1
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Tan Z, Lin M, Liu J, Wu H, Chao H. Cyclometalated iridium(III) tetrazine complexes for mitochondria-targeted two-photon photodynamic therapy. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:12917-12926. [PMID: 39028267 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01665c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The fast-moving field of photodynamic therapy (PDT) has provided fresh opportunities to expand the potential of metallodrugs to combat cancers in a light-controlled manner. As such, in the present study, a series of cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes modified with a tetrazine functional group (namely, Ir-ppy-Tz, Ir-pbt-Tz, and Ir-dfppy-Tz) are developed as potential two-photon photodynamic anticancer agents. These complexes target mitochondria but exhibit low toxicity towards HLF primary lung fibroblast normal cells in the dark. When receiving a low-dose one- or two-photon PDT, they become highly potent towards A549 lung cancer cells (with IC50 values ranging from 24.0 nM to 96.0 nM) through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to induce mitochondrial damage and subsequent apoptosis. Our results indicated that the incorporation of tetrazine with cyclometalated Ir(III) matrices would increase the singlet oxygen (1O2) quantum yield (ΦΔ) and, meanwhile, enable a type I PDT mechanism. Ir-pbt-Tz, with the largest two-photon absorption (TPA) cross-section (σ2 = 102 GM), shows great promise in serving as a two-photon PDT agent for phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zanru Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Mingwei Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Jiangping Liu
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, P. R. China.
| | - Huihui Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The East Division of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510700, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 400201, P. R. China
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2
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Lee LCC, Lo KKW. Shining New Light on Biological Systems: Luminescent Transition Metal Complexes for Bioimaging and Biosensing Applications. Chem Rev 2024. [PMID: 39052606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Luminescence imaging is a powerful and versatile technique for investigating cell physiology and pathology in living systems, making significant contributions to life science research and clinical diagnosis. In recent years, luminescent transition metal complexes have gained significant attention for diagnostic and therapeutic applications due to their unique photophysical and photochemical properties. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent development of luminescent transition metal complexes for bioimaging and biosensing applications, with a focus on transition metal centers with a d6, d8, and d10 electronic configuration. We elucidate the structure-property relationships of luminescent transition metal complexes, exploring how their structural characteristics can be manipulated to control their biological behavior such as cellular uptake, localization, biocompatibility, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution. Furthermore, we introduce the various design strategies that leverage the interesting photophysical properties of luminescent transition metal complexes for a wide variety of biological applications, including autofluorescence-free imaging, multimodal imaging, organelle imaging, biological sensing, microenvironment monitoring, bioorthogonal labeling, bacterial imaging, and cell viability assessment. Finally, we provide insights into the challenges and perspectives of luminescent transition metal complexes for bioimaging and biosensing applications, as well as their use in disease diagnosis and treatment evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Cho-Cheung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Units 1503-1511, 15/F, Building 17W, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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3
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Zhu L, Wang Y, Song J, Sheng Z, Qi J, Li Y, Li G, Tang BZ. Two-Photon Absorption Aggregation-Induced Emission Luminogen/Paclitaxel Nanoparticles for Cancer Theranostics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:27075-27086. [PMID: 38752796 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Multifaceted nanoplatforms integrating fluorescence imaging and chemotherapy have garnered acknowledgment for their potential potency in cancer diagnosis and simultaneous in situ therapy. However, some drawbacks remain for traditional organic photosensitizers, such as poor photostability, short excitation wavelength, and shallow penetration depth, which will greatly lower the chemotherapy treatment efficiency. Herein, we present lipid-encapsulated two-photon active aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminogen and paclitaxel (PTX) nanoparticles (AIE@PTX NPs) with bright red fluorescence emission, excellent photostability, and good biocompatibility. The AIE@PTX NPs exhibit dual functionality as two-photon probes for visualizing blood vessels and tumor structures, achieving penetration depth up to 186 and 120 μm, respectively. Furthermore, the tumor growth of the HeLa-xenograft model can be effectively prohibited after the fluorescence imaging-guided and PTX-induced chemotherapy, which shows great potential in the clinical application of two-photon cell and tumor fluorescence imaging and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Zhu
