1
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Salonen SM, Tuominen TJK, Raiko KIS, Vasankari T, Aalto R, Hellman TA, Lahtinen SE, Soukka T, Airaksinen KEJ, Wittfooth ST. Highly Sensitive Immunoassay for Long Forms of Cardiac Troponin T Using Upconversion Luminescence. Clin Chem 2024; 70:1037-1045. [PMID: 38888909 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvae075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long cardiac troponin T (cTnT) has been proposed to be a promising and more specific biomarker of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). As it represents a subfraction of circulating cTnT, detection of very low concentrations is a requirement. The aim of this study was to develop a novel, highly sensitive immunoassay for long cTnT. METHODS A two-step sandwich-type immunoassay for long cTnT was developed, utilizing upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) as reporters. The limits of detection and quantitation were determined for the assay. Linearity and matrix effects were evaluated. Performance with clinical samples was assessed with samples from patients with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI, n = 30) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD, n = 37) and compared to a previously developed time-resolved fluorescence (TRF)-based long cTnT assay and a commercial high-sensitivity cTnT assay. RESULTS The novel assay reached a 28-fold lower limit of detection (0.40 ng/L) and 14-fold lower limit of quantitation (1.79 ng/L) than the previously developed TRF long cTnT assay. Li-heparin and EDTA plasma, but not serum, were found to be suitable sample matrixes for the assay. In a receiver operating characteristics curve analysis, the troponin ratio (long/total cTnT) determined with the novel assay showed excellent discrimination between NSTEMI and ESRD with an area under the curve of 0.986 (95% CI, 0.967-1.000). CONCLUSIONS By utilizing upconversion luminescence technology, we developed a highly sensitive long cTnT assay. This novel assay can be a valuable tool for investigating the full potential of long cTnT as a biomarker for AMI. ClinicalTrials.gov Registration Number: NCT04465591.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma M Salonen
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuulia J K Tuominen
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kirsti I S Raiko
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuija Vasankari
- Heart Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Rami Aalto
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tapio A Hellman
- Kidney Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Satu E Lahtinen
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tero Soukka
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Saara T Wittfooth
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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2
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Ekman M, Salminen T, Raiko K, Soukka T, Gidwani K, Martiskainen I. Spectrally separated dual-label upconversion luminescence lateral flow assay for cancer-specific STn-glycosylation in CA125 and CA15-3. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:3251-3260. [PMID: 38584178 PMCID: PMC11068694 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05275-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Multiplexed lateral flow assays (LFAs) offer efficient on-site testing by simultaneously detecting multiple biomarkers from a single sample, reducing costs. In cancer diagnostics, where biomarkers can lack specificity, multiparameter detection provides more information at the point-of-care. Our research focuses on epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), where STn-glycosylated forms of CA125 and CA15-3 antigens can better discriminate cancer from benign conditions. We have developed a dual-label LFA that detects both CA125-STn and CA15-3-STn within a single anti-STn antibody test line. This utilizes spectral separation of green (540 nm) and blue (450 nm) emitting erbium (NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+)- and thulium (NaYF4: Yb3+, Tm3+)-doped upconverting nanoparticle (UCNP) reporters conjugated with antibodies against the protein epitopes in CA125 or CA15-3. This technology allows the simultaneous detection of different antigen variants from a single test line. The developed proof-of-concept dual-label LFA was able to distinguish between the ascites fluid samples from diagnosed ovarian cancer patients (n = 10) and liver cirrhosis ascites fluid samples (n = 3) used as a negative control. The analytical sensitivity of CA125-STn for the dual-label LFA was 1.8 U/ml in buffer and 3.6 U/ml in ascites fluid matrix. Here we demonstrate a novel approach of spectrally separated measurement of STn-glycosylated forms of two different cancer-associated protein biomarkers by using UCNP reporter technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miikka Ekman
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Teppo Salminen
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kirsti Raiko
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tero Soukka
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kamlesh Gidwani
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Iida Martiskainen
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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3
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Raiko K, Nääjärvi O, Ekman M, Koskela S, Soukka T, Martiskainen I, Salminen T. Improved sensitivity and automation of a multi-step upconversion lateral flow immunoassay using a 3D-printed actuation mechanism. