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García-Rojas NS, Guillén-Alonso H, MacKay S, Torres-Calzada C, Soto-Rodriguez LD, Winkler R, Wishart DS. The Open SprayBot: A high-throughput paper spray mass spectrometry platform for disease screening. HARDWAREX 2024; 19:e00551. [PMID: 39071222 PMCID: PMC11283016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Newborn disease screening increases survival, improves quality of life and reduces treatment costs for healthcare systems. Mass spectrometry (MS) is an effective method for metabolic screening. However, conventional analytical methods require biofluid handling and cooling conditions during transport, making the logistics difficult and expensive, especially for remote regions. 'Paper-spray' (PS) ionization generates a charged solvent spray from samples deposited on paper strips. Therefore, samples can be applied on a suitable matrix and shipped as dried spots to diagnostic laboratories with standard postal or messenger services. We built a robotic platform, the 'Open SprayBot', to automatically analyze paper-deposited samples via PS-MS and increase the sample throughput. The system is operated via RUMBA32 and Arduino Mega boards. A commercial syringe pump and power supply provide solvent application and electrical current required for PS-MS. The usability of the Open SprayBot was demonstrated by quantifying palmitoyl-l-carnitine, a common biomarker in newborn screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Shyrley García-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Análisis Bioquímico e Instrumental, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Cinvestav, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
- Department of Biological Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Héctor Guillén-Alonso
- Laboratorio de Análisis Bioquímico e Instrumental, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Cinvestav, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, National Technological Institute, Celaya, Mexico
| | - Scott MacKay
- Department of Biological Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Leonardo Daniel Soto-Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Análisis Bioquímico e Instrumental, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Cinvestav, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Robert Winkler
- Laboratorio de Análisis Bioquímico e Instrumental, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Cinvestav, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - David S. Wishart
- Department of Biological Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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2
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Leite VDSA, Ikehara BRM, Almeida NRD, Augusti R, Pinto FG. Rapid discrimination of geographical origin of garlic (Allium sativum L.): A metabolomic approach applied to paper spray mass spectrometry data. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9743. [PMID: 38682308 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Distinguishing and categorizing the origin of garlic are highly significant, considering its widespread use as a flavoring agent. With billions of dollars annually in global trade, garlic is frequently susceptible to fraudulent practices. METHODOLOGY Paper spray ionization mass spectrometry (PS-MS) was employed to quickly analyze garlic samples from distinct geographic origins: China and Brazil. The so-generated PS-MS data were treated with metabolomic multivariate approaches, and the garlic samples from these different geographic regions were easily discriminated. RESULTS Brazilian garlic was characterized to contain higher levels of amino acids, such as arginine, proline, and valine, and organosulfur compounds, such as allicin, alliin, and l-γ-glutamil-S-allyl-l-cysteine, compared to Chinese garlic. The PS-MS data were treated employing multivariate approaches, typically used in the metabolomics field, and this protocol was promptly able to discern among both types of samples. CONCLUSION Hence, this combined strategy holds promise not only as an effective tool for the authentication of the geographical origin of garlic but also as a powerful means for biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Natália Reis de Almeida
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Viçosa, Rio Paranaíba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodinei Augusti
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Frederico Garcia Pinto
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Viçosa, Rio Paranaíba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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3
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Bouza M, Foest D, Brandt S, García-Reyes JF, Franzke J. Enhanced Compound Analysis Using Reactive Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry: Leveraging Schiff Base Reaction for Amino Acid Detection. Anal Chem 2024; 96:5289-5297. [PMID: 38507224 PMCID: PMC10993198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) has evolved into a promising tool for monitoring reactions in thin films and microdroplets, known as reactive PS, alongside its established role in ambient and direct ionization. This study addresses the need for rapid, cost-effective methods to improve analyte identification in biofluids by leveraging reactive PS-MS in clinical chemistry environments. The technique has proven effective in derivatizing target analytes, altering hydrophobicity to enhance elution and ionization efficiency, and refining detection through thin-film reactions on paper, significantly expediting reaction rates by using amino acids (AAs) as model analytes. These molecules are prone to interacting with substrates like paper, impeding elution and detection. Additionally, highly abundant species in biofluids, such as lipids, often suppress AA ionization. This study employs the Schiff base (SB) reaction utilizing aromatic aldehydes for AA derivatization to optimize reaction conditions time, temperature, and catalyst presence and dramatically increasing the conversion ratio (CR) of formed SB. For instance, using leucine as a model AA, the CR surged from 57% at room temperature to 89% at 70 °C, with added pyridine during and after 7.5 min, displaying a 43% CR compared to the bulk reaction. Evaluation of various aromatic aldehydes as derivatization agents highlighted the importance of specific oxygen substituents for achieving higher conversion rates. Furthermore, diverse derivatization agents unveiled unique fragmentation pathways, aiding in-depth annotation of the target analyte. Successfully applied to quantify AAs in human and rat plasma, this reactive PS-MS approach showcases promising potential in efficiently detecting conventionally challenging compounds in PS-MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Bouza
- Analytical
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Jaén 23071, Spain
| | - Daniel Foest
- ISAS—Leibniz
Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, Dortmund 44139, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brandt
- ISAS—Leibniz
Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, Dortmund 44139, Germany
| | - Juan F. García-Reyes
- Analytical
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Jaén 23071, Spain
| | - Joachim Franzke
- ISAS—Leibniz
Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, Dortmund 44139, Germany
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4
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Hu W, Hou J, Liu W, Gu X, Yang Y, Shang H, Zhang M. Online Pharmaceutical Process Analysis of Chinese Medicine Using a Miniature Mass Spectrometer: Extraction of Active Ingredients as An Example. J Pharm Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
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5
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Lin Q, Sun J, Wang Y, Ye M, Cheng H. Rapid determination of aldehydes in food by high-throughput reactive paper spray ionization mass spectrometry. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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6
