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Al-Dajani AR, Kiang TKL. A high-throughput liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for the simultaneous quantification of p-cresol sulfate, p-cresol glucuronide, indoxyl sulfate, and indoxyl glucuronide in HepaRG culture medium and the demonstration of mefenamic acid as a potent and selective detoxifying agent. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2024:1-13. [PMID: 39323391 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2024.2409257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND p-cresol and indole are uremic compounds which undergo sulfonation to generate the highly toxic p-cresol sulfate (pCS) and indoxyl sulfate (IxS). They are also subjected to glucuronidation to produce the less toxic p-cresol glucuronide (pCG) and indoxyl glucuronide (IG). We developed and validated an assay to quantify these metabolites in HepaRG cells. We also tested the effects of mefenamic acid on their in-situ formations in relation to the development of cellular necrosis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS HepaRG cells were exposed to p-cresol or indole (0-1 mM) with mefenamic acid (0-3000 nM) for 24 hours to generate uremic metabolites. Cells were also exposed to 0.5 mM p-cresol or indole with/without 30 nM mefenamic acid to characterize lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. RESULTS The assay exhibited high sensitivity and wide calibration ranges covering human concentrations. HepaRG cells also generated physiologically-relevant concentrations of each metabolite. Mefenamic acid inhibited pCS formation in a concentration-dependent manner without affecting pCG, IxS, or IG. Mefenamic acid also reduced LDH release from p-cresol (by 50.12±5.86%) or indole (56.26±3.58%). CONCLUSIONS This novel assay is capable of quantifying these metabolites in HepaRG cells. Our novel findings suggest that mefenamic acid can be potentially utilized therapeutically to attenuate pCS-associated toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala'a R Al-Dajani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tony K L Kiang
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
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Xie H, Yang N, Lu L, Sun X, Li J, Wang X, Guo H, Zhou L, Liu J, Wu H, Yu C, Zhang W, Lu L. Uremic Toxin Receptor AhR Facilitates Renal Senescence and Fibrosis via Suppressing Mitochondrial Biogenesis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2402066. [PMID: 38940381 PMCID: PMC11434102 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Retention of metabolic end-products in the bodily fluids of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) may lead to uremia. The uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (IS), a tryptophan metabolite, is an endogenous ligand of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). It is clarified that the upregulation and activation of AhR by IS in tubular epithelial cells (TECs) promote renal senescence and fibrosis. Renal TEC-specific knockout of AhR attenuates renal senescence and fibrosis, as well as the suppression of PGC1α-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis in ischemia reperfusion (IR)- or IS-treated CKD mice kidneys. Overexpression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α (PGC1α) attenuates IS-induced cell senescence and extracellular matrix production in cultured TECs. Mechanistically, AhR is able to interact with PGC1α and promotes the ubiquitin degradation of PGC1α via its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. In summary, the elevation and activation of AhR by the accumulated uremic toxins in the progression of CKD accelerate renal senescence and fibrosis by suppressing mitochondrial biogenesis via promoting ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of PGC1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Xie
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Ninghao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, 671013, China
| | - Xi'ang Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jingyao Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hengjiang Guo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Huijuan Wu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chen Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Limin Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, 201102, China
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Shafiee S, Dastmalchi S, Gharekhani A, Shayanfar A. Analysis of indoxyl sulfate in biological fluids with emphasis on sample preparation techniques: A comprehensive analytical review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35032. [PMID: 39157307 PMCID: PMC11328088 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (IS) has been related to the development of various medical conditions notably chronic kidney disease (CKD). Hence, quantification of this biomarker in biological fluids may be a diagnostic tool to evaluate renal system functionality. Numerous analytical methods including liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, spectroscopy, and electrochemical techniques have since been used to analyze IS in different biological fluids. The current review highlights the relevant studies that assessed IS with a special focus on sample preparation, which is essential to reduce or eliminate the effect of endogenous components from the matrix in bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Shafiee
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Siavoush Dastmalchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Afshin Gharekhani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Shayanfar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Al-Dajani AR, Hou QK, Kiang TKL. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analytical Methods for the Quantitation of p-Cresol Sulfate and Indoxyl Sulfate in Human Matrices: Biological Applications and Diagnostic Potentials. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:743. [PMID: 38931865 PMCID: PMC11206749 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Indoxyl sulfate (IxS) and p-cresyl sulfate (pCS) are toxic uremic compounds with documented pathological outcomes. This review critically and comprehensively analyzes the available liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods quantifying IxS and pCS in human matrices and the biological applications of these validated assays. Embase, Medline, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched until December 2023 to identify assays with complete analytical and validation data (N = 23). Subsequently, citation analysis with PubMed and Scopus was utilized to identify the biological applications for these assays (N = 45). The extraction methods, mobile phase compositions, chromatography, and ionization methods were evaluated with respect to overall assay performance (e.g., sensitivity, separation, interference). Most of the assays focused on human serum/plasma, utilizing acetonitrile or methanol (with ammonium acetate/formate or formic/acetic acid), liquid-liquid extraction, reverse phase (e.g., C18) chromatography, and gradient elution for analyte separation. Mass spectrometry conditions were also consistent in the identified papers, with negative electrospray ionization, select multiple reaction monitoring transitions and deuterated internal standards being the most common approaches. The validated biological applications indicated IxS and/or pCS were correlated with renal disease progression and cardiovascular outcomes, with limited data on central nervous system disorders. Methods for reducing IxS and/or pCS concentrations were also identified (e.g., drugs, natural products, diet, dialysis, transplantation) where inconsistent findings have been reported. The clinical monitoring of IxS and pCS is gaining significant interest, and this review will serve as a useful compendium for scientists and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tony K. L. Kiang
- Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (A.R.A.-D.); (Q.K.H.)
