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Effects of smoking cessation using varenicline on the serum concentrations of oxidized high-density lipoprotein: Comparison with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277766. [PMID: 36449474 PMCID: PMC9710765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oxidized high-density lipoprotein (oxHDL) is a possible marker for cardiovascular diseases. This study investigated the effects of smoking cessation with varenicline (a partial agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors) on the levels of oxHDL in the serum of subjects compared with those of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). METHODS Data of 99 nicotine-dependent adult subjects who visited the smoking cessation outpatient services at International University of Health and Welfare Shioya Hospital were reviewed. Each subject was treated with varenicline titrated up to 1.0 mg twice daily for 12 weeks. Serum levels of oxHDL and HDL-C were repeatedly measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and enzymatic method, respectively. RESULTS The serum levels of oxHDL were significantly decreased from 163.2 ± 96.6 to 148.3 ± 80.7 U/mL (p = 0.034, n = 99). This effect was more prominent when the data of subjects in whom the treatment was objectively unsuccessful (exhaled carbon monoxide at 3 months ≥ 10 ppm) were omitted (from 166.6 ± 98.4 to 147.4 ± 80.6 U/mL; p = 0.0063, n = 93). In contrast, the serum levels of HDL-C were significantly increased (p = 0.0044, n = 99). There was a close relationship between the baseline levels of oxHDL and HDL-C (R = 0.45, p < 0.0001, n = 99). Changes in the levels of oxHDL were closely associated with changes in the levels of exhaled carbon monoxide in subjects in whom smoking cessation with varenicline was very effective (decrease in exhaled carbon monoxide by ≥ 15 ppm after treatment with varenicline; R = 0.42, p = 0.0052, n = 43). CONCLUSIONS Although there was a close relationship between the baseline serum concentrations of oxHDL and HDL-C, smoking cessation decreased oxHDL and increased HDL-C. This effect on oxHDL may be associated with the effectiveness of smoking cessation.
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Couret D, Planesse C, Patche J, Diotel N, Nativel B, Bourane S, Meilhac O. Lack of Neuroprotective Effects of High-Density Lipoprotein Therapy in Stroke under Acute Hyperglycemic Conditions. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216365. [PMID: 34770774 PMCID: PMC8588473 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The pleiotropic protective effects of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) on cerebral ischemia have never been tested under acute hyperglycemic conditions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential neuroprotective effect of HDL intracarotid injection in a mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) under hyperglycemic conditions. Methods: Forty-two mice were randomized to receive either an intracarotid injection of HDLs or saline. Acute hyperglycemia was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of glucose (2.2 g/kg) 20 min before MCAO. Infarct size (2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC)-staining), blood–brain barrier leakage (IgG infiltration), and hemorrhagic changes (hemoglobin assay by ELISA and hemorrhagic transformation score) were analyzed 24 h post-stroke. Brain tissue inflammation (IL-6 by ELISA, neutrophil infiltration and myeloperoxidase by immunohisto-fluorescence) and apoptosis (caspase 3 activation) were also assessed. Results: Intraperitoneal D-glucose injection allowed HDL- and saline-treated groups to reach a blood glucose level of 300 mg/dl in the acute phase of cerebral ischemia. HDL injection did not significantly reduce mortality (19% versus 29% in the saline-injected group) or cerebral infarct size (p = 0.25). Hemorrhagic transformations and inflammation parameters were not different between the two groups. In addition, HDL did not inhibit apoptosis under acute hyperglycemic conditions. Conclusion: We observed a nonsignificant decrease in cerebral infarct size in the HDL group. The deleterious consequences of reperfusion such as hemorrhagic transformation or inflammation were not improved by HDL infusion. In acute hyperglycemia, HDLs are not potent enough to counteract the adverse effects of hyperglycemia. The addition of antioxidants to therapeutic HDLs could improve their neuroprotective capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Couret
- UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de la Réunion, Inserm, Plateforme CYROI, F-97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (C.P.); (J.P.); (N.D.); (B.N.); (S.B.); (O.M.)