- Department of General Surgery & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Nanfang Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Innovation Research Center for AIE Pharmaceutical Biology, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jiayi Song
- Innovation Research Center for AIE Pharmaceutical Biology, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Zonghai Sheng
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Science and System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Ji Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Interdisciplinary Center of Cell Response, and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ying Li
- Innovation Research Center for AIE Pharmaceutical Biology, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Guoxin Li
- Department of General Surgery & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Nanfang Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen (CUHK-Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
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Feng T, Tang Z, Karges J, Shu J, Xiong K, Jin C, Chen Y, Gasser G, Ji L, Chao H. An iridium(iii)-based photosensitizer disrupting the mitochondrial respiratory chain induces ferritinophagy-mediated immunogenic cell death. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6752-6762. [PMID: 38725496 PMCID: PMC11077511 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01214c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells have a strategically optimized metabolism and tumor microenvironment for rapid proliferation and growth. Increasing research efforts have been focused on developing therapeutic agents that specifically target the metabolism of cancer cells. In this work, we prepared 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-functionalized Ir(iii) complexes that selectively localize in the mitochondria and generate singlet oxygen and superoxide anion radicals upon two-photon irradiation. The generation of this oxidative stress leads to the disruption of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and therefore the disturbance of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis metabolisms, triggering cell death by combining immunogenic cell death and ferritinophagy. To the best of our knowledge, this latter is reported for the first time in the context of photodynamic therapy (PDT). To provide cancer selectivity, the best compound of this work was encapsulated within exosomes to form tumor-targeted nanoparticles. Treatment of the primary tumor of mice with two-photon irradiation (720 nm) 24 h after injection of the nanoparticles in the tail vein stops the primary tumor progression and almost completely inhibits the growth of distant tumors that were not irradiated. Our compound is a promising photosensitizer that efficiently disrupts the mitochondrial respiratory chain and induces ferritinophagy-mediated long-term immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Zixin Tang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Johannes Karges
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstrasse 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Jun Shu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Kai Xiong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Chengzhi Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology 75005 Paris France
| | - Liangnian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan 400201 P. R. China
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5
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Kostova I. Therapeutic and Diagnostic Agents based on Bioactive Endogenous and Exogenous Coordination Compounds. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:358-386. [PMID: 36944628 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230321110018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Metal-based coordination compounds have very special place in bioinorganic chemistry because of their different structural arrangements and significant application in medicine. Rapid progress in this field increasingly enables the targeted design and synthesis of metal-based pharmaceutical agents that fulfill valuable roles as diagnostic or therapeutic agents. Various coordination compounds have important biological functions, both those initially present in the body (endogenous) and those entering the organisms from the external environment (exogenous): vitamins, drugs, toxic substances, etc. In the therapeutic and diagnostic practice, both the essential for all living organisms and the trace metals are used in metal-containing coordination compounds. In the current review, the most important functional biologically active compounds were classified group by group according to the position of the elements in the periodic table.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Kostova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, 2 Dunav St., Sofia 1000, Bulgaria
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6
