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Samal S, Panda GP, Shyamal S, Das K, Dash M. Surface Engineered Osteoblast-Extracellular Vesicles Serve as an Efficient Carrier for Drug and Small RNA to Actively Target Osteosarcoma. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024. [PMID: 39150495 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a rare malignant tumor that affects soft tissue and has high rates of lung metastasis and mortality. The primary treatments for OS include preoperative chemotherapy, surgical resection of the lesion, and postoperative chemotherapy. However, OS chemotherapy presents critical challenges related to treatment toxicity and multiple drug resistance. To address these challenges, nanotechnology has developed nanosystems that release drugs directly to OS cells, reducing the drug's toxicity. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized lipid-bilayer bound vesicles that act as cell-derived vehicles and drug delivery systems for several cancers. This study aims to utilize EVs for OS management by co-delivering Hdac1 siRNA and zoledronic acid (zol). The EVs' surface is modified with folic acid (FA) and their targeting ability is compared to that of native EVs. The results showed that the EVs' targeting ability depends on the parent cell source, and FA conjugation further enhanced it. Furthermore, EVs were used as the carrier for co-loading drug (zol) and small RNA (Hdac-1). This approach of using surface engineered EVs as carriers for cargo loading and delivery can be a promising strategy for osteosarcoma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasmita Samal
- BRIC - Institute of Life Sciences (BRIC-ILS), Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | | | - Sharmishtha Shyamal
- BRIC - Institute of Life Sciences (BRIC-ILS), Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India
- ICMR - National Institute for Reproduction Biology and Child Health, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Kapilash Das
- BRIC - Institute of Life Sciences (BRIC-ILS), Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Mamoni Dash
- BRIC - Institute of Life Sciences (BRIC-ILS), Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India
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2
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Kucinski JP, Calderon D, Kendall GC. Biological and therapeutic insights from animal modeling of fusion-driven pediatric soft tissue sarcomas. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050704. [PMID: 38916046 PMCID: PMC11225592 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Survival for children with cancer has primarily improved over the past decades due to refinements in surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Although these general therapies are sometimes curative, the cancer often recurs, resulting in poor outcomes for patients. Fusion-driven pediatric soft tissue sarcomas are genetically defined by chromosomal translocations that create a chimeric oncogene. This distinctive, almost 'monogenic', genetic feature supports the generation of animal models to study the respective diseases in vivo. This Review focuses on a subset of fusion-driven pediatric soft tissue sarcomas that have transgenic animal tumor models, which includes fusion-positive and infantile rhabdomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, undifferentiated small round cell sarcoma, alveolar soft part sarcoma and clear cell sarcoma. Studies using the animal models of these sarcomas have highlighted that pediatric cancers require a specific cellular state or developmental stage to drive tumorigenesis, as the fusion oncogenes cause different outcomes depending on their lineage and timing of expression. Therefore, understanding these context-specific activities could identify targetable activities and mechanisms critical for tumorigenesis. Broadly, these cancers show dependencies on chromatin regulators to support oncogenic gene expression and co-opting of developmental pathways. Comparative analyses across lineages and tumor models will further provide biological and therapeutic insights to improve outcomes for these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack P. Kucinski
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology PhD Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Delia Calderon
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology PhD Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Genevieve C. Kendall
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology PhD Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
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Ozenberger BB, Li L, Wilson ER, Lazar AJ, Barrott JJ, Jones KB. EWSR1::ATF1 Orchestrates the Clear Cell Sarcoma Transcriptome in Human Tumors and a Mouse Genetic Model. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5750. [PMID: 38136296 PMCID: PMC10742207 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Clear cell sarcoma (CCS) is a rare, aggressive malignancy that most frequently arises in the soft tissues of the extremities. It is defined and driven by expression of one member of a family of related translocation-generated fusion oncogenes, the most common of which is EWSR1::ATF1. The EWSR1::ATF1 fusion oncoprotein reprograms transcription. However, the binding distribution of EWSR1::ATF1 across the genome and its target genes remain unclear. Here, we interrogated the genomic distribution of V5-tagged EWSR1::ATF1 in tumors it had induced upon expression in mice that also recapitulated the transcriptome of human CCS. ChIP-sequencing of V5-EWSR1::ATF1 identified previously unreported motifs including the AP1 motif and motif comprised of TGA repeats that resemble GGAA-repeating microsatellites bound by EWSR1::FLI1 in Ewing sarcoma. ChIP-sequencing of H3K27ac identified super enhancers in the mouse model and human contexts of CCS, which showed a shared super enhancer structure that associates with activated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B. Ozenberger
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (B.B.O.); (L.L.); (E.R.W.)
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (B.B.O.); (L.L.); (E.R.W.)
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Emily R. Wilson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (B.B.O.); (L.L.); (E.R.W.)
| | - Alexander J. Lazar
- Department of Pathology, Genomic Medicine and Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Jared J. Barrott
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
| | - Kevin B. Jones
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (B.B.O.); (L.L.); (E.R.W.)
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Leng D, Yang Z, Sun H, Song C, Huang C, Ip KU, Chen G, Deng CX, Zhang XD, Zhao Q. Comprehensive Analysis of Tumor Microenvironment Reveals Prognostic ceRNA Network Related to Immune Infiltration in Sarcoma. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:3986-4001. [PMID: 37527025 PMCID: PMC10543973 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-3396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sarcoma is the second most common solid tumor type in children and adolescents. The high level of tumor heterogeneity as well as aggressive behavior of sarcomas brings serious difficulties to developing effective therapeutic strategies for clinical application. Therefore, it is of great importance to identify accurate biomarkers for early detection and prognostic prediction of sarcomas. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In this study, we characterized three subtypes of sarcomas based on tumor immune infiltration levels (TIIL), and constructed a prognosis-related competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network to investigate molecular regulations in the sarcoma tumor microenvironment (TME). We further built a subnetwork consisting of mRNAs and lncRNAs that are targets of key miRNAs and strongly correlated with each other in the ceRNA network. After validation using public data and experiments in vivo and in vitro, we deeply dug the biological role of the miRNAs and lncRNAs in a subnetwork and their impact on TME. RESULTS Altogether, 5 miRNAs (hsa-mir-125b-2, hsa-mir-135a-1, hsa-mir92a-2, hsa-mir-181a-2, and hsa-mir-214), 3 lncRNAs (LINC00641, LINC01146, and LINC00892), and 10 mRNAs (AGO2, CXCL10, CD86, CASP1, IKZF1, CD27, CD247, CD69, CCR2, and CSF2RB) in the subnetwork were identified as vital regulators to shape the TME. On the basis of the systematic network, we identified that trichostatin A, a pan-HDAC inhibitor, could potentially regulate the TME of sarcoma, thereby inhibiting the tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies a ceRNA network as a promising biomarker for sarcoma. This system provides a more comprehensive understanding and a novel perspective of how ceRNAs are involved in shaping sarcoma TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Leng
- CRDA, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
| | - Ziyi Yang
- CRDA, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
| | - Heng Sun
- CRDA, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
- MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Chengcheng Song
- CRDA, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, SAR, China
- Stat Key laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Ka U. Ip
- CRDA, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
| | - Guokai Chen
- CRDA, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
- MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- CRDA, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
- MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Xiaohua Douglas Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Qi Zhao
- CRDA, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
- MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, China
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Vanoli F, Antonescu CR. Modeling sarcoma relevant translocations using CRISPR-Cas9 in human embryonic stem derived mesenchymal precursors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2023; 62:501-509. [PMID: 36965130 PMCID: PMC10725040 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.23141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of cancer relevant translocations in tumorigenesis has been historically hampered by the lack of faithful in vitro and in vivo models. The development of the latest genome editing tools (e.g., CRISPR-Cas9) allowed modeling of various chromosomal translocations with different effects on proliferation and transformation capacity depending on the cell line used and secondary genetic alterations. The cellular context is particularly relevant in the case of oncogenic fusions expressed in sarcomas whose histogenesis remain uncertain. Moreover, recent studies have emphasized the increased frequency of gene fusion promiscuity across different mesenchymal tumor entities, which are clinicopathologically unrelated. This review provides a summary of different strategies utilized to generate cancer models with a focus on fusion-driven mesenchymal neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Vanoli
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cristina R Antonescu
