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Li S, Tang M, Xiong Y, Feng X, Wang C, Nie L, Huang M, Zhang H, Yin L, Zhu D, Yang C, Ma T, Chen J. Systematic investigation of BRCA1-A, -B, and -C complexes and their functions in DNA damage response and DNA repair. Oncogene 2024; 43:2621-2634. [PMID: 39068216 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-03108-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
BRCA1, a breast cancer susceptibility gene, has emerged as a central mediator that brings together multiple signaling complexes in response to DNA damage. The A, B, and C complexes of BRCA1, which are formed based on their phosphorylation-dependent interactions with the BRCA1-C-terminal domains, contribute to the roles of BRCA1 in DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint control. However, their functions in DNA damage response remain to be fully appreciated. Specifically, there has been no systematic investigation of the roles of BRCA1-A, -B, and -C complexes in the regulation of BRCA1 localization and functions, in part because of cellular lethality associated with loss of CtIP protein, which is an essential component in BRCA1-C complex. To systematically investigate the functions of these complexes in DNA damage response, we depleted a key component in each of these complexes. We used the degradation tag system to inducibly deplete endogenous CtIP and obtained a series of RAP80/FANCJ/CtIP single-, double-, and triple-knockout cells. We showed that loss of BRCA1-B/FANCJ and BRCA1-C/CtIP, but not BRCA1-A/RAP80, resulted in reduced cell proliferation and increased sensitivity to DNA damage. BRCA1-C/CtIP and BRCA1-A/RAP80 were involved in BRCA1 recruitment to sites of DNA damage. However, BRCA1-A/RAP80 was not essential for damage-induced BRCA1 localization. Instead, RAP80/H2AX and CtIP have redundant roles in BRCA1 recruitment. Altogether, our systematic analysis uncovers functional differences between BRCA1-A, -B, and -C complexes and provides new insights into the roles of these BRCA1-associated protein complexes in DNA damage response and DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siting Li
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mengfan Tang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Xiong
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xu Feng
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Litong Nie
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ling Yin
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dandan Zhu
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chang Yang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tiantian Ma
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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2
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Cong K, MacGilvary N, Lee S, MacLeod SG, Calvo J, Peng M, Nedergaard Kousholt A, Day TA, Cantor SB. FANCJ promotes PARP1 activity during DNA replication that is essential in BRCA1 deficient cells. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2599. [PMID: 38521768 PMCID: PMC10960859 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46824-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) in creating single-stranded DNA gaps and inducing sensitivity requires the FANCJ DNA helicase. Yet, how FANCJ relates to PARP1 inhibition or trapping, which contribute to PARPi toxicity, remains unclear. Here, we find PARPi effectiveness hinges on S-phase PARP1 activity, which is reduced in FANCJ deficient cells as G-quadruplexes sequester PARP1 and MSH2. Additionally, loss of the FANCJ-MLH1 interaction diminishes PARP1 activity; however, depleting MSH2 reinstates PARPi sensitivity and gaps. Indicating sequestered and trapped PARP1 are distinct, FANCJ loss increases PARPi resistance in cells susceptible to PARP1 trapping. However, with BRCA1 deficiency, the loss of FANCJ mirrors PARP1 loss or inhibition, with the detrimental commonality being loss of S-phase PARP1 activity. These insights underline the crucial role of PARP1 activity during DNA replication in BRCA1 deficient cells and emphasize the importance of understanding drug mechanisms for enhancing therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Cong
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Nathan MacGilvary
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Silviana Lee
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Shannon G MacLeod
- Northeastern University Biology Department 360 Huntington Avenue, Mugar Life Science Building, Rm 220, Boston, MA, 02115-5005, USA
| | - Jennifer Calvo
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Min Peng
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Arne Nedergaard Kousholt
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tovah A Day
- Northeastern University Biology Department 360 Huntington Avenue, Mugar Life Science Building, Rm 220, Boston, MA, 02115-5005, USA
| | - Sharon B Cantor
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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3
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Boavida A, Napolitano LM, Santos D, Cortone G, Jegadesan NK, Onesti S, Branzei D, Pisani FM. FANCJ DNA helicase is recruited to the replisome by AND-1 to ensure genome stability. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:876-901. [PMID: 38177925 PMCID: PMC10897178 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-023-00044-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
FANCJ, a DNA helicase linked to Fanconi anemia and frequently mutated in cancers, counteracts replication stress by dismantling unconventional DNA secondary structures (such as G-quadruplexes) that occur at the DNA replication fork in certain sequence contexts. However, how FANCJ is recruited to the replisome is unknown. Here, we report that FANCJ directly binds to AND-1 (the vertebrate ortholog of budding yeast Ctf4), a homo-trimeric protein adaptor that connects the CDC45/MCM2-7/GINS replicative DNA helicase with DNA polymerase α and several other factors at DNA replication forks. The interaction between FANCJ and AND-1 requires the integrity of an evolutionarily conserved Ctf4-interacting protein (CIP) box located between the FANCJ helicase motifs IV and V. Disruption of the CIP box significantly reduces FANCJ association with the replisome, causing enhanced DNA damage, decreased replication fork recovery and fork asymmetry in cells unchallenged or treated with Pyridostatin, a G-quadruplex-binder, or Mitomycin C, a DNA inter-strand cross-linking agent. Cancer-relevant FANCJ CIP box variants display reduced AND-1-binding and enhanced DNA damage, a finding that suggests their potential role in cancer predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Boavida
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biologia Cellulare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
- Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | | | - Diana Santos
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biologia Cellulare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
- Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cortone
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biologia Cellulare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Onesti
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Dana Branzei
- IFOM ETS-The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca M Pisani
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biologia Cellulare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.
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4
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Kulikowicz T, Sommers JA, Fuchs KF, Wu Y, Brosh RM. Purification and biochemical characterization of the G4 resolvase and DNA helicase FANCJ. Methods Enzymol 2024; 695:1-27. [PMID: 38521581 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
G-quadruplex (G4) DNA or RNA poses a unique nucleic acid structure in genomic transactions. Because of the unique topology presented by G4, cells have exquisite mechanisms and pathways to metabolize G4 that arise in guanine-rich regions of the genome such as telomeres, promoter regions, ribosomal DNA, and other chromosomal elements. G4 resolvases are often represented by a class of molecular motors known as helicases that disrupt the Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds in G4 by harnessing the chemical energy of nucleoside triphosphate hydrolysis. Of special interest to researchers in the field, including us, is the human FANCJ DNA helicase that efficiently resolves G4 DNA structures. Notably, FANCJ mutations are linked to Fanconi Anemia and are prominent in breast and ovarian cancer. Since our discovery that FANCJ efficiently resolves G4 DNA structures 15 years ago, we and other labs have characterized mechanistic aspects of FANCJ-catalyzed G4 resolution and its biological importance in genomic integrity and cellular DNA replication. In addition to its G4 resolvase function, FANCJ is also a classic DNA helicase that acts on conventional duplex DNA structures, which are relevant to the enzyme's role in interstrand cross link repair, double-strand break repair via homologous recombination, and response to replication stress. Here, we describe detailed procedures for the purification of recombinant FANCJ protein and characterization of its G4 resolvase and duplex DNA helicase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kulikowicz
- Helicases and Genomic Integrity Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Joshua A Sommers
- Helicases and Genomic Integrity Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kathleen F Fuchs
- Helicases and Genomic Integrity Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yuliang Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Robert M Brosh
- Helicases and Genomic Integrity Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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5
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Cong K, MacGilvary N, Lee S, MacLeod SG, Calvo J, Peng M, Kousholt AN, Day T, Cantor SB. FANCJ promotes PARP1 activity during DNA replication that is essential in BRCA1 deficient cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.04.574095. [PMID: 38260529 PMCID: PMC10802319 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.04.574095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Single-stranded DNA gaps are postulated to be fundamental to the mechanism of anti-cancer drugs. Gaining insights into their induction could therefore be pivotal for advancing therapeutic strategies. For poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) to be effective, the presence of FANCJ helicase is required. However, the relationship between FANCJ dependent gaps and PARP1 catalytic inhibition or trapping-both linked to PARPi toxicity in BRCA deficient cells-is yet to be elucidated. Here, we find that the efficacy of PARPi is contingent on S-phase PARP1 activity, which is compromised in FANCJ deficient cells because PARP1, along with MSH2, is "sequestered" by G-quadruplexes. PARP1's replication activity is also diminished in cells missing a FANCJ-MLH1 interaction, but in such cells, depleting MSH2 can release sequestered PARP1, restoring PARPi-induced gaps and sensitivity. Our observations indicate that sequestered and trapped PARP1 are different chromatin-bound forms, with FANCJ loss increasing PARPi resistance in cells susceptible to canonical PARP1 trapping. However, in BRCA1 null cells, the loss of FANCJ mirrors the effects of PARP1 loss or inhibition, with the common detrimental factor being the loss of PARP1 activity during DNA replication, not trapping. These insights underline the crucial role of PARP1 activity during DNA replication in BRCA deficient cells and emphasize the importance of understanding drug mechanisms for enhancing precision medicine.
