Small Leucine Rich Proteoglycans (decorin, biglycan and lumican) in cancer

PRELP reduce cell stiffness and adhesion to promote the growth and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells by binding to integrin α5

PRELP is thought to be an inhibitor of the development and progression of a variety of malignancies. Metastasis is a major cause of death in patients with colorectal cancer, but the mechanism underlying the role of PRELP in colorectal cancer metastasis remains poorly understood. In this study, we found that PRELP was significantly higher in metastatic tissues than in non-metastatic tissues of colorectal cancer and was closely associated with poor prognosis of colorectal cancer patients. PRELP promotes growth and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells. PRELP reduces cell stiffness and adhesion. PRELP promoted EMT in colorectal cancer cells and that PRELP bind to integrin α5 to activate the integrin α5/FAK/AKT signaling pathway. In conclusion, we demonstrate that PRELP is upregulated in metastatic colorectal cancer, providing a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target for the clinical management of metastatic colorectal cancer from a biomechanical perspective.

Decorin suppresses stemness and migration potential of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor through inhibiting epidermal growth factor receptor signaling

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play pivotal roles in the growth, invasion, metastasis, chemo-resistance in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST). The current characterization of CSCs in MPNST is not complete. Decorin is a critical regulator of microenvironment, but its expression and function in CSCs of MPNST has not been studied. In the current study, Decorin levels and its relationship with lung and liver metastasis were determined in clinical specimens. Decorin expression in CD133-positive or CD44-positive CSCs was analyzed by RT-qPCR on cytospun MPNST cells after flow cytometry-based cell sorting. Decorin-positive cells were separated from Decorin-negative cells in transfected MPNST cell lines using a designed plasmid expressing red fluorescent protein (RFP) under a Decorin promoter. Tumor sphere formation, tumor growth, cell invasion, cell migration, and the resistance to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis were determined on Decorin-positive versus Decorin-negative MPNST cells. In vivo tumor growth was analyzed in mice receiving subcutaneous transplantation of Decorin-positive versus Decorin-negative MPNSTs. We found that Decorin levels were significantly downregulated in MPNST specimens, compared to non-tumorous adjacent tissue. Significantly lower Decorin levels were detected in MPNSTs with lung or liver metastasis compared to those without. Poorer patient survival was detected in Decorin-low MPNST, compared to Decorin-high subjects. More Decorin-negative cells were detected in CD133-positive MPNST cells than CD133-negative MPNST cells, and in CD44-positive MPNST cells than in CD44-negative MPNST cells. Compared to Decorin-positive MPNST cells, Decorin-negative MPNST cells generated significantly more tumor spheres in culture, were more invasive and migratory, and were more resistant to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis, likely due to the inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling by Decorin. Decorin-negative MPNST cells grew significantly larger tumor in vivo. Thus, depletion of Decorin may occur in CSCs in MPNSTs, serving possibly as a new therapeutic target.

Pancreatic cancer tumor microenvironment is a major therapeutic barrier and target

Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is projected to become the 2nd leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Limitations in early detection and treatment barriers contribute to the lack of substantial success in the treatment of this challenging-to-treat malignancy. Desmoplasia is the hallmark of PDAC microenvironment that creates a physical and immunologic barrier. Stromal support cells and immunomodulatory cells face aberrant signaling by pancreatic cancer cells that shifts the complex balance of proper repair mechanisms into a state of dysregulation. The product of this dysregulation is the desmoplastic environment that encases the malignant cells leading to a dense, hypoxic environment that promotes further tumorigenesis, provides innate systemic resistance, and suppresses anti-tumor immune invasion. This desmoplastic environment combined with the immunoregulatory events that allow it to persist serve as the primary focus of this review. The physical barrier and immune counterbalance in the tumor microenvironment (TME) make PDAC an immunologically cold tumor. To convert PDAC into an immunologically hot tumor, tumor microenvironment could be considered alongside the tumor cells. We discuss the complex network of microenvironment molecular and cellular composition and explore how they can be targeted to overcome immuno-therapeutic challenges.

Texture maintenance and degradation mechanism of ice-stored grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella): A scope of intramuscular connective tissue

Although intramuscular connective tissue (IMCT) is low in fish, its impact on texture cannot be ignored due to its special location. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the contribution of IMCT degradation to fish softening and its mechanism induced by endogenous proteases. Results showed that IMCT honeycomb-like structure collapsed entirely on the 10th day of ice storage, along with a decrease of shear force by 36.5%. Meanwhile, IMCT and myofibrils (MF) degradation accelerated softening by 25.1% and 15.3% during 10 days of ice storage, respectively. Next, IMCT deterioration was indicated to be highly correlated with decorin degradation (0.956**), followed by elastin (0.928**) and collagen (0.904**). Ulteriorly, endogenous collagenase was shown to degrade IMCT crucial components, while endogenous cathepsins had little effect. In conclusion, this study confirmed that IMCT played an essential role in maintaining fish texture and was mainly degraded by endogenous collagenase.

ASPORIN: A root of the matter in tumors and their host environment

Asporin (ASPN) has been identified as one of the members of the class I small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) family in the extracellular matrix (ECM). It is involved in classic ensigns of cancers such as self-dependent growth, resistance to growth inhibitors, restricting apoptosis, cancer metastasis, and bone-related disorders. ASPN is different from other members of SLRPs, such as decorin (DCN) and biglycan (BGN), in a way that it contains a distinctive length of aspartate (D) residues in the amino (N) -terminal region. These D-repeats residues possess germline polymorphisms and are identified to be linked with cancer progression and osteoarthritis (OA). The polyaspartate stretch in the N-terminal region of the protein and its resemblance to DCN are the reasons it is called asporin. In this review, we comprehensively summarized and updated the dual role of ASPN in various malignancies, its structure in mice and humans, variants, mutations, cancer-associated signalings and functions, the relationship between ASPN and cancer-epithelial, stromal fibroblast crosstalk, immune cells and immunosuppression in cancer and other diseases. In cancer and other bone-related diseases, ASPN is identified to be regulating various signaling pathways such as TGFβ, Wnt/β-catenin, notch, hedgehog, EGFR, HER2, and CD44-mediated Rac1. These pathways promote cancer cell invasion, proliferation, and migration by mediating the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Finally, we discussed mouse models mimicking ASPN in vivo function in cancers and the probability of therapeutic targeting of ASPN in cancer cells, fibrosis, and other bone-related diseases.

The importance of biglycan, decorin and TGF-1 levels in the diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND

Despite Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) ranks among the most deadly cancers worldwide, and currently, apart from a low percentage, targetable molecules have not been identified in its etiopathogenesis. The relationship between the proteoglycans decorin and biglycan, which are present in the extracellular matrix of cells, and transforming growth factor Beta-1 (TGF-B1), has been shown in many cancers. We investigated the significance of these molecules in NSCLC.

METHODS

Fasting serum levels of decorin, biglycan, and TGF-B1 were obtained from 48 newly diagnosed NSCLC patients and compared with those of 48 adult control subjects matched for age and demographics. Demographic data, baseline laboratory values, and ELISA results were compared between the groups.

RESULTS

The median age was 65(39-83) similar in both groups. There was no relation between demographic and clinical parameters and the levels of decorin, biglycan, and TGF-B1 in the NSCLC group. However, in comparison to the control group, NSCLC patients had significantly higher levels of biglycan (42.55 ± 27.40 vs. 24.38 ± 12.05 ng/mL, p= 0.026) and TGF-B1 (15.55 ± 9.16 vs. 10.07 ± 7.8 pg/mL, p= 0.001), while decorin levels were significantly lower (6.64 ± 1.92 vs. 10.28 ± 3.13 ng/mL, p= 0.002). In the multivariate regression analysis; Decorin < 8.13 ng/mL (OR, 10.96; 95% CI: 3.440-34.958), current smoking (OR, 3.81; 95% CI: 1.320-10.998), COPD (OR, 43.6; 95% CI: 2.082-913.081), and lower BMI (OR, 1.22; 95% CI: 1.070-1.405, p= 0.003) were identified as independent predictive markers for NSCLC diagnosis.