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Zhu Y, Zhang Q, Zhang Q, Lu J, Wang K, Zhang R, Yu Q. High-Throughput Screening Using a Synchronized Pulsed Self-aspiration Vacuum Electrospray Ionization Miniature Mass Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7417-7424. [PMID: 35533348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With the advantages of rapid analysis, high sensitivity, and multicomponent identification, mass spectrometry (MS) is recognized as an appealing choice for high-throughput screening (HTS) analysis. Aiming at the small size, simple operation, and adequate performance, the development of miniature mass spectrometers has made great progress over the last 2 decades. Besides the essential analytical performance, simple operation and HTS capability are two other crucial features desired in miniature MS instruments. In this paper, an induced self-aspiration vacuum electrospray ionization source (ISA-VESI) was developed and coupled to a miniature ion trap mass spectrometer. A special timing sequence was designed to synchronize all the operation steps in each measurement, including dual-pulse sample injection, multipulse gas injection, MS analysis, and the movement of the homemade HTS platform used as the sampler. Then, the automatic high-throughput analysis of multiple samples can be accomplished with close coordination among the sample delivery, the sample introduction and ionization, and the ion trap operation. The measurement time of each ISA-VESI-MS analysis was about 7 s, with a sample consumption of less than 100 nL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Zhu
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Informatization and Industrialization Integration Research Institute, China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ruina Zhang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Quan Yu
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Dulay MT, Boeser CL, Walker KL, Feider C, Zare RN. Polymer substrate with surface solvent reservoir for polymer-spray mass spectrometric analysis of hydrophilic drugs. TALANTA OPEN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2021.100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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8
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Bernardo RA, Sousa JCP, Gallimberti M, Junior FB, Vaz BG, Chaves AR. A fast and direct determination of bisphenol S in thermal paper samples using paper spray ionization mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:57288-57296. [PMID: 34089157 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14603-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about human health regarding the large use of bisphenol A in thermal papers have led to its replacement by bisphenol S. Analyses of bisphenols require several sample pretreatment steps, which are laborious, expensive, and time-consuming. A paper spray ionization mass spectrometry (PSI-MS) was developed to detect and quantify bisphenol S in three different brands of thermal papers commercially available. Parameters such as paper size, and paper position relative to the mass spectrometer inlet were evaluated. The analyses were performed in selected ion monitoring mode on a linear ion trap mass spectrometer. The developed method presented absolute recovery values ranging from 92.2 to 109.04%, accuracy values from -1.2 to 9.0%, and inter assay precision from 1.8 to 5.6% and enabled LOD as low as 5 ng g-1. The concentration of bisphenol S in all of the three brands of BPA-free thermal papers evaluated ranged from 1.36 to 6.77 μg g-1, and the concentrarion of BPA ranged from 6.56 to 16.4 μg g-1 in all samples of thermal paper evaluated. The PSI-MS method described here was comparable to the conventional ones, such as liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry described in the literature. The present study proved to be practical, fast, and efficient for the direct determination of bisphenol S in thermal papers. Furthermore, the methodology here described showed to be a promising alternative to replace the classical methods for determination of bisphenol S, due to its simplicity, and no needing of any sample pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matheus Gallimberti
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Barbosa Junior
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Boniek Gontijo Vaz
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
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9
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In Situ Separation and Analysis of Lipids by Paper Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2020; 26:molecules26010093. [PMID: 33379256 PMCID: PMC7795734 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Paper spray ionization (PSI) is an extractive ambient ionization technique for mass spectrometry (MS), whereby a triangular paper tip serves as the sampling base and the electrospray tip. During PSI, analytes are extracted and transported to the edge of the paper tip by the applied spraying solvent. Analytes can be purified from a sample matrix and separated from each other by this transportation process. In this study, we investigated and utilized the analyte transportation process of PSI for the in situ separation and analysis of lipid mixtures. We found that differential transport of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and triacylglycerol (TAG), the two most abundant lipid classes in animals, occurred during PSI. We also found that the order in which these lipids moved strongly depended on how the spraying solvent was applied to the paper base. The more polar PC moved faster than the less polar TAG during PSI, when a polar solvent was slowly fed into a paper tip, whereas TAG was transported faster than PC when excess solvent was applied to the tip at once. In addition, we achieved a complete separation and detection of PC and TAG by slowly supplying a nonpolar solvent to a PSI tip.
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10
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Chakrabarty S, Shelver WL, Smith DJ. Electrospray ionization rapid screening sans liquid chromatography column: A sensitive method for detection and quantification of chemicals in animal tissues and urine. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8876. [PMID: 32628302 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) in conjunction with liquid chromatography (LC) can provide accurate quantitative data, but it is not well-suited for the rapid screening (RS) of analytes incurred into complex matrices. This study was designed to determine the usefulness of ESI for rapid detection and quantitation of veterinary drugs from complex biological matrices under near real-time conditions. METHODS Nine veterinary drugs or metabolites, clenbuterol, erythromycin, flunixin, 5-hydroxyflunixin, meloxicam, ractopamine, salbutamol, tylosin and zilpaterol, present in cow urine, sheep urine, sheep tissues (kidney, muscle, liver and lung) or pig kidney, were simultaneously analyzed. A simple sample clean-up procedure, which included dilution with 10% sodium carbonate followed by extraction with ethyl acetate, was used. For tissues, an additional pre-extraction with hexane was performed to remove fat prior to MS analysis. Samples were introduced into the mass spectrometer through the LC autosampler, but no chromatographic separation was employed. A Sciex 5600+ triple time-of-flight mass spectrometer with a dual-spray source interfaced with a Shimadzu Nexera LC system was used. Samples were analyzed in positive ion mode. RESULTS Sample extraction times were typically 10-30 min or less and instrumental analysis time was 1 min/sample. Regression coefficients of matrix-matched standard curves across all compounds ranged from 0.9701-0.9999 in urine (cow and sheep) and tissues (sheep kidney, liver, lung, muscle and pig kidney). Limits of detection ranged from 0.11 to 2.03 ng/mL across analytes in urine and 0.11 to 8.86 ng/g across tissues. Correlations between RS-ESI-MS and LC/MS/MS results were 0.956 to 0.998 for incurred residues of flunixin in cow urine, ractopamine in pig kidney and zilpaterol in sheep urine. CONCLUSIONS RS-ESI-MS provided rapid, sensitive, and accurate analyses of nine veterinary drugs from complex matrices with very little sample preparation and produced quantitative data akin to LC/MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhashis Chakrabarty
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, 1616 Albrecht Blvd, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Weilin L Shelver
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, 1616 Albrecht Blvd, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - David J Smith
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, 1616 Albrecht Blvd, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