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6
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van Wijk LM, Vermeulen S, Ter Haar NT, Kramer CJH, Terlouw D, Vrieling H, Cohen D, Vreeswijk MPG. Performance of a RAD51-based functional HRD test on paraffin-embedded breast cancer tissue. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2023; 202:607-616. [PMID: 37725154 PMCID: PMC10564840 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-023-07102-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE BRCA-deficient breast cancers (BC) are highly sensitive to platinum-based chemotherapy and PARP inhibitors due to their deficiency in the homologous recombination (HR) pathway. However, HR deficiency (HRD) extends beyond BRCA-associated BC, highlighting the need for a sensitive method to enrich for HRD tumors in an alternative way. A promising approach is the use of functional HRD tests which evaluate the HR capability of tumor cells by measuring RAD51 protein accumulation at DNA damage sites. This study aims to evaluate the performance of a functional RAD51-based HRD test for the identification of HRD BC. METHODS The functional HR status of 63 diagnostic formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) BC samples was determined by applying the RAD51-FFPE test. Samples were screened for the presence of (epi)genetic defects in HR and matching tumor samples were analyzed with the RECAP test, which requires ex vivo irradiated fresh tumor tissue on the premise that the HRD status as determined by the RECAP test faithfully represented the functional HR status. RESULTS The RAD51-FFPE test identified 23 (37%) of the tumors as HRD, including three tumors with pathogenic variants in BRCA1/2. The RAD51-FFPE test showed a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 76% in determining the HR-class as defined by the RECAP test. CONCLUSION Given its high sensitivity and compatibility with FFPE samples, the RAD51-FFPE test holds great potential to enrich for HRD tumors, including those associated with BRCA-deficiency. This potential extends to situations where DNA-based testing may be challenging or not easily accessible in routine clinical practice. This is particularly important considering the potential implications for treatment decisions and patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise M van Wijk
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia Vermeulen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Natalja T Ter Haar
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Claire J H Kramer
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Diantha Terlouw
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Vrieling
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle Cohen
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike P G Vreeswijk
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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7
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Li H, Ma T, Remsberg JR, Won SJ, DeMeester KE, Njomen E, Ogasawara D, Zhao KT, Huang TP, Lu B, Simon GM, Melillo B, Schreiber SL, Lykke-Andersen J, Liu DR, Cravatt BF. Assigning functionality to cysteines by base editing of cancer dependency genes. Nat Chem Biol 2023; 19:1320-1330. [PMID: 37783940 PMCID: PMC10698195 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01428-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Covalent chemistry represents an attractive strategy for expanding the ligandability of the proteome, and chemical proteomics has revealed numerous electrophile-reactive cysteines on diverse human proteins. Determining which of these covalent binding events affect protein function, however, remains challenging. Here we describe a base-editing strategy to infer the functionality of cysteines by quantifying the impact of their missense mutation on cancer cell proliferation. The resulting atlas, which covers more than 13,800 cysteines on more than 1,750 cancer dependency proteins, confirms the essentiality of cysteines targeted by covalent drugs and, when integrated with chemical proteomic data, identifies essential, ligandable cysteines in more than 160 cancer dependency proteins. We further show that a stereoselective and site-specific ligand targeting an essential cysteine in TOE1 inhibits the nuclease activity of this protein through an apparent allosteric mechanism. Our findings thus describe a versatile method and valuable resource to prioritize the pursuit of small-molecule probes with high function-perturbing potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Tiantai Ma
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Sang Joon Won
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Evert Njomen
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Kevin T Zhao
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tony P Huang
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bingwen Lu
- Vividion Therapeutics, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Bruno Melillo
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stuart L Schreiber
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jens Lykke-Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David R Liu
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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8
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Sato K, Knipscheer P. G-quadruplex resolution: From molecular mechanisms to physiological relevance. DNA Repair (Amst) 2023; 130:103552. [PMID: 37572578 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2023.103552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Guanine-rich DNA sequences can fold into stable four-stranded structures called G-quadruplexes or G4s. Research in the past decade demonstrated that G4 structures are widespread in the genome and prevalent in regulatory regions of actively transcribed genes. The formation of G4s has been tightly linked to important biological processes including regulation of gene expression and genome maintenance. However, they can also pose a serious threat to genome integrity especially by impeding DNA replication, and G4-associated somatic mutations have been found accumulated in the cancer genomes. Specialised DNA helicases and single stranded DNA binding proteins that can resolve G4 structures play a crucial role in preventing genome instability. The large variety of G4 unfolding proteins suggest the presence of multiple G4 resolution mechanisms in cells. Recently, there has been considerable progress in our detailed understanding of how G4s are resolved, especially during DNA replication. In this review, we first discuss the current knowledge of the genomic G4 landscapes and the impact of G4 structures on DNA replication and genome integrity. We then describe the recent progress on the mechanisms that resolve G4 structures and their physiological relevance. Finally, we discuss therapeutic opportunities to target G4 structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Sato
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Puck Knipscheer
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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9
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Zhong AX, Chen Y, Chen PL. BRCA1 the Versatile Defender: Molecular to Environmental Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14276. [PMID: 37762577 PMCID: PMC10532398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolving history of BRCA1 research demonstrates the profound interconnectedness of a single protein within the web of crucial functions in human cells. Mutations in BRCA1, a tumor suppressor gene, have been linked to heightened breast and ovarian cancer risks. However, despite decades of extensive research, the mechanisms underlying BRCA1's contribution to tissue-specific tumor development remain elusive. Nevertheless, much of the BRCA1 protein's structure, function, and interactions has been elucidated. Individual regions of BRCA1 interact with numerous proteins to play roles in ubiquitination, transcription, cell checkpoints, and DNA damage repair. At a cellular scale, these BRCA1 functions coordinate tumor suppression, R-loop prevention, and cellular differentiation, all of which may contribute to BRCA1's role in cancer tissue specificity. As research on BRCA1 and breast cancer continues to evolve, it will become increasingly evident that modern materials such as Bisphenol A should be examined for their relationship with DNA stability, cancer incidence, and chemotherapy. Overall, this review offers a comprehensive understanding of BRCA1's many roles at a molecular, cellular, organismal, and environmental scale. We hope that the knowledge gathered here highlights both the necessity of BRCA1 research and the potential for novel strategies to prevent and treat cancer in individuals carrying BRCA1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy X. Zhong
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
| | - Yumay Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
| | - Phang-Lang Chen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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10
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Tesfay L, Paul BT, Hegde P, Brewer M, Habbani S, Jellison E, Moore T, Wu H, Torti SV, Torti FM. Complementary anti-cancer pathways triggered by inhibition of sideroflexin 4 in ovarian cancer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19936. [PMID: 36402786 PMCID: PMC9675821 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24391-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damaging agents are a mainstay of standard chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. Unfortunately, resistance to such DNA damaging agents frequently develops, often due to increased activity of DNA repair pathways. Sideroflexin 4 (SFXN4) is a little-studied inner mitochondrial membrane protein. Here we demonstrate that SFXN4 plays a role in synthesis of iron sulfur clusters (Fe-S) in ovarian cancer cells and ovarian cancer tumor-initiating cells, and that knockdown of SFXN4 inhibits Fe-S biogenesis in ovarian cancer cells. We demonstrate that this has two important consequences that may be useful in anti-cancer therapy. First, inhibition of Fe-S biogenesis triggers the accumulation of excess iron, leading to oxidative stress. Second, because enzymes critical to multiple DNA repair pathways require Fe-S clusters for their function, DNA repair enzymes and DNA repair itself are inhibited by reduction of SFXN4. Through this dual mechanism, SFXN4 inhibition heightens ovarian cancer cell sensitivity to DNA-damaging drugs and DNA repair inhibitors used in ovarian cancer therapy, such as cisplatin and PARP inhibitors. Sensitization is achieved even in drug resistant ovarian cancer cells. Further, knockout of SFXN4 decreases DNA repair and profoundly inhibits tumor growth in a mouse model of ovarian cancer metastasis. Collectively, these results suggest that SFXN4 may represent a new target in ovarian cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Tesfay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Bibbin T Paul
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Poornima Hegde
- Department of Pathology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Molly Brewer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Samrin Habbani
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Evan Jellison
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Timothy Moore
- Statistical Consulting Services, Center for Open Research Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Statistics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Suzy V Torti
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
| | - Frank M Torti
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
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11
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Kohzaki M. Mammalian Resilience Revealed by a Comparison of Human Diseases and Mouse Models Associated With DNA Helicase Deficiencies. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:934042. [PMID: 36032672 PMCID: PMC9403131 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.934042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining genomic integrity is critical for sustaining individual animals and passing on the genome to subsequent generations. Several enzymes, such as DNA helicases and DNA polymerases, are involved in maintaining genomic integrity by unwinding and synthesizing the genome, respectively. Indeed, several human diseases that arise caused by deficiencies in these enzymes have long been known. In this review, the author presents the DNA helicases associated with human diseases discovered to date using recent analyses, including exome sequences. Since several mouse models that reflect these human diseases have been developed and reported, this study also summarizes the current knowledge regarding the outcomes of DNA helicase deficiencies in humans and mice and discusses possible mechanisms by which DNA helicases maintain genomic integrity in mammals. It also highlights specific diseases that demonstrate mammalian resilience, in which, despite the presence of genomic instability, patients and mouse models have lifespans comparable to those of the general population if they do not develop cancers; finally, this study discusses future directions for therapeutic applications in humans that can be explored using these mouse models.
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12
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Jiang K, Ding Y, Dong C, Shan F, Guo K, Zhang J, Zhang F. BCLAF1, a functional partner of BACH1, participates in DNA damage response. DNA Repair (Amst) 2022; 118:103371. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2022.103371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Peake JD, Noguchi E. Fanconi anemia: current insights regarding epidemiology, cancer, and DNA repair. Hum Genet 2022; 141:1811-1836. [PMID: 35596788 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-022-02462-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia is a genetic disorder that is characterized by bone marrow failure, as well as a predisposition to malignancies including leukemia and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). At least 22 genes are associated with Fanconi anemia, constituting the Fanconi anemia DNA repair pathway. This pathway coordinates multiple processes and proteins to facilitate the repair of DNA adducts including interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) that are generated by environmental carcinogens, chemotherapeutic crosslinkers, and metabolic products of alcohol. ICLs can interfere with DNA transactions, including replication and transcription. If not properly removed and repaired, ICLs cause DNA breaks and lead to genomic instability, a hallmark of cancer. In this review, we will discuss the genetic and phenotypic characteristics of Fanconi anemia, the epidemiology of the disease, and associated cancer risk. The sources of ICLs and the role of ICL-inducing chemotherapeutic agents will also be discussed. Finally, we will review the detailed mechanisms of ICL repair via the Fanconi anemia DNA repair pathway, highlighting critical regulatory processes. Together, the information in this review will underscore important contributions to Fanconi anemia research in the past two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine D Peake
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Eishi Noguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.
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14
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Ntemou E, Vidal PD, Alexandri C, Van den Steen G, Lambertini M, Demeestere I. Ovarian toxicity of carboplatin and paclitaxel in mouse carriers of mutation in BRIP1 tumor suppressor gene. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1658. [PMID: 35105904 PMCID: PMC8807594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05357-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 10% of women diagnosed with breast cancer during reproductive age carry hereditary germline pathogenic variants in high-penetrance BRCA genes or in others genes involved in DNA repair mechanisms such as PALB2, BRIP or ATM. Anticancer treatments may have an additional negative impact on the ovarian reserve and subsequently on the fertility of young patients carrying such mutations. Recently, the combination of carboplatin and paclitaxel is being recommended to these BRCA-mutated patients as neoadjuvant therapy. However, the impact on the ovary is unknown. Here, we investigated their effect of on the ovarian reserve using mice carriers of BRCA1-interacting protein C-terminal helicase-1 (BRIP1) mutation that plays an important role in BRCA1-dependent DNA repair. Results revealed that the administration of carboplatin or paclitaxel did not affect the ovarian reserve although increased DNA double-strand breaks were observed with carboplatin alone. Co-administration of carboplatin and paclitaxel resulted in a significant reduction of the ovarian reserve leading to a lower IVF performance, and an activation of the PI3K-Pten pathway, irrespective of the genetic background. This study suggests that co-administration of carboplatin and paclitaxel induces cumulative ovarian damage and infertility but a heterozygote genetic predisposition for DNA damage related to BRCA1 gene function does not increase this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ntemou
- Research Laboratory on Human Reproduction, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Diaz Vidal
- Research Laboratory on Human Reproduction, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Alexandri
- Research Laboratory on Human Reproduction, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Van den Steen
- Research Laboratory on Human Reproduction, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Lambertini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DiMI), School of Medicine, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Medical Oncology, UOC Clinica di Oncologia Medica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - I Demeestere
- Research Laboratory on Human Reproduction, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Erasme Hospital, Brussels, Belgium.