- Service de Neuroréanimation, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de La Réunion, 97410 Saint-Pierre de La Réunion, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-262-(0)-35-90-00
| | - Cynthia Planesse
- UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de la Réunion, Inserm, Plateforme CYROI, F-97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (C.P.); (J.P.); (N.D.); (B.N.); (S.B.); (O.M.)
| | - Jessica Patche
- UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de la Réunion, Inserm, Plateforme CYROI, F-97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (C.P.); (J.P.); (N.D.); (B.N.); (S.B.); (O.M.)
| | - Nicolas Diotel
- UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de la Réunion, Inserm, Plateforme CYROI, F-97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (C.P.); (J.P.); (N.D.); (B.N.); (S.B.); (O.M.)
| | - Brice Nativel
- UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de la Réunion, Inserm, Plateforme CYROI, F-97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (C.P.); (J.P.); (N.D.); (B.N.); (S.B.); (O.M.)
| | - Steeve Bourane
- UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de la Réunion, Inserm, Plateforme CYROI, F-97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (C.P.); (J.P.); (N.D.); (B.N.); (S.B.); (O.M.)
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de la Réunion, Inserm, Plateforme CYROI, F-97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (C.P.); (J.P.); (N.D.); (B.N.); (S.B.); (O.M.)
- CIC-EC 1410, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de La Réunion, 97410 Saint-Pierre de La Réunion, France
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Kotani K, Sakane N. Effects of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) Inhibitor on Oxidized Lipoprotein Levels: A Case Report. J Appl Lab Med 2021; 5:1124-1126. [PMID: 32674159 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Kotani
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan.,Division of Community and Family Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Naoki Sakane
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
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Oxidized High-Density Lipoprotein Shows a Stepwise Increase as Fibrosis Progresses in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020239. [PMID: 33557304 PMCID: PMC7914565 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) show dyslipidemia and a high risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). However, conventional atherosclerotic lipids are found at low levels in NAFLD patients with advanced fibrosis, in whom the risk for CHD is extremely high. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the levels of oxidized high-density lipoprotein (oxHDL), an emerging atherosclerotic biomarker, in patients with NAFLD. A total of 32 non-NAFLD subjects and 106 patients with NAFLD were enrolled. The fibrosis grades were stratified using non-invasive methods, including the Fibrosis-4 index and NAFLD fibrosis score. Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels were significantly low in patients with advanced liver fibrosis. In contrast, oxHDL levels were high in NAFLD patients and showed a stepwise increase as fibrosis progressed. These oxHDL levels were independent of the HDL cholesterol levels, and statin use did not influence the oxHDL levels. Obese patients showed no increase in oxHDL levels, whereas patients with a low handgrip strength showed high oxHDL levels in NAFLD with advanced fibrosis. In conclusion, oxHDL is a potential biomarker for assessing the status of patients with NAFLD, including CHD and metabolic/nutritional disturbance, and particular cases with advanced liver fibrosis.
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Srivastava N, Cefalu AB, Averna M, Srivastava RAK. Rapid degradation of ABCA1 protein following cAMP withdrawal and treatment with PKA inhibitor suggests ABCA1 is a short-lived protein primarily regulated at the transcriptional level. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2020; 19:363-371. [PMID: 32550187 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00517-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objectives ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) is a key player in the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and HDL biogenesis. Since RCT is compromised as a result of ABCA1 dysfunction in diabetic state, the objective of this study was to investigate the regulation of ABCA1 in a stably transfected 293 cells expressing ABCA1 under the control of cAMP response element. Methods To delineate transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of ABCA1, 293 cells were stably transfected with the full length ABCA1 cDNA under the control of CMV promoter harboring cAMP response element. cAMP-mediated regulation of ABCA1 and cholesterol efflux were studied in the presence of 8-Br-cAMP and after withdrawal of 8-Br-cAMP. The mechanism of cAMP-mediated transcriptional induction of the ABCA1 gene was studied in protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors-treated cells. Results The transfected 293 cells expressed high levels of ABCA1, while non-transfected wild-type 293 cells showed very low levels of ABCA1. Treatments of transfected cells with 8-Br-cAMP increased ABCA1 protein by 10-fold and mRNA by 20-fold. Cholesterol efflux also increased in parallel. Withdrawal of 8-Br-cAMP caused time-dependent rapid diminution of ABCA1 protein and mRNA, suggesting ABCA1 regulation at the transcriptional level. Treatment with PKA inhibitors abolished the cAMP-mediated induction of the ABCA1 mRNA and protein, resulting dampening of ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux. Conclusions These results demonstrate that transfected cell line mimics cAMP response similar to normal cells with natural ABCA1 promoter and suggest that ABCA1 is a short-lived protein primarily regulated at the transcriptional level to maintain cellular cholesterol homeostasis.