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11
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Borden SA, Saatchi A, Krogh ET, Gill CG. Rapid and quantitative determination of fentanyls and pharmaceuticals from powdered drug samples by paper spray mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ansa.202000083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Borden
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL) Department of Chemistry Vancouver Island University Nanaimo British Columbia Canada
- Department of Chemistry University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
| | - Armin Saatchi
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL) Department of Chemistry Vancouver Island University Nanaimo British Columbia Canada
| | - Erik T. Krogh
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL) Department of Chemistry Vancouver Island University Nanaimo British Columbia Canada
- Department of Chemistry University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
| | - Chris G. Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL) Department of Chemistry Vancouver Island University Nanaimo British Columbia Canada
- Department of Chemistry University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Department of Chemistry Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences University of Washington Seattle Washington
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12
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Abstract
Direct ambient ionization techniques have been developed with the aim to reduce the complexity of mass spectrometry analysis by minimizing sample preparation and chromatographic separation. In this context, paper spray-MS (PS-MS) is an innovative approach that provides faster and cheaper analysis of biofluids by the addition of the sample directly to a paper. In forensic toxicology, the analytical workflow for the detection and quantification of drugs of abuse is onerous, including sample treatment, extraction and clean up, especially regarding complex biological matrices. PS-MS allows the detection of analytes of toxicological interest in blood, plasma and urine using low sample volume. This review aims to discuss the potential use, advances and challenges of PS-MS in forensic toxicology.
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13
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Frey BS, Damon DE, Badu-Tawiah AK. Emerging trends in paper spray mass spectrometry: Microsampling, storage, direct analysis, and applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:336-370. [PMID: 31491055 PMCID: PMC7875099 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in the sensitivity of chemical instrumentation have led to increased interest in the use of microsamples for translational and biomedical research. Paper substrates are by far the most widely used media for biofluid collection, and mass spectrometry is the preferred method of analysis of the resultant dried blood spot (DBS) samples. Although there have been a variety of review papers published on DBS, there has been no attempt to unify the century old DBS methodology with modern applications utilizing modified paper and paper-based microfluidics for sampling, storage, processing, and analysis. This critical review will discuss how mass spectrometry has expanded the utility of paper substrates from sample collection and storage, to direct complex mixture analysis to on-surface reaction monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abraham K. Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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14
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Vandergrift GW, Gill CG. Paper spray mass spectrometry: A new drug checking tool for harm reduction in the opioid overdose crisis. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2019; 54:729-737. [PMID: 31432563 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fentanyl and related psychoactive substances are at the forefront of the opioid overdose crisis, for which a complete solution is not immediately obvious. Drug testing for harm reduction may be an effective approach to both reduce overdoses and importantly, engage people who use drugs (PWUD) with the medical system. Paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) is an ambient ionization strategy that is uniquely suited to address this complicated analytical task. This perspectives article presents the merits of PS-MS, with a focus upon the current state of its use as a candidate drug checking strategy for harm reduction. PS-MS is inherently sensitive and selective, with detection limits in the picogram range. It requires small drug samples (~1 mg) for quantitative drug testing, critical to encourage pre-consumption measurements by PWUD in the context of a harm reduction strategy. Calibrations obtained in surrogate drug matrices containing highly concentrated primary drugs demonstrate comparable sensitivities, a wide calibration range, and minimal matrix effects. PS-MS can be interfaced with high-resolution MS for non-targeted analysis, allowing the identification of novel psychoactive substances as they appear in street drugs. Individual quantitative PS-MS measurements for drug testing can be done in 1 minute or less, resulting in high sample throughput. Significant advancement in mass spectrometer miniaturization and mobilization has concomitant benefits for direct, on-site drug checking, such as reduced cost, simplified maintenance and ease of use by less skilled operators. While PS-MS technology continues to rapidly advance, it is our opinion that PS-MS can be utilized as an effective tool for harm reduction in the opioid overdose crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W Vandergrift
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Chemistry Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Chemistry Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Chemistry Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Chemistry Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Chemistry Department, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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15
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Kasperkiewicz A, Gómez-Ríos GA, Hein D, Pawliszyn J. Breaching the 10 Second Barrier of Total Analysis Time for Complex Matrices via Automated Coated Blade Spray. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13039-13046. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dietmar Hein
- Professional Analytical System (PAS) Technology, 99441 Magdala, Germany
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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16
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Zhu H, Huang G. High-throughput paper spray mass spectrometry via induced voltage. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:392-398. [PMID: 30394606 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Paper spray (PS) has been developed as a method of choice for point-of-care analysis in many real cases, where its applications can be further expanded with delicate high-throughput design. To achieve this goal, we developed a new PS regime, with the assembly of an induced high voltage into the ion source. Compared with regular DC high voltage, the newly developed setup is capable of high-throughput, simple configuration and rapid switching between individual papers without complicated electric/mechanic design. METHODS A device of high-throughput induced PS (IPS) was designed by using a two-dimensional (2D) rotating platform equipped with a circular glass plate. The paper substrate was placed on the circular glass plate and separated from the electrode. The method avoids physical contact between the electrode and the sample. Charged droplets were generated at the paper tip once an induced high voltage was applied to a wet paper. RESULTS A relatively rapid analytical speed of 2.6 s per sample was achieved via IPS-MS. Rapid quantification of amitriptyline (AMT) in complicated matrices was obtained within 1 min using an isotope internal standard method. Limits of detection for AMt in urine, FBS and blood were calculated to be 1.04, 0.84 and 1.33 ng/mL, respectively. In addition, high-throughput IPS-MS can be used for chemical reaction monitoring. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated the versatility of high-throughput IPS-MS in ambient ionization, which successfully simplified the experimental installation and facilitated the experimental operation. Therefore, we believe that high-throughput IPS-MS analysis will be widely used for discovering drugs and screening reactions, and the present design has the potential for applications in paper chip-MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Guangming Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