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15
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Feng A, Yang N, Yu R, Liu J, Pang J, Wu X, Shao Y, Yang Z, Dai H. Prognostic Implications of Six Altered Genes in Asian Non-Surgical Esophageal Carcinoma Patients Treated with Chemoradiotherapy. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:41-51. [PMID: 35046666 PMCID: PMC8763582 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s334580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Esophageal cancer (EC), especially esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, remained as one of the most aggressive tumors in China with a five-year survival rate of around 40%. Molecular characteristics through next-generation sequencing are becoming an emerging method in identifying prognostic biomarkers for better treatment management for EC patients. Methods Targeted next-generation sequencing using a 422-gene pan-cancer panel was performed with tumor tissue samples from a total of 69 Asian non-surgical esophageal carcinoma patients (AEC) treated with chemoradiotherapy. A TCGA cohort of 143 EC patients and another Asian ESCC cohort of 47 patients were employed for validation. Results In the AEC cohort, alterations in TP53 (94.2%) and NOTCH1 (55.1%) were the two most frequently observed alterations, whereas in the TCGA cohort, only TP53 alterations were observed at a high ratio (85.3%). Co-amplifications of FGF19 and CCND1 were found at a similar ratio in both cohorts. Multiple alterations in the DNA damage pathway were identified but not associated with overall survival in AEC. Using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses, six gene alterations including YAP1 amplification, RB1 alteration, BAP1 mutation, MYC amplification, WRN mutation, and BRIP1 mutation were identified as adverse prognostic factors in the AEC cohort. A Cox proportional hazard model based on the six prognosis-related genes was constructed and showed the ability in distinguishing EC patients with poorer disease outcomes in AEC and two validation cohorts. Conclusion Six gene alterations were found to be potential unfavorable prognostic markers that might provide guidance in the treatment management for EC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alei Feng
- Tumor Research and Therapy Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Qidu Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Neuroprotective Drugs, Zibo, 255400, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Yang
- Tumor Research and Therapy Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoying Yu
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Liu
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaohui Pang
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Wu
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Shao
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Tumor Research and Therapy Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Honghai Dai
- Tumor Research and Therapy Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
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16
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Brosh RM, Wu Y. An emerging picture of FANCJ's role in G4 resolution to facilitate DNA replication. NAR Cancer 2021; 3:zcab034. [PMID: 34873585 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A well-accepted hallmark of cancer is genomic instability, which drives tumorigenesis. Therefore, understanding the molecular and cellular defects that destabilize chromosomal integrity is paramount to cancer diagnosis, treatment and cure. DNA repair and the replication stress response are overarching paradigms for maintenance of genomic stability, but the devil is in the details. ATP-dependent helicases serve to unwind DNA so it is replicated, transcribed, recombined and repaired efficiently through coordination with other nucleic acid binding and metabolizing proteins. Alternatively folded DNA structures deviating from the conventional anti-parallel double helix pose serious challenges to normal genomic transactions. Accumulating evidence suggests that G-quadruplex (G4) DNA is problematic for replication. Although there are multiple human DNA helicases that can resolve G4 in vitro, it is debated which helicases are truly important to resolve such structures in vivo. Recent advances have begun to elucidate the principal helicase actors, particularly in cellular DNA replication. FANCJ, a DNA helicase implicated in cancer and the chromosomal instability disorder Fanconi Anemia, takes center stage in G4 resolution to allow smooth DNA replication. We will discuss FANCJ's role with its protein partner RPA to remove G4 obstacles during DNA synthesis, highlighting very recent advances and implications for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Brosh
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Yuliang Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
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17
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Abstract
Ring-shaped hexameric helicases are essential motor proteins that separate duplex nucleic acid strands for DNA replication, recombination, and transcriptional regulation. Two evolutionarily distinct lineages of these enzymes, predicated on RecA and AAA+ ATPase folds, have been identified and characterized to date. Hexameric helicases couple NTP hydrolysis with conformational changes that move nucleic acid substrates through a central pore in the enzyme. How hexameric helicases productively engage client DNA or RNA segments and use successive rounds of NTPase activity to power translocation and unwinding have been longstanding questions in the field. Recent structural and biophysical findings are beginning to reveal commonalities in NTP hydrolysis and substrate translocation by diverse hexameric helicase families. Here, we review these molecular mechanisms and highlight aspects of their function that are yet to be understood.
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18
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Mani C, Acharya G, Kshirsagar S, Vijayan M, Khan H, Hemachandra Reddy P, Palle K. A Novel Role for BRIP1/FANCJ in Neuronal Cells Health and in Resolving Oxidative Stress-Induced DNA Lesions. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:207-221. [PMID: 34776453 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA damage accumulation and mitochondrial abnormalities are elevated in neurons during aging and may contribute to neurodegenerative pathologic conditions such as Alzheimer's disease. BRCA1 interacting protein 1 or BRIP1 is a 5' to 3' DNA helicase that catalyzes many abnormal DNA structures during DNA replication, gene transcription, and recombination, and contribute to genomic integrity. OBJECTIVE BRIP1 functions were reasonably well studied in DNA repair; however, there is limited data on its role and regulation during aging and neurodegenerative diseases. METHODS We used immunohistochemistry, western blot, and qRT-PCR assays to analyze the expression of BRIP1. Immunofluorescence studies were performed to study the formation of R-loops, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and mitochondrial morphology. Flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy were used to evaluate mitochondrial ROS and mitochondrial structures, respectively. Oxygen consumption rate was measured using Seahorse, and the Presto Blue™ assays were used to evaluate cell viability. RESULTS Our results demonstrate the expression of BRIP1 in mouse and human brain tissues and in neuronal cell lines. BRIP1 levels were elevated in the hippocampal regions of the brains, specifically in the dentate gyrus. BRIP1 downregulation in neuronal cells caused increased R-loop formation basally and in response to H2O2 treatment. Furthermore, BRIP1 deficient cells exhibited elevated levels of excitotoxicity induced by L-Glutamic acid exposure as evidenced by (mitochondrial) ROS levels, deteriorated mitochondrial health, and cell death compared to BRIP1 proficient neuronal cells. CONCLUSION Overall, our results indicate an important role for BRIP1 in maintaining neuronal cell health and homeostasis by suppressing cellular oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinnadurai Mani
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Ganesh Acharya
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Sudhir Kshirsagar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Murali Vijayan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Hafiz Khan
- Julia Jones Matthews Department of Public Health, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Komaraiah Palle
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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19
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BET Proteins as Attractive Targets for Cancer Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011102. [PMID: 34681760 PMCID: PMC8538173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional dysregulation is a hallmark of cancer and can be an essential driver of cancer initiation and progression. Loss of transcriptional control can cause cancer cells to become dependent on certain regulators of gene expression. Bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) proteins are epigenetic readers that regulate the expression of multiple genes involved in carcinogenesis. BET inhibitors (BETis) disrupt BET protein binding to acetylated lysine residues of chromatin and suppress the transcription of various genes, including oncogenic transcription factors. Phase I and II clinical trials demonstrated BETis’ potential as anticancer drugs against solid tumours and haematological malignancies; however, their clinical success was limited as monotherapies. Emerging treatment-associated toxicities, drug resistance and a lack of predictive biomarkers limited BETis’ clinical progress. The preclinical evaluation demonstrated that BETis synergised with different classes of compounds, including DNA repair inhibitors, thus supporting further clinical development of BETis. The combination of BET and PARP inhibitors triggered synthetic lethality in cells with proficient homologous recombination. Mechanistic studies revealed that BETis targeted multiple essential homologous recombination pathway proteins, including RAD51, BRCA1 and CtIP. The exact mechanism of BETis’ anticancer action remains poorly understood; nevertheless, these agents provide a novel approach to epigenome and transcriptome anticancer therapy.
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20
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Russi M, Marson D, Fermeglia A, Aulic S, Fermeglia M, Laurini E, Pricl S. The fellowship of the RING: BRCA1, its partner BARD1 and their liaison in DNA repair and cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 232:108009. [PMID: 34619284 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1) and its partner - the BRCA1-associated RING domain protein 1 (BARD1) - are key players in a plethora of fundamental biological functions including, among others, DNA repair, replication fork protection, cell cycle progression, telomere maintenance, chromatin remodeling, apoptosis and tumor suppression. However, mutations in their encoding genes transform them into dangerous threats, and substantially increase the risk of developing cancer and other malignancies during the lifetime of the affected individuals. Understanding how BRCA1 and BARD1 perform their biological activities therefore not only provides a powerful mean to prevent such fatal occurrences but can also pave the way to the development of new targeted therapeutics. Thus, through this review work we aim at presenting the major efforts focused on the functional characterization and structural insights of BRCA1 and BARD1, per se and in combination with all their principal mediators and regulators, and on the multifaceted roles these proteins play in the maintenance of human genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Russi
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Domenico Marson
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alice Fermeglia
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Suzana Aulic
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fermeglia
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Erik Laurini
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sabrina Pricl
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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21
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Sato K, Martin-Pintado N, Post H, Altelaar M, Knipscheer P. Multistep mechanism of G-quadruplex resolution during DNA replication. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf8653. [PMID: 34559566 PMCID: PMC8462899 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf8653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
G-quadruplex (or G4) structures form in guanine-rich DNA sequences and threaten genome stability when not properly resolved. G4 unwinding occurs during S phase via an unknown mechanism. Using Xenopus egg extracts, we define a three-step G4 unwinding mechanism that acts during DNA replication. First, the replicative helicase composed of Cdc45, MCM2-7 and GINS (CMG) stalls at a leading strand G4 structure. Second, the DEAH-box helicase 36 (DHX36) mediates bypass of the CMG past the intact G4 structure, allowing approach of the leading strand to the G4. Third, G4 structure unwinding by the Fanconi anemia complementation group J helicase (FANCJ) enables DNA polymerase to synthesize past the G4 motif. A G4 on the lagging strand template does not stall CMG but still requires DNA replication for unwinding. DHX36 and FANCJ have partially redundant roles, conferring pathway robustness. This previously unknown genome maintenance pathway promotes faithful G4 replication, thereby avoiding genome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Sato
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute–KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CT, Netherlands
| | - Nerea Martin-Pintado
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute–KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CT, Netherlands
| | - Harm Post
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, Netherlands
| | - Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, Netherlands
| | - Puck Knipscheer
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute–KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CT, Netherlands
- Corresponding author.