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Shafiee S, Dastmalchi S, Gharekhani A, Shayanfar A. Determination of indoxyl sulfate by spectrofluorimetric method in human plasma through extraction with deep eutectic solvent. BMC Chem 2024; 18:61. [PMID: 38555438 PMCID: PMC10981813 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-024-01172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A rapid and efficient analytical method was established to quantify indoxyl sulfate (IS) in plasma through extraction technique with a deep eutectic solvent (DES) and spectrofluorimetric method. DES (choline chloride: urea) was mixed with plasma samples for the extraction of IS, followed by the addition of dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4) solution to form an aqueous two-phase system. The fluorescence intensity of IS which was first extracted to the DES-rich-phase and then back-extracted into the salt-rich-phase, was measured by spectrofluorimetric method. Some key factors such as pH, centrifugation speed and time, the volume ratio of DES/salt, and salt concentration were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the suggested method had a dynamic range between 20 and 160 µg/mL with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.99. Precision (relative standard deviation) was less than 15% and accuracy (% relative recovery) was ± 15% at the nominal concentration level. In addition, results showed that IS levels in real samples were higher than 40 µg/mL which was compatible with reported IS levels in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Overall, all the results reflect the fact that the presented analytical method can potentially be used for the determination of IS in real plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Shafiee
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Siavoush Dastmalchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Mersin 10, Nicosia, POBOX: 99138, North Cyprus, Turkey
| | - Afshin Gharekhani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Shayanfar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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El Chamieh C, Larabi IA, Alencar De Pinho N, Lambert O, Combe C, Fouque D, Frimat L, Jacquelinet C, Laville M, Laville S, Lange C, Alvarez JC, Massy ZA, Liabeuf S. Study of the association between serum levels of kynurenine and cardiovascular outcomes and overall mortality in chronic kidney disease. Clin Kidney J 2024; 17:sfad248. [PMID: 38186868 PMCID: PMC10768787 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfad248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Kynurenine is a protein-bound uremic toxin. Its circulating levels are increased in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Experimental studies showed that it exerted deleterious cardiovascular effects. We sought to evaluate an association between serum kynurenine levels and adverse fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in CKD patients. Methods The CKD-REIN study is a prospective cohort of people with CKD having an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 ml/min/1.73 m². Baseline frozen samples of total and free fractions of kynurenine and tryptophan were measured using a validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry technique. Cause-specific Cox models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for each outcome. Results Of the 2406 included patients (median age: 68 years; median eGFR: 25 ml/min/1.73 m2), 52% had a history of cardiovascular disease. A doubling of serum-free kynurenine levels was associated with an 18% increased hazard of cardiovascular events [466 events, HR (95%CI):1.18(1.02,1.33)], independently of eGFR, serum-free tryptophan level or other uremic toxins, cardioprotective drugs, and traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Serum-free kynurenine was significantly associated with non-atheromatous cardiovascular events [HR(95%CI):1.26(1.03,1.50)], but not with atheromatous cardiovascular events [HR(95%CI):1.15(0.89,1.50)]. The association of serum-free kynurenine with cardiovascular mortality was also independently significant [87 events; adjusted HR(95%CI):1.64(1.10,2.40)]. However, the association of serum-free kynurenine with all-cause mortality was no more significant after adjustment on serum-free tryptophan [311 events, HR(95%CI):1.12(0.90, 1.40)]. Conclusions Our findings imply that serum-free kynurenine, independently of other cardiovascular risk factors (including eGFR), is associated with fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular outcomes, particularly non-atheromatous cardiovascular events; in patients with CKD. Strategies to reduce serum kynurenine levels should be evaluated in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolla El Chamieh
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM UMRS 1018, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Villejuif, France
| | - Islam Amine Larabi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, AP-HP, Garches, France
- UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U1018, CESP, Équipe MOODS, MasSpecLab, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Natalia Alencar De Pinho
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM UMRS 1018, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Villejuif, France
| | - Oriane Lambert
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM UMRS 1018, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Villejuif, France
| | - Christian Combe
- Service de Néphrologie Transplantation Dialyse Aphérèse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, U1026, University Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Denis Fouque
- Nephrology Dept, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Université de Lyon, Carmen, Pierre-Bénite, France
- Université de Lyon, CarMeN INSERM 1060, Lyon, France
| | - Luc Frimat
- Nephrology Department, CHRU de Nancy, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Lorraine University, APEMAC, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Christian Jacquelinet
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM UMRS 1018, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Villejuif, France
- Biomedecine Agency, Saint Denis La Plaine, France
| | | | - Solène Laville
- Pharmacoepidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Amiens-Picardie University Medical Center, Amiens, France
- MP3CV Laboratory, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Céline Lange
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM UMRS 1018, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Claude Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, AP-HP, Garches, France
- UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U1018, CESP, Équipe MOODS, MasSpecLab, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Ziad A Massy
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM UMRS 1018, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Villejuif, France
- Department of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré University Hospital, APHP, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Sophie Liabeuf
- Pharmacoepidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Amiens-Picardie University Medical Center, Amiens, France
- MP3CV Laboratory, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
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Mernissi T, Demagny J, Le Guyader M, Renou M, Choukroun G, Kamel S, Liabeuf S, Bodeau S. Quantitative determination of plasma free and total concentrations of antivitamin K drugs using a new sensitive and rapid LC-MS/MS method: Application in hemodialysis patients. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 548:117498. [PMID: 37482192 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) are the first-line anticoagulants used in end stage renal disease. This population experiences a significant variability in their International Normalized Ratio (INR) over time. There is a need for methods allowing the study of the pharmacokinetics of free and total concentrations of VKAs to explain INR variability. MATERIALS AND METHODS We developed and validated a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method allowing the quantification of warfarin and fluindione free and total plasma concentrations. Chromatographic separation was achieved in a raptor biphenyl column and the spectrometry acquisition was set in multiple reaction monitoring mode after negative electrospray ionization. We then applied it in describing the plasma free and total concentrations of VKAs in samples from 50 hemodialysis patients. RESULTS The developed method is rapid, sensitive and specific. Our cohort results showed a correlation between free and total VKA concentrations. The free VKA concentrations tended to be higher in patients with higher INR. Although VKAs are highly albumin-bound drugs, albumin concentration did not totally explain the high inter-individual total VKA concentrations variability. CONCLUSION This opens the door to further studies to understand the factors involved in their variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Touria Mernissi
- MP3CV Laboratory, EA7517, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, F-80000 Amiens, France; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Amiens University Medical Center, F-80000 Amiens, France
| | - Julien Demagny
- Department of Hematology, Amiens University Medical Center, F-80000 Amiens, France
| | - Mailys Le Guyader
- Department of Hematology, Amiens University Medical Center, F-80000 Amiens, France
| | - Marianne Renou
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Amiens University Medical Center, F-80000 Amiens, France
| | - Gabriel Choukroun
- MP3CV Laboratory, EA7517, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, F-80000 Amiens, France; Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Amiens University Medical Center, F-80000 Amiens, France
| | - Saïd Kamel
- MP3CV Laboratory, EA7517, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, F-80000 Amiens, France; Department of Biochemistry, Amiens University Medical Center, F-80000 Amiens, France
| | - Sophie Liabeuf
- MP3CV Laboratory, EA7517, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, F-80000 Amiens, France; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Amiens University Medical Center, F-80000 Amiens, France
| | - Sandra Bodeau
- MP3CV Laboratory, EA7517, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, F-80000 Amiens, France; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Amiens University Medical Center, F-80000 Amiens, France.