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Janac JM, Zeljkovic A, Jelic-Ivanovic ZD, Dimitrijevic-Sreckovic VS, Vekic J, Miljkovic MM, Stefanovic A, Kotur-Stevuljevic JM, Ivanisevic JM, Spasojevic-Kalimanovska VV. Increased Oxidized High-Density Lipoprotein/High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol Ratio as a Potential Indicator of Disturbed Metabolic Health in Overweight and Obese Individuals. Lab Med 2020; 51:24-33. [PMID: 31089722 DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmz017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the qualitative characteristics of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles in metabolically healthy and unhealthy overweight and obese subjects. METHODS The study involved 115 subject individuals classified as metabolically healthy and unhealthy, as in overweight and obese groups. Commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to measure oxidized HDL (OxHDL) and serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations. Lipoprotein subfractions were separated using nondenaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. RESULTS An independent association was shown between increased OxHDL/HDL-cholesterol ratio and the occurrence of metabolically unhealthy phenotype in the overweight and obese groups. The OxHDL/HDL-cholesterol ratio showed excellent and acceptable diagnostic accuracy in determination of metabolic health phenotypes (overweight group, AUC = 0.881; obese group, AUC = 0.765). Accumulation of smaller HDL particles in metabolically unhealthy subjects was verified by lipoprotein subfraction analysis. SAA concentrations did not differ significantly between phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS Increased OxHDL/HDL-cholesterol ratio may be a potential indicator of disturbed metabolic health in overweight and obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena M Janac
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Zeljkovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Zorana D Jelic-Ivanovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Vesna S Dimitrijevic-Sreckovic
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Jelena Vekic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Milica M Miljkovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Stefanovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | | | - Jasmina M Ivanisevic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
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Anti-Atherosclerotic Activity of (3 R)-5-Hydroxymellein from an Endophytic Fungus Neofusicoccum parvum JS-0968 Derived from Vitex rotundifolia through the Inhibition of Lipoproteins Oxidation and Foam Cell Formation. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050715. [PMID: 32380666 PMCID: PMC7277969 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
An endophytic fungus, Neofusicoccum parvum JS-0968, was isolated from a plant, Vitex rotundifolia. The chemical investigation of its cultures led to the isolation of a secondary metabolite, (3R)-5-hydroxymellein. It has been reported to have antifungal, antibacterial, and antioxidant activity, but there have been no previous reports on the effects of (3R)-5-hydroxymellein on atherosclerosis. The oxidation of lipoproteins and foam cell formation have been known to be significant in the development of atherosclerosis. Therefore, we investigated the inhibitory effects of (3R)-5-hydroxymellein on atherosclerosis through low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) oxidation and macrophage foam cell formation. LDL and HDL oxidation were determined by measuring the production of conjugated dienes and malondialdehyde, the amount of hyperchromicity and carbonyl content, conformational changes, and anti-LDL oxidation. In addition, the inhibition of foam cell formation was measured by Oil red O staining. As a result, (3R)-5-hydroxymellein suppressed the oxidation of LDL and HDL through the inhibition of lipid peroxidation, the decrease of negative charges, the reduction of hyperchromicity and carbonyl contents, and the prevention of apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) aggregation and apoB-100 fragmentation. Furthermore, (3R)-5-hydroxymellein significantly reduced foam cell formation induced by oxidized LDL (oxLDL). Taken together, our data show that (3R)-5-hydroxymellein could be a potential preventive agent for atherosclerosis via obvious anti-LDL and HDL oxidation and the inhibition of foam cell formation.