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22
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Gianni P, Matenoglou E, Geropoulos G, Agrawal N, Adnani H, Zafeiropoulos S, Miyara SJ, Guevara S, Mumford JM, Molmenti EP, Giannis D. The Fanconi anemia pathway and Breast Cancer: A comprehensive review of clinical data. Clin Breast Cancer 2021; 22:10-25. [PMID: 34489172 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of breast cancer depends on several risk factors, including environmental, lifestyle and genetic factors. Despite the evolution of DNA sequencing techniques and biomarker detection, the epidemiology and mechanisms of various breast cancer susceptibility genes have not been elucidated yet. Dysregulation of the DNA damage response causes genomic instability and increases the rate of mutagenesis and the risk of carcinogenesis. The Fanconi Anemia (FA) pathway is an important component of the DNA damage response and plays a critical role in the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks and genomic stability. The FA pathway involves 22 recognized genes and specific mutations have been identified as the underlying defect in the majority of FA patients. A thorough understanding of the function and epidemiology of these genes in breast cancer is critical for the development and implementation of individualized therapies that target unique tumor profiles. Targeted therapies (PARP inhibitors) exploiting the FA pathway gene defects have been developed and have shown promising results. This narrative review summarizes the current literature on the involvement of FA genes in sporadic and familial breast cancer with a focus on clinical data derived from large cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Gianni
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| | - Evangelia Matenoglou
- Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Geropoulos
- Thoracic Surgery Department, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London
| | - Nirav Agrawal
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY
| | - Harsha Adnani
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY
| | - Stefanos Zafeiropoulos
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY; Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY
| | - Santiago J Miyara
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY; Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY
| | - Sara Guevara
- Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, New York, NY
| | - James M Mumford
- Department of Family Medicine, Glen Cove Hospital, Glen Cove, New York, NY; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, NY
| | - Ernesto P Molmenti
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY; Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, New York, NY; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, NY
| | - Dimitrios Giannis
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY.
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23
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Cong K, Peng M, Kousholt AN, Lee WTC, Lee S, Nayak S, Krais J, VanderVere-Carozza PS, Pawelczak KS, Calvo J, Panzarino NJ, Turchi JJ, Johnson N, Jonkers J, Rothenberg E, Cantor SB. Replication gaps are a key determinant of PARP inhibitor synthetic lethality with BRCA deficiency. Mol Cell 2021; 81:3128-3144.e7. [PMID: 34216544 PMCID: PMC9089372 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA) is synthetic lethal with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi). Lethality is thought to derive from DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) necessitating BRCA function in homologous recombination (HR) and/or fork protection (FP). Here, we report instead that toxicity derives from replication gaps. BRCA1- or FANCJ-deficient cells, with common repair defects but distinct PARPi responses, reveal gaps as a distinguishing factor. We further uncouple HR, FP, and fork speed from PARPi response. Instead, gaps characterize BRCA-deficient cells, are diminished upon resistance, restored upon resensitization, and, when exposed, augment PARPi toxicity. Unchallenged BRCA1-deficient cells have elevated poly(ADP-ribose) and chromatin-associated PARP1, but aberrantly low XRCC1 consistent with defects in backup Okazaki fragment processing (OFP). 53BP1 loss resuscitates OFP by restoring XRCC1-LIG3 that suppresses the sensitivity of BRCA1-deficient cells to drugs targeting OFP or generating gaps. We highlight gaps as a determinant of PARPi toxicity changing the paradigm for synthetic lethal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Cong
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Min Peng
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Arne Nedergaard Kousholt
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wei Ting C Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Silviana Lee
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Sumeet Nayak
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - John Krais
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | | | | | - Jennifer Calvo
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Nicholas J Panzarino
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - John J Turchi
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; NERx Biosciences, 212 W. 10th St., Suite A480, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Neil Johnson
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eli Rothenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sharon B Cantor
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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24
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Mitteaux J, Lejault P, Wojciechowski F, Joubert A, Boudon J, Desbois N, Gros CP, Hudson RHE, Boulé JB, Granzhan A, Monchaud D. Identifying G-Quadruplex-DNA-Disrupting Small Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:12567-12577. [PMID: 34346684 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The quest for small molecules that strongly bind to G-quadruplex-DNA (G4), so-called G4 ligands, has invigorated the G4 research field from its very inception. Massive efforts have been invested to discover or rationally design G4 ligands, evaluate their G4-interacting properties in vitro through a series of now widely accepted and routinely implemented assays, and use them as innovative chemical biology tools to interrogate cellular networks that might involve G4s. In sharp contrast, only uncoordinated efforts aimed at developing small molecules that destabilize G4s have been invested to date, even though it is now recognized that such molecular tools would have tremendous application in neurobiology as many genetic and age-related diseases are caused by an overrepresentation of G4s. Herein, we report on our efforts to develop in vitro assays to reliably identify molecules able to destabilize G4s. This workflow comprises the newly designed G4-unfold assay, adapted from the G4-helicase assay implemented with Pif1, as well as a series of biophysical and biochemical techniques classically used to study G4/ligand interactions (CD, UV-vis, PAGE, and FRET-melting), and a qPCR stop assay, adapted from a Taq-based protocol recently used to identify G4s in the genomic DNA of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. This unique, multipronged approach leads to the characterization of a phenylpyrrolocytosine (PhpC)-based G-clamp analog as a prototype of G4-disrupting small molecule whose properties are validated through many different and complementary in vitro evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Mitteaux
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire, ICMUB CNRS UMR 6302, UBFC, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Pauline Lejault
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire, ICMUB CNRS UMR 6302, UBFC, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Filip Wojciechowski
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Alexandra Joubert
- Genome Structure and Instability Laboratory, CNRS UMR 7196, INSERM U1154, National Museum of Natural History, Alliance Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Julien Boudon
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, ICB CNRS UMR 6303, UBFC, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Nicolas Desbois
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire, ICMUB CNRS UMR 6302, UBFC, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Claude P Gros
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire, ICMUB CNRS UMR 6302, UBFC, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Robert H E Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Jean-Baptiste Boulé
- Genome Structure and Instability Laboratory, CNRS UMR 7196, INSERM U1154, National Museum of Natural History, Alliance Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anton Granzhan
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 9187, INSERM U1196, PSL Research University, 91405 Orsay, France.,Université Paris Saclay, CNRS UMR 9187, INSERM U1196, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - David Monchaud
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire, ICMUB CNRS UMR 6302, UBFC, 21078 Dijon, France
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Identifying Sequence Variants of 18 Hereditary Ovarian Cancer-Associated Genes in Chinese Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5579543. [PMID: 34350294 PMCID: PMC8328723 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5579543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The causes of ovarian cancer (OC) have been confirmed to be closely related to genetic factors. Identifying sequence variants of hereditary ovarian cancer (HOC) susceptibility genes can increase clinical surveillance, facilitate early detection, and provide personalized treatment for patients. This study is aimed at investigating the variation frequency of HOC susceptibility genes in the Chinese population and providing information for the etiology and genetics of OC. Methods 118 epithelial OC patients were recruited in this clinical study. Variants of 18-gene panel were detected in blood samples by next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. Results Overall, 36.44% (43/118) of patients carried at least one pathogenic variant. Among these, BRCA1 pathogenic variants were detected in 31 (26.27%) patients, and 5 (4.24%) patients carried pathogenic variants of BRCA2. Moreover, 27.12% (32/118) of patients carried variants of unknown significance (VUSs). Importantly, we detected eight variants that were not reported previously. Conclusions Our study enlarged the spectrum of HOC-associated gene sequence variants in the Chinese population and also proved the necessity of multigene testing in epithelial OC patients. The identification of patients with HOC will allow family members to undergo cascade testing where identification of unaffected carriers can facilitate early detection, risk reduction, or prevention of OC and ultimately improve long-term outcomes.
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Single-molecule imaging reveals replication fork coupled formation of G-quadruplex structures hinders local replication stress signaling. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2525. [PMID: 33953191 PMCID: PMC8099879 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22830-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanine-rich DNA sequences occur throughout the human genome and can transiently form G-quadruplex (G4) structures that may obstruct DNA replication, leading to genomic instability. Here, we apply multi-color single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) coupled with robust data-mining algorithms to quantitatively visualize replication fork (RF)-coupled formation and spatial-association of endogenous G4s. Using this data, we investigate the effects of G4s on replisome dynamics and organization. We show that a small fraction of active replication forks spontaneously form G4s at newly unwound DNA immediately behind the MCM helicase and before nascent DNA synthesis. These G4s locally perturb replisome dynamics and organization by reducing DNA synthesis and limiting the binding of the single-strand DNA-binding protein RPA. We find that the resolution of RF-coupled G4s is mediated by an interplay between RPA and the FANCJ helicase. FANCJ deficiency leads to G4 accumulation, DNA damage at G4-associated replication forks, and silencing of the RPA-mediated replication stress response. Our study provides first-hand evidence of the intrinsic, RF-coupled formation of G4 structures, offering unique mechanistic insights into the interference and regulation of stable G4s at replication forks and their effect on RPA-associated fork signaling and genomic instability.