CONCLUSION

The decreased serum decorin level is an independent marker for NSCLC. Further studies are needed to investigate the prognostic significance of decorin on survival and its potential as a target in treatment.

An overview of extracellular matrix and its remodeling in the development of cancer and metastasis with a glance at therapeutic approaches

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an inevitable part of tissues able to provide structural support for cells depending on the purpose of tissues and organs. The dynamic characteristics of ECM let this system fluently interact with the extrinsic triggers and get stiffed, remodeled, and/or degraded ending in maintaining tissue homeostasis. ECM could serve as the platform for cancer progression. The dysregulation of biochemical and biomechanical ECM features might take participate in some pathological conditions such as aging, tissue destruction, fibrosis, and particularly cancer. Tumors can reprogram how ECM remodels by producing factors able to induce protein synthesis, matrix proteinase expression, degradation of the basement membrane, growth signals and proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Therefore, targeting the ECM components, their secretion, and their interactions with other cells or tumors could be a promising strategy in cancer therapies. The present study initially introduces the physiological functions of ECM and then discusses how tumor-dependent dysregulation of ECM could facilitate cancer progression and ends with reviewing the novel therapeutic strategies regarding ECM.

Unveiling the Influence of Tumor Microenvironment and Spatial Heterogeneity on Temozolomide Resistance in Glioblastoma Using an Advanced Human In Vitro Model of the Blood-Brain Barrier and Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain cancer in adults with a dismal prognosis. Temozolomide (TMZ) is the first-in-line chemotherapeutic; however, resistance is frequent and multifactorial. While many molecular and genetic factors have been linked to TMZ resistance, the role of the solid tumor morphology and the tumor microenvironment, particularly the blood-brain barrier (BBB), is unknown. Here, the authors investigate these using a complex in vitro model for GBM and its surrounding BBB. The model recapitulates important clinical features such as a dense tumor core with tumor cells that invade along the perivascular space; and a perfusable BBB with a physiological permeability and morphology that is altered in the presence of a tumor spheroid. It is demonstrated that TMZ sensitivity decreases with increasing cancer cell spatial organization, and that the BBB can contribute to TMZ resistance. Proteomic analysis with next-generation low volume sample workflows of these cultured microtissues revealed potential clinically relevant proteins involved in tumor aggressiveness and TMZ resistance, demonstrating the utility of complex in vitro models for interrogating the tumor microenvironment and therapy validation.

Increased neuron density in the midbrain of a foveate bird, pigeon, results from profound change in tissue morphogenesis

The increase of brain neuron number in relation with brain size is currently considered to be the major evolutionary path to high cognitive power in amniotes. However, how changes in neuron density did contribute to the evolution of the information-processing capacity of the brain remains unanswered. High neuron densities are seen as the main reason why the fovea located at the visual center of the retina is responsible for sharp vision in birds and primates. The emergence of foveal vision is considered as a breakthrough innovation in visual system evolution. We found that neuron densities in the largest visual center of the midbrain - i.e., the optic tectum - are two to four times higher in modern birds with one or two foveae compared to birds deprived of this specialty. Interspecies comparisons enabled us to identify elements of a hitherto unknown developmental process set up by foveate birds for increasing neuron density in the upper layers of their optic tectum. The late progenitor cells that generate these neurons proliferate in a ventricular zone that can expand only radially. In this particular context, the number of cells in ontogenetic columns increases, thereby setting the conditions for higher cell densities in the upper layers once neurons did migrate.

The Landscape of Small Leucine-Rich Proteoglycan Impact on Cancer Pathogenesis with a Focus on Biglycan and Lumican

Cancer development is a multifactorial procedure that involves changes in the cell microenvironment and specific modulations in cell functions. A tumor microenvironment contains tumor cells, non-malignant cells, blood vessels, cells of the immune system, stromal cells, and the extracellular matrix (ECM). The small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are a family of nineteen proteoglycans, which are ubiquitously expressed among mammalian tissues and especially abundant in the ECM. SLRPs are divided into five canonical classes (classes I-III, containing fourteen members) and non-canonical classes (classes IV-V, including five members) based on their amino-acid structural sequence, chromosomal organization, and functional properties. Variations in both the protein core structure and glycosylation status lead to SLRP-specific interactions with cell membrane receptors, cytokines, growth factors, and structural ECM molecules. SLRPs have been implicated in the regulation of cancer growth, motility, and invasion, as well as in cancer-associated inflammation and autophagy, highlighting their crucial role in the processes of carcinogenesis. Except for the class I SLRP decorin, to which an anti-tumorigenic role has been attributed, other SLPRs' roles have not been fully clarified. This review will focus on the functions of the class I and II SLRP members biglycan and lumican, which are correlated to various aspects of cancer development.

Small leucine rich proteoglycans: Biology, function and their therapeutic potential in the ocular surface

Small leucine rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are the largest family of proteoglycans, with 18 members that are subdivided into five classes. SLRPs are small in size and can be present in tissues as glycosylated and non-glycosylated proteins, and the most studied SLRPs include decorin, biglycan, lumican, keratocan and fibromodulin. SLRPs specifically bind to collagen fibrils, regulating collagen fibrillogenesis and the biomechanical properties of tissues, and are expressed at particularly high levels in fibrous tissues, such as the cornea. However, SLRPs are also very active components of the ECM, interacting with numerous growth factors, cytokines and cell surface receptors. Therefore, SLRPs regulate major cellular processes and have a central role in major fundamental biological processes, such as maintaining corneal homeostasis and transparency and regulating corneal wound healing. Over the years, mutations and/or altered expression of SLRPs have been associated with various corneal diseases, such as congenital stromal corneal dystrophy and cornea plana. Recently, there has been great interest in harnessing the various functions of SLRPs for therapeutic purposes. In this comprehensive review, we describe the structural features and the related functions of SLRPs, and how these affect the therapeutic potential of SLRPs, with special emphasis on the use of SLRPs for treating ocular surface pathologies.

Inter- and intratumoral proteomics and glycosaminoglycan characterization of ALK rearranged lung adenocarcinoma tissues: a pilot study

Lung cancer is one of the most common types of cancer with limited therapeutic options, therefore a detailed understanding of the underlying molecular changes is of utmost importance. In this pilot study, we investigated the proteomic and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) profile of ALK rearranged lung tumor tissue regions based on the morphological classification, mucin and stromal content. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering revealed that both the proteomic and GAG-omic profiles are highly dependent on mucin content and to a lesser extent on morphology. We found that differentially expressed proteins between morphologically different tumor types are primarily involved in the regulation of protein synthesis, whereas those between adjacent normal and different tumor regions take part in several other biological processes (e.g. extracellular matrix organization, oxidation-reduction processes, protein folding) as well. The total amount and the sulfation profile of heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate showed small differences based on morphology and larger differences based on mucin content of the tumor, while an increase was observed in both the total amount and the average rate of sulfation in tumors compared to adjacent normal regions.