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17
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Abstract
Direct sampling mass spectrometry (MS) has been advancing aggressively, showing immense potential in translating MS into the clinical field. Unlike traditional MS analysis involving extensive sample preparation and chromatographic separation, quick and simple procedures with minimal sample pretreatment or purification became available with direct sampling. An overview of the development in this field is provided, including some representative ambient ionization and fast extraction methods. Quantitative applications of these methods are emphasized and their efficacy are highlighted from a clinical aspect; non-quantitative applications in clinical analysis are also discussed. This review also discusses the integration of direct sampling MS with miniature mass spectrometers and its future outlook as an emerging clinical tool for point-of-care analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Spencer Chiang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Wenpeng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Yang X, Huang H, Lu Q, Chen SH, Wang F, Huang OP, Hu B, Yang BC. High-throughput polymer tip-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for enhanced detection of neopterin and biopterin in clinical urine samples. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2019; 54:189-194. [PMID: 30597687 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Urinary biopterin (Bio) and neopterin (Neo) are important markers for clinical diagnosis of hyperphenylalaninemia. Herein, we developed a high-throughput analysis method based on electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) with polymer tips for the rapid quantitative detection of Bio and Neo in clinical urine samples. Different polymer tips were investigated. It is found that the best detection sensitivity was achieved with hydrophobic polymer tip, ie, polyethylene tips. The high-throughput polymer tip-ESI-MS method allowed a rapid analysis speed at ~40 seconds per sample. The limits of quantification (LOQ) (S/N ≥ 10) for the detection of Bio and Neo were improved to be 5.0 ng/mL. Acceptable relative standard deviation (RSD) values for Neo and Bio were measured to be 12.2% and 13.4% for direct measurement of Bio and Neo in raw urine samples, respectively. Furthermore, Bio and Neo were directly quantified from 18 clinical urine samples by presented method. The ratios of urinary Bio-to-Neo were analyzed for diagnosis of hyperphenylalaninemia. The results demonstrated that the present polymer tip-ESI-MS method is a promising strategy for the rapid analysis of clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang
- Neonatal Disease Screening Center, Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Huang Huang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Neonatal Disease Screening Center, Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Shao-Hong Chen
- Neonatal Disease Screening Center, Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Neonatal Disease Screening Center, Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Ou-Ping Huang
- Neonatal Disease Screening Center, Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Bi-Cheng Yang
- Neonatal Disease Screening Center, Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, 330006, China
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19
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The impacts of paper properties on matrix effects during paper spray mass spectrometry analysis of prescription drugs, fentanyl and synthetic cannabinoids. Forensic Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Abstract
This paper focuses on one of the most commonly encountered materials in our society, namely paper. Paper is an inherently complex material, yet its use provides for chemical analysis approaches that are elegant in their simplicity of execution. In the first half of the previous century, paper in scientific research was used mainly for filtration and chromatographic separation. While its use decreased with the rise of modern elution chromatography, paper remains a versatile substrate for low-cost analytical tests. Recently, we have seen renewed interest to work with paper in (bio)analytical science, a result of the growing demand for inexpensive, portable analysis. Dried blood spotting, paper microfluidics, and paper spray ionization are areas in which paper is (re)establishing itself as an important material. These research areas all exploit several properties of paper, including stable sample storage, passive fluid movement and manipulation, chromatographic separation/extraction, modifiable surface and/or volume, easily altered shape, easy transport, and low cost. We propose that the real, and to date underexploited, potential of paper lies in utilizing its combined characteristics to add new dimensions to paper-based (bio)chemical analysis, expanding its applicability. This article provides the reader with a short historical perspective on the scientific use of paper and the developments that led to the establishment of the aforementioned research areas. We review important characteristics of paper and place them in a scientific context in this descriptive, yet critical, assessment of the achieved and the achievable in paper-based analysis. The ultimate goal is the exploration of integrative approaches at the interface between the different fields in which paper is or can be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ij Salentijn
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy , University of Groningen , Antonius Deusinglaan 1 , 9713 AV Groningen , The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Organic Chemistry , Wageningen University and Research , Stippeneng 4 , 6708 WE Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - M Grajewski
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy , University of Groningen , Antonius Deusinglaan 1 , 9713 AV Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - E Verpoorte
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy , University of Groningen , Antonius Deusinglaan 1 , 9713 AV Groningen , The Netherlands
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21
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Lu H, Zhang H, Chingin K, Xiong J, Fang X, Chen H. Ambient mass spectrometry for food science and industry. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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22
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Chiang S, Zhang W, Ouyang Z. Paper spray ionization mass spectrometry: recent advances and clinical applications. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:781-789. [PMID: 30223684 PMCID: PMC6320440 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1525295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Paper spray mass spectrometry has provided a rapid, quantitative ambient ionization method for xenobiotic and biomolecule analysis. As an alternative to traditional sample preparation and chromatography, paper spray demonstrates the sampling ionization of a wide range of molecules and significant sensitivity from complex biofluids. The amenability of paper spray with dried blood spots and other sampling types shows strong potential for rapid, point-of-care (POC) analysis without time-consuming separation procedures. Areas covered: This special report summarizes the current state and advances in paper spray mass spectrometry that relate to its applicability for clinical analysis. It also provides our perspectives on the future development of paper spray mass spectrometry and its potential roles in clinical settings. Expert commentary: Paper spray has provided the fundamental aspects of ambient ionization needed for implementation at the POC. With further clinical management and standardization, paper spray has the potential to replace traditional complex analysis procedure for rapid quantitative detection of illicit drugs, therapeutic drugs and metabolites. Surface and substrate modifications also offer significant improvement in desorption and ionization efficiencies, resulting in enhanced sensitivity. Comprehensive analysis of metabolites and lipids will further extend the implementation of paper spray ionization mass spectrometry into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer Chiang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology