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Papachristou F, Anninou N, Koukoulis G, Paraskakis S, Sertaridou E, Tsalikidis C, Pitiakoudis M, Simopoulos C, Tsaroucha A. Differential effects of cisplatin combined with the flavonoid apigenin on HepG2, Hep3B, and Huh7 liver cancer cell lines. Mutat Res 2021; 866:503352. [PMID: 33985696 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The potential of apigenin (APG) to enhance cisplatin's (CDDP) chemotherapeutic efficacy was investigated in HepG2, Hep3B, and Huh7 liver cancer cell lines. The presence of 20 μM APG sensitized all cell lines to CDDP treatment (degree of sensitization based on the MTT assay: HepG2>Huh7>Hep3B). As reflected by sister chromatid exchange levels, the degree of genetic instability as well as DNA repair by homologous recombination differed among cell lines. CDDP and 20 μM APG cotreatment exhibited a synergistic genotoxic effect on Hep3B cells and a less than additive effect on HepG2 and Huh7 cells. Cell cycle delays were noticed during the first mitotic division in Hep3B and Huh7 cells and the second mitotic division in HepG2 cells. CDDP and CDDP + APG treatments reduced the clonogenic capacity of all cell lines; however, there was a discordance in drug sensitivity compared with the MMT assay. Furthermore, a senescence-like phenotype was induced, especially in Hep3B and Huh7 cells. Unlike CDDP monotherapy, the combined treatment exhibited a significant anti-invasive and anti-migratory action in all cancer cell lines. The fact that the three liver cancer cell lines responded differently, yet positively, to CDDP + APG cotreatment could be attributed to variations they present in gene expression. Complex mechanisms seem to influence cellular responses and cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotini Papachristou
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, 68 100, Greece; Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, 2nd Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, 68 100, Greece.
| | - Nikolia Anninou
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, 68 100, Greece
| | - Georgios Koukoulis
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, 2nd Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, 68 100, Greece
| | - Stefanos Paraskakis
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, 2nd Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, 68 100, Greece
| | - Eleni Sertaridou
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, 2nd Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, 68 100, Greece
| | - Christos Tsalikidis
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, 2nd Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, 68 100, Greece
| | - Michael Pitiakoudis
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, 2nd Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, 68 100, Greece
| | - Constantinos Simopoulos
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, 68 100, Greece; Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, 2nd Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, 68 100, Greece
| | - Alexandra Tsaroucha
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, 68 100, Greece; Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, 2nd Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, 68 100, Greece
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Santos D, Mahtab M, Boavida A, Pisani FM. Role of the DDX11 DNA Helicase in Warsaw Breakage Syndrome Etiology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2308. [PMID: 33669056 PMCID: PMC7956524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Warsaw breakage syndrome (WABS) is a genetic disorder characterized by sister chromatid cohesion defects, growth retardation, microcephaly, hearing loss and other variable clinical manifestations. WABS is due to biallelic mutations of the gene coding for the super-family 2 DNA helicase DDX11/ChlR1, orthologous to the yeast chromosome loss protein 1 (Chl1). WABS is classified in the group of "cohesinopathies", rare hereditary diseases that are caused by mutations in genes coding for subunits of the cohesin complex or protein factors having regulatory roles in the sister chromatid cohesion process. In fact, among the cohesion regulators, an important player is DDX11, which is believed to be important for the functional coupling of DNA synthesis and cohesion establishment at the replication forks. Here, we will review what is known about the molecular and cellular functions of human DDX11 and its role in WABS etiopathogenesis, even in light of recent findings on the role of cohesin and its regulator network in promoting chromatin loop formation and regulating chromatin spatial organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Santos
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biologia Cellulare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (D.S.); (M.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Mohammad Mahtab
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biologia Cellulare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (D.S.); (M.M.); (A.B.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Ana Boavida
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biologia Cellulare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (D.S.); (M.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Francesca M. Pisani
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biologia Cellulare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (D.S.); (M.M.); (A.B.)
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Cuella-Martin R, Hayward SB, Fan X, Chen X, Huang JW, Taglialatela A, Leuzzi G, Zhao J, Rabadan R, Lu C, Shen Y, Ciccia A. Functional interrogation of DNA damage response variants with base editing screens. Cell 2021; 184:1081-1097.e19. [PMID: 33606978 PMCID: PMC8018281 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in DNA damage response (DDR) genes endanger genome integrity and predispose to cancer and genetic disorders. Here, using CRISPR-dependent cytosine base editing screens, we identify > 2,000 sgRNAs that generate nucleotide variants in 86 DDR genes, resulting in altered cellular fitness upon DNA damage. Among those variants, we discover loss- and gain-of-function mutants in the Tudor domain of the DDR regulator 53BP1 that define a non-canonical surface required for binding the deubiquitinase USP28. Moreover, we characterize variants of the TRAIP ubiquitin ligase that define a domain, whose loss renders cells resistant to topoisomerase I inhibition. Finally, we identify mutations in the ATM kinase with opposing genome stability phenotypes and loss-of-function mutations in the CHK2 kinase previously categorized as variants of uncertain significance for breast cancer. We anticipate that this resource will enable the discovery of additional DDR gene functions and expedite studies of DDR variants in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Cuella-Martin
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Samuel B Hayward
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xiao Fan
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jen-Wei Huang
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Angelo Taglialatela
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Giuseppe Leuzzi
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Junfei Zhao
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Program for Mathematical Genomics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Raul Rabadan
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Program for Mathematical Genomics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Chao Lu
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yufeng Shen
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alberto Ciccia
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Quinet A, Tirman S, Cybulla E, Meroni A, Vindigni A. To skip or not to skip: choosing repriming to tolerate DNA damage. Mol Cell 2021; 81:649-658. [PMID: 33515486 PMCID: PMC7935405 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Accurate DNA replication is constantly threatened by DNA lesions arising from endogenous and exogenous sources. Specialized DNA replication stress response pathways ensure replication fork progression in the presence of DNA lesions with minimal delay in fork elongation. These pathways broadly include translesion DNA synthesis, template switching, and replication fork repriming. Here, we discuss recent advances toward our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate the fine-tuned balance between these different replication stress response pathways. We also discuss the molecular pathways required to fill single-stranded DNA gaps that accumulate throughout the genome after repriming and the biological consequences of using repriming instead of other DNA damage tolerance pathways on genome integrity and cell fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Quinet
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stephanie Tirman
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Emily Cybulla
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Alice Meroni
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alessandro Vindigni
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Lejault P, Mitteaux J, Sperti FR, Monchaud D. How to untie G-quadruplex knots and why? Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:436-455. [PMID: 33596431 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For over two decades, the prime objective of the chemical biology community studying G-quadruplexes (G4s) has been to use chemicals to interact with and stabilize G4s in cells to obtain mechanistic interpretations. This strategy has been undoubtedly successful, as demonstrated by recent advances. However, these insights have also led to a fundamental rethinking of G4-targeting strategies: due to the prevalence of G4s in the human genome, transcriptome, and ncRNAome (collectively referred to as the G4ome), and their involvement in human diseases, should we continue developing G4-stabilizing ligands or should we invest in designing molecular tools to unfold G4s? Here, we first focus on how, when, and where G4s fold in cells; then, we describe the enzymatic systems that have evolved to counteract G4 folding and how they have been used as tools to manipulate G4s in cells; finally, we present strategies currently being implemented to devise new molecular G4 unwinding agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Lejault
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, ICMUB CNRS UMR 6302, UBFC Dijon, France
| | - Jérémie Mitteaux
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, ICMUB CNRS UMR 6302, UBFC Dijon, France
| | - Francesco Rota Sperti
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, ICMUB CNRS UMR 6302, UBFC Dijon, France
| | - David Monchaud
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, ICMUB CNRS UMR 6302, UBFC Dijon, France.
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Visualising G-quadruplex DNA dynamics in live cells by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:162. [PMID: 33420085 PMCID: PMC7794231 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanine rich regions of oligonucleotides fold into quadruple-stranded structures called G-quadruplexes (G4s). Increasing evidence suggests that these G4 structures form in vivo and play a crucial role in cellular processes. However, their direct observation in live cells remains a challenge. Here we demonstrate that a fluorescent probe (DAOTA-M2) in conjunction with fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) can identify G4s within nuclei of live and fixed cells. We present a FLIM-based cellular assay to study the interaction of non-fluorescent small molecules with G4s and apply it to a wide range of drug candidates. We also demonstrate that DAOTA-M2 can be used to study G4 stability in live cells. Reduction of FancJ and RTEL1 expression in mammalian cells increases the DAOTA-M2 lifetime and therefore suggests an increased number of G4s in these cells, implying that FancJ and RTEL1 play a role in resolving G4 structures in cellulo. Direct observation of G-quadruplexes (G4s) in live cells is challenging. Here the authors report a method to identify G4s within the nuclei of live and fixed cells using a fluorescent probe combined with fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy.