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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Tanaka M, Nakamura T. Targeting epigenetic aberrations of sarcoma in CRISPR era. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2023; 62:510-525. [PMID: 36967299 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.23142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcomas are rare malignancies that exhibit diverse biological, genetic, morphological, and clinical characteristics. Genetic alterations, such as gene fusions, mutations in transcriptional machinery components, histones, and DNA methylation regulatory molecules, play an essential role in sarcomagenesis. These mutations induce and/or cooperate with specific epigenetic aberrations required for the growth and maintenance of sarcomas. Appropriate mouse models have been developed to clarify the significance of genetic and epigenetic interactions in sarcomas. Studies using the mouse models for human sarcomas have demonstrated major advances in our understanding the developmental processes as well as tumor microenvironment of sarcomas. Recent technological progresses in epigenome editing will not only improve the studies using animal models but also provide a direct clue for epigenetic therapies. In this manuscript, we review important epigenetic aberrations in sarcomas and their representative mouse models, current methods of epigenetic editing using CRISPR/dCas9 systems, and potential applications in sarcoma studies and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Tanaka
- Project for Cancer Epigenomics, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuro Nakamura
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Mae H, Outani H, Imura Y, Chijimatsu R, Inoue A, Kotani Y, Yasuda N, Nakai S, Nakai T, Takenaka S, Okada S. Targeting the Clear Cell Sarcoma Oncogenic Driver Fusion Gene EWSR1::ATF1 by HDAC Inhibition. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:1152-1165. [PMID: 37405123 PMCID: PMC10317042 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Clear cell sarcoma (CCS), a rare but extremely aggressive malignancy with no effective therapy, is characterized by the expression of the oncogenic driver fusion gene EWSR1::ATF1. In this study, we performed a high-throughput drug screening, finding that the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat exerted an antiproliferation effect with the reduced expression of EWSR1::ATF1. We expected the reduced expression of EWSR1::ATF1 to be due to the alteration of chromatin accessibility; however, assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing and a cleavage under targets and release using nuclease assay revealed that chromatin structure was only slightly altered, despite histone deacetylation at the EWSR1::ATF1 promoter region. Alternatively, we found that vorinostat treatment reduced the level of BRD4, a member of the bromodomain and extraterminal motif protein family, at the EWSR1::ATF1 promoter region. Furthermore, the BRD4 inhibitor JQ1 downregulated EWSR1::ATF1 according to Western blotting and qPCR analyses. In addition, motif analysis revealed that vorinostat treatment suppressed the transcriptional factor SOX10, which directly regulates EWSR1::ATF1 expression and is involved in CCS proliferation. Importantly, we demonstrate that a combination therapy of vorinostat and JQ1 synergistically enhances antiproliferation effect and EWSR1::ATF1 suppression. These results highlight a novel fusion gene suppression mechanism achieved using epigenetic modification agents and provide a potential therapeutic target for fusion gene-related tumors. Significance This study reveals the epigenetic and transcriptional suppression mechanism of the fusion oncogene EWSR1::ATF1 in clear cell sarcoma by histone deacetylase inhibitor treatment as well as identifying SOX10 as a transcription factor that regulates EWSR1::ATF1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Mae
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetatsu Outani
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Imura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryota Chijimatsu
- Center for Comprehensive Genomic Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akitomo Inoue
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Kotani
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naohiro Yasuda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sho Nakai
- Musculoskeletal Oncology Service, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takaaki Nakai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takenaka
- Musculoskeletal Oncology Service, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seiji Okada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Acosta AM, Bridge JA, Dal Cin PS, Sholl LM, Cornejo KM, Fletcher CDM, Ulbright TM. Inflammatory and Nested Testicular Sex Cord Tumor: A Novel Neoplasm With Aggressive Clinical Behavior and Frequent EWSR1::ATF1 Gene Fusions. Am J Surg Pathol 2023; 47:504-517. [PMID: 36791251 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000002022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
A subset of malignant testicular sex cord tumors (TSCTs), heretofore interpreted as Sertoli cell tumors, not otherwise specified, exhibits distinctive morphologic features that partially overlap with those of seminoma. In this study, we evaluated the clinicopathologic and molecular characteristics of 13 such tumors. The patients were 20 to 73 years old (median, 36 y), and all with available data presented with testicular masses (median size, 3 cm), with 2 having synchronous retroperitoneal metastases. All 11 patients with available follow-up developed metastases to retroperitoneal lymph nodes, nonretroperitoneal lymph nodes, bone, contralateral testis, and/or lung. Microscopically, the tumors showed solid nests and sheets of epithelioid cells with granular, eosinophilic to clear/vacuolated cytoplasm, admixed in most (12/13) cases with variable proportions of lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, and neutrophils. Additional features included intracytoplasmic hyaline inclusions and a prominent collagenous, sometimes hyalinized stroma. Mitotic activity was relatively low (median, 1 mitosis/10 HPF), but tumor necrosis was frequent (11/13). Local invasion of adjacent structures and lymphovascular invasion were noted in some tumors (4/9 cases with available data for each feature). All were α-inhibin-positive and lacked nuclear reactivity for β-catenin. In addition, all tested cases were positive for epithelial membrane antigen (9/9) and steroidogenic factor-1 (8/8), and 8/10 expressed CD30. Two "index" cases were initially analyzed using a DNA sequencing panel, which identified EWSR1::ATF1 fusions in both. Subsequently, EWSR1::ATF1 fusions were demonstrated in 8 of the remaining 11 cases using fluorescence in situ hybridization or DNA sequencing. One of the 3 cases that were negative for EWSR1::ATF1 harbored ATF1 amplification. This study, therefore, shows that a group of malignant TSCTs resembling seminoma is characterized by α-inhibin and steroidogenic factor-1 positivity, no expression of nuclear β-catenin, frequent CD30 positivity and recurrent EWSR1::ATF1 fusions. We have descriptively termed these neoplasms "inflammatory and nested TSCT." Importantly, inflammatory and nested TSCTs show significant differences in morphology, immunoprofile, molecular biology, and, likely, clinical behavior from Sertoli cell tumors, not otherwise specified and should be classified separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres M Acosta
- Department of Pathology of Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Julia A Bridge
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE
- ProPath, Dallas, TX
| | - Paola S Dal Cin
- Department of Pathology of Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Lynette M Sholl
- Department of Pathology of Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | | | | | - Thomas M Ulbright
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University Health Partners, Indianapolis, IN
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9
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Wetterwald L, Riggi N, Kyriazoglou A, Dei Tos G, Dei Tos A, Digklia A. Clear cell sarcoma: state-of-the art and perspectives. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2023; 23:235-242. [PMID: 36811446 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2023.2183846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clear cell sarcoma (CCS) is an ultrarare soft tissue sarcoma (STS) with a poor prognosis due to its propensity to metastasize and its low chemosensitivity. The standard treatment of localized CCS consists of wide surgical excision with or without additive radiotherapy. However, unresectable CCS is generally treated with conventional systemic therapies available for treatment of STS despite the weak scientific evidence to support its use. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss the clinicopathologic characteristics of CSS, as well as the current treatment landscape and future therapeutic approaches. EXPERT OPINION The current treatment strategy of advanced CCSs, based on STSs regimens, shows a lack of effective options. Combination therapiesin particular, the association of immunotherapy and TKIs, represent a promising approach. Translational studies are needed in order to decipher the regulatory mechanisms involved in the oncogenesis of this ultrarare sarcoma and identify potential molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laureline Wetterwald
- Oncology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne University Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolò Riggi
- Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Giovanni Dei Tos
- Oncology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne University Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Angelo Dei Tos
- Department of Pathology, Azienda Ospedale-Università Padova Padua, Italy.,Department of Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine Padua, Italy
| | - Antonia Digklia
- Oncology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne University Lausanne, Switzerland.,Sarcoma Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne University Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Landuzzi L, Ruzzi F, Lollini PL, Scotlandi K. Synovial Sarcoma Preclinical Modeling: Integrating Transgenic Mouse Models and Patient-Derived Models for Translational Research. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030588. [PMID: 36765545 PMCID: PMC9913760 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Synovial sarcomas (SyS) are rare malignant tumors predominantly affecting children, adolescents, and young adults. The genetic hallmark of SyS is the t(X;18) translocation encoding the SS18-SSX fusion gene. The fusion protein interacts with both the BAF enhancer and polycomb repressor complexes, and either activates or represses target gene transcription, resulting in genome-wide epigenetic perturbations and altered gene expression. Several experimental in in vivo models, including conditional transgenic mouse models expressing the SS18-SSX fusion protein and spontaneously developing SyS, are available. In addition, patient-derived xenografts have been estab-lished in immunodeficient mice, faithfully reproducing the complex clinical heterogeneity. This review focuses on the main molecular features of SyS and the related preclinical in vivo and in vitro models. We will analyze the different conditional SyS mouse models that, after combination with some of the few other recurrent alterations, such as gains in BCL2, Wnt-β-catenin signaling, FGFR family, or loss of PTEN and SMARCB1, have provided additional insight into the mechanisms of synovial sarcomagenesis. The recent advancements in the understanding of SyS biology and improvements in preclinical modeling pave the way to the development of new epigenetic drugs and immunotherapeutic approaches conducive to new treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Landuzzi
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (P.-L.L.); Tel.: +39-051-2094796 (L.L.); +39-051-2094786 (P.-L.L.)
| | - Francesca Ruzzi
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biology of Metastasis, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier-Luigi Lollini
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biology of Metastasis, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (P.-L.L.); Tel.: +39-051-2094796 (L.L.); +39-051-2094786 (P.-L.L.)