and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing,
China
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University,
West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Wenpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology
and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing,
China
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University,
West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology
and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing,
China
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University,
West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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23
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Resende SF, Oliveira BS, Augusti R. On-surface Fenton and Fenton-like reactions appraised by paper spray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:717-724. [PMID: 29926518 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
On-surface degradation of sildenafil (an adequate substrate as it contains assorted functional groups in its structure) promoted by the Fenton (Fe2+ /H2 O2 ) and Fenton-like (Mn+ /H2 O2 ; Mn+ = Fe3+ , Co2+ , Cu2+ , Mn2+ ) systems was investigated by using paper spray ionization mass spectrometry (PS-MS). The performance of each system was compared by measuring the ratio between the relative intensities of the ions of m/z 475 (protonated sildenafil) and m/z 235 (protonated lidocaine, used as a convenient internal standard and added to the paper just before the PS-MS analyzes). The results indicated the following order in the rates of such reactions: Fe2+ /H2 O2 ≫ H2 O2 ≫ Cu2+ /H2 O2 > Mn+ /H2 O2 (Mn+ = Fe3+ , Co2+ , Mn2+ ) ~ Mn+ (Mn+ = Fe2+ , Fe3+ , Co2+ , Cu2+ , Mn2 ). The superior capability of Fe2+ /H2 O2 in causing the degradation of sildenafil indicates that Fe2+ efficiently decomposes H2 O2 to yield hydroxyl radicals, quite reactive species that cause the substrate oxidation. The results also indicate that H2 O2 can spontaneously decompose likely to yield hydroxyl radicals, although in a much smaller extension than the Fenton system. This effect, however, is strongly inhibited by the presence of the other cations, ie, Fe3+ , Co2+ , Cu2+ , and Mn2+ . A unique oxidation by-product was detected in the reaction between Fe2+ /H2 O2 with sildenafil, and a possible structure for it was proposed based on the MS/MS data. The on-surface reaction of other substrates (trimethoprim and tamoxifen) with the Fenton system was also investigated. In conclusion, PS-MS shows to be a convenient platform to promptly monitor on-surface oxidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Resende
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - B S Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - R Augusti
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
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Vandergrift GW, Hessels AJ, Palaty J, Krogh ET, Gill CG. Paper spray mass spectrometry for the direct, semi-quantitative measurement of fentanyl and norfentanyl in complex matrices. Clin Biochem 2018; 54:106-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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McKenna J, Jett R, Shanks K, Manicke NE. Toxicological Drug Screening using Paper Spray High-Resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HR-MS/MS). J Anal Toxicol 2018; 42:300-310. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Josiah McKenna
- Forensic and Investigative Sciences Program, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), 402 N Blackford St, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Rachel Jett
- Forensic and Investigative Sciences Program, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), 402 N Blackford St, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Kevin Shanks
- AXIS Forensic Toxicology, 5780 W 71st St, Indianapolis, IN 46278
| | - Nicholas E Manicke
- Forensic and Investigative Sciences Program, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), 402 N Blackford St, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, IUPUI, 402 N Blackford St, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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Bianchi F, Riboni N, Termopoli V, Mendez L, Medina I, Ilag L, Cappiello A, Careri M. MS-Based Analytical Techniques: Advances in Spray-Based Methods and EI-LC-MS Applications. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:1308167. [PMID: 29850370 PMCID: PMC5937452 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1308167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is the most powerful technique for the detection and identification of organic compounds. It can provide molecular weight information and a wealth of structural details that give a unique fingerprint for each analyte. Due to these characteristics, mass spectrometry-based analytical methods are showing an increasing interest in the scientific community, especially in food safety, environmental, and forensic investigation areas where the simultaneous detection of targeted and nontargeted compounds represents a key factor. In addition, safety risks can be identified at the early stage through online and real-time analytical methodologies. In this context, several efforts have been made to achieve analytical instrumentation able to perform real-time analysis in the native environment of samples and to generate highly informative spectra. This review article provides a survey of some instrumental innovations and their applications with particular attention to spray-based MS methods and food analysis issues. The survey will attempt to cover the state of the art from 2012 up to 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Nicolò Riboni
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, LC-MS Laboratory, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Lucia Mendez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Spanish National Research Council (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Isabel Medina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Spanish National Research Council (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Leopold Ilag
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Achille Cappiello
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, LC-MS Laboratory, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Maria Careri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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27
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Michely JA, Meyer MR, Maurer HH. Paper Spray Ionization Coupled to High Resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Comprehensive Urine Drug Testing in Comparison to Liquid Chromatography-Coupled Techniques after Urine Precipitation or Dried Urine Spot Workup. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11779-11786. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian A. Michely
- Department of Experimental and Clinical
Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and
Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar D-66421, Germany
| | - Markus R. Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical
Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and
Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar D-66421, Germany
| | - Hans H. Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical
Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and
Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar D-66421, Germany
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Salentijn GI, Oleschuk RD, Verpoorte E. 3D-Printed Paper Spray Ionization Cartridge with Integrated Desolvation Feature and Ion Optics. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11419-11426. [PMID: 29039912 PMCID: PMC5677766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In
this work we present the application of 3D-printing for the
miniaturization and functionalization of an ion source for (portable)
mass spectrometry (MS). Two versions of a 3D-printed cartridge for
paper spray ionization (PSI) are demonstrated, assessed, and compared.
