1
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Kimura T, Miyashita K, Fukamachi I, Fukamachi K, Ogura K, Yokoyama E, Tsunekawa K, Nagasawa T, Ploug M, Yang Y, Song W, Young SG, Beigneux AP, Nakajima K, Murakami M. Quantification of lipoprotein lipase in mouse plasma with a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100532. [PMID: 38608546 PMCID: PMC11017283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
To support in vivo and in vitro studies of intravascular triglyceride metabolism in mice, we created rat monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against mouse LPL. Two mAbs, mAbs 23A1 and 31A5, were used to develop a sandwich ELISA for mouse LPL. The detection of mouse LPL by the ELISA was linear in concentrations ranging from 0.31 ng/ml to 20 ng/ml. The sensitivity of the ELISA made it possible to quantify LPL in serum and in both pre-heparin and post-heparin plasma samples (including in grossly lipemic samples). LPL mass and activity levels in the post-heparin plasma were lower in Gpihbp1-/- mice than in wild-type mice. In both groups of mice, LPL mass and activity levels were positively correlated. Our mAb-based sandwich ELISA for mouse LPL will be useful for any investigator who uses mouse models to study LPL-mediated intravascular lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Kimura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan; Clinical Laboratory Center, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
| | | | | | | | - Kazumi Ogura
- Immuno-Biological Laboratories, Fujioka, Gunma, Japan
| | | | - Katsuhiko Tsunekawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan; Clinical Laboratory Center, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takumi Nagasawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan; Clinical Laboratory Center, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Michael Ploug
- Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ye Yang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wenxin Song
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen G Young
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anne P Beigneux
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katsuyuki Nakajima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Masami Murakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan; Clinical Laboratory Center, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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2
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is the rate-limiting enzyme for intravascular processing of circulating triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs). One emerging strategy for therapeutic lowering of plasma triglyceride levels aims at increasing the longevity of LPL activity by attenuating its inhibition from angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTL) 3, 4 and 8. This mini-review focuses on recent insights into the molecular mechanisms underpinning the regulation of LPL activity in the intravascular unit by ANGPTLs with special emphasis on ANGPTL4. RECENT FINDINGS Our knowledge on the molecular interplays between LPL, its endothelial transporter GPIHBP1, and its inhibitor(s) ANGPTL4, ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL8 have advanced considerably in the last 2 years and provides an outlined on how these proteins regulate the activity and compartmentalization of LPL. A decisive determinant instigating this control is the inherent protein instability of LPL at normal body temperature, a property that is reciprocally impacted by the binding of GPIHBP1 and ANGPTLs. Additional layers in this complex LPL regulation is provided by the different modulation of ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL3 activities by ANGPTL8 and the inhibition of ANGPTL3/8 complexes by apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5). SUMMARY Posttranslational regulation of LPL activity in the intravascular space is essential for the differential partitioning of TRLs across tissues and their lipolytic processing in response to nutritional cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ploug
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Jayaraman S, Pérez A, Miñambres I, Sánchez-Quesada JL, Gursky O. Heparin binding triggers human VLDL remodeling by circulating lipoprotein lipase: Relevance to VLDL functionality in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159064. [PMID: 34610468 PMCID: PMC8595799 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrolysis of VLDL triacylglycerol (TG) by lipoprotein lipase (LpL) is a major step in energy metabolism and VLDL-to-LDL maturation. Most functional LpL is anchored to the vascular endothelium, yet a small amount circulates on TG-rich lipoproteins. As circulating LpL has low catalytic activity, its role in VLDL remodeling is unclear. We use pre-heparin plasma and heparin-sepharose affinity chromatography to isolate VLDL fractions from normolipidemic, hypertriglyceridemic, or type-2 diabetic subjects. LpL is detected only in the heparin-bound fraction. Transient binding to heparin activates this VLDL-associated LpL, which hydrolyses TG, leading to gradual VLDL remodeling into IDL/LDL and HDL-size particles. The products and the timeframe of this remodeling closely resemble VLDL-to-LDL maturation in vivo. Importantly, the VLDL fraction that does not bind heparin is not remodeled. This relatively inert LpL-free VLDL is rich in TG and apoC-III, poor in apoE and apoC-II, shows impaired functionality as a substrate for the exogenous LpL or CETP, and likely has prolonged residence time in blood, which is expected to promote atherogenesis. This non-bound VLDL fraction increases in hypertriglyceridemia and in type-2 diabetes but decreases upon diabetes treatment that restores the glycemic control. In stark contrast, heparin binding by LDL increases in type-2 diabetes triggering pro-atherogenic LDL modifications. Therefore, the effects of heparin binding are associated negatively with atherogenesis for VLDL but positively for LDL. Collectively, the results reveal that binding to glycosaminoglycans initiates VLDL remodeling by circulating LpL, and suggest heparin binding as a marker of VLDL functionality and a readout for treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobini Jayaraman
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.,Corresponding author.