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1517-1525. [PMID: 38280018 PMCID: PMC10861389 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The development of sensitive point-of-care (POC) assay platforms is of interest for reducing the cost and time of diagnostics. Lateral flow assays (LFAs) are the gold standard for POC systems, but their sensitivity as such is inadequate, for example, in the case of cardiac diagnostics. The performance can be improved by incorporating different steps, such as pre-incubation to prolong the interaction time between sample and reporter for immunocomplex formation, and washing steps for background reduction. However, for POC assays, manual steps by the assay conductor are not desired. In this research, upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) were coated with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and conjugated to anti-cTnI antibodies, yielding non-clustering particles with low non-specific binding. The performance of cTnI-LFA in the PAA-anti-cTnI-UCNPs was compared to the same UCNPs with a commercial carboxyl surface. A kitchen-timer mechanism was embedded in a 3D-printed housing to produce a low-cost actuator facilitating a timed pre-incubation step for reporter and sample, and a washing step, to enable a multi-step cTnI-LFA with minimized manual labour. PAA-UCNPs showed improved mobility on nitrocellulose compared to those with a commercial surface. The mechanical actuator system was shown to improve sensitivity compared to a labour-intensive multi-step dipstick method, despite pre-incubation occurring during shaking and heating in the dipstick method. The limit of detection decreased from 7.6 to 1.5 ng/L cTnI in human plasma. The presented actuator can be easily modified for sensitivity improvement in the LFA for different analytes via pre-incubation and washing steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsti Raiko
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Oskari Nääjärvi
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Miikka Ekman
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Sonja Koskela
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Tero Soukka
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Iida Martiskainen
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Teppo Salminen
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
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4
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Tseng YT, Chiu YC, Pham VD, Wu WH, Le-Vu TT, Wang CH, Kuo SW, Chan MWY, Lin CH, Li SC, Li YD, Kan HC, Lin JY, Chau LK, Hsu CC. Ultrasensitive Upconversion Nanoparticle Immunoassay for Human Serum Cardiac Troponin I Detection Achieved with Resonant Waveguide Grating. ACS Sens 2024; 9:455-463. [PMID: 38234004 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Selective detection of biomarkers at low concentrations in blood is crucial for the clinical diagnosis of many diseases but remains challenging. In this work, we aimed to develop an ultrasensitive immunoassay that can detect biomarkers in serum with an attomolar limit of detection (LOD). We proposed a sandwich-type heterogeneous immunosensor in a 3 × 3 well array format by integrating a resonant waveguide grating (RWG) substrate with upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs). UCNPs were used to label a target biomarker captured by capture antibody molecules immobilized on the surface of the RWG substrate, and the RWG substrate was used to enhance the upconversion luminescence (UCL) of UCNPs through excitation resonance. The LOD of the immunosensor was greatly reduced due to the increased UCL of UCNPs and the reduction of nonspecific adsorption of detection antibody-conjugated UCNPs on the RWG substrate surface by coating the RWG substrate surface with a carboxymethyl dextran layer. The immunosensor exhibited an extremely low LOD [0.24 fg/mL (9.1 aM)] and wide detection range (1 fg/mL to 100 pg/mL) in the detection of cardiac troponin I (cTnI). The cTnI concentrations in human serum samples collected at different times during cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, and 5-fluorouracil (CEF) chemotherapy in a breast cancer patient were measured by an immunosensor, and the results showed that the CEF chemotherapy did cause cardiotoxicity in the patient. Having a higher number of wells in such an array-based biosensor, the sensor can be developed as a high-throughput diagnostic tool for clinically important biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ta Tseng
- Department of Physics, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chung Chiu
- Department of Physics, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
| | - Van-Dai Pham
- Department of Physics, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsuan Wu
- Department of Physics, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
| | - Thanh Thu Le-Vu
- Department of Physics, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsien Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
| | - Shiao-Wei Kuo
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Michael W Y Chan
- Center for Nano Bio-Detection, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Department of Surgery, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi 622, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Chin Li
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi 622, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Da Li
- Department of Cardiology, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi 622, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Kan
- Department of Physics, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
- Center for Nano Bio-Detection, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Yuan Lin
- Department of Physics, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
| | - Lai-Kwan Chau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
- Center for Nano Bio-Detection, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Hsu
- Department of Physics, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
- Center for Nano Bio-Detection, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
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5
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Farka Z, Brandmeier JC, Mickert MJ, Pastucha M, Lacina K, Skládal P, Soukka T, Gorris HH. Nanoparticle-Based Bioaffinity Assays: From the Research Laboratory to the Market. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307653. [PMID: 38039956 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the development of new biorecognition elements, nanoparticle-based labels as well as instrumentation have inspired the design of new bioaffinity assays. This review critically discusses the potential of nanoparticles to replace current enzymatic or molecular labels in immunoassays and other bioaffinity assays. Successful implementations of nanoparticles in commercial assays and the need for rapid tests incorporating nanoparticles in different roles such as capture support, signal generation elements, and signal amplification systems are highlighted. The limited number of nanoparticles applied in current commercial assays can be explained by challenges associated with the analysis of real samples (e.g., blood, urine, or nasal swabs) that are difficult to resolve, particularly if the same performance can be achieved more easily by conventional labels. Lateral flow assays that are based on the visual detection of the red-colored line formed by colloidal gold are a notable exception, exemplified by SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen tests that have moved from initial laboratory testing to widespread market adaption in less than two years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Farka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Julian C Brandmeier
