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Wang Y, Chen Z, An X, Li J, Li J, Pei Z, Pei Y. A DNA damage-amplifying nanoagent for cancer treatment via two-way regulation of redox dyshomeostasis and downregulation of tetrahydrofolate. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134276. [PMID: 39084430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
DNA damage-based therapy is widely used in cancer treatment, yet its therapeutic efficacy is constrained by the redox homeostasis and DNA damage repair mechanisms of tumor cells. To address these limitations and enhance the efficacy of DNA damage-based therapy, HA-CuH@MTX, a copper-histidine metal-organic complex (CuH) loaded with methotrexate (MTX) and modified with hyaluronic acid (HA), was developed to amplify the DNA damage induced. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the presence of both Cu+ and Cu2+ in HA-CuH@MTX enables two-way regulated redox dyshomeostasis (RDH), achieved through Cu+-catalyzed generation of •OH and Cu2+-mediated consumption of glutathione, thereby facilitating efficient DNA oxidative damage. In addition, DNA damage repair is synergistically inhibited by impairing nucleotide synthesis via histidine metabolism and MTX downregulation of tetrahydrofolate, a crucial raw material in nucleotide synthesis. In vivo experiments with 4T1 tumor-bearing mice demonstrate 83.6 % inhibition of tumor growth by HA-CuH@MTX. This work provides a new strategy to amplify the DNA damage caused by DNA damage-based cancer therapies, and holds great potential for improving their therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zelong Chen
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xingwang An
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiaxuan Li
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhichao Pei
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuxin Pei
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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2
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Sun D, Sun X, Zhang X, Wu J, Shi X, Sun J, Luo C, He Z, Zhang S. Emerging Chemodynamic Nanotherapeutics for Cancer Treatment. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2400809. [PMID: 38752756 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) has emerged as a transformative paradigm in the realm of reactive oxygen species -mediated cancer therapies, exhibiting its potential as a sophisticated strategy for precise and effective tumor treatment. CDT primarily relies on metal ions and hydrogen peroxide to initiate Fenton or Fenton-like reactions, generating cytotoxic hydroxyl radicals. Its notable advantages in cancer treatment are demonstrated, including tumor specificity, autonomy from external triggers, and a favorable side-effect profile. Recent advancements in nanomedicine are devoted to enhancing CDT, promising a comprehensive optimization of CDT efficacy. This review systematically elucidates cutting-edge achievements in chemodynamic nanotherapeutics, exploring strategies for enhanced Fenton or Fenton-like reactions, improved tumor microenvironment modulation, and precise regulation in energy metabolism. Moreover, a detailed analysis of diverse CDT-mediated combination therapies is provided. Finally, the review concludes with a comprehensive discussion of the prospects and intrinsic challenges to the application of chemodynamic nanotherapeutics in the domain of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqi Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Jiaping Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Xianbao Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Cong Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Zhonggui He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Shenwu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
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3
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Li X, Liang X, Fu W, Luo R, Zhang M, Kou X, Zhang Y, Li Y, Huang D, You Y, Wu Q, Gong C. Reversing cancer immunoediting phases with a tumor-activated and optically reinforced immunoscaffold. Bioact Mater 2024; 35:228-241. [PMID: 38333614 PMCID: PMC10850754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In situ vaccine (ISV) is a promising immunotherapeutic tactic due to its complete tumoral antigenic repertoire. However, its efficiency is limited by extrinsic inevitable immunosuppression and intrinsic immunogenicity scarcity. To break this plight, a tumor-activated and optically reinforced immunoscaffold (TURN) is exploited to trigger cancer immunoediting phases regression, thus levering potent systemic antitumor immune responses. Upon response to tumoral reactive oxygen species, TURN will first release RGX-104 to attenuate excessive immunosuppressive cells and cytokines, and thus immunosuppression falls and immunogenicity rises. Subsequently, intermittent laser irradiation-activated photothermal agents (PL) trigger abundant tumor antigens exposure, which causes immunogenicity springs and preliminary infiltration of T cells. Finally, CD137 agonists from TURN further promotes the proliferation, function, and survival of T cells for durable antitumor effects. Therefore, cancer immunoediting phases reverse and systemic antitumor immune responses occur. TURN achieves over 90 % tumor growth inhibition in both primary and secondary tumor lesions, induces potent systemic immune responses, and triggers superior long-term immune memory in vivo. Taken together, TURN provides a prospective sight for ISV from the perspective of immunoediting phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchao Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiuqi Liang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wangxian Fu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Rui Luo
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaorong Kou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110022, China
| | - Yingjie Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dongxue Huang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yanjie You
- Department of Gastroenterology, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Qinjie Wu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Changyang Gong
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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4