Altered Glycosylation in Progression and Management of Bladder Cancer

Bladder cancer (BC) is the 10th most common malignancy worldwide, with an estimated 573,000 new cases and 213,000 deaths in 2020. Available therapeutic approaches are still unable to reduce the incidence of BC metastasis and the high mortality rates of BC patients. Therefore, there is a need to deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying BC progression to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic tools. One such mechanism is protein glycosylation. Numerous studies reported changes in glycan biosynthesis during neoplastic transformation, resulting in the appearance of the so-called tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) on the cell surface. TACAs affect a wide range of key biological processes, including tumor cell survival and proliferation, invasion and metastasis, induction of chronic inflammation, angiogenesis, immune evasion, and insensitivity to apoptosis. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current information on how altered glycosylation of bladder cancer cells promotes disease progression and to present the potential use of glycans for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

Discovery of Core-Fucosylated Glycopeptides as Diagnostic Biomarkers for Early HCC in Patients with NASH Cirrhosis Using LC-HCD-PRM-MS/MS

Aberrant changes in site-specific core fucosylation (CF) of serum proteins contribute to cancer development and progression, which enables them as potential diagnostic markers of tumors. An optimized data-dependent acquisition (DDA) workflow involving isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation-labeling and enrichment of CF peptides by lens culinaris lectin was applied to identify CF of serum proteins in a test set of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-related cirrhosis (N = 16) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, N = 17), respectively. A total of 624 CF peptides from 343 proteins, with 683 CF sites, were identified in our DDA-mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. Subsequently, 19 candidate CF peptide markers were evaluated by a target parallel reaction-monitoring-MS workflow in a validation set of 58 patients, including NASH-related cirrhosis (N = 29), early-stage HCC (N = 21), and late-stage HCC (N = 8). Significant changes (p < 0.01) were observed in four CF peptides between cirrhosis and HCC, where peptide LGSFEGLVn160LTFIHLQHNR from LUM in combination with AFP showed the best diagnostic performance in discriminating HCC from cirrhosis, with an area under curve (AUC) of 0.855 compared to AFP only (AUC = 0.717). This peptide in combination with AFP also significantly improved diagnostic performance in distinguishing early HCC from cirrhosis, with an AUC of 0.839 compared to AFP only (AUC = 0.689). Validation of this novel promising biomarker panel in larger cohorts should be performed.

Data-independent acquisition and quantification of extracellular matrix from human lung in chronic inflammation-associated carcinomas

Early events associated with chronic inflammation and cancer involve significant remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which greatly affects its composition and functional properties. Using lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), a chronic inflammation-associated cancer (CIAC), we optimized a robust proteomic pipeline to discover potential biomarker signatures and protein changes specifically in the stroma. We combined ECM enrichment from fresh human tissues, data-independent acquisition (DIA) strategies, and stringent statistical processing to analyze "Tumor" and matched adjacent histologically normal ("Matched Normal") tissues from patients with LSCC. Overall, 1802 protein groups were quantified with at least two unique peptides, and 56% of those proteins were annotated as "extracellular." Confirming dramatic ECM remodeling during CIAC progression, 529 proteins were significantly altered in the "Tumor" compared to "Matched Normal" tissues. The signature was typified by a coordinated loss of basement membrane proteins and small leucine-rich proteins. The dramatic increase in the stromal levels of SERPINH1/heat shock protein 47, that was discovered using our ECM proteomic pipeline, was validated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) of "Tumor" and "Matched Normal" tissues, obtained from an independent cohort of LSCC patients. This integrated workflow provided novel insights into ECM remodeling during CIAC progression, and identified potential biomarker signatures and future therapeutic targets.

Glycomics by ion mobility tandem mass spectrometry of chondroitin sulfate disaccharide domain in biglycan

Biglycan (BGN), a small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycan, is involved in a variety of pathological processes including malignant transformation, for which the upregulation of BGN was found related to cancer cell invasiveness. Because the functions of BGN are mediated by its chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) chains through the sulfates, the determination of CS/DS structure and sulfation pattern is of major importance. In this study, we have implemented an advanced glycomics method based on ion mobility separation (IMS) mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem MS (MS/MS) to characterize the CS disaccharide domains in BGN. The high separation efficiency and sensitivity of this technique allowed the discrimination of five distinct CS disaccharide motifs, of which four irregulated in their sulfation pattern. For the first time, trisulfated unsaturated and bisulfated saturated disaccharides were found in BGN, the latter species documenting the non-reducing end of the chains. The structural investigation by IMS MS/MS disclosed that in one or both of the CS/DS chains, the non-reducing end is 3-O-sulfated GlcA in a rather rare bisulfated motif having the structure 3-O-sulfated GlcA-4-O-sulfated GalNAc. Considering the role played by BGN in cancer cell spreading, the influence on this process of the newly identified sequences will be investigated in the future.

The role of glycans in the mechanobiology of cancer

Although cancer is a genetic disease, physical changes such as stiffening of the extracellular matrix also commonly occur in cancer. Cancer cells sense and respond to extracellular matrix stiffening through the process of mechanotransduction. Cancer cell mechanotransduction can enhance cancer-promoting cell behaviors such as survival signaling, proliferation, and migration. Glycans, carbohydrate-based polymers, have recently emerged as important mediators and/or modulators of cancer cell mechanotransduction. Stiffer tumors are characterized by increased glycan content on cancer cells and their associated extracellular matrix. Here we review the role of cancer-associated glycans in coupled mechanical and biochemical alterations during cancer progression. We discuss the recent evidence on how increased expression of different glycans, in the form of glycoproteins and proteoglycans, contributes to both mechanical changes in tumors and corresponding cancer cell responses. We conclude with a summary of emerging tools that can be used to modify glycans for future studies in cancer mechanobiology.

Proteoglycans in breast cancer, identification and characterization by LC-MS/MS assisted proteomics approach: A review

PURPOSE

Proteoglycans (PGs) are negatively charged macromolecules containing a core protein and single or several glycosaminoglycan chains attached by covalent bond. They are distributed in all tissues, including extracellular matrix (ECM), cell surface, and basement membrane. They are involved in major pathways and cell signalling cascades which modulate several vital physiological functions of the body. They have also emerged as a target molecule for cancer treatment and as possible biomarkers for early cancer detection. Among cancers, breast cancer is a highly invasive and heterogenous type and has become the major cause of mortality especially among women. So, this review revisits the studies on PGs characterization in breast cancer using LC-MS/MS-based proteomics approach, which will be further helpful for identification of potential PGs-based biomarkers or therapeutic targets.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

There is a lack of comprehensive knowledge on the use of LC-MS/MS-based proteomics approaches to identify and characterize PGs in breast cancer.

RESULTS

LC-MS/MS assisted PGs characterization in breast cancer revealed the vital PGs in breast cancer invasion and progression. In addition, comprehensive profiling and characterization of PGs in breast cancer are efficiently carried out by this approach.

CONCLUSIONS

Proteomics techniques including LC-MS/MS-based identification of proteoglycans is effectively carried out in breast cancer research. Identification of expression at different stages of breast cancer is a major challenge, and LC-MS/MS-based profiling of PGs can boost novel strategies to treat breast cancer, which involve targeting PGs, and also aid early diagnosis using PGs as biomarkers.

The Novel SLRP Family Member Lumican Suppresses Pancreatic Cancer Cell Growth

OBJECTIVES

The past studies clearly indicated that lumican was important in the context of pancreatic cancer (PC) onset and progression, but failed to clarify the underlying mechanistic basis for such activity. As such, we evaluated the functional importance of lumican in the context of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) to understand its mechanistic role in PC.

METHODS

Lumican levels were evaluated in PDAC patient tissues via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry approaches. The role of lumican was additionally assessed via transfecting PDAC cell lines (BxPC-3, PANC-1) with lumican knockdown or overexpression constructs and treating PDAC cell lines with exogenous recombinant human lumican.

RESULTS

Lumican expression levels were significantly higher in pancreatic tumor tissues relative to healthy paracancerous tissues. Lumican knockdown in BxPC-3 and PANC-1 enhanced their proliferation and migration, but reduced cellular apoptosis. Alternatively, lumican overexpression and exogenous lumican exposure failed to alter the proliferative activity of these cells. Further, lumican knockdown in BxPC-3 and PANC-1 cells results in marked P53 and P21 dysregulation.

CONCLUSIONS

Lumican may suppress PDAC tumor growth by regulating P53 and P21, and the function of lumican sugar chains in the context of PC is worth studying in future studies.

Relationship of biglycan and decorin expression with clinicopathological features and prognosis in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVE

This study focused on investigating relation between biglycan (BGN) and decorin (DCN) expression and prognostic outcome for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cases.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

BGN and DCN mRNA and protein expression was detected by qRT-PCR and Western-blotting (WB) assays from 31 OSCC samples as well as healthy samples. This work harvested 101 paraffin-embedded OSCC together with 30 healthy samples, and conducted immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for assessing pathological changes. Association of DCN with BGN within OSCC was explored by Spearman's analysis. Survival rate was explored by Kaplan-Meier (KM) approach. Multivariate analysis was conducted by Cox regression.