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Martín-Morales L, Garre P, Lorca V, Cazorla M, Llovet P, Bando I, García-Barberan V, González-Morales ML, Esteban-Jurado C, de la Hoya M, Castellví-Bel S, Caldés T. BRIP1, a Gene Potentially Implicated in Familial Colorectal Cancer Type X. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2020; 14:185-194. [PMID: 33115781 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-20-0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Familial colorectal cancer Type X (FCCTX) comprises a heterogeneous group of families with an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer and other related tumors, but with mismatch repair-proficient, microsatellite-stable (MSS) tumors. Unfortunately, the genetic basis underlying their cancer predisposition remains unknown. Although pathogenic germline variants in BRIP1 increase the risk of developing hereditary ovarian cancer, the involvement of BRIP1 in hereditary colorectal cancer is still not well known. In order to identify new BRIP1 variants associated with inherited colorectal cancer, affected and nonaffected individuals from 18 FCCTX or high-risk MSS colorectal cancer families were evaluated by whole-exome sequencing, and another 62 colorectal cancer patients from FCCTX or high-risk MSS colorectal cancer families were screened by a next-generation sequencing (NGS) multigene panel. The families were recruited at the Genetic Counseling Unit of Hospital Clínico San Carlos of Madrid. A total of three different BRIP1 mutations in three unrelated families were identified. Among them, there were two frameshift variants [c.1702_1703del, p.(Asn568TrpfsTer9) and c.903del, p.(Leu301PhefsTer2)] that result in the truncation of the protein and are thus classified as pathogenic (class 5). The remaining was a missense variant [c.2220G>T, p.(Gln740His)] considered a variant of uncertain significance (class 3). The segregation and loss-of-heterozygosity studies provide evidence linking the two BRIP1 frameshift variants to colorectal cancer risk, with suggestive but not definitive evidence that the third variant may be benign. The results here presented suggest that germline BRIP1 pathogenic variants could be associated with hereditary colorectal cancer predisposition.Prevention Relevance: We suggest that BRIP1 pathogenic germline variants may have a causal role in CRC as moderate cancer susceptibility alleles and be associated with hereditary CRC predisposition. A better understanding of hereditary CRC may provide important clues to disease predisposition and could contribute to molecular diagnostics, improved risk stratification, and targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Martín-Morales
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Garre
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Lorca
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Cazorla
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Llovet
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Bando
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa García-Barberan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Clara Esteban-Jurado
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel de la Hoya
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergi Castellví-Bel
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Trinidad Caldés
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
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Awate S, Sommers JA, Datta A, Nayak S, Bellani MA, Yang O, Dunn CA, Nicolae CM, Moldovan GL, Seidman MM, Cantor SB, Brosh RM. FANCJ compensates for RAP80 deficiency and suppresses genomic instability induced by interstrand cross-links. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:9161-9180. [PMID: 32797166 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
FANCJ, a DNA helicase and interacting partner of the tumor suppressor BRCA1, is crucial for the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICL), a highly toxic lesion that leads to chromosomal instability and perturbs normal transcription. In diploid cells, FANCJ is believed to operate in homologous recombination (HR) repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB); however, its precise role and molecular mechanism is poorly understood. Moreover, compensatory mechanisms of ICL resistance when FANCJ is deficient have not been explored. In this work, we conducted a siRNA screen to identify genes of the DNA damage response/DNA repair regime that when acutely depleted sensitize FANCJ CRISPR knockout cells to a low concentration of the DNA cross-linking agent mitomycin C (MMC). One of the top hits from the screen was RAP80, a protein that recruits repair machinery to broken DNA ends and regulates DNA end-processing. Concomitant loss of FANCJ and RAP80 not only accentuates DNA damage levels in human cells but also adversely affects the cell cycle checkpoint, resulting in profound chromosomal instability. Genetic complementation experiments demonstrated that both FANCJ's catalytic activity and interaction with BRCA1 are important for ICL resistance when RAP80 is deficient. The elevated RPA and RAD51 foci in cells co-deficient of FANCJ and RAP80 exposed to MMC are attributed to single-stranded DNA created by Mre11 and CtIP nucleases. Altogether, our cell-based findings together with biochemical studies suggest a critical function of FANCJ to suppress incompletely processed and toxic joint DNA molecules during repair of ICL-induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Awate
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joshua A Sommers
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arindam Datta
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sumeet Nayak
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School - UMASS Memorial Cancer Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Marina A Bellani
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Olivia Yang
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher A Dunn
- Flow Cytometry Unit, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Claudia M Nicolae
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - George-Lucian Moldovan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Michael M Seidman
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sharon B Cantor
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School - UMASS Memorial Cancer Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Robert M Brosh
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
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35
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Dhar S, Datta A, Brosh RM. DNA helicases and their roles in cancer. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 96:102994. [PMID: 33137625 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DNA helicases, known for their fundamentally important roles in genomic stability, are high profile players in cancer. Not only are there monogenic helicase disorders with a strong disposition to cancer, it is well appreciated that helicase variants are associated with specific cancers (e.g., breast cancer). Flipping the coin, DNA helicases are frequently overexpressed in cancerous tissues and reduction in helicase gene expression results in reduced proliferation and growth capacity, as well as DNA damage induction and apoptosis of cancer cells. The seminal roles of helicases in the DNA damage and replication stress responses, as well as DNA repair pathways, validate their vital importance in cancer biology and suggest their potential values as targets in anti-cancer therapy. In recent years, many laboratories have characterized the specialized roles of helicase to resolve transcription-replication conflicts, maintain telomeres, mediate cell cycle checkpoints, remodel stalled replication forks, and regulate transcription. In vivo models, particularly mice, have been used to interrogate helicase function and serve as a bridge for preclinical studies that may lead to novel therapeutic approaches. In this review, we will summarize our current knowledge of DNA helicases and their roles in cancer, emphasizing the latest developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijita Dhar
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Arindam Datta
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Robert M Brosh
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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36
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Sadeghi F, Asgari M, Matloubi M, Ranjbar M, Karkhaneh Yousefi N, Azari T, Zaki-Dizaji M. Molecular contribution of BRCA1 and BRCA2 to genome instability in breast cancer patients: review of radiosensitivity assays. Biol Proced Online 2020; 22:23. [PMID: 33013205 PMCID: PMC7528506 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-020-00133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA repair pathways, cell cycle arrest checkpoints, and cell death induction are present in cells to process DNA damage and prevent genomic instability caused by various extrinsic and intrinsic ionizing factors. Mutations in the genes involved in these pathways enhances the ionizing radiation sensitivity, reduces the individual's capacity to repair DNA damages, and subsequently increases susceptibility to tumorigenesis. BODY BRCA1 and BRCA2 are two highly penetrant genes involved in the inherited breast cancer and contribute to different DNA damage pathways and cell cycle and apoptosis cascades. Mutations in these genes have been associated with hypersensitivity and genetic instability as well as manifesting severe radiotherapy complications in breast cancer patients. The genomic instability and DNA repair capacity of breast cancer patients with BRCA1/2 mutations have been analyzed in different studies using a variety of assays, including micronucleus assay, comet assay, chromosomal assay, colony-forming assay, γ -H2AX and 53BP1 biomarkers, and fluorescence in situ hybridization. The majority of studies confirmed the enhanced spontaneous & radiation-induced radiosensitivity of breast cancer patients compared to healthy controls. Using G2 micronucleus assay and G2 chromosomal assay, most studies have reported the lymphocyte of healthy carriers with BRCA1 mutation are hypersensitive to invitro ionizing radiation compared to non-carriers without a history of breast cancer. However, it seems this approach is not likely to be useful to distinguish the BRCA carriers from non-carrier with familial history of breast cancer. CONCLUSION In overall, breast cancer patients are more radiosensitive compared to healthy control; however, inconsistent results exist about the ability of current radiosensitive techniques in screening BRCA1/2 carriers or those susceptible to radiotherapy complications. Therefore, developing further radiosensitivity assay is still warranted to evaluate the DNA repair capacity of individuals with BRCA1/2 mutations and serve as a predictive factor for increased risk of cancer mainly in the relatives of breast cancer patients. Moreover, it can provide more evidence about who is susceptible to manifest severe complication after radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sadeghi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Digestive Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Asgari
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Shariati Hospital, Kargar Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojdeh Matloubi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maral Ranjbar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Karkhaneh Yousefi
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Azari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Zaki-Dizaji
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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37
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Kamal L, Pierce SB, Canavati C, Rayyan AA, Jaraysa T, Lobel O, Lolas S, Norquist BM, Rabie G, Zahdeh F, Levy-Lahad E, King MC, Kanaan MN. Helicase-inactivating BRIP1 mutation yields Fanconi anemia with microcephaly and other congenital abnormalities. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2020; 6:a005652. [PMID: 33028645 PMCID: PMC7552932 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a005652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia is a genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous disorder characterized by congenital anomalies, bone marrow failure, cancer, and sensitivity of chromosomes to DNA cross-linking agents. One of the 22 genes responsible for Fanconi anemia is BRIP1, in which biallelic truncating mutations lead to Fanconi anemia group J and monoallelic truncating mutations predispose to certain cancers. However, of the more than 1000 reported missense mutations in BRIP1, very few have been functionally characterized. We evaluated the functional consequence of BRIP1 p.R848H (c.2543G > A), which was homozygous in two cousins with low birth weight, microcephaly, upper limb abnormalities, and imperforate anus and for whom chromosome breakage analysis of patient cells revealed increased mitomycin C sensitivity. BRIP1 p.R848H alters a highly conserved residue in the catalytic DNA helicase domain. We show that BRIP1 p.R848H leads to a defect in helicase activity. Heterozygosity at this missense has been reported in multiple cancer patients but, in the absence of functional studies, classified as of unknown significance. Our results support that this mutation is pathogenic for Fanconi anemia in homozygotes and for increased cancer susceptibility in heterozygous carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Kamal
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Istishari Arab Hospital, Ramallah, Palestine
- Hereditary Research Laboratory and Department of Biology, Bethlehem University, Bethlehem, Palestine
| | - Sarah B Pierce
- Departments of Medicine and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Christina Canavati
- Hereditary Research Laboratory and Department of Biology, Bethlehem University, Bethlehem, Palestine
| | - Amal Abu Rayyan
- Hereditary Research Laboratory and Department of Biology, Bethlehem University, Bethlehem, Palestine
| | - Tamara Jaraysa
- Hereditary Research Laboratory and Department of Biology, Bethlehem University, Bethlehem, Palestine
| | - Orit Lobel
- Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem 9103102, Israel
| | - Suhair Lolas
- Hereditary Research Laboratory and Department of Biology, Bethlehem University, Bethlehem, Palestine
| | - Barbara M Norquist
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Grace Rabie
- Hereditary Research Laboratory and Department of Biology, Bethlehem University, Bethlehem, Palestine
| | - Fouad Zahdeh
- Hereditary Research Laboratory and Department of Biology, Bethlehem University, Bethlehem, Palestine
| | - Ephrat Levy-Lahad
- Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem 9103102, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Mary-Claire King
- Departments of Medicine and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Moien N Kanaan