| | - Antonio Pérez
- Endocrinology Department of the Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Spain
| | - Inka Miñambres
- Endocrinology Department of the Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Sánchez-Quesada
- CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Spain.,Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Gursky
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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4
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Lamprea-Montealegre JA, Staplin N, Herrington WG, Haynes R, Emberson J, Baigent C, de Boer IH. Apolipoprotein B, Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins, and Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Persons with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 15:47-60. [PMID: 31831577 PMCID: PMC6946066 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.07320619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins may contribute to the high cardiovascular risk of patients with CKD. This study evaluated associations of apo-B and markers of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins with cardiovascular events in people with CKD. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS Analyses were conducted in 9270 participants with CKD in the Study of Heart and Renal Protection (SHARP): 6245 not on dialysis (mean eGFR 26.5 ml/min per 1.73 m2), and 3025 on dialysis when recruited. Cox regression methods were used to evaluate associations of lipids with incident atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic vascular events, adjusting for demographics and clinical characteristics. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated per 1 SD higher level for apo-B, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglyceride-rich lipoprotein cholesterol (i.e., total cholesterol minus LDL cholesterol minus HDL cholesterol), non-HDL cholesterol, log triglyceride, and log ratio of triglyceride to HDL cholesterol. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 4.9 years (interquartile range, 4.0-5.5 years), 1406 participants experienced at least one atherosclerotic vascular event. In multivariable adjusted models, positive associations with atherosclerotic vascular events were observed for apo-B (HR per 1 SD, 1.19; 95% confidence interval, 1.12 to 1.27), triglycerides (1.06; 1.00 to 1.13), the ratio of triglyceride to HDL cholesterol (1.10; 1.03 to 1.18), and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein cholesterol (1.14; 1.05 to 1.25). By contrast, inverse associations with nonatherosclerotic vascular events were observed for each of these lipid markers: apo-B (HR per 1 SD, 0.92; 0.85 to 0.98), triglycerides (0.86; 0.81 to 0.92), the ratio of triglyceride to HDL cholesterol (0.88; 0.82 to 0.94), and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein cholesterol (0.85; 0.77 to 0.94). CONCLUSIONS Higher apo-B, triglycerides, ratio of triglyceride to HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were associated with increased risk of atherosclerotic vascular events in CKD. Reducing triglyceride-rich lipoproteins using novel therapeutic agents could potentially lower the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in the CKD population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalie Staplin
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit and.,Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - William G Herrington
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit and.,Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Haynes
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit and.,Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Emberson
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit and.,Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Baigent
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit and.,Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H de Boer
- Kidney Research Institute.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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5
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Ryan DJ, Wullems JA, Stebbings GK, Morse CI, Stewart CE, Onambele-Pearson GL. The difference in sleep, sedentary behaviour, and physical activity between older adults with 'healthy' and 'unhealthy' cardiometabolic profiles: a cross-sectional compositional data analysis approach. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2019; 16:25. [PMID: 31890050 PMCID: PMC6909533 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-019-0231-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have seldom used Compositional Data Analysis (CoDA) to map the effects of sleep, sedentary behaviour, and physical activity on older adults' cardio-metabolic profiles. This study therefore aimed to illustrate how sleep, sedentary behaviour, and physical activity profiles differ between older adult groups (60-89 years), with 'low' compared to those with 'high' concentrations of endocrine cardio-metabolic disease risk markers, using CoDA. Method Ninety-three participants (55% female) wore a thigh-mounted triaxial accelerometer for seven consecutive free-living days. Accelerometer estimates of daily average hours of engagement in sedentary behaviour (SB), standing, light-intensity physical