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El Chamieh C, Larabi IA, Laville SM, Jacquelinet C, Combe C, Fouque D, Laville M, Frimat L, Pecoits-Filho R, Lange C, Stengel B, Alencar De Pinho N, Alvarez JC, Massy ZA, Liabeuf S. Proton-Pump Inhibitors and Serum Concentrations of Uremic Toxins in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040276. [PMID: 37104214 PMCID: PMC10143607 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Use of proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). PPIs and many uremic toxins (UTs) are eliminated by the kidney's tubular organic anion transporter system. In a cross-sectional study, we sought to evaluate the association between PPI prescription and serum concentrations of various UTs. We studied a randomly selected sub-group of participants in the CKD-REIN cohort (adult patients with a confirmed diagnosis of CKD and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) with available frozen samples collected at baseline. PPI prescription was recorded at baseline. Serum concentrations of 10 UTs were measured using a validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry technique. Multiple linear regression was performed, with the log UT concentration as the dependent variable. Of the 680 included patients (median age: 68 years; median eGFR: 32 mL/min/1.73 m2), 31% had PPI prescriptions at baseline. Patients using PPIs had higher levels of certain UTs in comparison to other patients, including total and free indoxyl sulfate (IS), total and free p-cresylsulfate, total and free p-cresylglucuronide (PCG), phenylacetylglutamine (PAG), free kynurenine, and free hippuric acid. After adjustment for baseline co-morbidities, number of co-prescribed drugs, and laboratory data, including eGFR, associations between PPI prescription and elevated serum concentrations of free and total IS, free and total PCG, and PAG remained significant. Our results indicate that PPI prescription is independently associated with serum UT retention. These findings are interesting to better understand the factors that may modulate serum UT concentration in CKD patients, however, they will need to be confirmed by longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolla El Chamieh
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM UMRS 1018, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - Islam Amine Larabi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, AP-HP, 92380 Garches, France
- UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U1018, CESP, Équipe MOODS, MasSpecLab, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Solène M Laville
- Pharmacoepidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Amiens-Picardie University Medical Center, 80054 Amiens, France
- MP3CV Laboratory, Jules Verne University of Picardie, F-80054 Amiens, France
| | - Christian Jacquelinet
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM UMRS 1018, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, 94807 Villejuif, France
- Biomedecine Agency, 93210 Saint Denis La Plaine, France
| | - Christian Combe
- Service de Néphrologie Transplantation Dialyse Aphérèse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, U1026, Univ. Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Denis Fouque
- Nephrology Department, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Université de Lyon, Carmen, 69495 Pierre-Bénite, France
- Université de Lyon, CarMeN INSERM 1060, 69008 Lyon, France
| | | | - Luc Frimat
- Nephrology Department, CHRU de Nancy, 54000 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Lorraine University, APEMAC, 54000 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Roberto Pecoits-Filho
- Arbor Research Collaborative for Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
- School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Parana, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Céline Lange
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM UMRS 1018, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - Bénédicte Stengel
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM UMRS 1018, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - Natalia Alencar De Pinho
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM UMRS 1018, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Claude Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, AP-HP, 92380 Garches, France
- UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U1018, CESP, Équipe MOODS, MasSpecLab, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Ziad A Massy
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM UMRS 1018, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, 94807 Villejuif, France
- Department of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré University Hospital, APHP, 92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Sophie Liabeuf
- Pharmacoepidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Amiens-Picardie University Medical Center, 80054 Amiens, France
- MP3CV Laboratory, Jules Verne University of Picardie, F-80054 Amiens, France
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9
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Fabresse N, Larabi IA, Abe E, Lamy E, Rigothier C, Massy ZA, Alvarez JC. Correlation between Saliva Levels and Serum Levels of Free Uremic Toxins in Healthy Volunteers. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:150. [PMID: 36828466 PMCID: PMC9967652 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the putative correlation between the saliva concentration and free serum concentration for 10 uremic toxins (UTs; eight protein-bound solutes: 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF), hippuric acid (HA), indole-3-acetic acid (3-IAA), indoxyl sulfate (I3S), kynurenic acid (KA), kynurenine (KYN), p-cresyl glucuronide (pCG), and p-cresyl sulfate (pCS); two free, water-soluble, low-molecular weight solutes: phenylacetylglutamine (PAGN) and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO); and three precursors: tyrosine (Tyr), phenylalanine, and tryptophan). Saliva samples and blood samples were collected simultaneously from 18 healthy volunteers. After the addition of internal standards, 50 µL of saliva or serum were precipitated with methanol. UTs and precursors were quantified using a validated LC-MS/MS method. The saliva-serum correlation was statistically significant (according to Spearman's coefficient) for six UTs (TMAO, HA, I3S, pCS, 3-IAA, and CMPF). Tyr presented a weak saliva-serum correlation (p = 0.08), whereas the other two precursors did not show a saliva-serum correlation. For three UTs (KYN, KA and pCG), we were unable to test the correlation since the saliva or serum levels were too low in many of the volunteers. The present study is the first to report on the saliva concentrations of TMAO, KYN, HA, PAGN, pCG, and 3-IAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Fabresse
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Toxicology, La Timone University Hospital, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, CEDEX 5, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Islam Amine Larabi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, AP-HP, 104 Boulevard Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France
- U-1018, CESP-Inserm, MOODS Team, Simone Veil Medical School, Versailles Saint-Quentin-En-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Paris-Saclay University, 2 Av. de la Source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Emuri Abe
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, AP-HP, 104 Boulevard Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France
- U-1018, CESP-Inserm, MOODS Team, Simone Veil Medical School, Versailles Saint-Quentin-En-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Paris-Saclay University, 2 Av. de la Source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Elodie Lamy
- MasSpecLab, Inserm U-1173, Simone Veil Medical School, Versailles Saint-Quentin-En-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Paris-Saclay University, 2 Av. de la Source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Claire Rigothier
- Service de Néphrologie, Transplantation, Dialyse et Aphérèses, CHU de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Ziad A. Massy
- Service de Néphrologie, CHU Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris & Université Paris-Saclay (Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines), 9 Avenue Charles de Gaulle, 92104 Boulogne Billancourt, France
- Inserm U-1018 Centre de Recherche en Épidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP), Équipe 5, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Claude Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, AP-HP, 104 Boulevard Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France
- U-1018, CESP-Inserm, MOODS Team, Simone Veil Medical School, Versailles Saint-Quentin-En-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Paris-Saclay University, 2 Av. de la Source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
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10
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Silva LAP, Campagnolo S, Fernandes SR, Marques SS, Barreiros L, Sampaio-Maia B, Segundo MA. Rapid and sustainable HPLC method for the determination of uremic toxins in human plasma samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:683-694. [PMID: 36464734 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04458-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein-bound uremic toxins, mainly indoxyl sulfate (3-INDS), p-cresol sulfate (pCS), and indole-3-acetic acid (3-IAA) but also phenol (Pol) and p-cresol (pC), are progressively accumulated during chronic kidney disease (CKD). Their accurate measurement in biomatrices is demanded for timely diagnosis and adoption of appropriate therapeutic measures. Multianalyte methods allowing the establishment of a uremic metabolite profile are still missing. Hence, the aim of this work was to develop a rapid and sensitive method based on high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection for the simultaneous quantification of Pol, 3-IAA, pC, 3-INDS, and pCS in human plasma. Separation was attained in 12 min, using a monolithic C18 column and isocratic elution with acetonitrile and phosphate buffer containing an ion-pairing reagent, at a flow rate of 2 mL min-1. Standards were prepared in plasma and quantification was performed using the background subtraction approach. LOQ values were ≤ 0.2 µg mL-1 for all analytes except for pCS (LOQ of 2 µg mL-1). The method proved to be accurate (93.5-112%) and precise (CV ≤ 14.3%). The multianalyte application of the method, associated to a reduced sample volume (50 µL), a less toxic internal standard (eugenol) in comparison to the previously applied 2,6-dimethylphenol and 4-ethylphenol, and a green extraction solvent (ethanol), resulted in the AGREE score of 0.62 which is in line with the recent trend of green and sustainable analytical chemistry. The validated method was successfully applied to the analysis of plasma samples from control subjects exhibiting normal levels of uremic toxins and CKD patients presenting significantly higher levels of 3-IAA, pC, 3-INDS, and pCS that can be further investigated as biomarkers of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís A P Silva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Stefano Campagnolo
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara R Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara S Marques
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luisa Barreiros
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal. .,Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Benedita Sampaio-Maia
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 280, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 280, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marcela A Segundo
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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11
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Ciceri P, Artioli L, Magagnoli L, Barassi A, Alvarez JC, Massy ZA, Galassi A, Cozzolino M. The Role of Uremic Retention Solutes in the MIA Syndrome in Hemodialysis Subjects. Blood Purif 2023; 52:41-53. [PMID: 35512641 DOI: 10.1159/000524335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In chronic kidney disease (CKD), the high morbidity and mortality risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) are not easily explained only on the basis of traditional factors. Among nontraditional ones involved in CKD, malnutrition, inflammation, and atherosclerosis/calcification have been described as the "MIA syndrome." METHODS In this pilot study, we evaluated the association between the variation in serum levels of 27 uremic retention solutes plus 6 indexes related to the MIA syndrome processes in a population of dialysis patients. RESULTS As expected, we found a direct correlation between serum albumin and both phosphate and total cholesterol (r = 0.54 and 0.37, respectively; p < 0.05). Moreover, total cholesterol and phosphate directly correlate (r = 0.40, p < 0.05). The relationship between malnutrition and inflammation is highlighted by the correlation of serum cholesterol levels with serum alpha-1 acid glycoprotein and IL-6 levels (r = -0.56, r = -0.39, respectively; p < 0.05). Moreover, the relation between inflammation and atherosclerosis/calcification is supported by the correlation of IL-6 with VEGF levels and vascular smooth muscle cell high-Pi in vitro calcification (r = 0.81, r = 0.66, respectively; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION We found significant correlations between several uremic retention solutes and malnutrition, inflammation, and atherosclerosis/calcification. Our findings support the hypothesis of a central role of the uremic milieu in the MIA syndrome and ultimately in the pathogenesis of CKD-specific CVD risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Ciceri
- Department of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Artioli
- Department of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenza Magagnoli
- Renal Division, Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Barassi
- Department of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jean-Claude Alvarez
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CHU Raymond Poincare, Garches, France.,INSERM U-1173, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Paris-Saclay (Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines), Versailles, France
| | - Ziad A Massy
- Division of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré University Hospital, APHP, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.,Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM UMRS 1018, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Versailles Saint Quentin (UVSQ), Villejuif, France
| | - Andrea Galassi
- Renal Division, Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Cozzolino
- Department of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Renal Division, Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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12
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Schmidt S, Zehe M, Holzgrabe U. Characterization of binding properties of ephedrine derivatives to human alpha-1-acid glycoprotein. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 181:106333. [PMID: 36402307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Most drugs, especially those with acidic or neutral moieties, are bound to the plasma protein albumin, whereas basic drugs are preferentially bound to human alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP). The protein binding of the long-established drugs ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, which are used in the treatment of hypotension and colds, has so far only been studied with albumin. Since in a previous study a stereoselective binding of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine to serum but not to albumin was observed, the aim of this study was to check whether the enantioselective binding behavior of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, in addition to the derivatives methylephedrine and norephedrine, is due to AGP and to investigate the influence of their different substituents and steric arrangement. Discontinuous ultrafiltration was used for the determination of protein binding. Characterization of ligand-protein interactions of the drugs was obtained by saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Docking experiments were performed to analyze possible ligand-protein interactions. The more basic the ephedrine derivative is, the higher is the affinity to AGP. There was no significant difference in the binding properties between the individual enantiomers and the diastereomers of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schmidt
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg D-97074, Germany
| | - Markus Zehe
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg D-97074, Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg D-97074, Germany.