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Istishari Arab Hospital, Ramallah, Palestine
- Hereditary Research Laboratory and Department of Biology, Bethlehem University, Bethlehem, Palestine
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38
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Wang J, Sun D, Lu W, Zhang Z, Zhang C, Hu K. BRIP1 rs10744996C>A variant increases the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the Mongolian population of northern China. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:1950-1959. [PMID: 32851703 DOI: 10.1113/ep088210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? What is the role of breast cancer type 1 interacting protein C-terminal helicase 1 (BRIP1) polymorphism in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? What is the main finding and its importance? Variant rs10744996C>A of BRIP1 increases the susceptibility of the Mongolian population to COPD. The expression of BRIP1 was significantly reduced in cigarette smoke extract-treated airway epithelial cells. ABSTRACT Cigarette smoke is a major environmental pollutant that can induce DNA damage in humans. The development and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are known to be related to the impairment of DNA repair. Breast cancer type 1 interacting protein C-terminal helicase 1 (BRIP1) plays an important role in DNA interstrand crosslink repair and double-strand break repair. However, the role of BRIP1 polymorphisms in COPD has not been previously described. In this study, whole genome sequencing was used to identify mutations, and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping was used to verify the selected SNPs. In addition the BRIP1 expression levels in 16HBE and A549 airway epithelial cells treated with or without cigarette smoke extract (CSE) were measured using western blotting and RT-qPCR. Rs10744996C>A in the 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) of BRIP1 was then genotyped in 1296 COPD cases and 988 healthy control subjects from a Mongolian population in northern China. Significant differences in the distribution of rs10744996C>A variants between COPD and control groups (P = 0.001) were identified. Rs10744996C>A was found to be associated with significantly increased COPD risk (adjusted odds ratio = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.30-1.98, P < 0.0001). Additionally, rs10744996A genotype was found to interact with a family history of cancer and a history of x-ray exposure (P = 0.028 and 0.009, respectively). BRIP1 expression levels in 16HBE and A549 cells treated with CSE were significantly lower compared to the control treated cells. The rs10744996C>A variant of BRIP1 increased the COPD susceptibility of the Mongolian population cohort. BRIP1 mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly reduced in conjunction with CSE-induced DNA damage in 16HBE and A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Dejun Sun
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Wenju Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chenting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ke Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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39
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Rizeq B, Sif S, Nasrallah GK, Ouhtit A. Novel role of BRCA1 interacting C-terminal helicase 1 (BRIP1) in breast tumour cell invasion. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:11477-11488. [PMID: 32888398 PMCID: PMC7576304 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy and the leading cause of death in women worldwide. Only 5%‐10% of mutations in BRCA genes are associated with familial breast tumours in Eastern countries, suggesting the contribution of other genes. Using a microarray gene expression profiling study of BC, we have recently identified BRIP1 (fivefold up‐regulation) as a potential gene associated with BC progression in the Omani population. Although BRIP1 regulates DNA repair and cell proliferation, the precise role of BRIP1 in BC cell invasion/metastasis has not been explored yet; this prompted us to test the hypothesis that BRIP1 promotes BC cell proliferation and invasion. Using a combination of cellular and molecular approaches, our results revealed differential overexpression of BRIP1 in different BC cell lines. Functional assays validated further the physiological relevance of BRIP1 in tumour malignancy, and siRNA‐mediated BRIP1 knockdown significantly reduced BC cell motility by targeting key motility‐associated genes. Moreover, down‐regulation of BRIP1 expression significantly attenuated cell proliferation via cell cycle arrest. Our study is the first to show the novel function of BRIP1 in promoting BC cell invasion by regulating expression of various downstream target genes. Furthermore, these findings provide us with a unique opportunity to identify BRIP1‐induced pro‐invasive genes that could serve as biomarkers and/or targets to guide the design of appropriate BC targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balsam Rizeq
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts & Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Saïd Sif
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts & Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Gheyath K Nasrallah
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical Science Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Allal Ouhtit
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts & Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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40
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Rickman KA, Noonan RJ, Lach FP, Sridhar S, Wang AT, Abhyankar A, Huang A, Kelly M, Auerbach AD, Smogorzewska A. Distinct roles of BRCA2 in replication fork protection in response to hydroxyurea and DNA interstrand cross-links. Genes Dev 2020; 34:832-846. [PMID: 32354836 PMCID: PMC7263144 DOI: 10.1101/gad.336446.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) are a form of DNA damage that requires the interplay of a number of repair proteins including those of the Fanconi anemia (FA) and the homologous recombination (HR) pathways. Pathogenic variants in the essential gene BRCA2/FANCD1, when monoallelic, predispose to breast and ovarian cancer, and when biallelic, result in a severe subtype of Fanconi anemia. BRCA2 function in the FA pathway is attributed to its role as a mediator of the RAD51 recombinase in HR repair of programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). BRCA2 and RAD51 functions are also required to protect stalled replication forks from nucleolytic degradation during response to hydroxyurea (HU). While RAD51 has been shown to be necessary in the early steps of ICL repair to prevent aberrant nuclease resection, the role of BRCA2 in this process has not been described. Here, based on the analysis of BRCA2 DNA-binding domain (DBD) mutants (c.8488-1G>A and c.8524C>T) discovered in FA patients presenting with atypical FA-like phenotypes, we establish that BRCA2 is necessary for the protection of DNA at ICLs. Cells carrying BRCA2 DBD mutations are sensitive to ICL-inducing agents but resistant to HU treatment consistent with relatively high HR repair in these cells. BRCA2 function at an ICL protects against DNA2-WRN nuclease-helicase complex and not the MRE11 nuclease that is implicated in the resection of HU-induced stalled replication forks. Our results also indicate that unlike the processing at HU-induced stalled forks, the function of the SNF2 translocases (SMARCAL1, ZRANB3, or HLTF), implicated in fork reversal, are not an integral component of the ICL repair, pointing to a different mechanism of fork protection at different DNA lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Rickman
- Laboratory of Genome Maintenance, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Raymond J Noonan
- Laboratory of Genome Maintenance, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Francis P Lach
- Laboratory of Genome Maintenance, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Sunandini Sridhar
- Laboratory of Genome Maintenance, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Anderson T Wang
- Laboratory of Genome Maintenance, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | | | - Athena Huang
- Laboratory of Genome Maintenance, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Michael Kelly
- Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | - Arleen D Auerbach
- Human Genetics and Hematology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Agata Smogorzewska
- Laboratory of Genome Maintenance, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
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41
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Nayak S, Calvo JA, Cong K, Peng M, Berthiaume E, Jackson J, Zaino AM, Vindigni A, Hadden MK, Cantor SB. Inhibition of the translesion synthesis polymerase REV1 exploits replication gaps as a cancer vulnerability. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz7808. [PMID: 32577513 PMCID: PMC7286678 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz7808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The replication stress response, which serves as an anticancer barrier, is activated not only by DNA damage and replication obstacles but also oncogenes, thus obscuring how cancer evolves. Here, we identify that oncogene expression, similar to other replication stress-inducing agents, induces single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) gaps that reduce cell fitness. DNA fiber analysis and electron microscopy reveal that activation of translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerases restricts replication fork slowing, reversal, and fork degradation without inducing replication gaps despite the continuation of replication during stress. Consistent with gap suppression (GS) being fundamental to cancer, we demonstrate that a small-molecule inhibitor targeting the TLS factor REV1 not only disrupts DNA replication and cancer cell fitness but also synergizes with gap-inducing therapies such as inhibitors of ATR or Wee1. Our work illuminates that GS during replication is critical for cancer cell fitness and therefore a targetable vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeet Nayak
- Molecular Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Calvo
- Molecular Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ke Cong
- Molecular Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Min Peng
- Molecular Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Emily Berthiaume
- Molecular Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jessica Jackson
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Angela M. Zaino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Alessandro Vindigni
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - M. Kyle Hadden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Sharon B. Cantor
- Molecular Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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42
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Odermatt DC, Lee WTC, Wild S, Jozwiakowski SK, Rothenberg E, Gari K. Cancer-associated mutations in the iron-sulfur domain of FANCJ affect G-quadruplex metabolism. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008740. [PMID: 32542039 PMCID: PMC7316351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
FANCJ/BRIP1 is an iron-sulfur (FeS) cluster-binding DNA helicase involved in DNA inter-strand cross-link (ICL) repair and G-quadruplex (G4) metabolism. Mutations in FANCJ are associated with Fanconi anemia and an increased risk for developing breast and ovarian cancer. Several cancer-associated mutations are located in the FeS domain of FANCJ, but how they affect FeS cluster binding and/or FANCJ activity has remained mostly unclear. Here we show that the FeS cluster is indispensable for FANCJ's ability to unwind DNA substrates in vitro and to provide cellular resistance to agents that induce ICLs. Moreover, we find that FANCJ requires an intact FeS cluster for its ability to unfold G4 structures on the DNA template in a primer extension assay with the lagging-strand DNA polymerase delta. Surprisingly, however, FANCJ variants that are unable to bind an FeS cluster and to unwind DNA in vitro can partially suppress the formation of replisome-associated G4 structures that we observe in a FANCJ knock-out cell line. This may suggest a partially retained cellular activity of FANCJ variants with alterations in the FeS domain. On the other hand, FANCJ knock-out cells expressing FeS cluster-deficient variants display a similar-enhanced-sensitivity towards pyridostatin (PDS) and CX-5461, two agents that stabilise G4 structures, as FANCJ knock-out cells. Mutations in FANCJ that abolish FeS cluster binding may hence be predictive of an increased cellular sensitivity towards G4-stabilising agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C. Odermatt
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wei Ting C. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sebastian Wild
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Eli Rothenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kerstin Gari
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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43
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The FANC/BRCA Pathway Releases Replication Blockades by Eliminating DNA Interstrand Cross-Links. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11050585. [PMID: 32466131 PMCID: PMC7288313 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) represent a major barrier blocking DNA replication fork progression. ICL accumulation results in growth arrest and cell death—particularly in cell populations undergoing high replicative activity, such as cancer and leukemic cells. For this reason, agents able to induce DNA ICLs are widely used as chemotherapeutic drugs. However, ICLs are also generated in cells as byproducts of normal metabolic activities. Therefore, every cell must be capable of rescuing lCL-stalled replication forks while maintaining the genetic stability of the daughter cells in order to survive, replicate DNA and segregate chromosomes at mitosis. Inactivation of the Fanconi anemia/breast cancer-associated (FANC/BRCA) pathway by inherited mutations leads to Fanconi anemia (FA), a rare developmental, cancer-predisposing and chromosome-fragility syndrome. FANC/BRCA is the key hub for a complex and wide network of proteins that—upon rescuing ICL-stalled DNA replication forks—allows cell survival. Understanding how cells cope with ICLs is mandatory to ameliorate ICL-based anticancer therapies and provide the molecular basis to prevent or bypass cancer drug resistance. Here, we review our state-of-the-art understanding of the mechanisms involved in ICL resolution during DNA synthesis, with a major focus on how the FANC/BRCA pathway ensures DNA strand opening and prevents genomic instability.