activity (LIPA), sporadic moderate-vigorous physical activity (sMVPA, accumulated with bouts between 1 and 10 min), 10-min moderate-vigorous physical activity (10MVPA, accumulated with bouts ≥10 min), in addition to self-reported sleeping hours were reported. Fasted whole blood concentrations of total cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, and glycated haemoglobin, and serum lipoprotein lipase (LPL), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and procollagen III N-terminal propeptide were determined. Results Triglyceride concentration appeared to be highly dependent on 10MVPA engagement as the 'low' and 'high' concentration groups engaged in 48% more and 32% less 10MVPA, respectively, relative to the geometric mean of the entire study sample. Time-use composition of the 'low' LPL group's engagement in 10MVPA was 26% less, while the 'high' LPL group was 7.9% more, than the entire study sample. Time-use composition of the 'high' glucose and glycated haemoglobin groups appeared to be similar as both engaged in more Sleep and SB, and less 10MVPA compared to the study sample. Participants with a 'low' IL-6 concentration engaged in 4.8% more Sleep and 2.7% less 10MVPA than the entire study sample. Time-use composition of the Total Cholesterol groups was mixed with the 'low' concentration group engaging in more Standing and 10MVPA but less Sleep, SB, LIPA, and sMVPA than the entire study sample. Conclusion Older adults should aim to increase 10MVPA engagement to improve lipid profile and decrease SB engagement to improve glucose profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan John Ryan
- 1Musculoskeletal Sciences and Sport Medicine (MSSM) Research Centre, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15 6BH UK.,2Science, University of Northampton, Northampton, Northamptonshire NN1 5PH UK
| | - Jorgen Antonin Wullems
- 1Musculoskeletal Sciences and Sport Medicine (MSSM) Research Centre, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15 6BH UK.,3Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Flanders Belgium
| | - Georgina Kate Stebbings
- 1Musculoskeletal Sciences and Sport Medicine (MSSM) Research Centre, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15 6BH UK
| | - Christopher Ian Morse
- 1Musculoskeletal Sciences and Sport Medicine (MSSM) Research Centre, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15 6BH UK
| | - Claire Elizabeth Stewart
- 4Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, Merseyside L3 3AF UK
| | - Gladys Leopoldine Onambele-Pearson
- 1Musculoskeletal Sciences and Sport Medicine (MSSM) Research Centre, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15 6BH UK
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6
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Reimund M, Wolska A, Risti R, Wilson S, Sviridov D, Remaley AT, Lookene A. Apolipoprotein C-II mimetic peptide is an efficient activator of lipoprotein lipase in human plasma as studied by a calorimetric approach. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 519:67-72. [PMID: 31477272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Elevated plasma triglyceride (TG) levels are associated with higher risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. One way to reduce plasma TG is to increase the activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), the rate limiting enzyme in plasma TG metabolism. An apolipoprotein (apo) C-II mimetic peptide (18A-CII-a) has been recently developed that stimulated LPL activity in vitro and decreased plasma TG concentration in animal models for hypertriglyceridemia. Since this peptide can serve as a new therapeutic approach for treatment of hypertriglyceridemia, we investigated how 18A-CII-a peptide influences LPL activity in human plasma. We used recently described isothermal titration calorimetry based approach to assess the peptide, which enables the analysis in nearly undiluted human plasma. The 18A-CII-a peptide was 3.5-fold more efficient in stimulating LPL activity than full-length apoC-II in plasma sample from normolipidemic individual. Furthermore, 18A-CII-a also increased LPL activity in hypertriglyceridemic plasma samples. Unlike apoC-II, high concentrations of the 18A-CII-a peptide did not inhibit LPL activity. The increase in LPL activity after addition of 18A-CII-a or apoC-II to plasma was due to the increase of the amount of available substrate for LPL. Measurements with isolated lipoproteins revealed that the relative activation effects of 18A-CII-a and apoC-II on LPL activity were greater in smaller size lipoprotein fractions, such as remnant lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins and high-density lipoproteins. In summary, this report describes a novel mechanism of action for stimulation of LPL activity by apoC-II mimetic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mart Reimund
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, 12618, Estonia
| | - Anna Wolska
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Robert Risti
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, 12618, Estonia
| | - Sierra Wilson
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Denis Sviridov
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Aivar Lookene
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, 12618, Estonia.