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Dash P, Panda PK, Su C, Lin YC, Sakthivel R, Chen SL, Chung RJ. Near-infrared-driven upconversion nanoparticles with photocatalysts through water-splitting towards cancer treatment. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:3881-3907. [PMID: 38572601 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01066j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Water splitting is promising, especially for energy and environmental applications; however, there are limited studies on the link between water splitting and cancer treatment. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) can be used to convert near-infrared (NIR) light to ultraviolet (UV) or visible (Vis) light and have great potential for biomedical applications because of their profound penetration ability, theranostic approaches, low self-fluorescence background, reduced damage to biological tissue, and low toxicity. UCNPs with photocatalytic materials can enhance the photocatalytic activities that generate a shorter wavelength to increase the tissue penetration depth in the biological microenvironment under NIR light irradiation. Moreover, UCNPs with a photosensitizer can absorb NIR light and convert it into UV/vis light and emit upconverted photons, which excite the photoinitiator to create H2, O2, and/or OH˙ via water splitting processes when exposed to NIR irradiation. Therefore, combining UCNPs with intensified photocatalytic and photoinitiator materials may be a promising therapeutic approach for cancer treatment. This review provides a novel strategy for explaining the principles and mechanisms of UCNPs and NIR-driven UCNPs with photocatalytic materials through water splitting to achieve therapeutic outcomes for clinical applications. Moreover, the challenges and future perspectives of UCNP-based photocatalytic materials for water splitting for cancer treatment are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranjyan Dash
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
| | - Pradeep Kumar Panda
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan City 32003, Taiwan
| | - Chaochin Su
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center for Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chien Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- ZhongSun Co., LTD, New Taipei City 220031, Taiwan
| | - Rajalakshmi Sakthivel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
| | - Sung-Lung Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
| | - Ren-Jei Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
- High-value Biomaterials Research and Commercialization Center, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei 10608, Taiwan
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5
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Zhang S, Hussain S, Tang Y, Wang K, Wang X, Zhang L, Liao Y, Wang C, Hao Y, Gao R. Enzyme-triggered on-demand release of a H 2O 2-self-supplying CuO 2@Fe 3O 4 nanoagent for enhanced chemodyamic antimicrobial therapy and wound healing. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:3404-3416. [PMID: 38487992 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02762g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Nanoagents for chemodynamic therapy (CDT) hold a promising future in the field of antimicrobials, especially copper peroxide (CuO2) (CP) nanomaterials which have garnered significant attention due to their ability to self-supply H2O2. Nevertheless, the poor stability of CuO2 remains a critical challenge which restricts its practical application in the antibacterial field. In this study, an advanced nano-antimicrobial system HA-CP@Fe3O4 with enzyme-responsive properties is developed by coating hyaluronic acid (HA) on CuO2-loaded iron tetraoxide nanoparticles. The coating of HA not only stabilizes the CuO2 nanomaterials but also provides responsiveness towards the enzyme hyaluronidase, which is typically secreted by some bacteria. The outer layer of HA in HA-CP@Fe3O4 undergoes decomposition in the presence of hyaluronidase-secreting bacteria, resulting in the release of CuO2@Fe3O4. The released CuO2@Fe3O4 then self-supplies H2O2 and generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the infected microenvironment through Fenton and Russell effects, to ultimately achieve effective and precise antimicrobial activity. Simultaneously, the magnetic property provided by Fe3O4 allows the substance to be directed towards the infection site. Both in vitro and in vivo tests demonstrated that HA-CP@Fe3O4 exhibited excellent antimicrobial capabilities at low concentration (30 μg mL-1), exceptional biocompatibility and the ability to accelerate wound healing. The findings of this work offer a new and promising approach for targeted and precise CDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Sameer Hussain
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
| | - Yuhai Tang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
| | - Kaili Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xingyan Wang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
| | - Long Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yuheng Liao
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yi Hao
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Ruixia Gao
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
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6
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Fu W, Li X, Li Y, Luo R, Ou C, Huang D, Liang X, You Y, Wu Q, Gong C. A programmable releasing versatile hydrogel platform boosts systemic immune responses via sculpting tumor immunogenicity and reversing tolerogenic dendritic cells. Biomaterials 2024; 305:122444. [PMID: 38142471 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Immunogenicity improvement is a valuable strategy for tumor immunotherapy. However, immunosuppressive factors bestow tolerogenic phenotype on tumor-infiltrating DCs, which exhibit weak antigen presentation and strong anti-inflammatory cytokines secretion abilities, limiting the effectiveness of tumor immunotherapy even if the tumor has adequate immunogenicity. Herein, we designed a programmable releasing versatile hydrogel platform (PIVOT) to sculpt tumor immunogenicity, increase intratumoral DCs and cDC1s abundance, and reverse the tolerogenic phenotype of DCs, thus promoting their maturation for boosting innate and adaptive immune responses. Responsive to tumoral reactive oxygen species (ROS), the hydrogel splits and promotes the activation of DCs and macrophages. Then, oxaliplatin is first released from PIVOT to sculpt tumor immunogenicity by inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD) and causing tumoral