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44
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Nath S, Nagaraju G. FANCJ helicase promotes DNA end resection by facilitating CtIP recruitment to DNA double-strand breaks. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008701. [PMID: 32251466 PMCID: PMC7162537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
FANCJ helicase mutations are known to cause hereditary breast and ovarian cancers as well as bone marrow failure syndrome Fanconi anemia. FANCJ plays an important role in the repair of DNA inter-strand crosslinks and DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by homologous recombination (HR). Nonetheless, the molecular mechanism by which FANCJ controls HR mediated DSB repair is obscure. Here, we show that FANCJ promotes DNA end resection by recruiting CtIP to the sites of DSBs. This recruitment of CtIP is dependent on FANCJ K1249 acetylation. Notably, FANCJ acetylation is dependent on FANCJ S990 phosphorylation by CDK. The CDK mediated phosphorylation of FANCJ independently facilitates its interaction with BRCA1 at damaged DNA sites and promotes DNA end resection by CtIP recruitment. Strikingly, mutational studies reveal that ATP binding competent but hydrolysis deficient FANCJ partially supports end resection, indicating that in addition to the scaffolding role of FANCJ in CtIP recruitment, its helicase activity is important for promoting end resection. Together, these data unravel a novel function of FANCJ helicase in DNA end resection and provide mechanistic insights into its role in repairing DSBs by HR and in genome maintenance. Homologous recombination has been considered as an error-free pathway in repairing DSBs and maintaining genome stability. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and various factors including MRE11, CtIP, EXO1, and BLM helicase participate in DNA end resection to promote HR mediated DSB repair. Despite the identification of FANCJ helicase role in HR and tumor suppression, the molecular mechanism by which FANCJ helicase participates in HR is obscure. Here, we show that FANCJ helicase controls DNA end resection by recruiting CtIP to the sites of DSBs. The loading of CtIP is dependent on FANCJ acetylation which is mediated by CDK dependent phosphorylation of FANCJ. Moreover, in addition to FANCJ mediated CtIP recruitment, its helicase activity is also essential for DNA end resection. Our data identify FANCJ as a novel player in the DNA end resection and provide insights into its role in HR mediated DSB repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmi Nath
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ganesh Nagaraju
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- * E-mail:
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Brosh RM, Matson SW. History of DNA Helicases. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11030255. [PMID: 32120966 PMCID: PMC7140857 DOI: 10.3390/genes11030255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the DNA double helix, there has been a fascination in understanding the molecular mechanisms and cellular processes that account for: (i) the transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next and (ii) the remarkable stability of the genome. Nucleic acid biologists have endeavored to unravel the mysteries of DNA not only to understand the processes of DNA replication, repair, recombination, and transcription but to also characterize the underlying basis of genetic diseases characterized by chromosomal instability. Perhaps unexpectedly at first, DNA helicases have arisen as a key class of enzymes to study in this latter capacity. From the first discovery of ATP-dependent DNA unwinding enzymes in the mid 1970's to the burgeoning of helicase-dependent pathways found to be prevalent in all kingdoms of life, the story of scientific discovery in helicase research is rich and informative. Over four decades after their discovery, we take this opportunity to provide a history of DNA helicases. No doubt, many chapters are left to be written. Nonetheless, at this juncture we are privileged to share our perspective on the DNA helicase field - where it has been, its current state, and where it is headed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Brosh
- Section on DNA Helicases, Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Correspondence: (R.M.B.J.); (S.W.M.); Tel.: +1-410-558-8578 (R.M.B.J.); +1-919-962-0005 (S.W.M.)
| | - Steven W. Matson
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Correspondence: (R.M.B.J.); (S.W.M.); Tel.: +1-410-558-8578 (R.M.B.J.); +1-919-962-0005 (S.W.M.)
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RAP80 and BRCA1 PARsylation protect chromosome integrity by preventing retention of BRCA1-B/C complexes in DNA repair foci. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:2084-2091. [PMID: 31932421 PMCID: PMC6995001 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908003117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Normally, BRCA1 promotes physiological, error-free homologous recombination repair (HRR) of damaged DNA and genome stability. In contrast, excessive, deregulated HRR can lead to genome instability. The BRCA1-binding protein RAP80 restricts HRR amplitude and genome instability, at least in part by manifesting polyubiquitin and poly-ADP-ribose binding activities in postdamage nuclear foci. Although how these processes operate in detail remains unknown, we find that simultaneous defects in RAP80/BRCA1 complex formation and in BRCA1 poly-ADP-ribosylation result in the persistent accumulation of BRCA1-containing complexes in nuclear foci that also contain CtIP and BACH1. These effects lead to excessive HRR, chromosomal hyper-recombination, and gross chromosomal abnormalities. BRCA1 promotes error-free, homologous recombination-mediated repair (HRR) of DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs). When excessive and uncontrolled, BRCA1 HRR activity promotes illegitimate recombination and genome disorder. We and others have observed that the BRCA1-associated protein RAP80 recruits BRCA1 to postdamage nuclear foci, and these chromatin structures then restrict the amplitude of BRCA1-driven HRR. What remains unclear is how this process is regulated. Here we report that both BRCA1 poly-ADP ribosylation (PARsylation) and the presence of BRCA1-bound RAP80 are critical for the normal interaction of BRCA1 with some of its partners (e.g., CtIP and BACH1) that are also known components of the aforementioned focal structures. Surprisingly, the simultaneous loss of RAP80 and failure therein of BRCA1 PARsylation results in the dysregulated accumulation in these foci of BRCA1 complexes. This in turn is associated with the intracellular development of a state of hyper-recombination and gross chromosomal disorder. Thus, physiological RAP80-BRCA1 complex formation and BRCA1 PARsylation contribute to the kinetics by which BRCA1 HRR-sustaining complexes normally concentrate in nuclear foci. These events likely contribute to aneuploidy suppression.
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Moyer CL, Ivanovich J, Gillespie JL, Doberstein R, Radke MR, Richardson ME, Kaufmann SH, Swisher EM, Goodfellow PJ. Rare BRIP1 Missense Alleles Confer Risk for Ovarian and Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2019; 80:857-867. [PMID: 31822495 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Germline loss-of-function mutations in BRCA1 interacting protein C-terminal helicase 1 (BRIP1) are associated with ovarian carcinoma and may also contribute to breast cancer risk, particularly among patients who develop disease at an early age. Normal BRIP1 activity is required for DNA interstrand cross-link (ICL) repair and is thus central to the maintenance of genome stability. Although pathogenic mutations have been identified in BRIP1, genetic testing more often reveals missense variants, for which the impact on molecular function and subsequent roles in cancer risk are uncertain. Next-generation sequencing of germline DNA in 2,160 early-onset breast cancer and 1,199 patients with ovarian cancer revealed nearly 2% of patients carry a very rare missense variant (minor allele frequency < 0.0001) in BRIP1. This is 3-fold higher than the frequency of all rare BRIP1 missense alleles reported in more than 60,000 individuals of the general population (P < 0.0001, χ 2 test). Using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology and rescue assays, we functionally characterized 20 of these missense variants, focusing on the altered protein's ability to repair ICL damage. A total of 75% of the characterized variants rendered the protein hypomorph or null. In a clinical cohort of >117,000 patients with breast and ovarian cancer who underwent panel testing, the combined OR associated with BRIP1 hypomorph or null missense carriers compared with the general population was 2.30 (95% confidence interval, 1.60-3.30; P < 0.0001). These findings suggest that novel missense variants within the helicase domain of BRIP1 may confer risk for both breast and ovarian cancer and highlight the importance of functional testing for additional variants. SIGNIFICANCE: Functional characterization of rare variants of uncertain significance in BRIP1 revealed that 75% demonstrate loss-of-function activity, suggesting rare missense alleles in BRIP1 confer risk for both breast and ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Moyer
- James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jennifer Ivanovich
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jessica L Gillespie
- James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Rachel Doberstein
- James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Marc R Radke
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Marcy E Richardson
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California
| | - Scott H Kaufmann
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Elizabeth M Swisher
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Paul J Goodfellow
- James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Lansdorp P, van Wietmarschen N. Helicases FANCJ, RTEL1 and BLM Act on Guanine Quadruplex DNA in Vivo. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10110870. [PMID: 31683575 PMCID: PMC6896191 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanine quadruplex (G4) structures are among the most stable secondary DNA structures that can form in vitro, and evidence for their existence in vivo has been steadily accumulating. Originally described mainly for their deleterious effects on genome stability, more recent research has focused on (potential) functions of G4 structures in telomere maintenance, gene expression, and other cellular processes. The combined research on G4 structures has revealed that properly regulating G4 DNA structures in cells is important to prevent genome instability and disruption of normal cell function. In this short review we provide some background and historical context of our work resulting in the identification of FANCJ, RTEL1 and BLM as helicases that act on G4 structures in vivo. Taken together these studies highlight important roles of different G4 DNA structures and specific G4 helicases at selected genomic locations and telomeres in regulating gene expression and maintaining genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lansdorp
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada.
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Niek van Wietmarschen
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Four common polymorphisms of BRIP1 (rs2048718, rs4988344, rs4986764, and rs6504074) and cancer risk: evidence from 13,716 cancer patients and 15,590 cancer-free controls. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:266-277. [PMID: 29466248 PMCID: PMC5842853 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have showed the associations between various BRCA1-interacting protein 1 (BRIP1) polymorphisms and cancer risk. But, these results were inconsistent. This meta-analysis based on 18 studies involving 13,716 cancer patients and 15,590 cancer-free controls is aimed at to evaluate the relationship between the four common SNPs of BRIP1 (rs2048718, rs4988344, rs4986764, and rs6504074) and cancer risk. The results showed a decreased risk of rs2048718 or rs4986764 for cervical cancer rather than breast cancer in the overall population (P < 0.05). However, rs6504074 was associated with gynecologic cancer risk among overall population (P < 0.05). Further stratification analyses by ethnicity indicated that all 4 polymorphisms (rs2048718, rs4988344, rs4986764, and rs6504074) were strongly related to cancer susceptibility in Chinese people (P < 0.05). This meta-analysis showed that rs6504074 may play a decreased risk of gynecologic cancer in the overall population. Rs4988344, rs4986764, and rs6504074 were significantly related to decreasing cancer risk in Chinese population.
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Wang L, Wang H, Wang T, Liu J, Chen W, Wang Y, Chen C, Zhu H, Dai P. Analysis of polymorphisms in genes associated with the FA/BRCA pathway in three patients with multiple primary malignant neoplasms. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:1101-1112. [PMID: 30942098 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1575846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cases of more than three primary cancers are very rare. This study analyzed the genetic susceptibility of gene polymorphisms in three patients with multiple primary malignant neoplasms and examined the possible pathogenesis. The clinical data and whole genome sequence of three patients (1 with 5 primary cancers, 1 with 4 primary cancers, and 1 with 3 primary cancers) were aligned with a series of databases. We found the three patients contained a total of seven types of malignant tumours (endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, ureter cancer, bladder cancer and kidney cancer). It was found that the varied genes in Patient 1 (5 primary cancers) were BRIP1, FANCG, NBN, AXIN2, SRD5A2, and CEBPA. Patient 2 (4 primary cancers) had variations in the following genes: BMPR1A, FANCD2, MLH3, BRCA2, and FANCM. Patient 3 (3 primary cancers) had variations in the following genes: MEN1, ATM, MSH3, BRCA1, FANCL, CEBPA, and FANCA. String software was used to analyze the KEGG pathway of the variations in these three samples, which revealed that the genes are involved in the Fanconi anaemia pathway. Defects in DNA damage repair may be one of the causes of multiple primary cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- a The National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, The College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , PR China.,b Department of Oncology , the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- a The National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, The College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , PR China
| | - Ting Wang
- c Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Food and Biological Engineering , Shaanxi University of Science and Technology , Xi'an, PR China
| | - Jinhui Liu
- d College of Medical Technology , Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine , Xianyang , PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- e Medical Affairs Department , Zhongyuan Union Clinical Laborotory Co. Ltd , Tianjin , PR China
| | - Yamin Wang
- a The National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, The College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , PR China
| | - Chao Chen
- a The National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, The College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , PR China
| | - Hongli Zhu
- a The National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, The College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , PR China
| | - Penggao Dai
- a The National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, The College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , PR China
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