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7
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Nakajima K, Tokita Y, Tanaka A, Takahashi S. The VLDL receptor plays a key role in the metabolism of postprandial remnant lipoproteins. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 495:382-393. [PMID: 31078566 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A new concept to account for the process of postprandial remnant lipoprotein metabolism is proposed based on the characteristics of lipoprotein particles and their receptors. The characteristics of remnant lipoprotein (RLP) were investigated using an immuno-separation method. The majority of the postprandial lipoproteins increased after fat intake was shown to be VLDL remnants, not chylomicron (CM) remnants, based on the significantly high ratio of apoB100/apoB48 in the RLP and the high degree of similarity in the particle size of the apoB48 and apoB100 carrying lipoproteins, which fluctuate in parallel during a 6 h period after fat intake. The VLDL receptor was discovered as a receptor for TG-rich lipoprotein metabolism and is located in peripheral tissues such as skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, etc., but not in the liver. Postprandial VLDL particles are strongly bound and internalized into cells expressing the VLDL receptor. Ligands that bind to VLDL receptor, such as LPL and Lp(a), present in RLP. The presence of various specific ligands in VLDL remnants may enhance the capacity for binding to the VLDL receptor, which play the role primarily for energy delivery to the peripheral tissues, but is also a causal factor in atherogenic diseases when excessively and/or continuously remained in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Nakajima
- Laboratory of Clinical Nutrition and Medicine, Kagawa Nutrition University, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
| | - Yoshiharu Tokita
- Laboratory of Clinical Nutrition and Medicine, Kagawa Nutrition University, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Akira Tanaka
- Laboratory of Clinical Nutrition and Medicine, Kagawa Nutrition University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sadao Takahashi
- Laboratory of Clinical Nutrition and Medicine, Kagawa Nutrition University, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Diabetes, Ageo Central General Hospital, Saitama, Japan
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8
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Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), the enzyme that hydrolyzes triglycerides in plasma lipoproteins, is assumed to be active only as a homodimer. In support of this idea, several groups have reported that the size of LPL, as measured by density gradient ultracentrifugation, is ∼110 kDa, twice the size of LPL monomers (∼55 kDa). Of note, however, in those studies the LPL had been incubated with heparin, a polyanionic substance that binds and stabilizes LPL. Here we revisited the assumption that LPL is active only as a homodimer. When freshly secreted human LPL (or purified preparations of LPL) was subjected to density gradient ultracentrifugation (in the absence of heparin), LPL mass and activity peaks exhibited the size expected of monomers (near the 66-kDa albumin standard). GPIHBP1-bound LPL also exhibited the size expected for a monomer. In the presence of heparin, LPL size increased, overlapping with a 97.2-kDa standard. We also used density gradient ultracentrifugation to characterize the LPL within the high-salt and low-salt peaks from a heparin-Sepharose column. The catalytically active LPL within the high-salt peak exhibited the size of monomers, whereas most of the inactive LPL in the low-salt peak was at the bottom of the tube (in aggregates). Consistent with those findings, the LPL in the low-salt peak, but not that in the high-salt peak, was easily detectable with single mAb sandwich ELISAs, in which LPL is captured and detected with the same antibody. We conclude that catalytically active LPL can exist in a monomeric state.
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9
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Remnant lipoproteins and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 490:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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10
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Serum Triglycerides and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Insights from Clinical and Genetic Studies. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111789. [PMID: 30453617 PMCID: PMC6266080 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoproteins are a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD). Among the lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins (LDL) have been shown to be causally associated with ASCVD development. In contrast, triglycerides or triglyceride-rich lipoproteins receive less attention than LDL because there is little definite evidence from randomized controlled trials. A Mendelian randomization study has recently been published in which a causal association could be estimated with observational datasets. Using such Mendelian randomization studies, ranging from common to rare genetic variations, triglycerides seem to be causally associated with ASCVD outcomes independent of LDL. Although the “causal association” of serum triglycerides and ASCVD is difficult to assert, accumulated evidence from clinical and Mendelian randomization studies, using common and rare genetic variations, strongly supports such an association. In this article, we provide a summary of investigations focusing on important causal associations between serum triglycerides and ASCVD from the clinical point of view.