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13
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Fernandes SR, Meireles AN, Marques SS, Silva L, Barreiros L, Sampaio-Maia B, Miró M, Segundo MA. Sample preparation and chromatographic methods for the determination of protein-bound uremic retention solutes in human biological samples: An overview. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1215:123578. [PMID: 36610265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein-bound uremic retention solutes, such as indole-3-acetic acid, indoxyl sulfate, p-cresol and p-cresol sulfate, are associated with the development of several pathologies, namely renal, cardiovascular, and bone toxicities, due to their potential accumulation in the human body, thus requiring analytical methods for monitoring and evaluation. The present review addresses conventional and advanced sample treatment procedures for sample handling and the chromatographic analytical methods developed for quantification of these compounds in different biological fluids, with particular focus on plasma, serum, and urine. The sample preparation and chromatographic methods coupled to different detection systems are critically discussed, focusing on the different steps involved for sample treatment, namely elimination of interfering compounds present in the sample matrix, and the evaluation of their environmental impact through the AGREEprep tool. There is a clear trend for the application of liquid-chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, which requires protein precipitation, solid-phase extraction and/or dilution prior to analysis of biological samples. Furthermore, from a sustainability point of view, miniaturized methods resorting to microplate devices are highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia N Meireles
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara S Marques
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Silva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luisa Barreiros
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Benedita Sampaio-Maia
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica / I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Miró
- FI-TRACE group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122-Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Marcela A Segundo
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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14
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Wang S, Feng R, Chen GJ, Sang YR, Kong L, Yu SX, Tao FB, Liu KY. Simultaneous determination of serum tryptophan metabolites in an older Chinese population. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5512. [PMID: 36101977 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan (TRP) and its metabolites exhibit significant biological effects and are strongly associated with age-related disease and mortality. However, reports on quantitatively analyzing these metabolites in older individuals are not available. We used ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to optimize and validate a method for isotope dilution analysis of TRP metabolites in older individuals. The targeted analytes are TRP, serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-propionic acid, and tryptamine. The serum sample was purified using solid-phase extraction and was separated on a Waters HSS T3 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm). The analytes were detected in the multiple reaction monitoring mode under positive ionization. TRP was confirmed and measured after being diluted 100 times. This method exhibited satisfactory linearity (r > 0.99). The intrabatch and interbatch accuracies (85.7-114%) and precisions (<15%) were acceptable. The standard-normalized matrix effects ranged from 51.6 to 145%. This method was successfully applied to a cohort of 1021 older Chinese individuals, and this study may enable further understanding of the metabolic phenotypes associated with TRP in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Center for Scientific Research of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Feng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, China.,School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Guan-Jun Chen
- Center for Scientific Research of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, China
| | - Yan-Ru Sang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Kong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shui-Xin Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fang-Biao Tao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, China
| | - Kai-Yong Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, China
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15
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Glover CN, Klaczek CE, Goss GG, Saari GN. Factors Affecting the Binding of Diltiazem to Rainbow Trout Plasma: Implications for the Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals in Aquatic Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:3125-3133. [PMID: 36177769 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of organic toxicants in fish plasma, and how they partition between the bound and unbound fraction once absorbed, are important metrics in models that seek to predict the risk of such contaminants in aquatic settings. Rapid equilibrium dialysis of diltiazem, an ionizable weak base and important human pharmaceutical contaminant of freshwaters, was conducted with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) plasma. The effect of fed state, fish sex, fish strain/size, and dialysis buffer pH on the binding of radiolabeled diltiazem (9 ng ml-1 ) was assessed. In fed fish, 24.6%-29.5% of diltiazem was free, unbound to plasma proteins. Although starvation of fish resulted in a decrease in plasma protein, the bound fraction of diltiazem remained relatively constant. Consequently, the protein-bound concentration of diltiazem increased with length of starvation. In general, rainbow trout strain was a significant factor affecting plasma binding, although the two strains tested also differed markedly in size. Dialysis buffer pH significantly influenced plasma binding, with a higher unbound diltiazem fraction at pH 6.8 than pH 8.0. These data indicate that empirical measures of plasma binding in fish are important for accurate risk assessment and that the physiological status of a fish is likely to impact its sensitivity to toxicants such as diltiazem. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:3125-3133. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris N Glover
- Faculty of Science and Technology and Athabasca River Basin Research Institute, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chantelle E Klaczek
- Faculty of Science and Technology and Athabasca River Basin Research Institute, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gavin N Saari
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Upper Midwest Environmental Science Center, United States Geological Survey, La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA
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16
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The Medium Cut-Off Membrane Does Not Lower Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110779. [PMID: 36356029 PMCID: PMC9696825 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUT) is associated with increased cardiovascular outcomes in patients on dialysis. However, the efficacy of PBUT removal for a medium-cutoff (MCO) membrane has not been clarified. This study was designed to assess the efficacy of PBUT clearance according to dialysis modalities. In this prospective and cross-over study, we enrolled 22 patients who received maintenance hemodiafiltration (HDF) thrice weekly from three dialysis centers. The dialysis removal of uremic toxins, including urea, beta 2-microglobulin (B2MG), lambda free light chain (λ-FLC), indoxyl sulfate (IS), and p-cresyl sulfate (pCS), was measured in the 22 patients on high-flux HD (HF-HD), post-dilution online HDF (post-OL-HDF), and MCO-HD over 3 weeks. The average convection volume in post-OL-HDF was 21.4 ± 1.8 L per session. The reduction rate (RR) of B2MG was higher in post-OL-HDF than in MCO-HD and HF-HD. The RR of λ-FLC was the highest in MCO-HD, followed by post-OL-HDF and HF-HD. The dialysate albumin was highest in MCO-HD, followed by post-OL-HDF and HF-HD. Post-dialysis plasma levels of IS and pCS were not statistically different across dialysis modalities. The total solute removal and dialytic clearance of IS and pCS were not significantly different. The clearance of IS and pCS did not differ between the HF-HD, post-OL-HDF, and MCO-HD groups.