| | - Katia Scotlandi
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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Li BX, David LL, Davis LE, Xiao X. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 is essential for oncogene product EWSR1-ATF1-mediated gene transcription in clear cell sarcoma. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102434. [PMID: 36041632 PMCID: PMC9513783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription dysregulation is common in sarcomas driven by oncogenic transcription factors. Clear cell sarcoma of soft tissue (CCSST) is a rare sarcoma with poor prognosis presently with no therapy. It is characterized by a balanced t(12;22) (q13;q12) chromosomal translocation, resulting in a fusion of the Ewing's sarcoma gene EWSR1 with activating transcription factor 1 (ATF1) to give an oncogene EWSR1-ATF1. Unlike normal ATF1, whose transcription activity is dependent on phosphorylation, EWSR1-ATF1 is constitutively active to drive ATF1-dependent gene transcription to cause tumorigenesis. No EWSR1-ATF1-targeted therapies have been identified due to the challenges in targeting intracellular transcription factors. Through proteomics screening to identify potential druggable targets for CCSST, we discovered protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) as a novel protein to interact with EWSR1-ATF1. PRMT5 is a type II protein arginine methyltransferase to symmetrically dimethylate arginine residues in substrate proteins to regulate a diverse range of activities including gene transcription, RNA splicing, and DNA repair. We found that PRMT5 enhances EWSR1-ATF1-mediated gene transcription to sustain CCSST cell proliferation. Genetic silencing of PRMT5 in CCSST cells resulted in severely impaired cell proliferation and EWSR1-ATF1-driven transcription. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the clinical-stage PRMT5 inhibitor JNJ-64619178 potently and efficaciously inhibited CCSST cell growth in vitro and in vivo. These results provide new insights into PRMT5 as a transcription regulator and warrant JNJ-64619178 for further clinical development to treat CCSST patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing X Li
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA.
| | - Larry L David
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA
| | - Lara E Davis
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA
| | - Xiangshu Xiao
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA.
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12
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Möller E, Praz V, Rajendran S, Dong R, Cauderay A, Xing YH, Lee L, Fusco C, Broye LC, Cironi L, Iyer S, Rengarajan S, Awad ME, Naigles B, Letovanec I, Ormas N, Finzi G, La Rosa S, Sessa F, Chebib I, Petur Nielsen G, Digklia A, Spentzos D, Cote GM, Choy E, Aryee M, Stamenkovic I, Boulay G, Rivera MN, Riggi N. EWSR1-ATF1 dependent 3D connectivity regulates oncogenic and differentiation programs in Clear Cell Sarcoma. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2267. [PMID: 35477713 PMCID: PMC9046276 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29910-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic fusion proteins generated by chromosomal translocations play major roles in cancer. Among them, fusions between EWSR1 and transcription factors generate oncogenes with powerful chromatin regulatory activities, capable of establishing complex gene expression programs in permissive precursor cells. Here we define the epigenetic and 3D connectivity landscape of Clear Cell Sarcoma, an aggressive cancer driven by the EWSR1-ATF1 fusion gene. We find that EWSR1-ATF1 displays a distinct DNA binding pattern that requires the EWSR1 domain and promotes ATF1 retargeting to new distal sites, leading to chromatin activation and the establishment of a 3D network that controls oncogenic and differentiation signatures observed in primary CCS tumors. Conversely, EWSR1-ATF1 depletion results in a marked reconfiguration of 3D connectivity, including the emergence of regulatory circuits that promote neural crest-related developmental programs. Taken together, our study elucidates the epigenetic mechanisms utilized by EWSR1-ATF1 to establish regulatory networks in CCS, and points to precursor cells in the neural crest lineage as candidate cells of origin for these tumors. The relationship between cellular histogenesis and molecular phenotypes for the EWSR1- ATF1 fusion in clear cell sarcoma (CCS) requires further characterization. Here, the authors investigate the EWSR1-ATF1 gene regulation networks in CCS cell lines, primary tumors, and mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emely Möller
- Experimental Pathology Service, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Viviane Praz
- Experimental Pathology Service, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sanalkumar Rajendran
- Experimental Pathology Service, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rui Dong
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra Cauderay
- Experimental Pathology Service, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Yu-Hang Xing
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Lukuo Lee
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Carlo Fusco
- Experimental Pathology Service, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Liliane C Broye
- Experimental Pathology Service, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luisa Cironi
- Experimental Pathology Service, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sowmya Iyer
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Shruthi Rengarajan
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Mary E Awad
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Beverly Naigles
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Igor Letovanec
- Department of Histopathology, Central Institute, Valais Hospital, Sion, Switzerland.,Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Ormas
- Department of Pathology, ASST Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Giovanna Finzi
- Department of Pathology, ASST Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Stefano La Rosa
- Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Fausto Sessa
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Ivan Chebib
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G Petur Nielsen
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antonia Digklia
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios Spentzos
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory M Cote
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edwin Choy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin Aryee
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ivan Stamenkovic
- Experimental Pathology Service, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gaylor Boulay
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Miguel N Rivera
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicolò Riggi
- Experimental Pathology Service, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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13
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Ito K, Nagata K, Ohta S, Matsuda Y, Ukai T, Yasuda I, Ota A, Kobayashi R, Kabata M, Sankoda N, Maeda T, Woltjen K, Yang L, Maruyama R, Katayama R, Yamamoto T, Yamada Y. The oncogene-dependent resistance to reprogramming unveils cancer therapeutic targets. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110721. [PMID: 35476996 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The resistance to transcription factor-mediated reprogramming into pluripotent stem cells is one of the distinctive features of cancer cells. Here we dissect the profiles of reprogramming factor binding and the subsequent transcriptional response in cancer cells to reveal its underlying mechanisms. Using clear cell sarcomas (CCSs), we show that the driver oncogene EWS/ATF1 misdirects the reprogramming factors to cancer-specific enhancers and thereby impairs the transcriptional response toward pluripotency that is otherwise provoked. Sensitization to the reprogramming cue is observed in other cancer types when the corresponding oncogenic signals are pharmacologically inhibited. Exploiting this oncogene dependence of the transcriptional "stiffness," we identify mTOR signaling pathways downstream of EWS/ATF1 and discover that inhibiting mTOR activity substantially attenuates the propagation of CCS cells in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrate that the early transcriptional response to cell fate perturbations can be a faithful readout to identify effective therapeutics targets in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ito
- Division of Stem Cell Pathology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kohei Nagata
- Division of Stem Cell Pathology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Sho Ohta
- Division of Stem Cell Pathology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Matsuda
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Ukai
- Division of Stem Cell Pathology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yasuda
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Akira Ota
- Department of Fundamental Cell Technology, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryota Kobayashi
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Mio Kabata
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Nao Sankoda
- Division of Stem Cell Pathology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Maeda
- Department of Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Knut Woltjen
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Liying Yang
- Project for Cancer Epigenomics, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Reo Maruyama
- Project for Cancer Epigenomics, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Ryohei Katayama
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; AMED-CREST, AMED, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan; Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Medical-risk Avoidance Based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamada
- Division of Stem Cell Pathology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; AMED-CREST, AMED, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.
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14
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Panza E, Ozenberger BB, Straessler KM, Barrott JJ, Li L, Wang Y, Xie M, Boulet A, Titen SW, Mason CC, Lazar AJ, Ding L, Capecchi MR, Jones KB. The clear cell sarcoma functional genomic landscape. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e146301. [PMID: 34156976 DOI: 10.1172/jci146301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell sarcoma (CCS) is a deadly malignancy affecting adolescents and young adults. It is characterized by reciprocal translocations resulting in expression of the chimeric EWSR1-ATF1 or EWSR1-CREB1 fusion proteins, driving sarcomagenesis. Besides these characteristics, CCS has remained genomically uncharacterized. Copy number analysis of human CCSs showed frequent amplifications of the MITF locus and chromosomes 7 and 8. Few alterations were shared with Ewing sarcoma or desmoplastic, small round cell tumors, which are other EWSR1-rearranged tumors. Exome sequencing in mouse tumors generated by expression of EWSR1-ATF1 from the Rosa26 locus demonstrated no other repeated pathogenic variants. Additionally, we generated a new CCS mouse by Cre-loxP-induced chromosomal translocation between Ewsr1 and Atf1, resulting in copy number loss of chromosome 6 and chromosome 15 instability, including amplification of a portion syntenic to human chromosome 8, surrounding Myc. Additional experiments in the Rosa26 conditional model demonstrated that Mitf or Myc can contribute to sarcomagenesis. Copy number observations in human tumors and genetic experiments in mice rendered, for the first time to our knowledge, a functional landscape of the CCS genome. These data advance efforts to understand the biology of CCS using innovative models that will eventually allow us to validate preclinical therapies necessary to achieve longer and better survival for young patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Panza
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Benjamin B Ozenberger
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Krystal M Straessler
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Departments of Orthopaedics and Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jared J Barrott
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Li Li
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Yanliang Wang
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Mingchao Xie
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, McDonnell Genome Institute, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Anne Boulet
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Simon Wa Titen
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Clinton C Mason
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Alexander J Lazar
- Departments of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Li Ding
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, McDonnell Genome Institute, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mario R Capecchi
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kevin B Jones
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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15
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Generation of human embryonic stem cell models to exploit the EWSR1-CREB fusion promiscuity as a common pathway of transformation in human tumors. Oncogene 2021; 40:5095-5104. [PMID: 34193943 PMCID: PMC8364490 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01843-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations constitute driver mutations in solid tumors and leukemias. The mechanisms of how related or even identical gene fusions drive the pathogenesis of various tumor types remain elusive. One remarkable example is the presence of EWSR1 fusions with CREB1 and ATF1, members of the CREB family of transcription factors, in a variety of sarcomas, carcinomas and mesotheliomas. To address this, we have developed in vitro models of oncogenic fusions, in particular, EWSR1-CREB1 and EWSR1-ATF1, in human embryonic stem (hES) cells, which are capable of multipotent differentiation, using CRISPR-Cas9 technology and HDR together with conditional fusion gene expression that allows investigation into the early steps of cellular transformation. We show that expression of EWSR1-CREB1/ATF1 fusion in hES cells recapitulates the core gene signatures, respectively, of angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma (AFH) and gastrointestinal clear cell sarcoma (GI-CCS), although both fusions lead to cell lethality. Conversely, expression of the fusions in hES cells differentiated to mesenchymal progenitors is compatible with prolonged viability while maintaining the core gene signatures. Moreover, in the context of a mesenchymal lineage, the proliferation of cells expressing the EWSR1-CREB1 fusion is further extended by deletion of the tumor suppressor TP53. We expect the generation of isogenic lines carrying oncogenic fusions in various cell lineages to expand our general understanding of how those single genetic events drive tumorigenesis while providing valuable resources for drug discovery.