RESULTS

WB and qRT-PCR results showed BGN up-regulation (p < 0.001, p < 0.0001) whereas DCN down-regulation (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001) with fresh OSCC tissues; the expression of BGN and DCN associated with the OSCC histopathological grade. IHC results suggested elevated BGN level (p < 0.0001) whereas DCN down-regulation (p < 0.0001) with paraffin embedded OSCC tissues. The expression of BGN and DCN associated with histopathologic grades and tumor stage of OSCC. The result of Spearman's analysis demonstrated significant association between the expression of BGN and DCN in OSCC. Survival analysis revealed that patients with higher BGN/lower DCN level showed poor overall survival (OS) as well as tumor-specific survival (TSS). Multivariate analysis proved that BGN and DCN independently predicted the prognosis of OS and TSS.

CONCLUSION

BGN and DCN expression levels can be adopted for predicting OSCC prognostic outcome.

Trends in extracellular matrix biology

Extracellular matrixes (ECMs) are intricate 3-dimensional macromolecular networks of unique architectures with regulatory roles in cell morphology and functionality. As a dynamic native biomaterial, ECM undergoes constant but tightly controlled remodeling that is crucial for the maintenance of normal cellular behavior. Under pathological conditions like cancer, ECM remodeling ceases to be subjected to control resulting in disease initiation and progression. ECM is comprised of a staggering number of molecules that interact not only with one another, but also with neighboring cells via cell surface receptors. Such interactions, too many to tally, are of paramount importance for the identification of novel disease biomarkers and more personalized therapeutic intervention. Recent advances in big data analytics have allowed the development of online databases where researchers can take advantage of a stochastic evaluation of all the possible interactions and narrow them down to only those of interest for their study, respectively. This novel approach addresses the limitations that currently exist in studies, expands our understanding on ECM interactions, and has the potential to advance the development of targeted therapies. In this article we present the current trends in ECM biology research and highlight its importance in tissue integrity, the main interaction networks, ECM-mediated cell functional properties and issues related to pharmacological targeting.

Deep learning neural network image analysis of immunohistochemical protein expression reveals a significantly reduced expression of biglycan in breast cancer

New breast cancer biomarkers have been sought for better tumor characterization and treatment. Among these putative markers, there is Biglycan (BGN). BGN is a class I small leucine-rich proteoglycan family of proteins characterized by a protein core with leucine-rich repeats. The objective of this study is to compare the protein expression of BGN in breast tissue with and without cancer, using immunohistochemical technique associated with digital histological score (D-HScore) and supervised deep learning neural networks (SDLNN). In this case-control study, 24 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues were obtained for analysis. Normal (n = 9) and cancerous (n = 15) tissue sections were analyzed by immunohistochemistry using BGN monoclonal antibody (M01-Abnova) and 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) as the chromogen. Photomicrographs of the slides were analysed with D-HScore, using arbitrary DAB units. Another set (n = 129) with higher magnification without ROI selection, was submitted to the inceptionV3 deep neural network image embedding recognition model. Next, supervised neural network analysis, using stratified 20 fold cross validation, with 200 hidden layers, ReLu activation, and regularization at α = 0.0001 were applied for SDLNN. The sample size was calculated for a minimum of 7 cases and 7 controls, having a power = 90%, an α error = 5%, and a standard deviation of 20, to identify a decrease from the average of 40 DAB units (control) to 4 DAB units in cancer. BGN expression in DAB units [median (range)] was 6.2 (0.8 to 12.4) and 27.31 (5.3 to 81.7) in cancer and normal breast tissue, respectively, using D-HScore (p = 0.0017, Mann-Whitney test). SDLNN classification accuracy was 85.3% (110 out of 129; 95%CI = 78.1% to 90.3%). BGN protein expression is reduced in breast cancer tissue, compared to normal tissue.

Analysis of Long Noncoding RNAs-Related Regulatory Mechanisms in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Using a Disease-Related lncRNA-mRNA Pathway Network

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the molecular regulatory mechanisms underpinning Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).

Methods

Using microarray data, differentially expressed long noncoding RNAs (DELs) and DMD-related differentially expressed mRNAs (DEMs) were screened based on the comparative toxicogenomics database, using a cutoff of |log₂ fold change| > 1 and false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05. Then, protein-protein interaction (PPI), coexpression network of lncRNA-mRNA, and DMD-related lncRNA-mRNA pathway networks were constructed, and functional analyses of the genes in the network were performed. Finally, the proportions of immune cells infiltrating the muscle tissues in DMD were analyzed, and the correlation between the immune cells and expression of the DELs/DEMs was studied.

Results

A total of 46 DELs and 313 DMD-related DEMs were identified. The PPI network revealed STAT1, VEGFA, and CCL2 to be the top three hub genes. The DMD-related lncRNA-mRNA pathway network comprising two pathways, nine DELs, and nine DMD-related DEMs showed that PYCARD, RIPK2, and CASP1 were significantly enriched in the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, whereas MAP2K2, LUM, RPS6, PDCD4, TWIST1, and HIF1A were significantly enriched with proteoglycans in cancers. The nine DELs in this network were DBET, MBNL1-AS1, MIR29B2CHG, CCDC18-AS1, FAM111A-DT, GAS5, LINC01290, ATP2B1-AS1, and PSMB8-AS1.

Conclusion

The nine DMD-related DEMs and DELs identified in this study may play important roles in the occurrence and progression of DMD through the two pathways of the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway and proteoglycans in cancers.

Rapamycin-induced autophagy in osteosarcoma cells is mediated via the biglycan/Wnt/β-catenin signaling axis

Biglycan is a class I secreted small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP), which regulates signaling pathways connected to bone pathologies. Autophagy is a vital catabolic process with a dual role in cancer progression. Here, we show that biglycan inhibits autophagy in two osteosarcoma cell lines (P ≤ 0.001), while rapamycin-induced autophagy decreases biglycan expression in MG63 osteosarcoma cells and abrogates the biglycan-induced cell growth increase (P ≤ 0.001). Rapamycin also inhibits β-catenin translocation to the nucleus, inhibiting the Wnt pathway (P ≤ 0.001) and reducing biglycan's colocalization with the Wnt coreceptor LRP6 (P ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, biglycan exhibits protective effects against the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin in MG63 OS cells through an autophagy-dependent manner (P ≤ 0.05). Cotreatment of these cells with rapamycin and doxorubicin enhances cells response to doxorubicin by decreasing biglycan (P ≤ 0.001) and β-catenin (P ≤ 0.05) expression. Biglycan deficiency leads to increased caspase-3 activation (P ≤ 0.05), suggesting increased apoptosis of biglycan-deficient cells treated with doxorubicin. Computational models of LRP6 and biglycan complexes suggest that biglycan changes the receptor's ability to interact with other signaling molecules by affecting the interdomain bending angles in the receptor structure. Biglycan binding to LRP6 activates the Wnt pathway and β-catenin nuclear translocation by disrupting β-catenin degradation complex (P ≤ 0.01 and P ≤ 0.05). Interestingly, this mechanism is not followed in moderately differentiated, biglycan-nonexpressing U-2OS OS cells. To sum up, biglycan exhibits protective effects against the doxorubicin in MG63 OS cells by activating the Wnt signaling pathway and inhibiting autophagy.