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17
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Liu Y, Uruno A, Saito R, Matsukawa N, Hishinuma E, Saigusa D, Liu H, Yamamoto M. Nrf2 deficiency deteriorates diabetic kidney disease in Akita model mice. Redox Biol 2022; 58:102525. [PMID: 36335764 PMCID: PMC9641024 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is an essential component in the progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), and the transcription factor NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) plays critical roles in protecting the body against oxidative stress. To clarify the roles of Nrf2 in protecting against DKD, in this study we prepared compound mutant mice with diabetes and loss of antioxidative defense. Specifically, we prepared compound Ins2Akita/+ (Akita) and Nrf2 knockout (Akita::Nrf2-/-) or Akita and Nrf2 induction (Akita::Keap1FA/FA) mutant mice. Eighteen-week-old Akita::Nrf2-/- mice showed more severe diabetic symptoms than Akita mice. In the Akita::Nrf2-/- mouse kidneys, the glomeruli showed distended capillary loops, suggesting enhanced mesangiolysis. Distal tubules showed dilation and an increase in 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine-positive staining. In the Akita::Nrf2-/- mouse kidneys, the expression of glutathione (GSH) synthesis-related genes was decreased, and the actual GSH level was decreased in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging analysis. Akita::Nrf2-/- mice exhibited severe inflammation and enhancement of infiltrated macrophages in the kidney. To further examine the progression of DKD, we compared forty-week-old Akita mouse kidney compounds with Nrf2-knockout or Nrf2 mildly induced (Akita::Keap1FA/FA) mice. Nrf2-knockout Akita (Akita::Nrf2-/-) mice displayed severe medullary cast formation, but the formation was ameliorated in Akita::Keap1FA/FA mice. Moreover, in Akita::Keap1FA/FA mice, tubule injury and inflammation-related gene expression were significantly suppressed, which was evident in Akita::Nrf2-/- mouse kidneys. These results demonstrate that Nrf2 contributes to the protection of the kidneys against DKD by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yexin Liu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan,Department of Nephrology, Blood Purification Center of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Akira Uruno
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan,Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan,Corresponding author. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 9808575, Japan.
| | - Ritsumi Saito
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan,Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Naomi Matsukawa
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Eiji Hishinuma
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan,Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Daisuke Saigusa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan,Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan,Laboratory of Biomedical and Analytical Sciences, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Blood Purification Center of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan,Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan,Corresponding author. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 9808575, Japan.
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Dai L, Massy ZA, Stenvinkel P, Chesnaye NC, Larabi IA, Alvarez JC, Caskey FJ, Torino C, Porto G, Szymczak M, Krajewska M, Drechsler C, Wanner C, Jager KJ, Dekker FW, Evenepoel P, Evans M, Torp A, Iwig B, Perras B, Marx C, Drechsler C, Blaser C, Wanner C, Emde C, Krieter D, Fuchs D, Irmler E, Platen E, Schmidt-Gürtler H, Schlee H, Naujoks H, Schlee I, Cäsar S, Beige J, Röthele J, Mazur J, Hahn K, Blouin K, Neumeier K, Anding-Rost K, Schramm L, Hopf M, Wuttke N, Frischmuth N, Ichtiaris P, Kirste P, Schulz P, Aign S, Biribauer S, Manan S, Röser S, Heidenreich S, Palm S, Schwedler S, Delrieux S, Renker S, Schättel S, Stephan T, Schmiedeke T, Weinreich T, Leimbach T, Stövesand T, Bahner U, Seeger W, Cupisti A, Sagliocca A, Ferraro A, Mele A, Naticchia A, Còsaro A, Ranghino A, Stucchi A, Pignataro A, De Blasio A, Pani A, Tsalouichos A, Antonio B, Iorio BRD, Alessandra B, Abaterusso C, Somma C, D'alessandro C, Torino C, Zullo C, Pozzi C, Bergamo D, Ciurlino D, Motta D, Russo D, Favaro E, Vigotti F, Ansali F, Conte F, Cianciotta F, Giacchino F, Cappellaio F, Pizzarelli F, Greco G, Porto G, Bigatti G, Marinangeli G, Cabiddu G, Fumagalli G, Caloro G, Piccoli G, Capasso G, Gambaro G, Tognarelli G, Bonforte G, Conte G, Toscano G, Del Rosso G, Capizzi I, Baragetti I, Oldrizzi L, Gesualdo L, Biancone L, Magnano M, Ricardi M, Bari MD, Laudato M, Sirico ML, Ferraresi M, Provenzano M, Malaguti M, Palmieri N, Murrone P, Cirillo P, Dattolo P, Acampora P, Nigro R, Boero R, Scarpioni R, Sicoli R, Malandra R, Savoldi S, Bertoli S, Borrelli S, Maxia S, Maffei S, Mangano S, Cicchetti T, Rappa T, Palazzo V, De Simone W, Schrander A, van Dam B, Siegert C, Gaillard C, Beerenhout C, Verburgh C, Janmaat C, Hoogeveen E, Hoorn E, Dekker F, Boots J, Boom H, Eijgenraam JW, Kooman J, Rotmans J, Jager K, Vogt L, Raasveld M, Vervloet M, van Buren M, van Diepen M, Chesnaye N, Leurs P, Voskamp P, van Esch S, Boorsma S, Berger S, Konings C, Aydin Z, Musiała A, Szymczak A, Olczyk E, Augustyniak-Bartosik H, Miśkowiec-Wiśniewska I, Manitius J, Pondel J, Jędrzejak K, Nowańska K, Nowak Ł, Szymczak M, Durlik M, Dorota S, Nieszporek T, Heleniak Z, Jonsson A, Rogland B, Wallquist C, Vargas D, Dimény E, Sundelin F, Uhlin F, Welander G, Hernandez IB, Gröntoft KC, Stendahl M, Svensson ME, Evans M, Heimburger O, Kashioulis P, Melander S, Almquist T, Woodman A, McKeever A, Ullah A, McLaren B, Harron C, Barrett C, O'Toole C, Summersgill C, Geddes C, Glowski D, McGlynn D, Sands D, Caskey F, Roy G, Hirst G, King H, McNally H, Masri-Senghor H, Murtagh H, Rayner H, Turner J, Wilcox J, Berdeprado J, Wong J, Banda J, Jones K, Haydock L, Wilkinson L, Carmody M, Weetman M, Joinson M, Dutton M, Matthews M, Morgan N, Bleakley N, Cockwell P, Roderick P, Mason P, Kalra P, Sajith R, Chapman S, Navjee S, Crosbie S, Brown S, Tickle S, Mathavakkannan S, Kuan Y. The association between TMAO, CMPF, and clinical outcomes in advanced chronic kidney disease: results from the European QUALity (EQUAL) Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 116:1842-1851. [PMID: 36166845 PMCID: PMC9761748 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a metabolite from red meat and fish consumption, plays a role in promoting cardiovascular events. However, data regarding TMAO and its impact on clinical outcomes are inconclusive, possibly due to its undetermined dietary source. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that circulating TMAO derived from fish intake might cause less harm compared with red meat sources by examining the concomitant level of 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionate (CMPF), a known biomarker of fish intake, and investigated the association between TMAO, CMPF, and outcomes. METHODS Patients were recruited from the European QUALity (EQUAL) Study on treatment in advanced chronic kidney disease among individuals aged ≥65 y whose estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) had dropped for the first time to ≤20 mL/min per 1.73 m2 during the last 6 mo. The association between TMAO, CMPF, and outcomes including all-cause mortality and kidney replacement therapy (KRT) was assessed among 737 patients. Patients were further stratified by median cutoffs of TMAO and CMPF, suggesting high/low red meat and fish intake. RESULTS During a median of 39 mo of follow-up, 232 patients died. Higher TMAO was independently associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality (multivariable HR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.17, 1.83). Higher CMPF was associated with a reduced risk of both all-cause mortality (HR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.71, 0.89) and KRT (HR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.71, 0.90), independently of TMAO and other clinically relevant confounders. In comparison to patients with low TMAO and CMPF, patients with low TMAO and high CMPF had reduced risk of all-cause mortality (adjusted HR: 0.49; 95% CI: 0.31, 0.73), whereas those with high TMAO and high CMPF showed no association across adjusted models. CONCLUSIONS High CMPF conferred an independent role in health benefits and might even counteract the unfavorable association between TMAO and outcomes. Whether higher circulating CMPF concentrations are due to fish consumption, and/or if CMPF is a protective factor, remains to be verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Dai
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ziad A Massy
- Division of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré University Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt, France,Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Inserm UMRS 1018, Team 5, University Versailles-Saint Quentin, University Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicholas C Chesnaye
- ERA-EDTA Registry, Department of Medical Informatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Islam Amine Larabi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CHU, Raymond Poincare, Garches, France,INSERM U1173, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Montigny le Bretonneux, Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France
| | - Jean Claude Alvarez