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11
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Nakajima K, Tokita Y, Tanaka A. Hypothesis: Postprandial remnant lipoproteins are the causal factors that induce the insulin resistance associated with obesity. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 485:126-132. [PMID: 29958888 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have long thought that remnant lipoproteins (RLP) in plasma are significantly increased as the result of disturbed lipoprotein metabolism followed by obesity and insulin resistance. Therefore, it was believed that insulin resistance causes and enhances RLP formation. In contrast, this hypothesis states that RLP induces insulin resistance as the result of obesity associated with the excessive fat intake. The majority of plasma TG increased after fat intake is TG in RLP (RLP-TG) and the majority of postprandial RLP is VLDL remnants, not CM remnants. RLP is newly formed lipoproteins primarily for energy supply against starvation, like blood sugar after carbohydrate intake. Since RLP bearing apoE, LPL and Lp(a) function as ligands for the VLDL receptor, RLP interacts with the VLDL receptor in visceral fat adipocytes and stored as TG similar to excessive blood sugar. However, the excessive VLDL remnants induces obesity and its associated insulin resistance, which plays a major role as the initiator of metabolic domino effects, similar to blood sugar primarily serving as an energy supply to protect against starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Nakajima
- Laboratory of Clinical Nutrition and Medicine, Kagawa Nutrition University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yoshiharu Tokita
- Laboratory of Clinical Nutrition and Medicine, Kagawa Nutrition University, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Akira Tanaka
- Laboratory of Clinical Nutrition and Medicine, Kagawa Nutrition University, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Hirao Y, Nakajima K, Machida T, Murakami M, Ito Y. Development of a Novel Homogeneous Assay for Remnant Lipoprotein Particle Cholesterol. J Appl Lab Med 2018; 3:26-36. [DOI: 10.1373/jalm.2017.024919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Quantification of remnant lipoprotein particle cholesterol (RLP-C) by automated assay is useful in routine clinical laboratories to assess coronary artery disease risk and diagnose type III hyperlipoproteinemia.
Methods
Enzymes and surfactants were screened to establish a homogeneous RLP-C assay using the chylomicron-VLDL, LDL, and HDL fractions isolated by ultracentrifugation, along with the RLP fraction isolated by immunoaffinity gel. All data were generated using a Hitachi analyzer.
Results
A specific cholesterol esterase with a polyoxyethelene styrenated phenyl ether derivative (surfactant) was used for the establishment of a homogeneous RLP-C assay. This cholesterol esterase with subunits of >40 kDa (H-CE) was found to react with lipoproteins other than RLP, whereas this enzyme with subunits of <40 kDa (L-CE) reacted with RLP. H-CE was applied for the first reaction step with the specific surfactant to decompose non-RLP lipoproteins, degrading non-RLP cholesterol into water and oxygen in the presence of cholesterol oxidase and catalase. For the second step, L-CE was applied to release cholesterol from RLP, and then the released RLP-C was determined in a standard cholesterol oxidase and peroxidase system. This new homogeneous assay exhibited good correlation with the RLP-C immunoseparation method.