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16
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Nalamalapu RR, Yue M, Stone AR, Murphy S, Saha MS. The tweety Gene Family: From Embryo to Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:672511. [PMID: 34262434 PMCID: PMC8273234 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.672511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The tweety genes encode gated chloride channels that are found in animals, plants, and even simple eukaryotes, signifying their deep evolutionary origin. In vertebrates, the tweety gene family is highly conserved and consists of three members—ttyh1, ttyh2, and ttyh3—that are important for the regulation of cell volume. While research has elucidated potential physiological functions of ttyh1 in neural stem cell maintenance, proliferation, and filopodia formation during neural development, the roles of ttyh2 and ttyh3 are less characterized, though their expression patterns during embryonic and fetal development suggest potential roles in the development of a wide range of tissues including a role in the immune system in response to pathogen-associated molecules. Additionally, members of the tweety gene family have been implicated in various pathologies including cancers, particularly pediatric brain tumors, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Here, we review the current state of research using information from published articles and open-source databases on the tweety gene family with regard to its structure, evolution, expression during development and adulthood, biochemical and cellular functions, and role in human disease. We also identify promising areas for further research to advance our understanding of this important, yet still understudied, family of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rithvik R Nalamalapu
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, United States
| | - Michelle Yue
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, United States
| | - Aaron R Stone
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, United States
| | - Samantha Murphy
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, United States
| | - Margaret S Saha
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, United States
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17
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Preclinical In Vivo Modeling of Pediatric Sarcoma-Promises and Limitations. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10081578. [PMID: 33918045 PMCID: PMC8069549 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric sarcomas are an extremely heterogeneous group of genetically distinct diseases. Despite the increasing knowledge on their molecular makeup in recent years, true therapeutic advancements are largely lacking and prognosis often remains dim, particularly for relapsed and metastasized patients. Since this is largely due to the lack of suitable model systems as a prerequisite to develop and assess novel therapeutics, we here review the available approaches to model sarcoma in vivo. We focused on genetically engineered and patient-derived mouse models, compared strengths and weaknesses, and finally explored possibilities and limitations to utilize these models to advance both biological understanding as well as clinical diagnosis and therapy.
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18
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Kannan S, Lock I, Ozenberger BB, Jones KB. Genetic drivers and cells of origin in sarcomagenesis. J Pathol 2021; 254:474-493. [DOI: 10.1002/path.5617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarmishta Kannan
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Oncological Sciences Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Ian Lock
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Oncological Sciences Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Benjamin B Ozenberger
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Oncological Sciences Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Kevin B Jones
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Oncological Sciences Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City UT USA
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19
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Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells: Developmental origin, tumorigenesis and translational cancer therapeutics. Transl Oncol 2020; 14:100948. [PMID: 33190044 PMCID: PMC7672320 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While a large and growing body of research has demonstrated that mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) play a dual role in tumor growth and inhibition, studies exploring the capability of MSCs to contribute to tumorigenesis are rare. MSCs are key players during tumorigenesis and cancer development, evident in their faculty to increase cancer stem cells (CSCs) population, to generate the precursors of certain forms of cancer (e.g. sarcoma), and to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition to create the CSC-like state. Indeed, the origin and localization of the native MSCs in their original tissues are not known. MSCs are identified in the primary tumor sites and the fetal and extraembryonic tissues. Acknowledging the developmental origin of MSCs and tissue-resident native MSCs is essential for better understanding of MSC contributions to the cellular origin of cancer. This review stresses that the plasticity of MSCs can therefore instigate further risk in select therapeutic strategies for some patients with certain forms of cancer. Towards this end, to explore the safe and effective MSC-based anti-cancer therapies requires a strong understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of MSC action, ultimately guiding new strategies for delivering treatment. While clinical trial efforts using MSC products are currently underway, this review also provides new insights on the underlying mechanisms of MSCs to tumorigenesis and focuses on the approaches to develop MSC-based anti-cancer therapeutic applications.
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20
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Lopez-Nunez O, Cafferata B, Santi M, Ranganathan S, Pearce TM, Kulich SM, Bailey KM, Broniscer A, Rossi S, Zin A, Nasrallah MP, Li MM, Zhong Y, Miele E, Alaggio R, Surrey LF. The spectrum of rare central nervous system (CNS) tumors with EWSR1-non-ETS fusions: experience from three pediatric institutions with review of the literature. Brain Pathol 2020; 31:70-83. [PMID: 32997853 PMCID: PMC8018079 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The group of CNS mesenchymal (non‐meningothelial) and primary glial/neuronal tumors in association with EWSR1‐non‐ETS rearrangements comprises a growing spectrum of entities, mostly reported in isolation with incomplete molecular profiling. Archival files from three pediatric institutions were queried for unusual cases of pediatric (≤21 years) CNS EWSR1‐rearranged tumors confirmed by at least one molecular technique. Extra‐axial tumors and cases with a diagnosis of Ewing sarcoma (EWSR1‐ETS family fusions) were excluded. Additional studies, including anchored multiplex‐PCR with next‐generation sequencing and DNA methylation profiling, were performed as needed to determine fusion partner status and brain tumor methylation class, respectively. Five cases (median 17 years) were identified (M:F of 3:2). Location was parenchymal (n = 3) and undetermined (n = 2) with topographic distributions including posterior fossa (n = 1), frontal (n = 1), temporal (n = 1), parietal (n = 1) and occipital (n = 1) lobes. Final designation with fusion findings included desmoplastic small round cell tumor (EWSR1‐WT1; n = 1) and tumors of uncertain histogenesis (EWSR1‐CREM, n = 1; EWSR1‐CREB1, n = 1; EWSR1‐PLAGL1, n = 1; and EWSR1‐PATZ1, n = 1). Tumors showed a wide spectrum of morphology and biologic behavior. For EWSR1‐CREM, EWSR1‐PLAGL1 and EWSR1‐PATZ1 tumors, no significant methylation scores were reached in the known brain tumor classes. Available outcome (4/5) was reported as favorable (n = 2) and unfavorable (n = 2) with a median follow‐up of 30 months. In conclusion, we describe five primary EWSR1‐non‐ETS fused CNS tumors exhibiting morphologic and biologic heterogeneity and we highlight the clinical importance of determining specific fusion partners to improve diagnostic accuracy, treatment and monitoring. Larger prospective clinicopathological and molecular studies are needed to determine the prognostic implications of histotypes, anatomical location, fusion partners, breakpoints and methylation profiles in patients with these rare tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Lopez-Nunez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Barbara Cafferata
- General Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mariarita Santi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sarangarajan Ranganathan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Thomas M Pearce
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Scott M Kulich
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Kelly M Bailey
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Alberto Broniscer
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sabrina Rossi
- Department of Pathology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelica Zin
- Institute of Pediatric Research (IRP), Fondazione Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - MacLean P Nasrallah
- General Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marilyn M Li
- General Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Yiming Zhong
- General Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Evelina Miele
- Department of Pediatric Onco-Hematology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Alaggio
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Pathology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Lea F Surrey
- General Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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21
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Jo VY. EWSR1
fusions: Ewing sarcoma and beyond. Cancer Cytopathol 2020; 128:229-231. [DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Abstract
The cyclic-AMP response element binding protein (CREB) is an important nuclear transcription factor and has been shown to be overexpressed and/or over-activated in many different cancer types, suggesting that targeting CREB is a novel approach for developing cancer therapies. Our lab discovered the first cell-permeable small molecule inhibitor of CREB, from which we further developed a potent CREB inhibitor with in vivo anti-cancer activity. In this article, we detailed our biochemical and cell-based bioassays to assess different small molecule CREB inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing X Li
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.
| | - Xiangshu Xiao
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.