Osteoglycin: An ECM Factor Regulating Fibrosis and Tumorigenesis

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is made up of noncellular components that have special properties for influencing cell behavior and tissue structure. Small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are nonfibrillar ECM components that serve as structural scaffolds and signaling molecules. osteoglycin (OGN), a class III SLRP, is a ubiquitous ECM component that not only helps to organize the extracellular matrix but also regulates a number of important biological processes. As a glycosylated protein in the ECM, OGN was originally considered to be involved in fiber assembly and was reported to have a connection with fibrosis. In addition to these functions, OGN is found in a variety of cancer tissues and is implicated in cellular processes linked to tumorigenesis, including cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In this review, we summarize the structure and functions of OGN as well as its biological and clinical importance in the context of fibrotic illness and tumorigenesis. This review aims to improve our understanding of OGN and provide some new strategies for the treatment of fibrosis and cancer.

The Extracellular Matrix and Neuroblastoma Cell Communication-A Complex Interplay and Its Therapeutic Implications

Neuroblastoma (NB) is a pediatric neuroendocrine neoplasm. It arises from the sympatho-adrenal lineage of neural-crest-derived multipotent progenitor cells that fail to differentiate. NB is the most common extracranial tumor in children, and it manifests undisputed heterogeneity. Unsatisfactory outcomes of high-risk (HR) NB patients call for more research to further inter-relate treatment and molecular features of the disease. In this regard, it is well established that in the tumor microenvironment (TME), malignant cells are engaged in complex and dynamic interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and stromal cells. The ECM can be a source of both pro- and anti-tumorigenic factors to regulate tumor cell fate, such as survival, proliferation, and resistance to therapy. Moreover, the ECM composition, organization, and resulting signaling networks are vastly remodeled during tumor progression and metastasis. This review mainly focuses on the molecular mechanisms and effects of interactions of selected ECM components with their receptors on neuroblastoma cells. Additionally, it describes roles of enzymes modifying and degrading ECM in NB. Finally, the article gives examples on how the knowledge is exploited for prognosis and to yield new treatment options for NB patients.

Molecular Advances in MAFLD—A Link between Sphingolipids and Extracellular Matrix in Development and Progression to Fibrosis

Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) is a major cause of liver diseases globally and its prevalence is expected to grow in the coming decades. The main cause of MAFLD development is changed in the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Increased production of matrix molecules and inflammatory processes lead to progressive fibrosis, cirrhosis, and ultimately liver failure. In addition, increased accumulation of sphingolipids accompanied by increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the ECM is closely related to lipogenesis, MAFLD development, and its progression to fibrosis. In our work, we will summarize all information regarding the role of sphingolipids e.g., ceramide and S1P in MAFLD development. These sphingolipids seem to have the most significant effect on macrophages and, consequently, HSCs which trigger the entire cascade of overproduction matrix molecules, especially type I and III collagen, proteoglycans, elastin, and also tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, which as a result cause the development of liver fibrosis.

Matrix proteoglycans in tumor inflammation and immunity

Cancer immunoediting progresses through elimination, equilibrium, and escape. Each of these phases is characterized by breaching, remodeling, and rebuilding tissue planes and structural barriers that engage extracellular matrix (ECM) components, in particular matrix proteoglycans. Some of the signals emanating from matrix proteoglycan remodeling are readily co-opted by the growing tumor to sustain an environment of tumor-promoting and immune-suppressive inflammation. Yet other matrix-derived cues can be viewed as part of a homeostatic response by the host, aiming to eliminate the tumor and restore tissue integrity. These latter signals may be harnessed for therapeutic purposes to tip the polarity of the tumor immune milieu toward anticancer immunity. In this review, we attempt to showcase the importance and complexity of matrix proteoglycan signaling in both cancer-restraining and cancer-promoting inflammation. We propose that the era of matrix diagnostics and therapeutics for cancer is fast approaching the clinic.

Leptolysin, a Leptospira secreted metalloprotease of the pappalysin family with broad-spectrum activity

Extracellular proteolytic enzymes are produced by a variety of pathogenic microorganisms, and contribute to host colonization by modulating virulence. Here, we present a first characterization of leptolysin, a Leptospira metalloprotease of the pappalysin family identified in a previous exoproteomic study. Comparative molecular analysis of leptolysin with two other pappalysins from prokaryotes, ulilysin and mirolysin, reveals similarities regarding calcium, zinc, and arginine -binding sites conservation within the catalytic domain, but also discloses peculiarities. Variations observed in the primary and tertiary structures may reflect differences in primary specificities. Purified recombinant leptolysin of L. interrogans was obtained as a ~50 kDa protein. The protease exhibited maximal activity at pH 8.0 and 37°C, and hydrolytic activity was observed in the presence of different salts with maximum efficiency in NaCl. Substrate specificity was assessed using a small number of FRET peptides, and showed a marked preference for arginine residues at the P1 position. L. interrogans leptolysin proteolytic activity on proteinaceous substrates such as proteoglycans and plasma fibronectin was also evaluated. All proteins tested were efficiently degraded over time, confirming the protease´s broad-spectrum activity in vitro. In addition, leptolysin induced morphological alterations on HK-2 cells, which may be partially attributed to extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. Hemorrhagic foci were observed in the dorsal skin of mice intradermally injected with leptolysin, as a plausible consequence of ECM disarray and vascular endothelium glycocalyx damage. Assuming that leptospiral proteases play an important role in all stages of the infectious process, characterizing their functional properties, substrates and mechanisms of action is of great importance for therapeutic purposes.

Proteoglycans in Toll-like receptor responses and innate immunity

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an active and dynamic feature of tissues that not only provides gross structure but also plays key roles in cellular responses. The ever-changing microenvironment responds dynamically to cellular and external signals, and in turn influences cell fate, tissue development, and response to environmental injury or microbial invasion. It is therefore paramount to understand how the ECM components interact with each other, the environment and cells, and how they mediate their effects. Among the ECM components that have recently garnered increased attention, proteoglycans (PGs) deserve special note. Recent evidence strongly suggests that they play a crucial role both in health maintenance and disease development. In particular, proteoglycans dictate whether homeostasis or cell death will result from a given injury, by triggering and modulating activation of the innate immune system, via a conserved array of receptors that recognize exogenous (infectious) or endogenous (tissue damage) molecular patterns. Innate immune activation by proteoglycans has important implications for the understanding of cell-matrix interactions in health and disease. In this review, we will summarize the current state of knowledge of innate immune signaling by proteoglycans, discuss the implications, and explore future directions to define progress in this area of extracellular matrix biology.

Downregulation of PTCD1 in Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma Predicts Poor Prognosis and Levels of Immune Infiltration

Pentatricopeptide repeat domain 1 (PTCD1) was reported to regulate mitochondrial metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. However, the effect and mechanism of PTCD1 in the development of bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA) remain unclear. The databases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Human Protein Atlas (HPA) were used to analyze the expression changes, clinical features, and prognostic values of PTCD1. A nomogram was built to predict the prognostic outcomes of BLCA cases. The potential genes interacting with PTCD1 were explored by Weighted Gene Coexpression Network Analysis (WGCNA). The estimation of associations between PTCD1 and tumor mutations, tumor immunities, and m6A methylations was performed. The study found that the gradual decrease of PTCD1 expression was observed with the increase of stage and grade. Low PTCD1 expression was greatly correlated with higher pathological stage, N stage, and poor prognosis in TCGA cohorts; interestingly, low-grade BLCA cases all exhibited high expression of PTCD1. HPA database analysis implied that the expression of PTCD1 protein in BLCA was lower than that in normal bladder tissue, and the protein expression of PTCD1 in high-grade BLCA was lower than that in low-grade BLCA. Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that PTCD1 may serve as an independent factor influencing prognosis of BLCA. Mechanistically, PTCD1 played a regulatory role in BLCA progression through multiple tumor-related pathways containing PI3K-Akt signaling, ECM-receptor interaction, oxidative phosphorylation, and extracellular matrix organization. WGCNA reported that PTCD1 had a strong positive correlation with POLR2J, ZNHT1, ATP5MF, PDAP1, BUD31, and COPS6. Besides, the mRNA expression of PTCD1 was negatively associated with immune cells' infiltrations, immune functions, and checkpoints, especially with some m6A methylation regulators in BLCA. In sum, downregulation of PTCD1 expression may be involved in the development of BLCA and remarkably correlated with poor prognosis. Meantime, it showed an influence in immune cell infiltration and may serve as an agreeable prognostic indicator in BLCA.