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Jordan R, Maisuls I, Nair SS, Dietzek-Ivanšić B, Strassert CA, Klein A. Enhanced luminescence properties through heavy ancillary ligands in [Pt(C^N^C)(L)] complexes, L = AsPh 3 and SbPh 3. Dalton Trans 2023. [PMID: 38013458 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03225f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
In the frame of our research aiming to develop efficient triplet-emitting materials, we are exploring the concept of introducing additional heavy atoms into cyclometalated transition metal complexes to enhance intersystem-crossing (ISC) and thus triplet emission through increased spin-orbit coupling (SOC). In an in-depth proof-of-principle study we investigated the double cyclometalated Pt(II) complexes [Pt(C^N^C)(PnPh3)] (HC^N^CH = 2,6-diphenyl-pyridine (H2dpp) or dibenzoacridine (H2dba); Pn = pnictogen atoms P, As, Sb, or Bi) through a combined experimental and theoretical approach. The derivatives containing Pn = P, As, and Sb were synthesised and characterised comprehensively using single crystal X-ray diffraction (scXRD), UV-vis absorption and emission spectroscopy, transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Across the series P < As < Sb, a red-shift is observed concerning absorption and emission maxima as well as optical and electrochemical HOMO-LUMO gaps. Increased photoluminescence quantum yields ΦL and radiative rates kr from mixed metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT)/ligand centred (LC) triplet states are observed for the heavier homologues. Transient absorption spectroscopy showed processes in the ps range that were assigned to the population of the T1 state by ISC. The heavy PnPh3 ancillary ligands are found to enhance the emission efficiency due to both higher Pt-Pn bond strength and stronger SOC related to increased MLCT character of the excited states. The experimental findings are mirrored in hybrid (TD-)DFT calculations. This allowed for extrapolation to the rather elusive Bi derivatives, which were synthetically not accessible. This shortcoming is attributed to the transmetalation of phenyl groups from BiPh3 to Pt, as supported by experimental NMR/MS as well as DFT studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Jordan
- University of Cologne, Faculty for Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Greinstrasse 6, D-50939 Köln, Germany.
| | - Iván Maisuls
- Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, CiMIC, CeNTech, Heisenbergstraße 11, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Shruthi S Nair
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute for Physical Chemistry (IPC), Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Leibniz Institute for Photonic Technologies Jena (IPHT), Research Department Functional Interfaces, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Dietzek-Ivanšić
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute for Physical Chemistry (IPC), Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Leibniz Institute for Photonic Technologies Jena (IPHT), Research Department Functional Interfaces, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Cristian A Strassert
- Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, CiMIC, CeNTech, Heisenbergstraße 11, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Axel Klein
- University of Cologne, Faculty for Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Greinstrasse 6, D-50939 Köln, Germany.
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7
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Zhang Z, Ye H, Cai F, Sun Y. Recent advances on the construction of long-wavelength emissive supramolecular coordination complexes for photo-diagnosis and therapy. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15193-15202. [PMID: 37476886 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01893h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Recently, metal-based drugs have attracted relentless interest in the biomedical field. However, their short excitation/emission wavelengths and unsatisfactory therapeutic efficiency limit their biological applications in vivo. Currently, the second near-infrared window (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) provides more accurate imaging and therapeutic options. Thus, there has been a constant focus on developing multifunctional NIR metal agents for imaging and therapy that have deeper tissue penetration. Fortunately, supramolecular coordination complexes (SCCs) formed by the coordination-driven self-assembly of NIR-II emissive ligands can address the above issues. Importantly, metal receptors with chemotherapeutic properties in SCCs can bind to luminescent ligands, thus becoming a versatile therapeutic platform for chemotherapy, imaging and phototherapy. In this context, we systematically summarize the evolution of NIR-II emissive SCCs for biomedical applications and discuss future challenges and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Zhang
- Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science & Technology, Xianning 437000, P. R. China.
| | - Huan Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China
| | - Fei Cai
- Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science & Technology, Xianning 437000, P. R. China.