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Matěj Pastucha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- TestLine Clinical Diagnostics, Křižíkova 188, Brno, 612 00, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Lacina
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Skládal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Tero Soukka
- Department of Life Technologies/Biotechnology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Hans H Gorris
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
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6
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Abraham MK, Madanan AS, Varghese S, Shkhair AI, Indongo G, Rajeevan G, Vijila NS, George S. NaYF 4:Yb/Ho upconversion nanoprobe incorporated gold nanoparticle (AuNP) based FRET immunosensor for the "turn-on" detection of cardiac troponin I. Analyst 2023; 149:231-243. [PMID: 38031450 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01405c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is a significant biomarker for acute heart attack. Hence, fast, economical, easy and real time monitoring of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is of great importance in diagnosis and prognosis of heart failure in the healthcare domain. In this work, an immunoassay based on NaYF4:Yb/Ho based photon-upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP) with narrow emission peaks at 540 nm and 655 nm respectively, is synthesized. Then, it is encapsulated with amino functionalized silica using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) to form APTES@SiO2-NaYF4:Yb/Ho UCNPs. When AuNPs is added to this system, the fluorescence is quenched by the electrostatic interaction with APTES@SiO2-NaYF4:Yb/Ho UCNPs, thereby exhibiting a FRET-based biosensor. When the cTnI antigen is introduced into the developed probe, an antibody-antigen complex is formed on the surface of the UCNPs resulting in fluorescence recovery. The developed sensor shows a linear response towards cTnI in the range from 0.1693 ng mL-1 to 1.9 ng mL-1 with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 5.5 × 10-2 ng mL-1. The probe exhibits adequate selectivity and sensitivity when compared with coexisting cardiac biomarkers, biomolecules and in real human serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merin K Abraham
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Research Centre, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695581, India.
| | - Anju S Madanan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Research Centre, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695581, India.
| | - Susan Varghese
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Research Centre, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695581, India.
| | - Ali Ibrahim Shkhair
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Research Centre, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695581, India.
| | - Geneva Indongo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Research Centre, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695581, India.
| | - Greeshma Rajeevan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Research Centre, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695581, India.
| | - N S Vijila
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Research Centre, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695581, India.
| | - Sony George
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Research Centre, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695581, India.
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7
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Pradanas-González F, Peltomaa R, Lahtinen S, Luque-Uría Á, Más V, Barderas R, Maragos CM, Canales Á, Soukka T, Benito-Peña E, Moreno-Bondi MC. Homogeneous immunoassay for cyclopiazonic acid based upon mimotopes and upconversion-resonance energy transfer. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 233:115339. [PMID: 37126866 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Strains of Penicillium spp. are used for fungi-ripened cheeses and Aspergillus spp. routinely contaminate maize and other crops. Some of these strains can produce toxic secondary metabolites (mycotoxins), including the neurotoxin α-cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). In this work, we developed a homogeneous upconversion-resonance energy transfer (UC-RET) immunoassay for the detection of CPA using a novel epitope mimicking peptide, or mimotope, selected by phage display. CPA-specific antibody was used to isolate mimotopes from a cyclic 7-mer peptide library in consecutive selection rounds. Enrichment of antibody binding phages was achieved, and the analysis of individual phage clones revealed four different mimotope peptide sequences. The mimotope sequence, ACNWWDLTLC, performed best in phage-based immunoassays, surface plasmon resonance binding analyses, and UC-RET-based immunoassays. To develop a homogeneous assay, upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP, type NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+) were used as energy donors and coated with streptavidin to anchor the synthetic biotinylated mimotope. Alexa Fluor 555, used as an energy acceptor, was conjugated to the anti-CPA antibody fragment. The homogeneous single-step immunoassay could detect CPA in just 5 min and enabled a limit of detection (LOD) of 30 pg mL-1 (1.5 μg kg-1) and an IC50 value of 0.36 ng mL-1. No significant cross-reactivity was observed with other co-produced mycotoxins. Finally, we applied the novel method for the detection of CPA in spiked maize samples using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) as a reference method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Pradanas-González
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Riikka Peltomaa
- Department of Life Technologies/Biotechnology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Satu Lahtinen
- Department of Life Technologies/Biotechnology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Álvaro Luque-Uría