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23
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Nakai S, Tamiya H, Imura Y, Nakai T, Yasuda N, Wakamatsu T, Tanaka T, Outani H, Takenaka S, Hamada K, Myoui A, Araki N, Ueda T, Yoshikawa H, Naka N. Eribulin Suppresses Clear Cell Sarcoma Growth by Inhibiting Cell Proliferation and Inducing Melanocytic Differentiation Both Directly and Via Vascular Remodeling. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 19:742-754. [PMID: 31796507 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell sarcoma (CCS) is a rare but chemotherapy-resistant and often fatal high-grade soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) characterized by melanocytic differentiation under control of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). Eribulin mesilate (eribulin) is a mechanistically unique microtubule inhibitor commonly used for STS treatment, particularly liposarcoma and leiomyosarcoma. In this study, we examined the antitumor efficacy of eribulin on four human CCS cell lines and two mouse xenograft models. Eribulin inhibited CCS cell proliferation by inducing cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis, shrunk CCS xenograft tumors, and increased tumor vessel density. Eribulin induced MITF protein upregulation and stimulated tumor cell melanocytic differentiation through ERK1/2 inactivation (a MITF negative regulator) in vitro and in vivo Moreover, tumor reoxygenation, probably caused by eribulin-induced vascular remodeling, attenuated cell growth and inhibited ERK1/2 activity, thereby upregulating MITF expression and promoting melanocytic differentiation. Finally, downregulation of MITF protein levels modestly debilitated the antiproliferative effect of eribulin on CCS cells. Taken together, eribulin suppresses CCS through inhibition of cell proliferation and promotion of tumor differentiation by acting both directly on tumor cells and indirectly through tumor reoxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Nakai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hironari Tamiya
- Musculoskeletal Oncology Service, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Imura
- Musculoskeletal Oncology Service, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takaaki Nakai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kawachi General Hospital, Kawachi, Japan
| | - Naohiro Yasuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Wakamatsu
- Musculoskeletal Oncology Service, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takaaki Tanaka
- Musculoskeletal Oncology Service, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetatsu Outani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takenaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Hamada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Myoui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Araki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ashiya Municipal Hospital, Ashiya, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ueda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Yoshikawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norifumi Naka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan. .,Musculoskeletal Oncology Service, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
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24
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Cell-type dependent enhancer binding of the EWS/ATF1 fusion gene in clear cell sarcomas. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3999. [PMID: 31488818 PMCID: PMC6728361 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11745-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell sarcoma (CCS) is a rare soft tissue sarcoma caused by the EWS/ATF1 fusion gene. Here, we established induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from EWS/ATF1-controllable murine CCS cells harboring sarcoma-associated genetic abnormalities. Sarcoma-iPSC mice develop secondary sarcomas immediately after EWS/ATF1 induction, but only in soft tissue. EWS/ATF1 expression induces oncogene-induced senescence in most cell types in sarcoma-iPSC mice but prevents it in sarcoma cells. We identify Tppp3-expressing cells in peripheral nerves as a cell-of-origin for these sarcomas. We show cell type-specific recruitment of EWS/ATF1 to enhancer regions in CCS cells. Finally, epigenetic silencing at these enhancers induces senescence and inhibits CCS cell growth through altered EWS/ATF1 binding. Together, we propose that distinct responses to premature senescence are the basis for the cell type-specificity of cancer development. The EWS-ATF1 fusion gene causes clear cell sarcoma (CCS). Here, the authors show that the downstream effects of EWS-ATF1 expression are strictly context dependent, and reveal the cell of origin for CCS to be Tppp3-expressing cells in peripheral nerves.
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25
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Fleming JT, Brignola E, Chen L, Guo Y, Zhao S, Wang Q, Li B, Correa H, Ermilov AN, Dlugosz AA, Chiang C. Insight into the Etiology of Undifferentiated Soft Tissue Sarcomas from a Novel Mouse Model. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:1024-1035. [PMID: 30683671 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the Hedgehog signaling pathway has been linked to the formation of numerous cancer types, including the myogenic soft tissue sarcoma, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (eRMS). Here, we report PCG2, a novel mouse model in which human GLI2A, a constitutive activator of Hedgehog signaling, induced undifferentiated sarcomas that were phenotypically divergent from eRMS. Rather, sarcomas arising in PCG2 mice featured some characteristics that were reminiscent of Ewing sarcoma. Even though it is widely understood that Ewing sarcoma formation is driven by EWS-ETS gene fusions, a genetically defined mouse model is not well-established. While EWS-ETS gene fusions were not present in PCG2 sarcomas, precluding their designation as Ewing sarcoma, we did find that GLI2A induced expression of known EWS-ETS gene targets essential to Ewing pathogenesis, most notably, Nkx2.2. Moreover, we found that naïve mesenchymal progenitors originate tumors in PCG2 mice. Altogether, our work provides a novel genetic mouse model, which directly connects oncogenic Hedgehog activity to the etiology of undifferentiated soft tissue sarcomas for the first time. IMPLICATIONS: The finding that activation of Gli2 transcription factor is sufficient to induce Ewing-like sarcomas provides a direct transformative role of the Hedgehog signaling pathway in undifferentiated soft tissue sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Fleming
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Emily Brignola
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Shilin Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Quan Wang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Bingshan Li
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Hernán Correa
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Alexandre N Ermilov
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andrzej A Dlugosz
- Departments of Dermatology and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Chin Chiang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.
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26
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Targeting Histone Deacetylase Activity to Arrest Cell Growth and Promote Neural Differentiation in Ewing Sarcoma. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7242-7258. [PMID: 29397557 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0874-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for advances in the treatment of Ewing sarcoma (EWS), an aggressive childhood tumor with possible neuroectodermal origin. Inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDAC) can revert aberrant epigenetic states and reduce growth in different experimental cancer types. Here, we investigated whether the potent HDAC inhibitor, sodium butyrate (NaB), has the ability to reprogram EWS cells towards a more differentiated state and affect their growth and survival. Exposure of two EWS cell lines to NaB resulted in rapid and potent inhibition of HDAC activity (1 h, IC50 1.5 mM) and a significant arrest of cell cycle progression (72 h, IC50 0.68-0.76 mM), marked by G0/G1 accumulation. Delayed cell proliferation and reduced colony formation ability were observed in EWS cells after long-term culture. NaB-induced effects included suppression of cell proliferation accompanied by reduced transcriptional expression of the EWS-FLI1 fusion oncogene, decreased expression of key survival and pluripotency-associated genes, and re-expression of the differentiation neuronal marker βIII-tubulin. Finally, NaB reduced c-MYC levels and impaired survival in putative EWS cancer stem cells. Our findings support the use of HDAC inhibition as a strategy to impair cell growth and survival and to reprogram EWS tumors towards differentiation. These results are consistent with our previous studies indicating that HDis can inhibit the growth and modulate differentiation of cells from other types of childhood pediatric tumors possibly originating from neural stem cells.