We first focus on the use of 3D-printing to enable the integration
of an embedded electrostatic lens and a manifold for internal sheath
gas distribution and delivery. Cartridges with and without a sheath
gas manifold and an electrostatic lens are compared with respect to
analytical performance and operational flexibility. The sensitivity
and limit of detection are improved in the cartridge with an electrostatic
lens and sheath gas manifold compared to the cartridge without (15%
and over 6.5× smaller, respectively). The use of these focusing
elements also improved the average spray stability. Furthermore, the
range of potentials required for PSI was lower, and the distance to
the MS orifice over which spray could be obtained was larger. Importantly,
both setups allowed quantification of a model drug in the ng/mL range
with single-stage MS, after correction for spray instability. Finally,
we believe that this work is an example of the impact that 3D-printing
will have on the future of analytical device fabrication, miniaturization,
and functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ij Salentijn
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen , Groningen, The Netherlands.,TI-COAST , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R D Oleschuk
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - E Verpoorte
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen , Groningen, The Netherlands
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Dulay MT, Zare RN. Polymer-spray mass spectrometric detection and quantitation of hydrophilic compounds and some narcotics. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1651-1658. [PMID: 28792093 PMCID: PMC5591076 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE High-throughput screening of biofluids is essential in monitoring concentration of a variety of drugs to determine their efficacy and toxicity. Organosiloxane polymers prepared by sol-gel chemistry as sample supports, and electrospray ionization emitters in a single material and as an alternative to paper substrates, is described in this study. METHODS Hydrophobic drugs and hydrophilic streptomycin were analyzed by polymer-spray mass spectrometry with an LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Drug samples in urine (1-2 μL) were deposited on an OSX polymer, allowed to dry, then electrosprayed from the polymer tip into the mass spectrometer without sample pretreatment. The OSX polymers, whose polarity and porosity can be controlled, were prepared by sol-gel chemistry where methyl-substituted alkoxysilanes were hydrolyzed in the presence of a pore template and an acid catalyst. RESULTS Five nanograms each of seven narcotic drugs were detected in <1 min (relative standard deviation (RSD) of response <1% for each drug). Calibration curves of cocaine and streptomycin in urine were used to establish the performance of the polymer. For sample 1 (n = 2), the mean recovery for cocaine was 81% with paper and 90% with polymer. Streptomycin is detected with polymer, not with paper; for samples 1 and 2 (n = 3), mean recovery was 97% and 95%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Organosiloxane polymers achieve more sensitive analysis than paper, allowing for more accurate quantitation of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drug compounds. The ability to tailor the polymer polarity and porosity allows for the synthesis of a wide range of polymers, and thus opens many possibilities for further development and applications.
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30
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Ultra-fast quantitation of voriconazole in human plasma by coated blade spray mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 144:106-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Tascon M, Gómez-Ríos GA, Reyes-Garcés N, Poole J, Boyacı E, Pawliszyn J. High-Throughput Screening and Quantitation of Target Compounds in Biofluids by Coated Blade Spray-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8421-8428. [PMID: 28715206 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Most contemporary methods of screening and quantitating controlled substances and therapeutic drugs in biofluids typically require laborious, time-consuming, and expensive analytical workflows. In recent years, our group has worked toward developing microextraction (μe)-mass spectrometry (MS) technologies that merge all of the tedious steps of the classical methods into a simple, efficient, and low-cost methodology. Unquestionably, the automation of these technologies allows for faster sample throughput, greater reproducibility, and radically reduced analysis times. Coated blade spray (CBS) is a μe technology engineered for extracting/enriching analytes of interest in complex matrices, and it can be directly coupled with MS instruments to achieve efficient screening and quantitative analysis. In this study, we introduced CBS as a technology that can be arranged to perform either rapid diagnostics (single vial) or the high-throughput (96-well plate) analysis of biofluids. Furthermore, we demonstrate that performing 96-CBS extractions at the same time allows the total analysis time to be reduced to less than 55 s per sample. Aiming to validate the versatility of CBS, substances comprising a broad range of molecular weights, moieties, protein binding, and polarities were selected. Thus, the high-throughput (HT)-CBS technology was used for the concomitant quantitation of 18 compounds (mixture of anabolics, β-2 agonists, diuretics, stimulants, narcotics, and β-blockers) spiked in human urine and plasma samples. Excellent precision (∼2.5%), accuracy (≥90%), and linearity (R2 ≥ 0.99) were attained for all the studied compounds, and the limits of quantitation (LOQs) were within the range of 0.1 to 10 ng·mL-1 for plasma and 0.25 to 10 ng·mL-1 for urine. The results reported in this paper confirm CBS's great potential for achieving subsixty-second analyses of target compounds in a broad range of fields such as those related to clinical diagnosis, food, the environment, and forensics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Tascon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | | | - Nathaly Reyes-Garcés
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Justen Poole
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ezel Boyacı
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Zhang W, Wang X, Xia Y, Ouyang Z. Ambient Ionization and Miniature Mass Spectrometry Systems for Disease Diagnosis and Therapeutic Monitoring. Theranostics 2017; 7:2968-2981. [PMID: 28839457 PMCID: PMC5566099 DOI: 10.7150/thno.19410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry has become a powerful tool in the field of biomedicine. The combination of ambient ionization and miniature mass spectrometry systems could most likely fulfill a significant need in medical diagnostics, providing highly specific molecular information in real time for clinical and even point-of-care analysis. In this review, we discuss the recent development of ambient ionization and miniature mass spectrometers as well as their potential in disease diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring, with an emphasis on their capability in analysis of biofluids and tissues. We also speculate the future development of the integrated, miniature MS systems and provide our perspectives on the challenges in technical development as well as possible solutions for path forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Guo T, Yong W, Jin Y, Zhang L, Liu J, Wang S, Chen Q, Dong Y, Su H, Tan T. Applications of DART-MS for food quality and safety assurance in food supply chain. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:161-187. [PMID: 25975720 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Direct analysis in real time (DART) represents a new generation of ion source which is used for rapid ionization of small molecules under ambient conditions. The combination of DART and various mass spectrometers allows analyzing multiple food samples with simple or no sample treatment, or in conjunction with prevailing protocolized sample preparation methods. Abundant applications by DART-MS have been reviewed in this paper. The DART-MS strategy applied to food supply chain (FSC), including production, processing, and storage and transportation, provides a comprehensive solution to various food components, contaminants, authenticity, and traceability. Additionally, typical applications available in food analysis by other ambient ionization mass spectrometers were summarized, and fundamentals mainly including mechanisms, devices, and parameters were discussed as well. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev. 36:161-187, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yong