DNA fragments exposure simultaneously. Subsequently, the impaired DNA fragments bind to high mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1) forming the DNA-HMGB1 complex. Moreover, exogenous FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt-3L) recruits masses of DCs, especially cDC1s, which will endocytose the complex benefiting from TIM-3 blockade (αTIM3) that can reverse tolerogenic DCs. Finally, the endocytosis activates the cGAS-STING pathway of cDC1s, which promotes the secretion of type I IFN that triggers innate immune responses, and CXCL9 which recruits CD8+ effector T cells to initiate the following adaptive immune response against tumor progress. PIVOT achieves nearly 90 % tumor growth inhibition and induces systemic antitumor immune responses. In conclusion, this study focuses on ICD-mediated tumor immunogenicity sculpture and nucleic acid endocytosis-involved tolerogenic DCs reversal, providing a novel paradigm for enhancing DCs-based antitumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangxian Fu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xinchao Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yingjie Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Rui Luo
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chunqing Ou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dongxue Huang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiuqi Liang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yanjie You
- Department of Gastroenterology, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Qinjie Wu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Changyang Gong
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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7
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Bai L, Yang J, Yu S, Xiang Z, Zeng Y, Shen M, Kou X, Wu Q, Gong C. Self-sufficient nanoparticles with dual-enzyme activity trigger radical storms and activate cascade-amplified antitumor immunologic responses. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:821-835. [PMID: 38322329 PMCID: PMC10840429 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) can potentially induce systemic immune responses by initiating immunogenic cell death (ICD) of tumor cells. However, RT-induced antitumor immunologic responses are sporadic and insufficient against cancer metastases. Herein, we construct multifunctional self-sufficient nanoparticles (MARS) with dual-enzyme activity (GOx and peroxidase-like) to trigger radical storms and activate the cascade-amplified systemic immune responses to suppress both local tumors and metastatic relapse. In addition to limiting the Warburg effect to actualize starvation therapy, MARS catalyzes glucose to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is then used in the Cu+-mediated Fenton-like reaction and RT sensitization. RT and chemodynamic therapy produce reactive oxygen species in the form of radical storms, which have a robust ICD impact on mobilizing the immune system. Thus, when MARS is combined with RT, potent systemic antitumor immunity can be generated by activating antigen-presenting cells, promoting dendritic cells maturation, increasing the infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and reprogramming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, the synergistic therapy of RT and MARS effectively suppresses local tumor growth, increases mouse longevity, and results in a 90% reduction in lung metastasis and postoperative recurrence. Overall, we provide a viable approach to treating cancer by inducing radical storms and activating cascade-amplified systemic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Siting Yu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhongzheng Xiang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zeng
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Meiling Shen
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaorong Kou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qinjie Wu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Changyang Gong
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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8
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Chen X, Cheng D, Yu N, Feng J, Li J, Lin L. Tumor-targeting polymer nanohybrids with amplified ROS generation for combined photodynamic and chemodynamic therapy. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:1296-1306. [PMID: 38193142 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02341a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating strategies have been widely adopted for cancer therapy, but therapeutic efficacies are often low due to the complicated tumor microenvironment. In this study, we present the development of tumor-targeting polymer nanohybrids that amplify ROS generation by combining photodynamic therapy (PDT) and chemodynamic therapy (CDT) for cancer treatment. Such polymer nanohybrids contained three main components: a semiconducting polymer (SP) that acted as the photosensitizer for PDT, manganese dioxide (MnO2) that acted as the catalyst for CDT, and transferrin that mediated tumor targeting via binding to transferrin receptors overexpressed on the surface of tumor cells. The formed nanohybrids (TSM) showed obviously enhanced accumulation efficacy in tumor sites because of their targeting ability. In tumor sites, TSM produced singlet oxygen (1O2) under near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation and a hydroxyl radical (˙OH) via reacting with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which resulted in amplified generation of ROS to achieve PDT/CDT combinational therapy. The growth of subcutaneous 4T1 tumors was remarkably inhibited via TSM-mediated treatment. In addition, this therapeutic efficacy could suppress tumor metastasis in the liver and lungs. This study presents a targeting hybrid nanoplatform to combine different ROS generating strategies for effective cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Chen
- Department of Radiology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, China
- Department of Radiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China.
| | - Danling Cheng
- College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Ningyue Yu
- College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Jian Feng
- College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Jingchao Li
- College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Radiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China.