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27
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Nakai T, Imura Y, Tamiya H, Yamada S, Nakai S, Yasuda N, Kaneko K, Outani H, Takenaka S, Hamada K, Myoui A, Araki N, Ueda T, Itoh K, Yoshikawa H, Naka N. Trabectedin is a promising antitumor agent potentially inducing melanocytic differentiation for clear cell sarcoma. Cancer Med 2017; 6:2121-2130. [PMID: 28745431 PMCID: PMC5603837 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell sarcoma is an aggressive soft tissue sarcoma and highly resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiation therapy. This devastating disease is defined by EWSR1-ATF1 fusion gene resulting from chromosomal translocation t(12;22)(q13;q12) and characterized by melanocytic differentiation. A marine-derived antineoplastic agent, trabectedin, inhibits the growth of myxoid liposarcoma and Ewing sarcoma by causing adipogenic differentiation and neural differentiation, respectively. In this study, we examined the antitumor effects and mechanism of action of trabectedin on human clear cell sarcoma cell lines. We showed that trabectedin decreased the cell proliferation of five clear cell sarcoma cell lines in a dose-dependent manner in vitro and reduced tumor growth of two mouse xenograft models. Flow cytometry and immunoblot analyses in vitro and immunohistochemical analysis in vivo revealed that trabectedin-induced G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Furthermore, trabectedin increased the expression of melanocytic differentiation markers along with downregulation of ERK activity in vitro and the rate of melanin-positive cells in vivo. These results suggest that trabectedin has potent antitumor activity against clear cell sarcoma cells by inducing cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and, in part, by promoting melanocytic differentiation through inactivation of ERK signaling. Our present study indicates that trabectedin is a promising differentiation-inducing agent for clear cell sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Nakai
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of Medicine2‐2 YamadaokaSuitaOsaka565‐0871Japan
| | - Yoshinori Imura
- Musculoskeletal Oncology ServiceOsaka International Cancer Institute3‐1‐69, OtemaeChuo‐kuOsaka541‐8567Japan
| | - Hironari Tamiya
- Musculoskeletal Oncology ServiceOsaka International Cancer Institute3‐1‐69, OtemaeChuo‐kuOsaka541‐8567Japan
| | - Shutaro Yamada
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of Medicine2‐2 YamadaokaSuitaOsaka565‐0871Japan
| | - Sho Nakai
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of Medicine2‐2 YamadaokaSuitaOsaka565‐0871Japan
| | - Naohiro Yasuda
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of Medicine2‐2 YamadaokaSuitaOsaka565‐0871Japan
| | - Keiko Kaneko
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of Medicine2‐2 YamadaokaSuitaOsaka565‐0871Japan
| | - Hidetatsu Outani
- Musculoskeletal Oncology ServiceOsaka International Cancer Institute3‐1‐69, OtemaeChuo‐kuOsaka541‐8567Japan
| | - Satoshi Takenaka
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of Medicine2‐2 YamadaokaSuitaOsaka565‐0871Japan
| | - Kenichiro Hamada
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of Medicine2‐2 YamadaokaSuitaOsaka565‐0871Japan
| | - Akira Myoui
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of Medicine2‐2 YamadaokaSuitaOsaka565‐0871Japan
| | - Nobuhito Araki
- Musculoskeletal Oncology ServiceOsaka International Cancer Institute3‐1‐69, OtemaeChuo‐kuOsaka541‐8567Japan
| | - Takafumi Ueda
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryOsaka National Hospital2‐1‐14 HoenzakaChuo‐kuOsaka540‐0006Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Itoh
- Research InstituteNozaki Tokushukai2‐10‐50 TanigawaDaitoOsaka574‐0074Japan
| | - Hideki Yoshikawa
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of Medicine2‐2 YamadaokaSuitaOsaka565‐0871Japan
| | - Norifumi Naka
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of Medicine2‐2 YamadaokaSuitaOsaka565‐0871Japan
- Musculoskeletal Oncology ServiceOsaka International Cancer Institute3‐1‐69, OtemaeChuo‐kuOsaka541‐8567Japan
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28
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EWSR1 Fusions With CREB Family Transcription Factors Define a Novel Myxoid Mesenchymal Tumor With Predilection for Intracranial Location. Am J Surg Pathol 2017; 41:482-490. [PMID: 28009602 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent gene fusions involving EWSR1 with members of the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) family (ATF1 and CREB1) have been reported in a diverse group of tumors including angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma (AFH), soft tissue and gastrointestinal clear cell sarcoma, primary pulmonary myxoid sarcoma, and hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma of salivary gland. We have recently encountered a group of 5 myxoid mesenchymal tumors positive for EWSR1 fusions with one of the CREB family member (ATF1, CREB1, and CREM), with histologic features distinct from any of the previously described pathologic entities. Tumors occurred in children or young adults (12 to 23 y; mean, 18 y), with equal sex distribution. All except 1 were intracranial (intra-axial, 2; meningeal, 2), whereas 1 was perirectal. Histologically, the tumors were well circumscribed, often lobulated, composed of uniform ovoid to round cells, and arranged in cord-like or reticular structures in a myxoid background. All except 1 displayed unique sunburst amianthoid fibers. Immunohistochemically, tumors were positive for epithelial membrane antigen (5/5; 4 focal, 1 diffuse) and desmin (3/5). A novel EWSR1-CREM fusion was identified by RNA sequencing in the perirectal tumor, which was further confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A second case with similar EWSR1-CREM fusion was identified by RT-PCR and FISH in a meningeal tumor. The remaining cases studied by FISH showed the presence of EWSR1-CREB1 fusion in 2 cases and EWSR1-ATF1 in 1. In conclusion, we report a distinct group of myxoid mesenchymal neoplasms occurring in children or young adults with a predilection for intracranial locations. Although the immunoprofile [epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), desmin] and the fusion type raise the possibility of a myxoid AFH, none of the typical histologic findings of AFH were present, suggesting a novel entity.
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29
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Dong B, Wang G, Yao J, Yuan P, Kang W, Zhi L, He X. Predicting novel genes and pathways associated with osteosarcoma by using bioinformatics analysis. Gene 2017; 628:32-37. [PMID: 28687333 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This aim of this study was to explore novel biomarkers related to osteosarcoma. The mRNA expression profile GSE41293 dataset was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, which included seven osteosarcoma and six control samples. After preprocessing, the FASTQ format reads of 13 samples were mapped to the reference sequences to screen for unique mapping reads. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were selected, which were then used for pathway and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analyses. Moreover, the microarray data GSE63631 were downloaded from GEO database to verify our results. The percentages of unique mapping reads for osteosarcomas and control samples were both >85%. A total of 6157 DEGs were identified between the two groups. DEGs that were upregulated were significantly enriched in 19 pathways, and those that were downregulated were enriched in 14 pathways. In the PPI network, DEGs such as SRC, ERBB2, and CAV3 in cluster 1 were enriched in the pathway responsible for focal adhesions. The DEGs in cluster 2, such as CDK4 and CDK6, were enriched in the cell cycle pathway. In GSE63631, DEGs were significantly enriched in focal adhesion pathway, which was in accordance with the result in GSE41293. Thus, the focal adhesion and cell cycle pathways may play important roles in osteosarcoma progression, and SRC, ERBB2, CAV3, CDK4, and CDK6 may be used as critical biomarkers of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi, China; Department of Qrthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guozhu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712083, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Yao
- Nursing School, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Puwei Yuan
- Department of Qrthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wulin Kang
- Department of Qrthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liqiang Zhi
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xijing He
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi, China.
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30
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Barrott JJ, Kafchinski LA, Jin H, Potter JW, Kannan SD, Kennedy R, Mosbruger T, Wang WL, Tsai JW, Araujo DM, Liu T, Capecchi MR, Lazar AJ, Jones KB. Modeling synovial sarcoma metastasis in the mouse: PI3'-lipid signaling and inflammation. J Exp Med 2016; 213:2989-3005. [PMID: 27956588 PMCID: PMC5154942 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid tumor metastasis is a complex biology, impinged upon by a variety of dysregulated signaling pathways. PI3'-lipid signaling has been associated with metastasis and inflammation in many cancers, but the relationship between tumor cell-intrinsic PI3'-lipid signaling and inflammatory cell recruitment has remained enigmatic. Elevated PI3'-lipid signaling associates with progression of synovial sarcoma, a deadly soft tissue malignancy initiated by a t(X;18) chromosomal translocation that generates an SS18-SSX fusion oncoprotein. Here, we show in genetically engineered mouse models of locally induced expression of SS18-SSX1 or SS18-SSX2 that Pten silencing dramatically accelerated and enhanced sarcomagenesis without compromising synovial sarcoma characteristics. PTEN deficiency increased tumor angiogenesis, promoted inflammatory gene expression, and enabled highly penetrant spontaneous pulmonary metastasis. PTEN-deficient sarcomas revealed infiltrating myeloid-derived hematopoietic cells, particularly macrophages and neutrophils, recruited via PI3'-lipid-induced CSF1 expression in tumor cells. Moreover, in a large panel of human synovial sarcomas, enhanced PI3'-lipid signaling also correlated with increased inflammatory cell recruitment and CSF1R signal transduction in both macrophages and endothelial cells. Thus, both in the mouse model and in human synovial sarcomas, PI3'-lipid signaling drives CSF1 expression and associates with increased infiltration of the monocyte/macrophage lineage as well as neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared J Barrott
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112.,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Lisa A Kafchinski
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Huifeng Jin
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112.,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Jared W Potter
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112.,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Sarmishta D Kannan
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112.,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Robert Kennedy
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112.,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Tim Mosbruger
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112.,Department of Bioinformatics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Wei-Lien Wang
- Departments of Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Jen-Wei Tsai
- Departments of Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Dejka M Araujo
- Sarcoma Medical Oncology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Ting Liu
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112.,Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Mario R Capecchi
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Alexander J Lazar
- Departments of Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Kevin B Jones
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 .,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
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31
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β-catenin stabilization enhances SS18-SSX2-driven synovial sarcomagenesis and blocks the mesenchymal to epithelial transition. Oncotarget 2016; 6:22758-66. [PMID: 26259251 PMCID: PMC4673197 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
β-catenin is a master regulator in the cellular biology of development and neoplasia. Its dysregulation is implicated as a driver of colorectal carcinogenesis and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in other cancers. Nuclear β-catenin staining is a poor prognostic sign in synovial sarcoma, the most common soft-tissue sarcoma in adolescents and young adults. We show through genetic experiments in a mouse model that expression of a stabilized form of β-catenin greatly enhances synovial sarcomagenesis. Stabilization of β-catenin enables a stem-cell phenotype in synovial sarcoma cells, specifically blocking epithelial differentiation and driving invasion. β-catenin achieves its reprogramming in part by upregulating transcription of TCF/LEF target genes. Even though synovial sarcoma is primarily a mesenchymal neoplasm, its progression towards a more aggressive and invasive phenotype parallels the epithelial-mesenchymal transition observed in epithelial cancers, where β-catenin's transcriptional contribution includes blocking epithelial differentiation.