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, P.R. China
| | - Yong Jin
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, P.R. China
| | - Liya Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Sai Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Qilong Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yiyang Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Haijia Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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Ma X, Ouyang Z. Ambient ionization and miniature mass spectrometry system for chemical and biological analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2016; 85:10-19. [PMID: 28042191 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ambien ionization and miniaturization of mass spectrometers are two fields in mass spectrometry that have advanced significantly in the last decade. The integration of the techniques developed in these two fields is leading to the development of complete miniature analytical systems that can be used for on-site or point-of-care analysis by non-expert users. In this review, we report the current status of development in ambient ionization and miniature mass spectrometers, with an emphasis on those techniques with potential impact on the point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. The challenges in the future development of the integrated systems are discussed with possible solutions presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Ma
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906
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Bills BJ, Manicke NE. Development of a prototype blood fractionation cartridge for plasma analysis by paper spray mass spectrometry. CLINICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY (DEL MAR, CALIF.) 2016; 2:18-24. [PMID: 39192842 PMCID: PMC11322750 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinms.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Drug monitoring of biofluids is often time consuming and prohibitively expensive. Analysis of dried blood spots offers advantages, such as reduced sample volume, but depends on extensive sample preparation and the presence of a trained lab technician. Paper spray mass spectrometry allows rapid analysis of small molecules from blood spots with minimal sample preparation, however, plasma is often the preferred matrix for bioanalysis. Plasma spots can be analyzed by paper spray MS, but a centrifugation step to isolate the plasma is required. We demonstrate here the development of a paper spray cartridge containing a plasma fractionation membrane to perform automatic on-cartridge plasma fractionation from whole blood samples. Three commercially available blood fractionation membranes were evaluated based on: 1) accuracy of drug concentration determination in plasma, and 2) extent of cell lysis and/or penetration. The accuracy of drug concentration determination was quantitatively determined using high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). While the fractionation membranes were capable of yielding plasma samples with low levels of cell lysis, the membranes did exhibit drug binding to varying degrees, as indicated by a decrease in the drug concentration relative to plasma obtained by centrifugation. Using the membrane exhibiting the lowest binding, we developed a composite paper spray cartridge incorporating the selected fractionation membrane. Quantitative analysis of the plasma samples by paper spray MS yielded results similar to those found with HPLC-MS, but without the need for offline extraction or chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J. Bills
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Nicholas E. Manicke
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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36
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Opening the toolbox of alternative sampling strategies in clinical routine: A key-role for (LC-)MS/MS. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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37
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Zhao Y, Wei Z, Zhao H, Jia J, Chen Z, Zhang S, Ouyang Z, Ma X, Zhang X. In Situ Ion-Transmission Mass Spectrometry for Paper-Based Analytical Devices. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10805-10810. [PMID: 27768282 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Current detection methods for paper-based analytical devices (PADs) rely on spectroscopic and electrochemical properties, which place special requirements on the analyte or need analyte labeling. Here, ion-transmission mass spectrometry (MS) was proposed for coupling with PADs to enable rapid in situ MS analysis of the sample on paper. The sample was analyzed directly on paper via analyte ionization by ions transmitted through the paper, generated by a low-temperature plasma probe. Prior to MS analysis, the sample can be separated by paper electrophoresis or by paper chromatography, among a variety of other features offered by PADs. The versatility of this technique was demonstrated by MS analysis of a paper microarray, a mixture of amino acids, and whole blood doped with drugs on PADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Zhenwei Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Hansen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Jia Jia
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014, P.R. China
| | - Sichun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ma
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Xinrong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P.R. China
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Direct Analysis and Quantification of Metaldehyde in Water using Reactive Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35643. [PMID: 27767044 PMCID: PMC5073298 DOI: 10.1038/srep35643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metaldehyde is extensively used worldwide as a contact and systemic molluscicide for controlling slugs and snails in a wide range of agricultural and horticultural crops. Contamination of surface waters due to run-off, coupled with its moderate solubility in water, has led to increased concentration of the pesticide in the environment. In this study, for the first time, rapid analysis (<~1 minute) of metaldehyde residues in water is demonstrated using paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS). The observed precursor molecular ions of metaldehyde were confirmed from tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) experiments by studying the fragmentation patterns produced via collision-induced dissociation. The signal intensity ratios of the most abundant MS/MS transitions for metaldehyde (177 → 149 for protonated ion) and atrazine (221 → 179) were found to be linear in the range 0.01 to 5 ng/mL. Metaldehyde residues were detectable in environmental water samples at low concentration (LOD < 0.1 ng/mL using reactive PS-MS), with a relative standard deviation <10% and an R2 value >0.99, without any pre-concentration/separation steps. This result is of particular importance for environmental monitoring and water quality analysis providing a potential means of rapid screening to ensure safe drinking water.