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9
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Li Y, Guo Y, Zhang K, Zhu R, Chen X, Zhang Z, Yang W. Cell Death Pathway Regulation by Functional Nanomedicines for Robust Antitumor Immunity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306580. [PMID: 37984863 PMCID: PMC10797449 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has become a mainstream cancer treatment over traditional therapeutic modes. Cancer cells can undergo programmed cell death including ferroptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, apoptosis and cuproptosis which are find to have intrinsic relationships with host antitumor immune response. However, direct use of cell death inducers or regulators may bring about severe side effects that can also be rapidly excreted and degraded with low therapeutic efficacy. Nanomaterials are able to carry them for long circulation time, high tumor accumulation and controlled release to achieve satisfactory therapeutic effect. Nowadays, a large number of studies have focused on nanomedicines-based strategies through modulating cell death modalities to potentiate antitumor immunity. Herein, immune cell types and their function are first summarized, and state-of-the-art research progresses in nanomedicines mediated cell death pathways (e.g., ferroptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, apoptosis and cuproptosis) with immune response provocation are highlighted. Subsequently, the conclusion and outlook of potential research focus are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjuan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesHenan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical DiseasesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450001China
- Medical Research CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450001China
- The center of Infection and ImmunityAcademy of Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450001China
| | - Yichen Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesHenan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical DiseasesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450001China
| | - Kaixin Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesHenan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical DiseasesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450001China
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesHenan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical DiseasesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450001China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, SurgeryChemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical EngineeringYong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Faculty of EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore119074Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research CentreCentre for Translational MedicineYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore117599Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research ProgramNUS Center for NanomedicineYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore117597Singapore
| | - Zhenzhong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesHenan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical DiseasesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450001China
| | - Weijing Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesHenan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical DiseasesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450001China
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10
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Huang X, Li L, Ou C, Shen M, Li X, Zhang M, Wu R, Kou X, Gao L, Liu F, Luo R, Wu Q, Gong C. Tumor Environment Regression Therapy Implemented by Switchable Prune-to-Essence Nanoplatform Unleashed Systemic Immune Responses. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303715. [PMID: 37875395 PMCID: PMC10724435 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Coevolution of tumor cells and surrounding stroma results in protective protumoral environment, in which abundant vessel, stiff structure and immunosuppression promote each other, cooperatively incurring deterioration and treatment compromise. Reversing suchenvironment may transform tumors from treatment-resistant to treatment-vulnerable. However, effective reversion requires synergistic comprehensive regression of such environment under precise control. Here, the first attempt to collaboratively retrograde coevolutionary tumor environment to pre-oncogenesis status, defined as tumor environment regression therapy, is made for vigorous immune response eruption by a switchable prune-to-essence nanoplatform (Pres) with simplified composition and fabrication process. Through magnetic targeting and multimodal imaging of Pres, tumor environment regression therapy is guided, optimized and accomplished in a trinity way: Antiangiogenesis is executed to rarefy vessels to impede tumor progression. By seizing the time, cancer associated fibroblasts are eliminated to diminish collagen and loosen the stiff structure for deep penetration of Pres, which alternately functioned in deeper tumors, forming a positive feedback loop. Through this loop, immune cell infiltration, immunosuppression mitigation and immunogenic cells death induction are all fulfilled and further escalated in the regressed environment. These transformations consequently unleashed systemic immune responses and generated immune memory against carcinoma. This study provides new insights intotreatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhou Huang
- Department of BiotherapyCancer center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of BiotherapyCancer center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041China
| | - Chunqing Ou
- Department of BiotherapyCancer center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041China
| | - Meiling Shen
- Department of BiotherapyCancer center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041China
| | - Xinchao Li
- Department of BiotherapyCancer center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Department of BiotherapyCancer center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of BiotherapyCancer center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041China
| | - Xiaorong Kou
- Department of BiotherapyCancer center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Medical OncologyCancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041China
| | - Furong Liu
- Department of BiotherapyCancer center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041China
| | - Rui Luo
- Department of BiotherapyCancer center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041China
| | - Qinjie Wu
- Department of BiotherapyCancer center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041China
| | - Changyang Gong
- Department of BiotherapyCancer center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041China
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11
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Wang Y, Chen L, Wang Y, Wang X, Qian D, Yan J, Sun Z, Cui P, Yu L, Wu J, He Z. Marine biomaterials in biomedical nano/micro-systems. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:408. [PMID: 37926815 PMCID: PMC10626837 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02112-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine resources in unique marine environments provide abundant, cost-effective natural biomaterials with distinct structures, compositions, and biological activities compared to terrestrial species. These marine-derived raw materials, including polysaccharides, natural protein components, fatty acids, and marine minerals, etc., have shown great potential in preparing, stabilizing, or modifying multifunctional nano-/micro-systems and are widely applied in drug delivery, theragnostic, tissue engineering, etc. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the most current marine biomaterial-based nano-/micro-systems developed over the past three years, primarily focusing on therapeutic delivery studies and highlighting their potential to cure a variety of diseases. Specifically, we first provided a detailed introduction to the physicochemical characteristics and biological activities of natural marine biocomponents in their raw state. Furthermore, the assembly processes, potential functionalities of each building block, and a thorough evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of advanced marine biomaterial-based systems and their effects on molecular pathophysiological processes were fully elucidated. Finally, a list of unresolved issues and pivotal challenges of marine-derived biomaterials applications, such as standardized distinction of raw materials, long-term biosafety in vivo, the feasibility of scale-up, etc., was presented. This review is expected to serve as a roadmap for fundamental research and facilitate the rational design of marine biomaterials for diverse emerging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth Systems, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth Systems, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, 55000, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuanzheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, 55000, Guizhou, China.
| | - Xinyuan Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth Systems, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth Systems, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Deyao Qian
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth Systems, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth Systems, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Jiahui Yan
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth Systems, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth Systems, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Zeyu Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, 55000, Guizhou, China
| | - Pengfei Cui
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Liangmin Yu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth Systems, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth Systems, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
| | - Zhiyu He
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth Systems, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth Systems, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, 572024, China.