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Más
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Barderas
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Chris M Maragos
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 1815 N University, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Ángeles Canales
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tero Soukka
- Department of Life Technologies/Biotechnology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Elena Benito-Peña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María C Moreno-Bondi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Lyu Y, An L, Zeng H, Zheng F, Guo J, Zhang P, Yang H, Li H. First-passage time analysis of diffusion-controlled reactions in single-molecule detection. Talanta 2023; 260:124569. [PMID: 37116360 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule detection (SMD) aims to achieve the ultimate limit-of-detection (LOD) in biosensing. This method detects a countable number of targeted analyte molecules in solution, where the dynamics of molecule diffusion, capturing, identification and delivery greatly impact the SMD's efficiency and accuracy. In this study, we adopt the first-passage time method to investigate the diffusion-controlled reaction process in SMD. We analyze the influence of detection conditions on incubation time and the expected coefficient of variation (CV) under three SMD molecule capturing strategies, including solid-phase capturing (one-dimensional solid-liquid interface fixation), liquid-phase magnetic bead (MB) capturing, and liquid-phase direct fluorescence pair labeling. We find that inside a finite-sized reaction chamber, a finite average reaction time exists in all three capturing strategies, while the liquid-phase strategies are in general more efficient than the solid-phase approaches. CV can be estimated by averaging first-passage time solely in all three strategies, and the CV reduction is achievable given an extended reaction time. To further enable zeptomolar detection, extra treatments, such as adopting liquid-phase fluorescence pairs with high diffusion rates to label the molecule, or designing specific sensing devices with large effective sensing areas would be required. This framework provides solid theoretical support to guide the design of SMD sensing strategies and sensor structures to achieve desired measurement time and CV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingkai Lyu
- National Innovation Center for Advanced Medical Devices, Shenzhen, China; Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lixiang An
- National Innovation Center for Advanced Medical Devices, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huaiyang Zeng
- National Innovation Center for Advanced Medical Devices, Shenzhen, China; Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- National Innovation Center for Advanced Medical Devices, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiajia Guo
- Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hao Li
- National Innovation Center for Advanced Medical Devices, Shenzhen, China.
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9
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Poosinuntakul N, Chanmee T, Porntadavity S, Chailapakul O, Apilux A. Silver-enhanced colloidal gold dip strip immunoassay integrated with smartphone-based colorimetry for sensitive detection of cardiac marker troponin I. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19866. [PMID: 36400826 PMCID: PMC9674838 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is a specific cardiac biomarker for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). A sensitive and simple point-of-care test (POCT) is still required for early detection of AMI. To address this need, we developed a dip strip assay based on sandwich immunoassay coupled with a silver enhancement system. Pre-incubation and silver enhancement were introduced to the dip strip to increase sensitivity. Due to the catalytic reaction of the silver enhancement solution, the red color of AuNPs changed to dark brown as silver ions precipitated and enlarged the AuNPs. The obtained results were easily seen by the naked eye. For quantitative analysis, the color intensity of the results was analyzed using a smartphone with RGB color picker application. The effects of operating parameters (volume of AuNP-Ab conjugate, volume of sample, incubation time, and analysis time) were investigated and optimized. Under optimal conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) by the naked eye was 0.5 ng/mL. The LOD with silver enhancement was 50-fold lower than without. For quantitative analysis using the smartphone, linearity of detection was observed through the range of 0.5-50 ng/mL (R2 = 0.9952) and the LOD was 0.12 ng/mL. The developed method was successfully applied to detection of cTnI in serum samples, achieving analytical recoveries and %RSD in the ranges of 96.10-119.17% and 2.91-5.13%, respectively. Additionally, this developed assay was not cross reactive with the potentially interfering serum proteins. These results showed the great potential of this dip strip assay as an alternative POCT for detection of serum cTnI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Napakporn Poosinuntakul
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170 Thailand
| | - Theerawut Chanmee
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170 Thailand
| | - Sureerut Porntadavity
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170 Thailand
| | - Orawon Chailapakul
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Amara Apilux
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170 Thailand
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10
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Shapoval O, Brandmeier JC, Nahorniak M, Oleksa V, Makhneva E, Gorris HH, Farka Z, Horák D. PMVEMA-coated upconverting nanoparticles for upconversion-linked immunoassay of cardiac troponin. Talanta 2022; 244:123400. [PMID: 35395457 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Surface engineering of upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) is crucial for their bioanalytical applications. Here, an antibody specific to cardiac troponin I (cTnI), an important biomarker for acute myocardial infection, was covalently immobilized on the surface of UCNPs to prepare a label for the detection of cTnI biomarker in an upconversion-linked immunoassay (ULISA). Core-shell UCNPs (NaYF4:Yb,Tm@NaYF4) were first coated with poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic acid) (PMVEMA) and then conjugated to antibodies. The morphology (size and uniformity), hydrodynamic diameter, chemical composition, and amount of coating on the of UCNPs, as well as their upconversion luminescence, colloidal stability, and leaching of Y3+ ions into the surrounding media, were determined. The developed ULISA allowed reaching a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.13 ng/ml and 0.25 ng/ml of cTnI in plasma and serum, respectively, which represents 12- and 2-fold improvement to conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent based on the same immunoreagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Shapoval