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39
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Slug-flow microextraction coupled with paper spray mass spectrometry for rapid analysis of complex samples. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 940:143-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Jia B, Zhang S, Yan L, He S, Liu B, Shen H, Yang P. Self-aspiration sampling extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS) for high-throughput analysis of liquid samples. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30 Suppl 1:56-61. [PMID: 27539416 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS) was invented as a typical ambient mass spectrometry method (AMS) and has been used for analyzing complex liquid samples. Here, we designed a Venturi effect-based self-aspiration sampling device and applied it to the EESI-MS for high-throughput analysis of liquid sample. METHODS A special concentric nebulizer was designed and employed to produce a suction force for the direct aspiration of liquid samples, followed by ionization and detection. This sample aspiration process was explained and optimized using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. Experiment data were recorded to exhibit the sensitivity, memory effect, inter-day reproducibility, throughput, and applicability of the self-aspiration sampling EESI-MS. RESULTS The limit of detection (LOD) of this method was determined as 4.5 × 10(-10) g/mL (S/N = 3) for caffeine, and the sample throughput and relative standard deviation (RSD) for full scan mode can reach 0.67 samples/s and 4.76%, respectively. Even for MS/MS mode, the frequency can still be kept at 0.4 samples/s (RSD = 4.71%). Inter-day RSD examined in 1 week was below 10% for the signal of characteristic fragment ions of reserpine. Moreover, based on this method, the amount of caffeine in instant coffee was determined as 4.7%. This device was also proven to be suitable for the protein/peptide analysis. CONCLUSIONS These experiment results, especially the amazing results on sample throughput and inter-day RSD, suggest that we provide a valuable device which can be used for the direct high-throughput qualitative/quantitative mass spectrometry analysis of real liquid samples in ambient. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jia
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ling Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shoubo He
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Baohong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Huali Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Pengyuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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Zheng Y, Wang Q, Wang X, Chen Y, Wang X, Zhang X, Bai Z, Han X, Zhang Z. Development and Application of Zirconia Coated Paper Substrate for High Sensitivity Analysis of Therapeutic Drugs in Dried Blood Spots. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7005-13. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zheng
- School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Clinical
Analysis Laboratory, Xi’an Mental Health Center, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Zongquan Bai
- School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Han
- School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China
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Taverna D, Di Donna L, Bartella L, Napoli A, Sindona G, Mazzotti F. Fast analysis of caffeine in beverages and drugs by paper spray tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:3783-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9468-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
Paper spray MS is part of a cohort of ambient ionization or direct analysis methods that seek to analyze complex samples without prior sample preparation. Extraction and electrospray ionization occur directly from the paper substrate upon which a dried matrix spot is stored. Paper spray MS is capable of detecting drugs directly from dried blood, plasma and urine spots at the low ng/ml to pg/ml levels without sample preparation. No front end separation is performed, so MS/MS or high-resolution MS is required. Here, we discuss paper spray methodology, give a comprehensive literature review of the use of paper spray MS for bioanalysis, discuss technological advancements and variations on this technique and discuss some of its limitations.
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton T. Snyder
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation
Development, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Christopher J. Pulliam
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation
Development, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, W.
Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation
Development, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907
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45
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Field-induced wooden-tip electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for high-throughput analysis of herbal medicines. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 887:127-137. [PMID: 26320794 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the first application of field-induced wooden-tip electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS) for high-throughput analysis of herbal medicines. By application of an opposite and sample-contactless high voltage on the MS inlet rather than wooden tips, a high-throughput analysis device is easily set up, and a relatively fast analysis speed of 6 s per sample was successfully achieved. In addition, fast polarity switching between positive and negative ion detection mode is readily accomplished, which provides more complete chemical information for quality assessment and control of herbal medicines. By using the proposed method, various active ingredients present in different herbal medicines were rapidly detected, and the obtained mass spectra were served as the samples' fingerprints for tracing the origins, establishing the authenticity, and assessing the quality consistency and stability of herbal medicines. Our experimental results demonstrated that field-induced wooden-tip ESI-MS is a desirable method for high-throughput analysis of herbal medicines, with promising prospects for rapidly differentiating the origin, determining the authenticity, and assessing the overall quality of pharmaceuticals.
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46
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Klampfl CW, Himmelsbach M. Direct ionization methods in mass spectrometry: An overview. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 890:44-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
Ambient ionization MS has become very popular in analytical science and has now evolved as an effective analytical tool in metabolomics, biological tissue imaging, protein and small molecule drug analysis, where biological samples are probed in a rapid and direct fashion with minimal sample preparation at ambient conditions. However, certain inherent challenges continue to hinder the vibrant prospects of these methods for in situ analyses or to replace conventional methods in bioanalysis. This review provides an introduction to the field and its application in bioanalysis, with an emphasis on the most recent developments and applications. Furthermore, ongoing challenges or limitations related to quantitation, sensitivity, selectivity, instrumentation and mass range of these ambient methods will also be discussed.
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48
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Recent advances in MS methods for nicotine and metabolite analysis in human matrices: clinical perspectives. Bioanalysis 2015; 6:2171-83. [PMID: 25331861 DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a major global health issue and represents the leading cause of preventable death in the developed countries. Nicotine is a major alkaloid found in tobacco products and its detection with its metabolites in human matrices is generally used for assessing tobacco consumption and second hand exposure. Several analytical techniques have been developed for the detection of nicotine and its metabolites, and MS coupled with chromatography is considered the standard reference method because of its superior sensitivity and specificity. In this work, we reviewed nicotine metabolism, clinical MS and the latest (2009-2014) development of MS-based techniques for measurement of nicotine and metabolites in human matrices. Appropriate biomarker and matrix selection are also critically discussed.
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49
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Wang Y, Liu S, Hu Y, Li P, Wan JB. Current state of the art of mass spectrometry-based metabolomics studies – a review focusing on wide coverage, high throughput and easy identification. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14058g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics aims at the comprehensive assessment of a wide range of endogenous metabolites and attempts to identify and quantify the attractive metabolites in a given biological sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- Macao
- China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine
- Changchun
- China
| | - Yuanjia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- Macao
- China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- Macao
- China
| | - Jian-Bo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- Macao
- China
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50
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Liu J, Manicke NE, Zhou X, Cooks RG, Ouyang Z. Paper Spray. AMBIENT IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782628026-00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Paper spray for direct mass spectrometry analysis is introduced in this chapter. The fundamental study of the mechanism and the characterization of the analytical performance are reviewed for paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS). An important aspect in development of paper spray is its capability for quantitation at high precision for analytes in complex samples, which is important for a wide range of applications in many different fields with mandatory criteria in quantitation. Its potential for point-of-care (POC) analysis is discussed with recent implementation with miniature MS analytical systems. Three other ambient ionization methods associated with paper spray, including leaf spray, tissue spray, and extraction spray ionization are also introduced in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangjiang Liu
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Nicholas E. Manicke
- Departement of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Indianapolis, Indiana 46202 USA
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 USA
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Departement of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 USA
- Departement of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 USA
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