetic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan D Goddard-Borger
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Mechtler TP, Stary S, Metz TF, De Jesús VR, Greber-Platzer S, Pollak A, Herkner KR, Streubel B, Kasper DC. Neonatal screening for lysosomal storage disorders: feasibility and incidence from a nationwide study in Austria. Lancet 2012; 379:335-41. [PMID: 22133539 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61266-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interest in neonatal screening for lysosomal storage disorders has increased substantially because of newly developed enzyme replacement therapies, the need for early diagnosis, and technical advances. We tested for Gaucher's disease, Pompe's disease, Fabry's disease, and Niemann-Pick disease types A and B in an anonymous prospective nationwide screening study that included genetic mutation analysis to assess the practicality and appropriateness of including these disorders in neonatal screening panels. METHODS Specimens from dried blood spots of 34,736 newborn babies were collected consecutively from January, 2010 to July, 2010, as part of the national routine Austrian newborn screening programme. Anonymised samples were analysed for enzyme activities of acid β-glucocerebrosidase, α-galactosidase, α-glucosidase, and acid sphingomyelinase by electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. Genetic mutation analyses were done in samples with suspected enzyme deficiency. FINDINGS All 34,736 samples were analysed successfully by the multiplex screening assay. Low enzyme activities were detected in 38 babies. Mutation analysis confirmed lysosomal storage disorders in 15 of them. The most frequent mutations were found for Fabry's disease (1 per 3859 births), followed by Pompe's disease (1 per 8684), and Gaucher's disease (1 per 17,368). The positive predictive values were 32% (95% CI 16-52), 80% (28-99), and 50% (7-93), respectively. Mutational analysis detected predominantly missense mutations associated with a late-onset phenotype. INTERPRETATION The combined overall proportion of infants carrying a mutation for lysosomal storage disorders was higher than expected. Neonatal screening for lysosomal storage disorders is likely to raise challenges for primary health-care providers. Furthermore, the high frequency of late-onset mutations makes lysosomal storage disorders a broad health problem beyond childhood. FUNDING Austrian Ministry of Health, Family, and Women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Mechtler
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Gort L, José Coll M. Diagnóstico, biomarcadores y alteraciones bioquímicasde la enfermedad de Gaucher. Med Clin (Barc) 2011; 137 Suppl 1:12-6. [DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(11)70011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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The preparation and storage of dried-blood spot quality control materials for lysosomal storage disease screening tests. Clin Biochem 2011; 44:704-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Nakamura K, Hattori K, Endo F. Newborn screening for lysosomal storage disorders. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2011; 157C:63-71. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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