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CHU, Raymond Poincare, Garches, France,INSERM U1173, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Montigny le Bretonneux, Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France
| | - Fergus J Caskey
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Torino
- IFC-CNR, Clinical Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Gaetana Porto
- G.O.M., Bianchi Melacrino Morelli, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Maciej Szymczak
- Clinical Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Krajewska
- Clinical Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Christoph Wanner
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kitty J Jager
- ERA-EDTA Registry, Department of Medical Informatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Friedo W Dekker
- ERA-EDTA Registry, Department of Medical Informatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Evenepoel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Nadour Z, Simian C, Laprévote O, Loriot MA, Larabi IA, Pallet N. Validation of a liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous quantification of tryptophan and 10 key metabolites of the kynurenine pathway in plasma and urine: Application to a cohort of acute kidney injury patients. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 534:115-127. [PMID: 35870540 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of tryptophan (Trp) and ten metabolites of kynurenine pathway, including kynurenine (Kyn), 3-hydroxy-kynurenine (3-HK), kynurenic acid (KA), xanthurenic acid (XA), 3-Hydroxy-anthranilic acid (3-HANA), quinolinic acid (QA), nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN), picolinic acid (Pic), nicotinamide (NAM) and nicotinic acid (NA) in both plasma and urine. This LC-MS/MS method was used to predict the occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in a cohort of patients with cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Urinary concentrations of Pic, as well as Pic to Trp and Pic to 3-HANA ratios were highly predictive of an AKI episode the week after CPB, indicating that Pic could be a predictive biomarker of AKI. Thus, monitoring the kynurenine pathway activity with this LC-MS/MS method is a clinically relevant tool to identify new biomarkers of kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahia Nadour
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, AP-HP, 20 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France; Paris University, INSERM UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 15 rue de l'Ecole de médecine, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - Christophe Simian
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, AP-HP, 20 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Laprévote
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, AP-HP, 20 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Anne Loriot
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, AP-HP, 20 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France; Paris University, INSERM UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 15 rue de l'Ecole de médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Islam Amine Larabi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paris-Saclay University (Versailles Saint-Quentin-En-Yvelines University), Inserm U-1173, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, AP-HP, 104 Boulevard Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France
| | - Nicolas Pallet
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, AP-HP, 20 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France; Paris University, INSERM UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 15 rue de l'Ecole de médecine, 75006 Paris, France
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20
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Wang L, Zhang W, Shao Y, Zhang D, Guo G, Wang X. Analytical methods for obtaining binding parameters of drug–protein interactions: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1219:340012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Oda A, Suzuki Y, Sato B, Sato H, Tanaka R, Ono H, Ando T, Shin T, Mimata H, Itoh H, Ohno K. Highly sensitive simultaneous quantification of indoxyl sulfate and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid in human plasma using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1672-1682. [PMID: 35247297 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Indoxyl sulfate and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid are uremic toxins that accumulate in renal failure, and have been reported to decrease the activities of the drug metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450 3A and the drug transporter organic anion transporting polypeptides 1B, respectively. In this study, we established and validated an assay for simultaneous quantification of indoxyl sulfate and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid in human plasma. The samples were pretreated by SPE, and measured by UHPLC-MS/MS. The validation results for this assay were within the acceptable limits recommended by the US Food and Drug Administration, with a lower limit of quantification of 0.05 μg/mL for both indoxyl sulfate and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid. Recovery rates of indoxyl sulfate and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid corrected by internal standard were 100.7%-101.9% and 100.2%-101.3%, respectively. Matrix effects of indoxyl sulfate and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid corrected by internal standard were 101.1%-105.5% and 97.0%-103.8%, respectively. The validated assay was used to analyze indoxyl sulfate and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid concentrations in the plasma samples of healthy volunteers and patients with chronic kidney disease. All the measured plasma indoxyl sulfate and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid concentrations were within the calibration ranges. This novel method may contribute to predict the activities of drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters in individual patients. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Oda
- Department of Medication Use Analysis and Clinical Research, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan
| | - Yosuke Suzuki
- Department of Medication Use Analysis and Clinical Research, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan
| | - Banri Sato
- Department of Medication Use Analysis and Clinical Research, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan
| | - Haruki Sato
- Department of Medication Use Analysis and Clinical Research, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan
| | - Ryota Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Oita University Hospital, 1-1 Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ono
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Oita University Hospital, 1-1 Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Tadasuke Ando
- Department of Urology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Shin
- Department of Urology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Mimata
- Department of Urology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Hiroki Itoh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Oita University Hospital, 1-1 Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Keiko Ohno
- Department of Medication Use Analysis and Clinical Research, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan
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22
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Massy ZA, Chesnaye NC, Larabi IA, Dekker FW, Evans M, Caskey FJ, Torino C, Porto G, Szymczak M, Drechsler C, Wanner C, Jager KJ, Alvarez JC, Schneider A, Torp A, Iwig B, Perras B, Marx C, Drechsler C, Blaser C, Wanner C, Emde C, Krieter D, Fuchs D, Irmler E, Platen E, Schmidt-Gürtler H, Schlee H, Naujoks H, Schlee I, Cäsar S, Beige J, Röthele J, Mazur J, Hahn K, Blouin K, Neumeier K, Anding-Rost K, Schramm L, Hopf M, Wuttke N, Frischmuth N, Ichtiaris P, Kirste P, Schulz P, Aign S, Biribauer S, Manan S, Röser S, Heidenreich S, Palm S, Schwedler S, Delrieux S, Renker S, Schättel S, Stephan T, Schmiedeke T, Weinreich T, Leimbach T, Stövesand T, Bahner U, Seeger W, Cupisti A, Sagliocca A, Ferraro A, Mele A, Naticchia A, Còsaro A, Ranghino A, Stucchi A, Pignataro A, De Blasio A, Pani A, Tsalouichos A, Bellasi A, Di Iorio BR, Butti A, Abaterusso C, Somma C, D'alessandro C, Torino C, Zullo C, Pozzi C, Bergamo D, Ciurlino D, Motta D, Russo D, Favaro E, Vigotti F, Ansali F, Conte F, Cianciotta F, Giacchino F, Cappellaio F, Pizzarelli F, Greco G, Porto G, Bigatti G, Marinangeli G, Cabiddu G, Fumagalli G, Caloro G, Piccoli G, Capasso G, Gambaro G, Tognarelli G, Bonforte G, Conte G, Toscano G, Del Rosso G, Capizzi I, Baragetti I, Oldrizzi L, Gesualdo L, Biancone L, Magnano M, Ricardi M, Di Bari M, Laudato M, Sirico ML, Ferraresi M, Provenzano M, Malaguti M, Palmieri N, Murrone P, Cirillo P, Dattolo P, Acampora P, Nigro R, Boero R, Scarpioni R, Sicoli R, Malandra R, Savoldi S, Bertoli S, Borrelli S, Maxia S, Maffei S, Mangano S, Cicchetti T, Rappa T, Palazzo V, De Simone W, Schrander A, van Dam B, Siegert C, Gaillard C, Beerenhout C, Verburgh C, Janmaat C, Hoogeveen E, Hoorn E, Dekker F, Boots J, Boom H, Eijgenraam JW, Kooman J, Rotmans J, Jager K, Vogt L, Raasveld M, Vervloet M, van Buren M, van Diepen M, Chesnaye N, Leurs P, Voskamp P, Blankestijn P, van Esch S, Boorsma S, Berger S, Konings C, Aydin Z, Musiała