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Julian C Brandmeier
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mykhailo Nahorniak
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Viktoriia Oleksa
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ekaterina Makhneva
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hans H Gorris
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Farka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Horák
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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11
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Kuusinen S, Ekman M, Raiko K, Hannula H, Lyytikäinen A, Lahtinen S, Soukka T. Complement C1q in plasma induces nonspecific binding of poly(acrylic acid)-coated upconverting nanoparticle antibody conjugates. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:3741-3749. [PMID: 35332370 PMCID: PMC9035425 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Upconverting nanoparticles are attractive reporters for immunoassays, because their high specific activity and lack of autofluorescence background enable their detection at extremely low concentrations. However, the sensitivity achieved with heterogeneous sandwich immunoassays using nanoparticle reporters is generally limited by the nonspecific binding of nanoparticle antibody conjugates to solid supports. In this study, we characterized plasma components associated with elevated nonspecific binding of poly(acrylic acid)-coated upconverting nanoparticles in heterogeneous two-step sandwich immunoassays. Plasma was consecutively fractionated using various chromatographic methods by selecting after each step the fractions producing the highest nonspecific binding of upconverting nanoparticle conjugates in an immunoassay for cardiac troponin I. Finally, the proteins in the fractions associated with highest amount of nonspecific binding were separated by gel electrophoresis and identified with mass spectrometry. The results indicated that complement component C1q was present in the fractions associated with the highest signal from nonspecific binding. The interference was not limited to only poly(acrylic acid)-coated nanoparticles or certain antibody combination, but occurred more generally. The interference was removed by increasing the ionic strength of the assay buffer in the sample incubation step or by adding a negatively charged blocker to bind on positively charged C1q, suggesting that the interaction is mostly electrostatic. Hence, we assume that the interference is likely to affect various negatively charged nanoparticles. The identification of complement component C1q as the major interfering protein allows for more rational design of countermeasures in future immunoassay development utilizing nanoparticle reporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saara Kuusinen
- Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Miikka Ekman
- Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Kirsti Raiko
- Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Heidi Hannula
- Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Annika Lyytikäinen
- Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Satu Lahtinen
- Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Tero Soukka
- Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
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12
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Jethva P, Momin M, Khan T, Omri A. Lanthanide-Doped Upconversion Luminescent Nanoparticles-Evolving Role in Bioimaging, Biosensing, and Drug Delivery. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15072374. [PMID: 35407706 PMCID: PMC8999924 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Upconverting luminescent nanoparticles (UCNPs) are "new generation fluorophores" with an evolving landscape of applications in diverse industries, especially life sciences and healthcare. The anti-Stokes emission accompanied by long luminescence lifetimes, multiple absorptions, emission bands, and good photostability, enables background-free and multiplexed detection in deep tissues for enhanced imaging contrast. Their properties such as high color purity, high resistance to photobleaching, less photodamage to biological samples, attractive physical and chemical stability, and low toxicity are affected by the chemical composition; nanoparticle crystal structure, size, shape and the route; reagents; and procedure used in their synthesis. A wide range of hosts and lanthanide ion (Ln3+) types have been used to control the luminescent properties of nanosystems. By modification of these properties, the performance of UCNPs can be designed for anticipated end-use applications such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), high-resolution displays, bioimaging, biosensors, and drug delivery. The application landscape of inorganic nanomaterials in biological environments can be expanded by bridging the gap between nanoparticles and biomolecules via surface modifications and appropriate functionalization. This review highlights the synthesis, surface modification, and biomedical applications of UCNPs, such as bioimaging and drug delivery, and presents the scope and future perspective on Ln-doped UCNPs in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak Jethva
- SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400 056, India;
| | - Munira Momin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400 056, India;
| | - Tabassum Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400 056, India
- Correspondence: (T.K.); (A.O.)
| | - Abdelwahab Omri
- The Novel Drug & Vaccine Delivery Systems Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E2C6, Canada
- Correspondence: (T.K.); (A.O.)
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