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Sun JT, Chen YY, Mao JY, Wang YP, Chen YF, Hu X, Yang K, Liu Y. Oxidized HDL, as a Novel Biomarker for Calcific Aortic Valve Disease, Promotes the Calcification of Aortic Valve Interstitial Cells. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2019; 12:560-568. [PMID: 31367900 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-019-09903-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is characterized by progressive mineralization of the aortic valve. Lipid infiltration and oxidative stress are the driving forces for the initiation and development of this disease. However, it remains unknown whether oxidized high-density lipoprotein (ox-HDL) plays a role in the mineralization of aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs). Serum ox-HDL levels were determined in 168 severe CAVD patients and 168 age- and gender-matched non-CAVD controls. Results showed that ox-HDL concentrations were significantly increased in CAVD compared with the control group (131.52 ± 30.96 ng/mL vs. 112.58 ± 32.20 ng/mL, P < 0.001) and were correlated with CAVD severity. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that ox-HDL levels were independently associated with CAVD after adjusting for the incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) (odds ratio 1.019, 95% CI 1.012-1.027, P < 0.001) or atherosclerotic risk factors (odds ratio 1.027, 95% CI 1.017-1.037, P < 0.001). Chronic ox-HDL stimulation of AVICs increased alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) and calcium deposits in AVICs in vitro. Mechanistic studies further showed that ox-HDL upregulated several osteogenic factors, including BMP-2, Runx2, and Msx2 expressions in AVICs. This is the first study to demonstrate a relationship between increased ox-HDL concentration and CAVD incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Teng Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yuan Yuan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Road II, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yan Mao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Road II, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Ping Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Road II, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Fen Chen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Road II, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Hu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Road II, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
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Dysfunctional HDL in diabetes mellitus and its role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 440:167-187. [PMID: 28828539 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3165-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease, the leading cause of death in the developed and developing countries, is prevalent in diabetes mellitus with 68% cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related mortality. Epidemiological studies suggested inverse correlation between HDL and CVD occurrence. Therefore, low HDL concentration observed in diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic individuals was thought to be one of the primary causes of increased risks of CVD. Efforts to raise HDL level via CETP inhibitors, Torcetrapib and Dalcetrapib, turned out to be disappointing in outcome studies despite substantial increases in HDL-C, suggesting that factors beyond HDL concentration may be responsible for the increased risks of CVD. Therefore, recent studies have focused more on HDL function than on HDL levels. The metabolic environment in diabetes mellitus condition such as hyperglycemia-induced advanced glycation end products, oxidative stress, and inflammation promote HDL dysfunction leading to greater risks of CVD. This review discusses dysfunctional HDL as one of the mechanisms of increased CVD risks in diabetes mellitus through adversely affecting components that support HDL function in cholesterol efflux and LDL oxidation. The dampening of reverse cholesterol transport, a key process that removes cholesterol from lipid-laden macrophages in the arterial wall, leads to increased risks of CVD in diabetic patients. Therapeutic approaches to keep diabetes under control may benefit patients from developing CVD.