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12
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Koo S, Kim YG, Lee N, Hyeon T, Kim D. Inorganic nanoparticle agents for enhanced chemodynamic therapy of tumours. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:13498-13514. [PMID: 37578148 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02000b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
With the recent interest in the role of oxidative species/radicals in diseases, inorganic nanomaterials with redox activities have been extensively investigated for their potential use in nanomedicine. While many studies focusing on relieving oxidative stress to prevent pathogenesis and to suppress the progression of diseases have shown considerable success, another approach for increasing oxidative stress using nanomaterials to kill malignant cells has suffered from low efficiency despite its wide applicability to various targets. Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) is an emerging technique that can resolve such a problem by exploiting the characteristic tumour microenvironment to achieve high selectivity. In this review, we summarize the recent strategies and underlying mechanisms that have been used to improve the CDT performance using inorganic nanoparticles. In addition to the design of CDT agents, the effects of contributing factors, such as the acidity and the levels of hydrogen peroxide and antioxidants in the tumour microenvironment, together with their modulation and application in combination therapy, are presented. The challenges lying ahead of future clinical translation of this rapidly advancing technology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagang Koo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Geon Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nohyun Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dokyoon Kim
- Department of Bionano Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Endale HT, Tesfaye W, Mengstie TA. ROS induced lipid peroxidation and their role in ferroptosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1226044. [PMID: 37601095 PMCID: PMC10434548 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1226044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial part in the process of cell death, including apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. ROS involves in the oxidation of lipids and generate 4-hydroxynonenal and other compounds associated with it. Ferroptosis may be facilitated by lipid peroxidation of phospholipid bilayers. In order to offer novel ideas and directions for the investigation of disorders connected to these processes, we evaluate the function of ROS in lipid peroxidation which ultimately leads to ferroptosis as well as proposed crosstalk mechanisms between ferroptosis and other types programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiwot Tezera Endale
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Winta Tesfaye
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tiget Ayelgn Mengstie
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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14
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Cheng H, He Y, Lu J, Yan Z, Song L, Mao Y, Di D, Gao Y, Zhao Q, Wang S. Degradable iron-rich mesoporous dopamine as a dual-glutathione depletion nanoplatform for photothermal-enhanced ferroptosis and chemodynamic therapy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 639:249-262. [PMID: 36805750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a crucial factor in limiting the effects of chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and ferroptosis, an iron-based cell death pathway. Based on this, we constructed iron-rich mesoporous dopamine (MPDA@Fe) nanovehicles with a dual-GSH depletion function by combining MPDA and Fe. Poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) was further modified to provide desirable stability (PM@Fe) and glucose oxidase (GOx) was grafted onto PM@Fe (GPM@Fe) to address the limitation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). After the nanoparticles reached the tumor site, the weakly acidic microenvironment promoted the release of Fe. Then FeII reacted with H2O2 to generate hydroxyl radical (OH) and FeIII. The generated FeIII was reduced to FeII by GSH, which circularly participated in the Fenton reaction and continuously produced tumor inhibitory free radicals. Meanwhile, GOx consumed glucose to provide H2O2 for the reaction. MPDA had also been reported to deplete GSH. Therefore, dual consumption of GSH led to the destruction of intracellular redox balance and inhibition of glutathione-dependent peroxidase 4 (GPX4) expression, resulting in an increase in lipid peroxides (LPO) and further induction of ferroptosis. Additionally, MPDA-mediated photothermal therapy (PTT) raised the temperature of tumor area and produced photothermal-enhanced cascade effects. Hence, the synergistic strategy that combined dual-GSH depletion-induced ferroptosis, enhanced CDT and photothermal cascade enhancement based on MPDA@Fe could provide more directions for designing nanomedicines for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, PR China
| | - Ye He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, PR China
| | - Junya Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, PR China
| | - Ziwei Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, PR China
| | - Luming Song
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, PR China
| | - Yuling Mao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, PR China
| | - Donghua Di
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, PR China
| | - Yikun Gao
- School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, PR China
| | - Qinfu Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, PR China.
| | - Siling Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, PR China.