Expression and prognostic analysis of BGN in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVE

BGN belongs to class of small leucine rich proteoglycans, which is high expression in plenty of human cancers. However, the detailed role of BGN remains unclear in Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, we assessed the transcriptional expression, protein expression, prognosis, co-expressed genes, functional enrichment, and hub genes in HNSC patients based on the data published in the following databases: ONCOMINE, GEPIA, GEO, LinkedOmics, and HPA databases. Data from the TCGA database was used to analyze the correlations between BGN expression and different clinicopathological features, as well as prognostic analysis.

RESULTS

We found that the expression of BGN is higher in patients with HNSC than in control tissues. Pathologically, high BGN expression was significantly correlated with T3 and T4 stage. Besides, high expression of BGN is a poor prognostic factor for overall surviva, not disease free survival. The co-expression genes associated with BGN expression exhibited enriched in various function and pathway, such as extracellular matrix, mitochondrion, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. A total of 10 hub genes were identified from the co-expressed genes, within which five genes, including FSTL1, LAMB1, SDC2, VCAN, and IGFBP7, were significantly increased in patient's with HNSC. BGN exhibited weak correlations with tumor-infiltrating CD4+ T, macrophages cell, and dendritic cells. Futhermore, many markers of infiltrating immune cells, such as Treg, showed different BGN-related immune infiltration patterns. BGN expression showed strong correlations with diverse immune marker sets in COAD and STAD.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results demonstrated that BGN is high expression in HNSC and is a poor prognostic factor for clinical outcome in patients with HNSC. It could serve as a potential prognostic biomarker for patients survival in HNSC.

EIF4A3-regulated circ_0087429 can reverse EMT and inhibit the progression of cervical cancer via miR-5003-3p-dependent upregulation of OGN expression

BACKGROUND

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are noncoding RNAs with stable structures with high expression and tissue-specific expression. Studies have shown that circRNA dysregulation is closely related to the progression of tumours. However, the function and regulatory mechanism of most circRNAs in cervical cancer are still unclear.   METHODS: CircRNAs related to cervical cancer were screened through the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. qRT-PCR was used to verify the expression of circ_0087429 in cervical cancer tissues and cells. Then, in vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate the role of circ_0087429 in the progression of cervical cancer. The role of the circ_0087429/miR-5003-3p/osteoglycin (OGN) axis in the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) was confirmed by rescue experiments, fluorescence in situ hybridization, luciferase reporter assays, immunofluorescence staining and western blotting. The inhibitory effect of Eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-III (EIF4A3) on the biogenesis of circ_0087429 was verified by RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays and qRT-PCR.

RESULTS

circ_0087429 is significantly downregulated in cervical cancer tissues and cells and negatively correlated with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging and lymphatic metastasis in cervical cancer patients. circ_0087429 can significantly inhibit the proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis of cervical cancer in vitro and tumour growth and metastasis in vivo. OGN is significantly downregulated in cervical cancer tissues and cells. circ_0087429 can upregulate the expression of OGN by competitively binding with miR-5003-3p, thereby reversing EMT and inhibiting the progression of cervical cancer. EIF4A3 can inhibit circ_0087429 expression by binding to its flanking regions.

CONCLUSIONS

As a tumour suppressor, circ_0087429 regulated by EIF4A3 can reverse EMT and inhibit the progression of cervical cancer through the miR-5003-3p/OGN axis. It is expected to become a potential target for the treatment of cervical cancer.

Assessment of angiogenesis-related parameters in juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis

PURPOSE

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis (JIAU) may run a chronic and treatment-resistant course, and occasionally, alterations of the iris vasculature may be observed clinically.

METHODS

Iris tissue (IT), aqueous humor (AH) and serum samples from patients with clinically inactive JIAU (n = 30), acute anterior uveitis (AAU; n = 18), and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG; n = 20) were obtained during trabeculectomy or cataract surgery. Samples were analyzed by RNA-Seq, qRT-PCR, LC-IMS, Western-Blot, and LEGENDplex™ analysis. Pattern of iris vasculature in JIAU patients was assessed qualitatively via fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography (FLA/ICGA).

RESULTS

RNA-Seq of IT showed significantly differential expression (DE) of 136 genes between JIAU and POAG, of which 15 were associated with angiogenesis. qRT-PCR, performed to validate RNA-Seq results, showed upregulation of the angiogenesis-related genes Kdr, Angpt-1, Tie-1, Tie-2 and Mmrn2 in IT (JIAU vs POAG, p > 0.05). LC-IMS of IT revealed a total number of 56 DE proteins (JIAU vs POAG), of which Angiopoetin, Lumican and Decorin were associated with angiogenesis and showed increased (p > 0.05) expression on Western-Blot analysis. LEGENDplex™ analysis showed upregulation of ANGPT-2 in AH from JIAU compared to AAU and POAG, whereas VEGF was upregulated in AAU. Iris vascular leakage, hypoperfusion and neovascularization were observed by FLA/ICGA in JIA patients with treatment-refractory complicated course of uveitis.

CONCLUSION

Angiogenesis-related factors could play a role in long-standing complicated JIAU, leading to clinically visible alterations in selected cases.

Small Leucine-Rich Proteoglycans in Tendon Wound Healing

Significance: Tendon injury possesses a high morbidity rate and is difficult to achieve a satisfying prognosis with currently available treatment strategies. Current approaches used for tendon healing always lead to the formation of fibrovascular scar tissue, which significantly compromises the biomechanics of the healed tendon. Moreover, the related functional deficiency deteriorates over time with an increased injury recurrence risk. Small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) link and interact with collagen fibrils to regulate tendon structure and biomechanics, which can provide a new and promising method in the field of tendon injury management. Recent Advances: The effect of SLRPs on tendon development has been extensively investigated. SLRP deficiency impairs tendon collagen fibril structure and biomechanic properties, while administration of SLRPs generally benefits tendon wound healing and regains better mechanical properties. Critical Issues: Current knowledge on the role of SLRPs in tendon development and regeneration mostly comes from uninjured knockout mice, and mainly focuses on the morphology description of collagen fibril profile and mechanical properties. Little is known about the regulatory mechanism on the molecular level. Future Directions: This article reviews the current knowledge in this highly translational topic and provides an evidence-based conclusion, thereby encouraging in-depth investigations of SLRPs in tendons and the development of SLRP-based treatments for desired tendon healing.

Bioinformatics Analysis and Identification of Potential Genes Associated with Pathogenesis and Prognosis of Gastric Cancer

OBJECTIVE

Gastric cancer (GC) is a deadly cancer and a challenging public health problem globally. This study aimed to analyze potential genes associated with pathogenesis and prognosis of gastric cancer.

METHODS

This work selected the overlapping differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in GC from four datasets, the GSE29272, GSE29998, GSE54129 and GSE118916 Gene Expression Omnibus databases. These DEGs were used to carry out comprehensive bioinformatic analysis to analyze the related functions and pathways enriched, the relative expression levels and immune infiltrates, the prognostic characteristics and the interaction network.

RESULTS

In total, 55 DEGs increased while 98 decreased in their expression levels. For those DEGs with increased expression, they were mostly concentrated on "focal adhesion" and "ECM-receptor interaction", whereas DEGs with decreased expression were mostly associated with "gastric acid secretion" and "drug metabolism cytochrome P450". MCODE and ClueGO results were then integrated to screen 10 hub genes, which were FN1, COL1A1, COL3A1, BGN, TIMP1, COL1A2, LUM, VCAN, COL5A2 and SPP1. Survival analysis revealed that higher expression of the ten hub genes significantly predicted lower overall survival of GC patients. TIMP1 was most significantly related to neutrophils, CD8⁺ T cells, as well as dendritic cells, while LUM was most significantly related to macrophages.

CONCLUSION

Immunohistochemistry results and functional testing showed that the expression of COL5A2 was elevated in GC and that it might be a key gene in GC tumorigenesis.