A, Szymczak A, Olczyk E, Augustyniak-Bartosik H, Miśkowiec-Wiśniewska I, Manitius J, Pondel J, Jędrzejak K, Nowańska K, Nowak Ł, Szymczak M, Durlik M, Dorota S, Nieszporek T, Heleniak Z, Jonsson A, Blom AL, Rogland B, Wallquist C, Vargas D, Dimény E, Sundelin F, Uhlin F, Welander G, Hernandez IB, Gröntoft KC, Stendahl M, Svensson M, Evans M, Heimburger O, Kashioulis P, Melander S, Almquist T, Jensen U, Woodman A, McKeever A, Ullah A, McLaren B, Harron C, Barrett C, O'Toole C, Summersgill C, Geddes C, Glowski D, McGlynn D, Sands D, Caskey F, Roy G, Hirst G, King H, McNally H, Masri-Senghor H, Murtagh H, Rayner H, Turner J, Wilcox J, Berdeprado J, Wong J, Banda J, Jones K, Haydock L, Wilkinson L, Carmody M, Weetman M, Joinson M, Dutton M, Matthews M, Morgan N, Bleakley N, Cockwell P, Roderick P, Mason P, Kalra P, Sajith R, Chapman S, Navjee S, Crosbie S, Brown S, Tickle S, Mathavakkannan S, Kuan Y. The relationship between uremic toxins and symptoms in older men and women with advanced chronic kidney disease. Clin Kidney J 2021; 15:798-807. [PMID: 35371454 PMCID: PMC8967681 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfab262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with stage 4/5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) suffer from various symptoms. The retention of uremic solutes is thought to be associated with those symptoms. However, there are relatively few rigorous studies on the potential links between uremic toxins and symptoms in patients with CKD. Methods The EQUAL study is an ongoing observational cohort study of non-dialyzed patients with stage 4/5 CKD. EQUAL patients from Germany, Poland, Sweden and the UK were included in the present study (n = 795). Data and symptom self-report questionnaires were collected between April 2012 and September 2020. Baseline uric acid and parathyroid hormone and 10 uremic toxins were quantified. We tested the association between uremic toxins and symptoms and adjusted P-values for multiple testing. Results Symptoms were more frequent in women than in men with stage 4/5 CKD, while levels of various uremic toxins were higher in men. Only trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO; positive association with fatigue), p-cresyl sulfate (PCS) with constipation and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid (negative association with shortness of breath) demonstrated moderately strong associations with symptoms in adjusted analyses. The association of phenylacetylglutamine with shortness of breath was consistent in both sexes, although it only reached statistical significance in the full population. In contrast, TMAO (fatigue) and PCS and phenylacetylglutamine (constipation) were only associated with symptoms in men, who presented higher serum levels than women. Conclusion Only a limited number of toxins were associated with symptoms in persons with stage 4/5 CKD. Other uremic toxins, uremia-related factors or psychosocial factors not yet explored might contribute to symptom burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad A Massy
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Inserm UMRS 1018, team5, France
- University Versailles-Saint Quentin, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif 91190, France
- Department of Nephrology, CHU Ambroise Paré, APHP, 92104 Boulogne Billancourt Cedex, France
| | - Nicholas C Chesnaye
- ERA Registry, Dept of Medical Informatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Islam Amine Larabi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CHU, Raymond Poincare, Garches, and INSERM U‑1173, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Montigny le Bretonneux, Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France
| | - Friedo W Dekker
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marie Evans
- Renal unit, department of Clinical Intervention and technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fergus J Caskey
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Claudia Torino
- IFC-CNR, Clinical Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Gaetana Porto
- G.O.M., Bianchi Melacrino Morelli, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Maciej Szymczak
- Dept of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Christoph Wanner
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kitty J Jager
- ERA Registry, Dept of Medical Informatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jean Claude Alvarez
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CHU, Raymond Poincare, Garches, and INSERM U‑1173, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Montigny le Bretonneux, Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France
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23
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Shan X, Zhang L, Ye H, Shao J, Shi Y, Tan S, Zhang L, Su K. Analytical techniques for monitoring of toluene and xylene exposure biomarkers hippuric acid and methylhippuric acid in human urine samples. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:1569-1584. [PMID: 34696600 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantification of hippuric acid and methylhippuric acid in human urine matrices provides information on the toluene and xylene exposure conditions. High performance liquid chromatography coupled with UV detection is the preferable technique for hippuric acid and methylhippuric acid detection in human urine. This study was conducted to present analytical techniques developed for monitoring of hippuric acid and methylhippuric acid in human urine matrices during 2016-2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Shan
- Hangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention & Control Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Hangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention & Control Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Haipeng Ye
- Hangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention & Control Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Ji Shao
- Hangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention & Control Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yanpeng Shi
- Hangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention & Control Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Siwei Tan
- Hangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention & Control Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Hangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention & Control Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Kewen Su
- Hangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention & Control Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, China
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24
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Nepomuceno G, Junho CVC, Carneiro-Ramos MS, da Silva Martinho H. Tyrosine and Tryptophan vibrational bands as markers of kidney injury: a renocardiac syndrome induced by renal ischemia and reperfusion study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15036. [PMID: 34294750 PMCID: PMC8298392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93762-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal injury caused by renal ischemia and reperfusion strongly influences heart morphology, electrophysiology, and redox unbalance. The so-called cardiorenal syndrome is an important class of dysfunction since heart and kidneys are responsible for hemodynamic stability and organ perfusion through a complex network. In the present work we investigate the vibrational spectral features probed by Fourier-Transform Raman (FT-Raman) spectroscopy due to physiological alterations induced by renal ischemic reperfusion aiming to detect molecular markers related to progression of acute to chronic kidney injury and mortality predictors as well. C57BL/6J mice were subjected to unilateral occlusion of the renal pedicle for 60 min and reperfusion for 5, 8, and 15 days. Biopsies of heart and kidney tissues were analyzed. Our findings indicated that cysteine/cystine, fatty acids, methyl groups of Collagen, α-form of proteins, Tyrosine, and Tryptophan were modulated during renal ischemia and reperfusion process. These changes are consistent with fibroblast growth factors and Collagen III contents changes. Interestingly, Tyrosine and Tryptophan, precursor molecules for the formation of uremic toxins such as indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate were also modulated. They are markers of kidney injury and their increase is strongly correlated to cardiovascular mortality. Regarding this aspect, we notice that monitoring the Tyrosine and Tryptophan bands at 1558, 1616, and 1625 cm-1 is a viable and and advantageous way to predict fatality in cardiovascular diseases both "in vivo" or "in vitro", using the real-time, multiplexing, and minimally invasive advantages of FT-Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Nepomuceno
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Av. dos Estados, 5001, Santo André, SP, 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Carolina Victoria Cruz Junho
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Av. dos Estados, 5001, Santo André, SP, 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Marcela Sorelli Carneiro-Ramos
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Av. dos Estados, 5001, Santo André, SP, 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Herculano da Silva Martinho
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Av. dos Estados, 5001, Santo André, SP, 09210-580, Brazil.