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15
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Ji HB, Kim CR, Min CH, Han JH, Kim S, Lee C, Choy YB. Fe-containing metal-organic framework with D-penicillamine for cancer-specific hydrogen peroxide generation and enhanced chemodynamic therapy. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10477. [PMID: 37206221 PMCID: PMC10189484 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) is based on the production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species, such as hydroxyl radicals (•OH). Thus, CDT can be advantageous when it is cancer-specific, in terms of efficacy and safety. Therefore, we propose NH2-MIL-101(Fe), a Fe-containing metal-organic framework (MOF), as a carrier of Cu (copper)-chelating agent, d-penicillamine (d-pen; i.e., the NH2-MIL-101(Fe)/d-pen), as well as a catalyst with Fe-metal clusters for Fenton reaction. NH2-MIL-101(Fe)/d-pen in the form of nanoparticles was efficiently taken into cancer cells and released d-pen in a sustained manner. The released d-pen chelated Cu that is highly expressed in cancer environments and this produces extra H2O2, which is then decomposed by Fe in NH2-MIL-101(Fe) to generate •OH. Therefore, the cytotoxicity of NH2-MIL-101(Fe)/d-pen was observed in cancer cells, not in normal cells. We also suggest a formulation of NH2-MIL-101(Fe)/d-pen combined with NH2-MIL-101(Fe) loaded with the chemotherapeutic drug, irinotecan (CPT-11; NH2-MIL-101(Fe)/CPT-11). When intratumorally injected into tumor-bearing mice in vivo, this combined formulation exhibited the most prominent anticancer effects among all tested formulations, owing to the synergistic effect of CDT and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Bi Ji
- Interdisciplinary Program in BioengineeringCollege of Engineering, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Cho Rim Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in BioengineeringCollege of Engineering, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Chang Hee Min
- Interdisciplinary Program in BioengineeringCollege of Engineering, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Han
- Interdisciplinary Program in BioengineeringCollege of Engineering, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Se‐Na Kim
- Institute of Medical & Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Cheol Lee
- Department of PathologySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Young Bin Choy
- Interdisciplinary Program in BioengineeringCollege of Engineering, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Institute of Medical & Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
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Zhang S, Wang L, Kang Y, Wu J, Zhang Z. Nanomaterial-based Reactive Oxygen Species Scavengers for Osteoarthritis Therapy. Acta Biomater 2023; 162:1-19. [PMID: 36967052 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play distinct but important roles in physiological and pathophysiological processes. Recent studies on osteoarthritis (OA) have suggested that ROS plays a crucial role in its development and progression, serving as key mediators in the degradation of the extracellular matrix, mitochondrial dysfunction, chondrocyte apoptosis, and OA progression. With the continuous development of nanomaterial technology, the ROS-scavenging ability and antioxidant effects of nanomaterials are being explored, with promising results already achieved in OA treatment. However, current research on nanomaterials as ROS scavengers for OA is relatively non-uniform and includes both inorganic and functionalized organic nanomaterials. Although the therapeutic efficacy of nanomaterials has been reported to be conclusive, there is still no uniformity in the timing and potential of their use in clinical practice. This paper reviews the nanomaterials currently used as ROS scavengers for OA treatment, along with their mechanisms of action, with the aim of providing a reference and direction for similar studies, and ultimately promoting the early clinical use of nanomaterials for OA treatment. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). Nanomaterials serving as promising ROS scavengers have gained increasing attention in recent years. This review provides a comprehensive overview of ROS production and regulation, as well as their role in OA pathogenesis. Furthermore, this review highlights the applications of various types of nanomaterials as ROS scavengers in OA treatment and their mechanisms of action. Finally, the challenges and future prospects of nanomaterial-based ROS scavengers in OA therapy are discussed.
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17
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Chen J, Niu H, Guan L, Yang Z, He Y, Zhao J, Wu C, Wang Y, Lin K, Zhu Y. Microneedle-Assisted Transdermal Delivery of 2D Bimetallic Metal-Organic Framework Nanosheet-Based Cascade Biocatalysts for Enhanced Catalytic Therapy of Melanoma. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202474. [PMID: 36420881 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Current conventional treatments for malignant melanoma still face limitations, especially low therapeutic efficacy and serious side effects, and more effective strategies are urgently needed to develop them. Delivering biocatalysts into tumors to efficiently trigger in situ cascade reactions has shown huge potential in producing more therapeutic species or generating stronger tumoricidal effects for augmented tumor therapy. Recently, ultrathin 2D metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheets have acquired great interest in biocatalysis owing to their large surface areas and abundant accessible active catalytic sites. Herein, an enhanced catalytic therapeutic strategy against melanoma is developed by biocompatible microneedle (MN)-assisted transdermal delivery of a 2D bimetallic MOF nanosheet-based cascade biocatalyst (Cu-TCPP(Fe)@GOD). Profiting from the constructed dissolving MN system, the loaded Cu-TCPP(Fe)@GOD hybrid nanosheets can be accurately delivered into the melanoma sites through skin barriers, and subsequently, trigger the specific cascade catalytic reactions in response to the acidic tumor microenvironment to effectively generate highly toxic hydroxyl radical (• OH) and deplete glucose nutrient for inducing the death of melanoma cells. The ultimate results prove the high melanoma inhibition effect and biosafety of such therapeutic modality, exhibiting a new and promising strategy to conquer malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Huicong Niu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