The microRNA-cell surface proteoglycan axis in cancer progression

Proteoglycans consist one of the major extracellular matrix class of biomolecules that demonstrate nodal roles in cancer progression. Μodern diagnostic and therapeutic approaches include proteoglycan detection and pharmacological targeting in various cancers. Proteoglycans orchestrate critical signaling pathways for cancer development and progression through dynamic interactions with matrix components. It is well established that the epigenetic signatures of cancer cells play critical role in guiding their functional properties and metastatic potential. Secreted microRNAs (miRNAs) reside in a complex network with matrix proteoglycans, thus affecting cell-cell and cell-matrix communication. This mini-review aims to highlight current knowledge on the proteoglycan-mediated signaling cascades that regulate miRNA biogenesis in cancer. Moreover, the miRNA-mediated proteoglycan regulation during cancer progression and mechanistic aspects on the way that proteoglycans affect miRNA expression are presented. Recent advances on the role of cell surface proteoglycans in exosome biogenesis and miRNA packaging and expression are also discussed.

Novel antiangiogenic therapy targeting biglycan using tumor endothelial cell-specific liposomal siRNA delivery system

Tumor blood vessels play important roles in tumor progression and metastasis. Targeting tumor endothelial cells (TECs) is one of the strategies for cancer therapy. We previously reported that biglycan, a small leucine‐rich proteoglycan, is highly expressed in TECs. TECs utilize biglycan in an autocrine manner for migration and angiogenesis. Furthermore, TEC‐derived biglycan stimulates tumor cell migration in a paracrine manner leading to tumor cell intravasation and metastasis. In this study, we explored the therapeutic effect of biglycan inhibition in the TECs of renal cell carcinoma using an in vivo siRNA delivery system known as a multifunctional envelope‐type nanodevice (MEND), which contains a unique pH‐sensitive cationic lipid. To specifically deliver MEND into TECs, we incorporated cyclo(Arg–Gly–Asp–d–Phe–Lys) (cRGD) into MEND because α_Vβ₃ integrin, a receptor for cRGD, is selective and highly expressed in TECs. We developed RGD‐MEND‐encapsulating siRNA against biglycan. First, we confirmed that MEND was delivered into OS‐RC‐2 tumor‐derived TECs and induced in vitro RNAi‐mediated gene silencing. MEND was then injected intravenously into OS‐RC‐2 tumor‐bearing mice. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that MEND was specifically delivered into TECs. Quantitative RT‐PCR indicated that biglycan was knocked down by biglycan siRNA‐containing MEND. Finally, we analyzed the therapeutic effect of biglycan silencing by MEND in TECs. Tumor growth was inhibited by biglycan siRNA‐containing MEND. Tumor microenvironmental factors such as fibrosis were also normalized using biglycan inhibition in TECs. Biglycan in TECs can be a novel target for cancer treatment.

Oncosuppressive roles of decorin through regulation of multiple receptors and diverse signaling pathways

Decorin is a stromal-derived prototype member of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan gene family. In addition to its functions as a regulator of collagen fibrillogenesis and TGF-β activity soluble decorin acts as a pan-receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor. Decorin binds to various RTKs including EGFR HER2 HGFR/Met VEGFR2 TLR and IGFR. Although the molecular mechanism for the action of decorin on these receptors is not entirely elucidated overall decorin evokes transient activation of these receptors with suppression of downstream signaling cascades culminating in growth inhibition followed by their physical downregulation via caveosomal internalization and degradation. In the case of Met decorin leads to decreased β-catenin signaling pathway and growth suppression. As most of these RTKs are responsible for providing a growth advantage to cancer cells the result of decorin treatment is oncosuppression. Another decorin-driven mechanism to restrict cancer growth and dissemination is by impeding angiogenesis via vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and the concurrent activation of protracted endothelial cell autophagy. In this review we will dissect the multiple roles of decorin in cancer biology and its potential use as a next-generation protein-based adjuvant therapy to combat cancer.

Crosstalk of tumor stromal cells orchestrates invasion and spreading of gastric cancer

Tumors contain various stromal cells that support cancer progression. Some types of cancer, such as scirrhous gastric cancer, are characterized by large areas of fibrosis accompanied by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Asporin (ASPN) is a small leucine-rich proteoglycan highly expressed in CAFs of various tumors. ASPN accelerates CAF migration and invasion, resulting in CAF-led cancer cell invasion. In addition, ASPN further upregulated the expression of genes specific to a characteristic subgroup of fibroblasts in tumors. These cells were preferentially located at the tumor periphery and could be generated by a unique mechanism involving the CAF-mediated education of normal fibroblasts (CEFs). In this review, we at first describe recent findings regarding the function of ASPN in the tumor microenvironment, as well as the mechanism involved in the generation of CEFs. CAFs are derived from heterogeneous origins besides resident normal fibroblasts. Among them, CAFs derived from mesothelial cells (mesothelial cell-derived CAF [MC-CAFs]) play pivotal roles in peritoneal carcinomatosis. We observed that MC-CAFs on the surfaces of organs also participate in tumor formation by infiltrating into the parenchyma, promoting local invasion by gastric cancers. This review also highlights the potential functions of macrophages in the formation of MC-CAFs in gastric cancers, by transfer the contents of cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles.

A Necessary Role for Increased Biglycan Expression during L1-Mediated Colon Cancer Progression

Aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and downstream β-catenin-TCF target genes is a hallmark of colorectal cancer (CRC) development. We identified the immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion receptor L1CAM (L1) as a target of β-catenin-TCF transactivation in CRC cells. Overexpression of L1 in CRC cells confers enhanced proliferation, motility, tumorigenesis, and liver metastasis, and L1 is exclusively localized at invasive areas of human CRC tissue. Several genes are induced after L1 transfection into CRC cells by a mechanism involving the L1-ezrin-NF-κB pathway. We conducted a secretomic analysis of the proteins in the culture medium of L1-overexpressing CRC cells. We detected a highly increased level of biglycan, a small leucine-rich ECM component, and a signaling molecule. We found that induction of biglycan is required for the cellular processes conferred by L1, including enhanced proliferation, motility, tumorigenesis, and liver metastasis. The suppression of endogenous biglycan levels or a point mutation in the L1 ectodomain that regulates cell–cell adhesion mediated by L1 blocked the enhanced tumorigenic properties conferred by L1. The mechanism of biglycan induction by L1 involves the L1-NF-κB pathway. Blocking NF-κB signaling in L1 expressing cells suppressed the induction of biglycan and the tumorigenic properties conferred by L1. Biglycan expression was undetectable in the normal colonic mucosa, but expressed at highly increased levels in the tumor tissue, especially in the stroma. The therapeutic strategies to target biglycan expression might provide a useful approach for CRC treatment in L1-overexpressing tumors.

Aberrant expression of the extracellular matrix component Biglycan regulated by Hedgehog signalling promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation

Hedgehog (Hh) signalling plays essential roles in regulating embryonic development and contributes to tumour initiation, growth and progression in multiple cancers. The detailed mechanism by which Hh signalling participates in tumour growth warrants thorough study, although several downstream target genes have been identified. Herein, a set of novel targets of Hh signalling was identified in multiple types of tumour cells via RNA-Seq analysis. Among these targets, the expression regulation and oncogenic function of the extracellular matrix component biglycan (BGN) were investigated. Further investigation verified that Hh signalling activates the expression of BGN via the transcription factor Gli2, which directly binds to the promoter region of BGN. Functional assays revealed that BGN facilitates tumour cell growth and proliferation in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, and xenograft assays confirmed that BGN also promotes tumour growth . Moreover, analysis of clinical CRC samples showed that both the protein and mRNA levels of BGN are increased in CRC tissues compared to those in adjacent tissues, and higher expression of BGN is correlated with poorer prognosis of CRC patients, further confirming the function of BGN in CRC. Taken together, aberrantly activated Hh signalling increases the expression of BGN, possibly regulates the extracellular matrix, and thereby promotes tumour growth in CRC.