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32
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Lye KL, Nordin N, Vidyadaran S, Thilakavathy K. Mesenchymal stem cells: From stem cells to sarcomas. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:610-8. [PMID: 26992453 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have garnered vast interests in clinical settings, especially in regenerative medicine due to their unique properties-they are reliably isolated and expanded from various tissue sources; they are able to differentiate into mesodermal tissues such as bones, cartilages, adipose tissues, and muscles; and they have unique immunosuppressive properties. However, there are some concerns pertaining to the role of MSCs in the human body. On one hand, they are crucial component in the regeneration and repair of the human body. On the contrary, they are shown to transform into sarcomas. Although the exact mechanisms are still unknown, many new leads have pointed to the belief that MSCs do play a role in sarcomagenesis. This review focuses on the current updates and findings of the role of MSCs in their transformation process into sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Liang Lye
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norshariza Nordin
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharmili Vidyadaran
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Karuppiah Thilakavathy
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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33
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Jones KB, Barrott JJ, Xie M, Haldar M, Jin H, Zhu JF, Monument MJ, Mosbruger TL, Langer EM, Randall RL, Wilson RK, Cairns BR, Ding L, Capecchi MR. The impact of chromosomal translocation locus and fusion oncogene coding sequence in synovial sarcomagenesis. Oncogene 2016; 35:5021-32. [PMID: 26947017 PMCID: PMC5014712 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Synovial sarcomas are aggressive soft-tissue malignancies that express chromosomal translocation-generated fusion genes, SS18-SSX1 or SS18-SSX2 in most cases. Here, we report a mouse sarcoma model expressing SS18-SSX1, complementing our prior model expressing SS18-SSX2. Exome sequencing identified no recurrent secondary mutations in tumors of either genotype. Most of the few mutations identified in single tumors were present in genes that were minimally or not expressed in any of the tumors. Chromosome 6, either entirely or around the fusion gene expression locus, demonstrated a copy number gain in a majority of tumors of both genotypes. Thus, by fusion oncogene coding sequence alone, SS18-SSX1 and SS18-SSX2 can each drive comparable synovial sarcomagenesis, independent from other genetic drivers. SS18-SSX1 and SS18-SSX2 tumor transcriptomes demonstrated very few consistent differences overall. In direct tumorigenesis comparisons, SS18-SSX2 was slightly more sarcomagenic than SS18-SSX1, but equivalent in its generation of biphasic histologic features. Meta-analysis of human synovial sarcoma patient series identified two tumor-gentoype-phenotype correlations that were not modeled by the mice, namely a scarcity of male hosts and biphasic histologic features among SS18-SSX2 tumors. Re-analysis of human SS18-SSX1 and SS18-SSX2 tumor transcriptomes demonstrated very few consistent differences, but highlighted increased native SSX2 expression in SS18-SSX1 tumors. This suggests that the translocated locus may drive genotype-phenotype differences more than the coding sequence of the fusion gene created. Two possible roles for native SSX2 in synovial sarcomagenesis are explored. Thus, even specific partial failures of mouse genetic modeling can be instructive to human tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Jones
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - J J Barrott
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - M Xie
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - M Haldar
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - H Jin
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - J-F Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - M J Monument
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - T L Mosbruger
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Bioinformatics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - E M Langer
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - R L Randall
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - R K Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA.,McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Genetics, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA.,Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - B R Cairns
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - L Ding
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA.,McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Genetics, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA.,Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - M R Capecchi
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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34
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Mertens F, Antonescu CR, Mitelman F. Gene fusions in soft tissue tumors: Recurrent and overlapping pathogenetic themes. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2015; 55:291-310. [PMID: 26684580 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene fusions have been described in approximately one-third of soft tissue tumors (STT); of the 142 different fusions that have been reported, more than half are recurrent in the same histologic subtype. These gene fusions constitute pivotal driver mutations, and detailed studies of their cellular effects have provided important knowledge about pathogenetic mechanisms in STT. Furthermore, most fusions are strongly associated with a particular histotype, serving as ideal molecular diagnostic markers. In recent years, it has also become apparent that some chimeric proteins, directly or indirectly, constitute excellent treatment targets, making the detection of gene fusions in STT ever more important. Indeed, pharmacological treatment of STT displaying fusions that activate protein kinases, such as ALK and ROS1, or growth factors, such as PDGFB, is already in clinical use. However, the vast majority (52/78) of recurrent gene fusions create structurally altered and/or deregulated transcription factors, and a small but growing subset develops through rearranged chromatin regulators. The present review provides an overview of the spectrum of currently recognized gene fusions in STT, and, on the basis of the protein class involved, the mechanisms by which they exert their oncogenic effect are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Mertens
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University and Regional Laboratories, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Felix Mitelman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University and Regional Laboratories, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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35
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Langenau DM, Sweet-Cordero A, Wechsler-Reya R, Dyer MA. Preclinical Models Provide Scientific Justification and Translational Relevance for Moving Novel Therapeutics into Clinical Trials for Pediatric Cancer. Cancer Res 2015; 75:5176-5186. [PMID: 26627009 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite improvements in survival rates for children with cancer since the 1960s, progress for many pediatric malignancies has slowed over the past two decades. With the recent advances in our understanding of the genomic landscape of pediatric cancer, there is now enthusiasm for individualized cancer therapy based on genomic profiling of patients' tumors. However, several obstacles to effective personalized cancer therapy remain. For example, relatively little data from prospective clinical trials demonstrate the selective efficacy of molecular-targeted therapeutics based on somatic mutations in the patient's tumor. In this commentary, we discuss recent advances in preclinical testing for pediatric cancer and provide recommendations for providing scientific justification and translational relevance for novel therapeutic combinations for childhood cancer. Establishing rigorous criteria for defining and validating druggable mutations will be essential for the success of ongoing and future clinical genomic trials for pediatric malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Langenau
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge MA 02139
| | - Alejandro Sweet-Cordero
- Pediatrics, Stanford University Medical School. 265 Campus Drive, LLSCR Building Rm G2078b. Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Robert Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Michael A Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
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36
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Alcantara Llaguno SR, Wang Z, Sun D, Chen J, Xu J, Kim E, Hatanpaa KJ, Raisanen JM, Burns DK, Johnson JE, Parada LF. Adult Lineage-Restricted CNS Progenitors Specify Distinct Glioblastoma Subtypes. Cancer Cell 2015; 28:429-440. [PMID: 26461091 PMCID: PMC4607935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A central question in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) research is the identity of the tumor-initiating cell, and its contribution to the malignant phenotype and genomic state. We examine the potential of adult lineage-restricted progenitors to induce fully penetrant GBM using CNS progenitor-specific inducible Cre mice to mutate Nf1, Trp53, and Pten. We identify two phenotypically and molecularly distinct GBM subtypes governed by identical driver mutations. We demonstrate that the two subtypes arise from functionally independent pools of adult CNS progenitors. Despite histologic identity as GBM, these tumor types are separable based on the lineage of the tumor-initiating cell. These studies point to the cell of origin as a major determinant of GBM subtype diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila R Alcantara Llaguno
- Department of Developmental Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Zilai Wang
- Department of Developmental Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Daochun Sun
- Department of Developmental Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Developmental Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Developmental Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Euiseok Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kimmo J Hatanpaa
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jack M Raisanen
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Dennis K Burns
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jane E Johnson
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Luis F Parada
- Department of Developmental Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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37
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Hofvander J, Tayebwa J, Nilsson J, Magnusson L, Brosjö O, Larsson O, von Steyern FV, Domanski HA, Mandahl N, Mertens F. RNA sequencing of sarcomas with simple karyotypes: identification and enrichment of fusion transcripts. J Transl Med 2015; 95:603-9. [PMID: 25867764 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene fusions are neoplasia-associated mutations arising from structural chromosomal rearrangements. They have a strong impact on tumor development and constitute important diagnostic markers. Malignant soft tissue tumors (sarcomas) constitute a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with >50 distinct subtypes, each of which is rare. In addition, there is considerable morphologic overlap between sarcomas and benign lesions. Several subtypes display distinct gene fusions, serving as excellent biomarkers. The development of methods for deep sequencing of the complete transcriptome (RNA-Seq) has substantially improved the possibilities for detecting gene fusions. With the aim of identifying new gene fusions of biological and clinical relevance, eight sarcomas with simple karyotypes, ie, only one or a few structural rearrangements, were subjected to massively parallel paired-end sequencing of mRNA. Three different algorithms were used to identify fusion transcripts from RNA-Seq data. Three novel (KIAA2026-NUDT11, CCBL1-ARL1, and AFF3-PHF1) and two previously known fusions (FUS-CREB3L2 and HAS2-PLAG1) were found and could be verified by other methods. These findings show that RNA-Seq is a powerful tool for detecting gene fusions in sarcomas but also suggest that it is advisable to use more than one algorithm to analyze the output data as only two of the confirmed fusions were reported by more than one of the gene fusion detection software programs. For all of the confirmed gene fusions, at least one of the genes mapped to a chromosome band implicated by the karyotype, suggesting that sarcomas with simple karyotypes constitute an excellent resource for identifying novel gene fusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Hofvander
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University and Regional Laboratories, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johnbosco Tayebwa
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University and Regional Laboratories, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenny Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University and Regional Laboratories, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Linda Magnusson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University and Regional Laboratories, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Otte Brosjö
- Department of Orthopedics, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Olle Larsson
- Department of Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Henryk A Domanski
- Department of Pathology, University and Regional Laboratories, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nils Mandahl
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University and Regional Laboratories, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Mertens
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University and Regional Laboratories, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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38