- Department of Neurology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Lei Guan
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, P. R. China
| | - Zhibo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhao He
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, P. R. China
| | - Jinjin Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nano-materials, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, P. R. China
| | - Chengtie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yitong Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China
| | - Kaili Lin
- Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, P. R. China
| | - Yufang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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18
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Self-intensified synergy of a versatile biomimetic nanozyme and doxorubicin on electrospun fibers to inhibit postsurgical tumor recurrence and metastasis. Biomaterials 2023; 293:121942. [PMID: 36512863 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-positive resection margins after surgery can result in tumor recurrence and metastasis. Although adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy have been adopted in clinical practice, they lack efficacy and result in unavoidable side effects. Herein, a self-intensified in-situ therapy approach using electrospun fibers loaded with a biomimetic nanozyme and doxorubicin (DOX) is developed. The fabricated PEG-coated zeolite imidazole framework-67 (PZIF67) is demonstrated as a versatile nanozyme triggering reactions in cancer cells based on endogenous H2O2 and •O2-. The PZIF67-generated •OH induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) overload, implementing chemodynamic therapy (CDT). The O2 produced by PZIF67 inhibits the expression of hypoxia-up-regulated proteins, thereby suppressing tumor progression. PZIF67 also catalyzes the degradation of glutathione, further disturbing the intracellular redox homeostasis and enhancing CDT. Furthermore, the introduced DOX not only kills cancer cells individually, but also replenishes the continuously consumed substrates for PZIF67-catalyzed reactions. The PZIF67-weakened drug resistance strengthens the cytotoxicity of DOX. The combined application of PZIF67 and DOX also suppresses metastasis-associated genes. Both in vitro and in vivo results demonstrate that the self-intensified synergy of PZIF67 and DOX on electrospun fibers efficiently prevents postsurgical tumor recurrence and metastasis, offering a feasible therapeutic regimen for operable malignant tumors.
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Wang J, Zhao Z, Liu Y, Cao X, Li F, Ran H, Cao Y, Wu C. 'Mito-Bomb': a novel mitochondria-targeting nanosystem for ferroptosis-boosted sonodynamic antitumor therapy. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:3111-3122. [PMID: 36131565 PMCID: PMC9518294 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2126027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play an important role in regulating tumor cell death and metabolism so that they can be potential therapeutic targets. Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) represents an attractive antitumor method that induces apoptosis by producing highly toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mitochondria-targeting SDT can cause oxidative damage and improve the efficiency of tumor therapy. However, due to the nonselective distribution of nanosystems and the anti-apoptotic mechanism of cancer cells, the therapeutic effect of SDT is not ideal. Therefore, we proposed a novel mitochondria-targeting nanosystem (‘Mito-Bomb’) for ferroptosis-boosted SDT. Sonosensitizer IR780 and ferroptosis activator RSL-3 were both encapsulated in biocompatible poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles to form ‘Mito-Bomb’ (named IRP NPs). IR780 in this nanosystem was used to mediate mitochondria-targeting SDT. RSL-3 inhibited the activity of GPX4 in the antioxidant system to induce ferroptosis of tumor cells, which could rewire tumor metabolism and make tumor cells extremely sensitive to SDT-induced apoptosis. Notably, we also found that RSL-3 can inhibit hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and induce ROS production to improve the efficacy of SDT to synergistically antitumor. RSL-3 was applied as a ‘One-Stone-Three-Birds’ agent for cooperatively enhanced SDT against triple-negative breast cancer. This study presented the first example of RSL-3 boosting mitochondria-targeting SDT as a ferroptosis activator. The ‘Mito-Bomb’ biocompatible nanosystem was expected to become an innovative tumor treatment method and clinical transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiyu Zhao
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinyu Cao
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Fuxin Li
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Haitao Ran
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Institute of Ultrasound Imaging, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Institute of Ultrasound Imaging, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Changjun Wu
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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20
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Gao Y, Song Z, Jia L, Tang Y, Wang C, Zhao X, Hu H, Chen D, Qiao M. Self-amplified ROS production from fatty acid oxidation enhanced tumor immunotherapy by atorvastatin/PD-L1 siRNA lipopeptide nanoplexes. Biomaterials 2022; 291:121902. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Ning S, Liu Z, Chen M, Zhu D, Huang Q. Nanozyme hydrogel for enhanced alkyl radical generation and potent antitumor therapy. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:3950-3956. [PMID: 36133353 PMCID: PMC9470029 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00395c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Alkyl radicals (R˙), which do not rely on oxygen generation for causing cellular stress, have been applied in tumor treatment, but a large amount of glutathione (GSH) in the tumor cells reacts with alkyl radicals, thereby reducing their antitumor effect. In this study, an enhanced alkyl radical generation system responsive to near-infrared light was designed. The alkyl radical trigger 2,2'-azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)propane]-dihydrochloride (AIPH) and nanozyme pyrite (FeS2) were encapsulated in agarose hydrogel to prepare the AIPH-FeS2-hydrogel (AFH) system. FeS2 can be used as a photothermal agent to convert near-infrared light energy into heat energy, leading to the dissolution of the hydrogel. AIPH is simultaneously induced to produce alkyl radicals. FeS2 can also be used as an oxidative stress amplifier to reduce intracellular GSH content, thereby boosting the therapeutic effect of alkyl radicals. Eventually, the oxygen-independent free radicals generated by the AFH system under near-infrared laser irradiation and photothermal treatment can kill cancer cells through the synergistic oxidation/photothermal effect. The AFH system developed herein provides new insights into enhancing the therapeutic effect of alkyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng Ning