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25
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Ciceri P, Tettamanti G, Galassi A, Magagnoli L, Fabresse N, Alvarez JC, Massy ZA, Messa P, Cozzolino M. Pro-calcifying analysis of uraemic serum from patients treated with medium cut-off membrane in a prospective, cross-over study. Clin Kidney J 2020; 14:1798-1807. [PMID: 34221387 PMCID: PMC8243281 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfaa216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The retention of a large number of solutes that are normally excreted or metabolized by the kidney is responsible for the symptoms typical in uraemic patients. These molecules are defined as uraemic toxins and can be classified into three groups: small water-soluble molecules, middle molecules and protein-bound toxins. Recently, efforts were put towards developing dialysis membranes that allow the removal of large middle molecules without clinically relevant albumin loss. These membranes are the medium cut-off (MCO) membranes that allow the removal of middle molecules up to ∼50 000 Da. Methods We performed a prospective, open-label, controlled, cross-over pilot study comparing expanded haemodialysis (HDx) (novel MCO membrane Theranova 400) and conventional haemodialysis (HD) in 20 prevalent HD patients. Ten patients used conventional HD high-flux dialyser and 10 patients used HDx for 3 months; later the patients switched and received the other treatment for a further 3 months. We then analysed the pro-calcifying effect of uraemic serum in a model of high phosphate(Pi)-induced calcification in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Results In this study, every patient was the control of himself and, interestingly, we found a tendency of less pro-calcifying potential from HDx-treated patients' serum compared with HD. Studying pathogenetic processes involved in high Pi-induced calcium deposition, we found that uraemic serum of HDx-treated patients induced less VSMC necrosis compared with uraemic serum of HD patients. Nevertheless, no differences were found between the different dialytic treatments in the serum potential to induce apoptosis and to modulate the expression of a panel of genes involved in VSMC simil-osteoblastic differentiation such as bone morphogenetic protein 2, runt-related transcription factor 2, osteocalcin, matrix Gla protein, osteopontin, elastin and collagen I α1. In an effort to characterize the difference in uraemic toxin profile during the two different dialytic treatments, we measured a panel of 10 uraemic toxins and 3 precursors, finding a significant increased removal during HDx of 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid, tryptophane and some of its metabolites, such as 3-indoxyl sulphate, indole 3-acetic acid and kynurenine. Conclusions These preliminary data are promising, although larger patients' groups are needed to better understand the effects of HDx on vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Ciceri
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant, Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione Ca' Granda IRCCS, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Tettamanti
- Department of Health Sciences, Renal Division, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Galassi
- Department of Health Sciences, Renal Division, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenza Magagnoli
- Department of Health Sciences, Renal Division, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicolas Fabresse
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CHU Raymond Poincare, Garches, France
| | - Jean-Claude Alvarez
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CHU Raymond Poincare, Garches, France.,INSERM U-1173, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Paris-Saclay (Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines), Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Ziad A Massy
- Division of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré University Hospital, APHP, Boulogne-Billancourt/Paris, Paris, France.,Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM UMRS 1018, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Versailles Saint Quentin (UVSQ), Villejuif, France
| | - Piergiorgio Messa
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant, Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione Ca' Granda IRCCS, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Cozzolino
- Department of Health Sciences, Renal Division, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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26
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Ma YR, Xin MY, Li K, Wang H, Rao Z, Liu TX, Wu XA. An LC-MS/MS analytical method for the determination of uremic toxins in patients with end-stage renal disease. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 191:113551. [PMID: 32889350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the last stage of chronic kidney disease, characterized by the progressive accumulation of uremic toxins (UTs). Hemodialysis is the standard approach to remove UTs from the body. Creatinine and urea levels are important indices of hemodialysis effectiveness, but the utility of those markers to estimate the removal of UTs, especially protein-binding UTs is limited. We developed an LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of UTs and to provide markers for evaluating hemodialysis effectiveness. These substances were extracted from serum samples after acetonitrile precipitation of protein and then separated on a HILIC column. The flow rate was 0.6 mL/min with a run time of 8.0 min for the negative ion mode and positive ion mode each. In this study 26 UTs were determined in normal subjects and in patients with ESRD before and after hemodialysis; serum levels were significantly higher in patients with ESRD than in subjects with normal renal function. A significant decrease in a variety of serum UTs were observed in patients after dialysis treatment, but no change in the levels of orotic acid, CMPF, kynurenic acid, p-cresol sulfate, phenyl-β-d-glucuronide, 4-ethylphenyl sulfate and 3-indolyl-β-d-glucopyranoside was found. These results show that some UTs could not be completely removed by hemodialysis. In addition, some biomarkers of different types of UTs are proposed for evaluating hemodialysis effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Rong Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Ming-Yan Xin
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Kan Li
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Huan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhi Rao
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Tian-Xi Liu
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000 China.
| | - Xin-An Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000 China.
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27
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Mihaila SM, Faria J, Stefens MFJ, Stamatialis D, Verhaar MC, Gerritsen KGF, Masereeuw R. Drugs Commonly Applied to Kidney Patients May Compromise Renal Tubular Uremic Toxins Excretion. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060391. [PMID: 32545617 PMCID: PMC7354492 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In chronic kidney disease (CKD), the secretion of uremic toxins is compromised leading to their accumulation in blood, which contributes to uremic complications, in particular cardiovascular disease. Organic anion transporters (OATs) are involved in the tubular secretion of protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs). However, OATs also handle a wide range of drugs, including those used for treatment of cardiovascular complications and their interaction with PBUTs is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between commonly prescribed drugs in CKD and endogenous PBUTs with respect to OAT1-mediated uptake. We exposed a unique conditionally immortalized proximal tubule cell line (ciPTEC) equipped with OAT1 to a panel of selected drugs, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs: captopril, enalaprilate, lisinopril), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs: losartan and valsartan), furosemide and statins (pravastatin and simvastatin), and evaluated the drug-interactions using an OAT1-mediated fluorescein assay. We show that selected ARBs and furosemide significantly reduced fluorescein uptake, with the highest potency for ARBs. This was exaggerated in presence of some PBUTs. Selected ACEIs and statins had either no or a slight effect at supratherapeutic concentrations on OAT1-mediated fluorescein uptake. In conclusion, we demonstrate that PBUTs may compete with co-administrated drugs commonly used in CKD management for renal OAT1 mediated secretion, thus potentially compromising the residual renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia M. Mihaila
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3854 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.M.M.); (M.C.V.); (K.G.F.G.)
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3582 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.F.); (M.F.J.S.)
| | - João Faria
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3582 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.F.); (M.F.J.S.)
| | - Maurice F. J. Stefens
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3582 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.F.); (M.F.J.S.)
| | - Dimitrios Stamatialis
- (Bio)artificial Organs, Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7522 LW Enschede, The Netherlands;
| | - Marianne C. Verhaar
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3854 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.M.M.); (M.C.V.); (K.G.F.G.)
| | - Karin G. F. Gerritsen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3854 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.M.M.); (M.C.V.); (K.G.F.G.)
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3582 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.F.); (M.F.J.S.)
- Correspondence:
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