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Goodwin ML, Jin H, Straessler K, Smith-Fry K, Zhu JF, Monument MJ, Grossmann A, Randall RL, Capecchi MR, Jones KB. Modeling alveolar soft part sarcomagenesis in the mouse: a role for lactate in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Cell 2014; 26:851-862. [PMID: 25453902 PMCID: PMC4327935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS), a deadly soft tissue malignancy with a predilection for adolescents and young adults, associates consistently with t(X;17) translocations that generate the fusion gene ASPSCR1-TFE3. We proved the oncogenic capacity of this fusion gene by driving sarcomagenesis in mice from conditional ASPSCR1-TFE3 expression. The completely penetrant tumors were indistinguishable from human ASPS by histology and gene expression. They formed preferentially in the anatomic environment highest in lactate, the cranial vault, expressed high levels of lactate importers, harbored abundant mitochondria, metabolized lactate as a metabolic substrate, and responded to the administration of exogenous lactate with tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis. These data demonstrate lactate's role as a driver of alveolar soft part sarcomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Goodwin
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Huifeng Jin
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Center for Children's Cancer Research at the Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Krystal Straessler
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kyllie Smith-Fry
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Center for Children's Cancer Research at the Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ju-Fen Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Center for Children's Cancer Research at the Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Michael J Monument
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Center for Children's Cancer Research at the Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Allie Grossmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - R Lor Randall
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Center for Children's Cancer Research at the Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Mario R Capecchi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kevin B Jones
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Center for Children's Cancer Research at the Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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39
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Yang J, Ren Z, Du X, Hao M, Zhou W. The role of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells in sarcoma: update and dispute. Stem Cell Investig 2014; 1:18. [PMID: 27358864 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2306-9759.2014.10.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoma is the collective name for a relatively rare, yet heterogeneous group of cancers, most probably derived from mesenchymal tissues. There are currently over 50 sarcoma subtypes described underscoring the clinical and biologic diversity of this group of malignant cancers. This wide lineage range might suggest that sarcomas originate from either many committed different cell types or from a multipotent cell. Mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MSCs) are able to differentiate into many cell types and these multipotent cells have been isolated from several adult human tumors, making them available for research as well as potential beneficial therapeutical agents. Recent accomplishments in the field have broadened our knowledge of MSCs in relation to sarcoma origin and sarcoma treatment in therapeutic settings. However, numerous concerns and disputes have been raised about whether they are the putative originating cells of sarcoma and their questionable role in sarcomagenesis and progression. We summarize the update and dispute about MSC investigations in sarcomas including the definition, cell origin hypothesis, functional and descriptive assays, roles in sarcomagenesis and targeted therapy, with the purpose to give a comprehensive view of the role of MSCs in sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilong Yang
- 1 Departments of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, 2 National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China ; 3 Departments of Diagnostics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 30060, China
| | - Zhiwu Ren
- 1 Departments of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, 2 National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China ; 3 Departments of Diagnostics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 30060, China
| | - Xiaoling Du
- 1 Departments of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, 2 National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China ; 3 Departments of Diagnostics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 30060, China
| | - Mengze Hao
- 1 Departments of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, 2 National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China ; 3 Departments of Diagnostics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 30060, China
| | - Wenya Zhou
- 1 Departments of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, 2 National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China ; 3 Departments of Diagnostics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 30060, China
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40
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Yang XL, Lu SJ, Xue J, Wu YF, Shi JL. Clear cell sarcoma of the right lumbar region: A case report and review of the literature. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:1625-1627. [PMID: 25202380 PMCID: PMC4156251 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell sarcoma of soft tissues is a very rare, malignant soft tissue tumor that usually arises in the extremities, with a predilection for the lower limbs. This report presents a 45-year-old male with a painless mass in the right lumbar region for one year. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a 3.6×3.2×1.5-cm soft tissue mass of the right lumbar region. The tumoral cells had pleomorphic nuclei and large amounts of clear cytoplasm, and a proportion of the cells contained melanin. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed, which identified that the cells were positive for S-100, MITF and HMB-45 tumor markers. The patient underwent a postoperative chemotherapy protocol and had no local recurrences at one year post-surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Li Yang
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Handan City, Handan, Hebei 056002, P.R. China
| | - San-Jun Lu
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Handan City, Handan, Hebei 056002, P.R. China
| | - Jie Xue
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Handan City, Handan, Hebei 056002, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Fen Wu
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Handan City, Handan, Hebei 056002, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Ling Shi
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Handan City, Handan, Hebei 056002, P.R. China
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Tao J, Jiang MM, Jiang L, Salvo JS, Zeng HC, Dawson B, Bertin TK, Rao PH, Chen R, Donehower LA, Gannon F, Lee BH. Notch activation as a driver of osteogenic sarcoma. Cancer Cell 2014; 26:390-401. [PMID: 25203324 PMCID: PMC4159617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenic sarcoma (OS) is a deadly skeletal malignancy whose cause is unknown. We report here a mouse model of OS based on conditional expression of the intracellular domain of Notch1 (NICD). Expression of the NICD in immature osteoblasts was sufficient to drive the formation of bone tumors, including OS, with complete penetrance. These tumors display features of human OS; namely, histopathology, cytogenetic complexity, and metastatic potential. We show that Notch activation combined with loss of p53 synergistically accelerates OS development in mice, although p53-driven OS is not Rbpj dependent, which demonstrates a dual dominance of the Notch oncogene and p53 mutation in the development of OS. Using this model, we also reveal the osteoblasts as the potential sources of OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianning Tao
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ming-Ming Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lichun Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jason S Salvo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Huan-Chang Zeng
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Brian Dawson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Terry K Bertin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pulivarthi H Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lawrence A Donehower
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Francis Gannon
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Brendan H Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Tumoral reprogramming: Plasticity takes a walk on the wild side. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:436-47. [PMID: 25038581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellular plasticity is the capacity that cells have to change their fate and adopt a new identity. Plasticity is essential for normal development and for tissue regeneration and, in an experimental setting, for the induction of pluripotency. All these processes involve a reprogramming of the cellular identity, mediated by signals from the environment and/or by internal changes at the transcriptional and epigenetic levels. Tumorigenesis is a process in which normal cells acquire a new malignant identity and give rise to a clonal aberrant population. This is only possible if the initiating cell has the necessary plasticity to undergo such changes, and if the oncogenic event(s) initiating cancer has the essential reprogramming capacity so as to be able to lead a change in cellular identity. The molecular mechanisms underlying tumoral reprogramming are the pathological counterparts of the normal processes regulating developmental plasticity or experimentally-induced reprogramming. In this review we will first revise the main features of non-pathological examples of reprogramming, and then we will describe the parallelisms with tumoral reprogramming, and we will also delineate how the precise knowledge of the reprogramming mechanisms offers the potential for the development of new therapeutical interventions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Stress as a fundamental theme in cell plasticity.
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A rare case of clear cell sarcoma with 4 types of EWSR1-ATF1 fusions detected not in primary site but in metastatic site. Pathol Res Pract 2013; 209:803-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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44
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Mertens F, Tayebwa J. Evolving techniques for gene fusion detection in soft tissue tumours. Histopathology 2013; 64:151-62. [PMID: 24320890 DOI: 10.1111/his.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements resulting in the fusion of coding parts from two genes or in the exchange of regulatory sequences are present in approximately 20% of all human neoplasms. More than 1000 such gene fusions have now been described, with close to 100 of them in soft tissue tumours. Although little is still known about the functional outcome of many of these gene fusions, it is well established that most of them have a major impact on tumorigenesis. Furthermore, the strong association between type of gene fusion and morphological subtype makes them highly useful diagnostic markers. Until recently, the vast majority of gene fusions were identified through molecular cytogenetic characterization of rearrangements detected at chromosome banding analysis, followed by use of the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Sanger sequencing. With the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, notably of whole transcriptomes or all poly-A(+) mRNA molecules, the possibility of detecting new gene fusions has increased dramatically. Already, a large number of novel gene fusions have been identified through NGS approaches and it can be predicted that these technologies soon will become standard diagnostic clinical tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Mertens
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University and Regional Laboratories, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Xiao W, Mohseny AB, Hogendoorn PCW, Cleton-Jansen AM. Mesenchymal stem cell transformation and sarcoma genesis. Clin Sarcoma Res 2013; 3:10. [PMID: 23880362 PMCID: PMC3724575 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3329-3-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
MSCs are hypothesized to potentially give rise to sarcomas after transformation and therefore serve as a good model to study sarcomagenesis. Both spontaneous and induced transformation of MSCs have been reported, however, spontaneous transformation has only been convincingly shown in mouse MSCs while induced transformation has been demonstrated in both mouse and human MSCs. Transformed MSCs of both species can give rise to pleomorphic sarcomas after transplantation into mice, indicating the potential MSC origin of so-called non-translocation induced sarcomas. Comparison of expression profiles and differentiation capacities between MSCs and sarcoma cells further supports this. Deregulation of P53- Retinoblastoma-, PI3K-AKT-and MAPK pathways has been implicated in transformation of MSCs. MSCs have also been indicated as cell of origin in several types of chromosomal translocation associated sarcomas. In mouse models the generated sarcoma type depends on amongst others the tissue origin of the MSCs, the targeted pathways and genes and the differentiation commitment status of MSCs. While some insights are glowing, it is clear that more studies are needed to thoroughly understand the molecular mechanism of sarcomagenesis from MSCs and mechanisms determining the sarcoma type, which will potentially give directions for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, 2333ZA, the Netherlands.
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