- The Research and Application Center of Precision Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou P.R.China
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital Nanning 530000 China
| | - Zeming Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Mingzhu Chen
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Daoming Zhu
- Department of General Surgery & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Nanfang Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong 510515 China
| | - Qinqin Huang
- The Research and Application Center of Precision Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou P.R.China
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22
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Tang W, Li X, Liu Z, Meng L, Zhu D, Huang Q. CuS nanoparticles and camptothecin co-loaded thermosensitive injectable hydrogel with self-supplied H 2O 2 for enhanced chemodynamic therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1003777. [PMID: 36105600 PMCID: PMC9465046 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1003777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) is a kind of anti-tumor strategy emerging in recent years, but the concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the tumor microenvironment is insufficient, and it is difficult for a single CDT to completely inhibit tumor growth. Here, we designed a CuS nanoparticles (NPs) and camptothecin (CPT) co-loaded thermosensitive injectable hydrogel (SCH) with self-supplied H2O2 for enhanced CDT. SCH is composed of CuS NPs and CPT loaded into agarose hydrogel according to a certain ratio. We injected SCH into the tumor tissue of mice, and under the irradiation of near-infrared region (NIR) laser at 808 nm, CuS NPs converted the NIR laser into heat to realize photothermal therapy (PTT), and at the same time, the agarose hydrogel was changed into a sol state and CPT was released. CPT activates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, increases the level of H2O2 inside the tumor, and realizes the self-supply of H2O2. At the same time, CuS can accelerate the release of Cu2+ in an acidic environment and light, combined with H2O2 generated by CPT for CDT treatment, and consume glutathione in tumor and generate hydroxyl radical, thus inducing tumor cell apoptosis. The SCH system we constructed achieved an extremely high tumor inhibition rate in vitro and in vivo, presenting a new idea for designing future chemical kinetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxue Tang
- The Research and Application Center of Precision Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Central Laboratory and Precision Medicine Center, Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zeming Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lyu Meng
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Daoming Zhu
- Department of General Surgery and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Nanfang Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qinqin Huang
- The Research and Application Center of Precision Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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23
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Huang Y, Guan Z, Ren L, Luo Y, Chen M, Sun Y, He Y, Zeng Z, Dai X, Jiang J, Huang Z, Zhao C. Bortezomib prodrug catalytic nanoreactor for chemo/chemodynamic therapy and macrophage re-education. J Control Release 2022; 350:332-349. [PMID: 36028045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemodynamic therapy (CDT), an emerging tumor-specific therapeutic modality, is frequently restrained by insufficient intratumoral Fenton catalysts and increasingly inefficient catalysis caused by the continuous consumption of limited H2O2 within tumors. Herein, we engineered a pH-responsive bortezomib (BTZ) polymer prodrug catalytic nanoreactor (HeZn@HA-BTZ) capable of self-supplying Fenton catalyst and H2O2. It is aimed for tumor-specific chemo/chemodynamic therapy via oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress dual-amplification and macrophage repolarization. A catechol‑boronate bond-based hyaluronic acid-BTZ prodrug HA-DA-BTZ was modified on Hemin and Zn2+ coordination nanoscale framework (HeZn), an innovative CDT inducer, to construct He-Zn@HA-BTZ. He-Zn@HA-BTZ with good stability and superior peroxidase-like activity preferentially accumulated at tumor sites and be actively internalized by tumor cells. Under the cleavage of catechol‑boronate bond in acidic endo/lysosomes, pre-masked BTZ was rapidly released to induce ubiquitinated protein aggregation, robust ER stress and elevated H2O2 levels. The amplified H2O2 was further catalyzed by HeZn via Fenton-catalytic reactions to produce hypertoxic •OH, enabling cascaded oxidative stress amplification and long-lasting effective CDT, which in turn aggravated BTZ-induced ER stress. Eventually, a dual-amplification of oxidative stress and ER stress was achieved to initiate cell apoptosis/necrosis with reduced BTZ toxicity. Intriguingly, He-Zn@HA-BTZ could repolarize macrophages from M2 to antitumor M1 phenotype for potential tumor therapy. This "all in one" prodrug nanocatalytic reactor not only enriches the CDT inducer library, but provides inspirational strategy for simultaneous oxidative stress and ER stress based excellent cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjuan Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zilin Guan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Meixu Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfeng He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zishan Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuling Dai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeqian Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunshun Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China..
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