Precision N-glycoproteomics reveals elevated LacdiNAc as a novel signature of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Primary liver cancer, mainly comprising hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), remains a major global health problem. Although ICC is clinically different from HCC, their molecular differences are still largely unclear. In this study, precision N‐glycoproteomic analysis was performed on both ICC and HCC tumors as well as paracancer tissues to investigate their aberrant site‐specific N‐glycosylation. By using our newly developed glycoproteomic methods and novel algorithm, termed ‘StrucGP’, a total of 486 N‐glycan structures attached on 1235 glycosites were identified from 894 glycoproteins in ICC and HCC tumors. Notably, glycans with uncommon LacdiNAc (GalNAcβ1‐4GlcNAc) structures were distinguished from their isomeric glycans. In addition to several bi‐antennary and/or bisecting glycans that were commonly elevated in ICC and HCC, a number of LacdiNAc‐containing, tri‐antennary, and core‐fucosylated glycans were uniquely increased in ICC. More interestingly, almost all LacdiNAc‐containing N‐glycopeptides were enhanced in ICC tumor but not in HCC tumor, and this phenomenon was further confirmed by lectin histochemistry and the high expression of β1‐4 GalNAc transferases in ICC at both mRNA and protein expression levels. The novel N‐glycan alterations uniquely detected in ICC provide a valuable resource for future studies regarding to the discovery of ICC diagnostic biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and mechanism investigations.

The CCN axis in cancer development and progression

Since the authors first reviewed this subject in 2016 significant progress has been documented in the CCN field with advances made in the understanding of how members of the CCN family of proteins, CCN1-6, contribute to the pathogenesis and progression, positive and negative, of a larger variety of cancers. As termed matricellular proteins, and more recently the connective communication network, it has become clearer that members of the CCN family interact complexly with other proteins in the extracellular microenvironment, membrane signaling proteins, and can also operate intracellularly at the transcriptional level. In this review we expand on this earlier information providing new detailed information and insights that appropriate a much greater involvement and importance of their role in multiple aspects of cancer. Despite all the new information many more questions have been raised and intriguing results generated that warrant greater investigation. In order to permit the reader to smoothly integrate the new information we discuss all relevant CCN members in the context of cancer subtypes. We have harmonized the nomenclature with CCN numbering for easier comparisons. Finally, we summarize what new has been learned and provide a perspective on how our knowledge about CCN1-6 is being used to drive new initiatives on cancer therapeutics.

Plasma Levels of Decorin Increased in Patients during the Progression of Breast Cancer

Decorin (DCN), an extracellular matrix proteoglycan found in tumor surrounding tissues, is a natural inhibitor of tumor cell proliferation and invasion. We conducted a cross-sectional observation study to evaluate the association of the pathological stage with the levels of DCN in plasma or tumor surrounding tissue. Among 118 patients who underwent breast surgery, 35 were designated as carcinoma in situ (Stage 0), 39 were Stage I, and 44 were Stage II or III. The stromal expression of DCN was quantified using a semiquantitative digital image analysis after immunohistochemical staining. The concentration of DCN was evaluated with a specific ELISA. As we have previously shown, stromal DCN expression was attenuated in the patients with Stage I, whereas stromal and plasma DCN was elevated paradoxically in those with Stage II/III. The elevated plasma DCN is an independent predictive factor of Stage II/III by the multivariate logistic regression analysis. The plasma level of DCN was negatively correlated with stromal DCN expression only in patients with advanced disease (Stage II/III). The plasma level of DCN could become a useful biomarker for patients in the advanced stages. Extensive studies and further assessments are warranted for evaluating the prognostic significance and tumor characteristics to understand the clinical significances of stromal and systemic DCN.

Epiphycan Predicts Poor Outcomes and Promotes Metastasis in Ovarian Cancer

The small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family is widely expressed in extracellular matrix and aggravates tumor progression. However, epiphycan (EPYC), as a member of the SLRPs family, its biological function in cancer has not been confirmed. Thus, we aimed to clarify the role of EPYC in progression of ovarian cancer (OC), and further analyze the molecular mechanisms implicated in tumorigenesis. Here, we analyzed the differential expression genes of GSE38734, including 4 matched primary OC and metastatic tissues. We obtained OC RNAseqs data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and analyzed the correlation between EPYC expression and OC staging, pathological grading, etc. The expression of EPYC in OC and normal ovarian tissues was compared in Oncomine website. We used siRNAs to interfere the expression of EPYC in ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3. Scratch test, transwell-matrigel chamber, CCK8 assay were used to detect the changes of SKOV3 migration, invasion and proliferation ability after EPYC was interfered. We used R software to make GO and KEGG analysis of related genes of EPYC. We used the Hitpredict website to predict interacting proteins. The results showed that the expression of EPYC in metastatic ovarian cancer was higher than primary ovarian cancer, and that in primary cancer was higher than normal ovaries. After siRNA interferes with EPYC expression, the migration, invasion and proliferation of SKOV3 cells were weakened. EPYC mainly played a role in ECM organization, and involved in PI3K/Akt, focal adhesion signaling pathways. EPYC might interact with PLCG2 and CRK, and be involved in signal transduction.

The Proteoglycan Biglycan Modulates Platelet Adhesion and Thrombus Formation in a GPVI-Dependent Manner

BACKGROUND

Vascular injury induces the exposure of subendothelial extracellular matrix (ECM) important to serve as substrate for platelets to adhere to the injured vessel wall to avoid massive blood loss. Different ECM proteins are known to initiate platelet adhesion and activation. In atherosclerotic mice, the small, leucine-rich proteoglycan biglycan is important for the regulation of thrombin activity via heparin cofactor II. However, nothing is known about the role of biglycan for hemostasis and thrombosis under nonatherosclerotic conditions.

METHODS

The role of biglycan for platelet adhesion and thrombus formation was investigated using a recombinant protein and biglycan knockout mice.

RESULTS

The present study identified biglycan as important ECM protein for the adhesion and activation of platelets, and the formation of three-dimensional thrombi under flow conditions. Platelet adhesion to immobilized biglycan induces the reorganization of the platelet cytoskeleton. Mechanistically, biglycan binds and activates the major collagen receptor glycoprotein (GP)VI, because reduced platelet adhesion to recombinant biglycan was observed when GPVI was blocked and enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation in a GPVI-dependent manner was observed when platelets were stimulated with biglycan. In vivo, the deficiency of biglycan resulted in reduced platelet adhesion to the injured carotid artery and prolonged bleeding times.

CONCLUSIONS

Loss of biglycan in the vessel wall of mice but not in platelets led to reduced platelet adhesion at the injured carotid artery and prolonged bleeding times, suggesting a crucial role for biglycan as ECM protein that binds and activates platelets via GPVI upon vessel injury.

Exploring the sulfate patterns of chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate and keratan sulfate in human pancreatic cancer

This study was designed to explore the sulfation patterns of chondroitin sulfate (CS)/dermatan sulfate (DS), and keratan sulfate (KS) and the expression of carbohydrate sulfotransferases (CHSTs) in 26 pancreatic tumor and normal tissues. CS/DS and KS profiles were simultaneously determined. Pancreatic tumor tissues exhibited increased ΔDi-0S, ΔDi-4S, and ΔDi-6S levels, with absolute ΔDi-4S content being highest, followed by ΔDi-6S. However, as for the contents of KS-6S and KS-6S,6'S, there were no significant regular change. The expression levels of CHST1 and CHST4 were 37 and 15 times higher than those in normal tissues. PCA and OPLS-DA revealed that ΔDi-4S and ΔDi-6S levels could be reliably used to differentiate between healthy and cancerous tissues. The up-regulation of CHST3, CHST12, CHST13, and CHST15 was directly correlated with C-4 and C-6 sulfation. These data provide a foundation for future studies of the role of ΔDi-4S and ΔDi-6S in the progression of pancreatic cancer.