Conclusions
We established a simple, rapid, automated homogeneous assay for RLP-C. The assay can determine RLP-C levels in 10 min in a fully automated manner, processing a large number of samples in routine clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhko Hirao
- R&D Center, Denka Seiken Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Nakajima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Machida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Masami Murakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yasuki Ito
- R&D Center, Denka Seiken Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Nakajima K, Tanaka A. Postprandial remnant lipoproteins as targets for the prevention of atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2018; 25:108-117. [PMID: 29493553 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) and chylomicron remnants were previously proposed as the most atherogenic lipoproteins for the causal lipoproteins of atherosclerosis. However, there are still controversies on these hypothesizes. Therefore, we have proposed a new hypothesis based on our recent findings of remnant lipoproteins (RLPs) in postprandial plasma. RECENT FINDINGS Plasma RLP-C and RLP-TG increased significantly after fat load. More than 80% of the increased triglycerides after fat load consisted of the triglycerides in RLP, which contained greater amount of apoB100 than apoB48 particles as mostly very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) remnants. The majority of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in plasma was found in RLP as RLP-LPL complex, which is released into circulation after hydrolysis. LPL activity and concentration in plasma did not increase after food intake associated with the insufficient hydrolysis of chylomicrons and VLDL and resulted in the significant increase of RLP-TG. Plasma LPL was inversely correlated with RLP particle size and number. SUMMARY VLDL remnants have been shown as the major atherogenic lipoproteins in postprandial plasma associated with LPL activity as the targets for prevention of atherosclerosis. We also proposed a new definition of RLPs, 'LPL bound TG-rich lipoproteins' based on the findings of RLP-LPL complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Nakajima
- Laboratory of Clinical Nutrition and Medicine, Kagawa Nutrition University, Tokyo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Akira Tanaka
- Laboratory of Clinical Nutrition and Medicine, Kagawa Nutrition University, Tokyo
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Su X, Peng DQ. New insights into ANGPLT3 in controlling lipoprotein metabolism and risk of cardiovascular diseases. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:12. [PMID: 29334984 PMCID: PMC5769531 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0659-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia, characterized by elevation of plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG) and reduction of plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), has been verified as a causal risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), leading to a high mortality rate in general population. It is important to understand the molecular metabolism underlying dyslipidemia in order to reduce the risk and to develop effective therapeutic approaches against CVD. ANGPTL3 (human) or Angptl3 (mouse), one member of the angiopoietin-like protein (ANGPTL) family, has been identified as an important regulator of lipid metabolism by inhibiting LPL and EL activity. Results have demonstrated that inactivation of Angptl3 in mice could obviously reduce the level of TG, LDL-C and the atherosclerotic lesion size, leading to a lower risk for dyslipidemia and CVD. Additionally, in humans, carriers with homozygous LOF mutations in ANGPTL3 have lower plasma LDL-C, TG levels and lower risk of atherosclerosis compared to the non-carriers. Here, we collect the latest data and results, giving a new insight into the important role of ANGPTL3 in controlling lipoprotein metabolism. Finally, we introduce two update reports on the antisense oligonucleotide and monoclonal antibody-based inactivation of ANGPTL3 in human clinical trials, to identify that ANGPTL3 could be a novel and effective target for the treatment of dyslipidemia and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Dao-Quan Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
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Nakajima K, Tanaka A. Atherogenic postprandial remnant lipoproteins; VLDL remnants as a causal factor in atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 478:200-215. [PMID: 29307667 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL) and chylomicron (CM) remnants have been suggested to be the most atherogenic lipoproteins that initiate and exacerbate coronary atherosclerosis. In this review, we propose a hypothesis of the causal lipoproteins in atherosclerosis based on our recent findings on postprandial remnant lipoproteins (RLP). Plasma RLP-C and RLP-TG increased significantly after food intake, especially a fat load. More than 80% of the TG increase after the fat load consisted of the TG in RLP, which contained significantly greater apoB100 than apoB48 particles as VLDL remnants. The majority of the LPL in non-heparin plasma was found in RLP as an RLP-LPL complex and released into the circulation after hydrolysis. Plasma LPL did not increase after food intake, which may have caused the partial hydrolysis of CM and VLDL as well as the significant increase of RLP-TG in the postprandial plasma. LPL was inversely correlated with the RLP particle size after food intake. We showed that VLDL remnants are the major atherogenic lipoproteins in the postprandial plasma associated with insufficient LPL activity and a causal factor in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. We also propose "LPL bound TG-rich lipoproteins" as a new definition of remnant lipoproteins based on the findings of the RLP-LPL complex in the non-heparin plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Nakajima
- Laboratory of Clinical Nutrition and Medicine, Kagawa Nutrition University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
| | - Akira Tanaka
- Laboratory of Clinical Nutrition and Medicine, Kagawa Nutrition University, Tokyo, Japan