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Yao S, Tian H, Zhao L, Li J, Yang L, Yue F, Li Y, Jiao P, Yang N, Wang Y, Zhang X, Qin S. Oxidized high density lipoprotein induces macrophage apoptosis via toll-like receptor 4-dependent CHOP pathway. J Lipid Res 2016; 58:164-177. [PMID: 27895089 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m071142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized HDL (ox-HDL), unlike native HDL that exerts antiatherogenic effects, plays a proatherogenic role. However, the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. This study was designed to explore the inductive effect of ox-HDL on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP)-mediated macrophage apoptosis and its upstream mechanisms. Our results showed that ox-HDL could be ingested by macrophages, causing intracellular lipid accumulation. As with tunicamycin (an ER stress inducer), ox-HDL induced macrophage apoptosis with concomitant activation of ER stress pathway, including nuclear translocation of activating transcription factor 6, phosphorylation of protein kinase-like ER kinase and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α, and upregulation of glucose-regulated protein 78 and CHOP, which were inhibited by 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA, an ER stress inhibitor) and CHOP gene silencing. Additionally, diphenyleneiodonium (DPI, an oxidative stress inhibitor), probucol (a reactive oxygen species scavenger), and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) silencing reduced ox-HDL-induced macrophage apoptosis, oxidative stress, and CHOP upregulation. Moreover, HDL isolated from patients with metabolic syndrome induced macrophage apoptosis, oxidative stress, and CHOP upregulation, which were blocked by PBA and DPI. These data indicate that ox-HDL may activate ER stress-CHOP-induced apoptotic pathway in macrophages via enhanced oxidative stress and that this pathway may be mediated by TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China.,College of Basic Medical Sciences, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Hua Tian
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Jinguo Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Libo Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Hospital of Taian, Taian, China
| | - Feng Yue
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Hospital of Taian, Taian, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Peng Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Nana Yang
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Affiliated Hospital, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Xiangjian Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Shucun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
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HDL cholesterol in cardiovascular diseases: the good, the bad, and the ugly? Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:3157-9. [PMID: 23962777 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.07.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in developed and developing countries. HDL-raising therapeutic modalities (such as cholesterol ester transferase protein (CETP) inhibitors) are being developed to combat these diseases. However, recent setback of two CETP inhibitors (Torcetrapib and Dalcetrapib) has highlighted the importance of measuring qualitative functionality of HDL particles, rather than focusing quantitatively on HDL cholesterol serum concentrations. It has been known that, HDL from patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) (i.e., HDL(CAD)) limits the anti-inflammatory and endothelial repair properties of normal HDL, due to the activation of lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1), thereby causing failure in endothelial nitric oxide (NO) production. A more recent study (Immunity 2013; 38: 754-768) also demonstrates that HDL from patients with chronic kidney dysfunction (CKD) (i.e., HDL(CKD)), unlike its healthy counterpart (i.e., HDL(Healthy)), promotes superoxide production, reduces NO bioavailability and raises blood pressure via toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2) activation. This study provides novel insights into understanding why HDL-raising agents failed to demonstrate beneficial effects on cardiovascular mortality in large clinical trials and why CKD accelerates the development of atherosclerosis in CAD patients. Further research is warranted to elucidate whether HDL(CKD) and HDL(CAD) participate in other cellular processes in atherosclerosis, such as foam cell formation, the proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells, and most importantly, plaque destabilization.
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Markers of increased cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women: focus on oxidized-LDL and HDL subpopulations. DISEASE MARKERS 2013; 35:85-96. [PMID: 24167352 PMCID: PMC3774979 DOI: 10.1155/2013/724706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To evaluate the effect of gender and menopause in cardiovascular risk (CVR) in a healthy population based on both classical and nontraditional markers. Methods. 56 men and 68 women (48 pre- and 20 postmenopause) were enrolled in the study. The following markers were analyzed: blood pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), glucose, total cholesterol (total-c), triglycerides (TGs), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), oxidized-LDL (Ox-LDL), HDL-c and subpopulations, paraoxonase-1 activity, hsCRP, uric acid, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), adiponectin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and intercellular adhesion molecular 1 (ICAM1). Results. Relative to the women, men present significantly increased BMI, WC, BP, glucose, total-c, TGs, LDL-c, Ox-LDL, uric acid, and TNF-α and reduced adiponectin and total and large HDL-c. The protective profile of women is lost after menopause with a significantly increased BMI, WC, BP, glucose, LDL-c, Ox-LDL, hsCRP, and VEGF and decreased total and large HDL-c. Significant correlations were found in women population and in postmenopausal women between Ox-LDL and total, large, and small HDL-c and between TNF-α and total, large, and small HDL-c, LDL-c, and Ox-LDL. Conclusions. Men present higher CVR than women who lost protection after menopause, evidenced by nontraditional markers, including Ox-LDL and HDL subpopulations.
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