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Cheng HP, Gong D, Zhao ZW, He PP, Yu XH, Ye Q, Huang C, Zhang X, Chen LY, Xie W, Zhang M, Li L, Xia XD, Ouyang XP, Tan YL, Wang ZB, Tian GP, Zheng XL, Yin WD, Tang CK. MicroRNA-182 Promotes Lipoprotein Lipase Expression and Atherogenesisby Targeting Histone Deacetylase 9 in Apolipoprotein E-Knockout Mice. Circ J 2017; 82:28-38. [PMID: 28855441 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-16-1165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) expressed in macrophages plays an important role in promoting the development of atherosclerosis or atherogenesis. MicroRNA-182 (miR-182) is involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism and inflammation. However, it remains unclear how miR-182 regulates LPL and atherogenesis.Methods and Results:Using bioinformatics analyses and a dual-luciferase reporter assay, we identified histone deacetylase 9 (HDAC9) as a target gene of miR-182. Moreover, miR-182 upregulated LPL expression by directly targetingHDAC9in THP-1 macrophages. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E), Oil Red O and Masson's trichrome staining showed that apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-knockout (KO) mice treated with miR-182 exhibited more severe atherosclerotic plaques. Treatment with miR-182 increased CD68 and LPL expression in atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE-KO mice, as indicated by double immunofluorescence staining in the aortic sinus. Increased miR-182-induced increases in LPL expression in ApoE-KO mice was confirmed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting analyses. Treatment with miR-182 also increased plasma concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and lipids in ApoE-KO mice. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study suggest that miR-182 upregulates LPL expression, promotes lipid accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions, and increases proinflammatory cytokine secretion, likely through targetingHDAC9, leading to an acceleration of atherogenesis in ApoE-KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Peng Cheng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China
| | - Duo Gong
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China
| | - Zhen-Wang Zhao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China
| | - Ping-Ping He
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China
| | - Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China
| | - Qiong Ye
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China
| | - Chong Huang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science College, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China
| | - Ling-Yan Chen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China
| | - Wei Xie
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China
| | - Xiao-Dan Xia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China
| | - Xin-Ping Ouyang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China
| | - Yu-Lin Tan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China
| | - Zong-Bao Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science College, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China
| | - Guo-Ping Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China
| | - Xi-Long Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Sciences Center, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW
| | - Wei-Dong Yin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China
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17
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Nakajima K, Tokita Y, Sakamaki K, Shimomura Y, Kobayashi J, Kamachi K, Tanaka A, Stanhope KL, Havel PJ, Wang T, Machida T, Murakami M. Triglyceride content in remnant lipoproteins is significantly increased after food intake and is associated with plasma lipoprotein lipase. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 465:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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18
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Ishiyama N, Sakamaki K, Shimomura Y, Kotani K, Tsuzaki K, Sakane N, Miyashita K, Fukamachi I, Kobayashi J, Stanhope KL, Havel PJ, Kamachi K, Tanaka A, Tokita Y, Machida T, Murakami M, Nakajima K. Lipoprotein lipase does not increase significantly in the postprandial plasma. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 464:204-210. [PMID: 27908779 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous reports have shown that lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity significantly increases in the postprandial plasma associated with the increase of TG-rich lipoproteins. Therefore, we have reexamined those relationships using newly developed LPL assay with the different kinds of food intake. METHODS Standard meal (n=81), 50g of fat (n=54), 75g of glucose (n=25) and cookie (25g fat and 75g carbohydrate fat) (n=28) were administered in generally healthy volunteers. Plasma LPL, HTGL and TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, RLP-C and RLP-TG were determined at subsequent withdrawal after the food intake. RESULTS Plasma TG, RLP-C and RLP-TG were significantly increased at 8PM (2h after dinner of standard meal) compared with 8AM before breakfast within the same day. Also those parameters were significantly increased in 2-6h after fat load. However, the concentrations and activities of LPL and HTGL did not significantly increase in association with an increase in the TG and remnant lipoproteins. Also LPL concentration did not significantly increase after glucose and "cookie test" within 4h. CONCLUSION No significant increase of LPL activity was found at CM and VLDL overload after different kinds of food intake when reexamined by newly developed assay for LPL activity and concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kazuhiko Kotani
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Community and Family Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kokoro Tsuzaki
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Sakane
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | - Junji Kobayashi
- Kanazawa Medical University, General Internal Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kimber L Stanhope
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Peter J Havel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Keiko Kamachi
- Laboratory of Clinical Nutrition and Medicine, Kagawa Nutrition University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Tanaka
- Laboratory of Clinical Nutrition and Medicine, Kagawa Nutrition University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Tokita
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Machida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Masami Murakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Nakajima
- Hidaka Hospital, Takasaki, Japan; Kanazawa Medical University, General Internal Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan; Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
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