| | - Yao Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
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Feng T, Tang Z, Karges J, Shen J, Jin C, Chen Y, Pan Y, He Y, Ji L, Chao H. Exosome camouflaged coordination-assembled Iridium(III) photosensitizers for apoptosis-autophagy-ferroptosis induced combination therapy against melanoma. Biomaterials 2023; 301:122212. [PMID: 37385136 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma represents the most fatal form of skin cancer due to its resistance mechanisms and high capacity for the development of metastases. Among other medicinal techniques, photodynamic therapy is receiving increasing attention. Despite promising results, the application of photodynamic therapy is inherently limited due to interference from melanin, poor tissue penetration of photosensitizers, low loading into drug delivery systems, and a lack of tumor selectivity. To overcome these limitations, herein, the coordination-driven assembly of Ir(III) complex photosensitizers with Fe(III) ions into nanopolymers for combined photodynamic therapy and chemodynamic therapy is reported. While remaining stable under physiological conditions, the nanopolymers dissociated in the tumor microenvironment. Upon exposure to light, the Ir(III) complexes produced singlet oxygen and superoxide anion radicals, inducing cell death by apoptosis and autophagy. The Fe(III) ions were reduced to Fe(II) upon depletion of glutathione and reduction of the GPX4 levels, triggering cell death by ferroptosis. To provide tumor selectivity, the nanopolymers were further camouflaged with exosomes. The generated nanoparticles were found to eradicate a melanoma tumor as well as inhibit the formation of metastases inside a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Zixin Tang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Johannes Karges
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Jinchao Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Chengzhi Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yu Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yihang Pan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Yulong He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Liangnian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 400201, PR China.
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9
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Barth AT, Fajardo J, Sattler W, Winkler JR, Gray HB. Electronic Structures and Photoredox Chemistry of Tungsten(0) Arylisocyanides. Acc Chem Res 2023. [PMID: 37384787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusThe high energy barriers associated with the reaction chemistry of inert substrates can be overcome by employing redox-active photocatalysts. Research in this area has grown exponentially over the past decade, as transition metal photosensitizers have been shown to mediate challenging organic transformations. Critical for the advancement of photoredox catalysis is the discovery, development, and study of complexes based on earth-abundant metals that can replace and/or complement established noble-metal-based photosensitizers.Recent work has focused on redox-active complexes of 3d metals, as photosensitizers containing these metals most likely would be scalable. Although low lying spin doublet ("spin flip") excited states of chromium(III) and metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited states of copper(I) have relatively long lifetimes, the electronic excited states of many other 3d metal complexes fall on dissociative potential energy surfaces, owing to the population of highly energetic σ-antibonding orbitals. Indeed, we and other investigators have shown that low lying spin singlet and triplet excited states of robust closed-shell metal complexes are too short-lived at room temperature to engage in bimolecular reactions in solutions. In principle, this problem could be overcome by designing and constructing 3d metal complexes containing strong field π-acceptor ligands, where thermally equilibrated MLCT or intraligand charge transfer excited states might fall well below the upper surfaces of dissociative 3d-3d states. Notably, such design elements have been exploited by investigators in very recent work on redox-active iron(II) systems. Another approach, one we have actively pursued, is to design and construct closed-shell complexes of earth-abundant 5d metals containing very strong π-acceptor ligands, where vertical excitation of 5d-5d excited states at the ground state geometry would require energies far above minima in the potential surfaces of MLCT excited states. As this requirement is met by tungsten(0) arylisocyanides, these complexes have been the focus of our work aimed at the development of robust redox-active photosensitizers.In the following Account, we review recent work on homoleptic tungsten(0) arylisocyanides. Originally reported by our group 45 years ago, W(CNAr)6 complexes have exceptionally large one- and two-photon absorption cross-sections. One- or two-photon excitation produces relatively long-lived (hundreds of nanoseconds to microsecond) MLCT excited states in high yields. These MLCT excited states, which are very strong reductants with E°(W+/*W0) = -2.2 to -3.0 V vs Fc[+/0], mediate photocatalysis of organic reactions with both visible and near-infrared (NIR) light. Here, we highlight design principles that led to the development of three generations of W(CNAr)6 photosensitizers; and we discuss likely steps in the mechanism of a prototypal W(CNAr)6-catalyzed base-promoted homolytic aromatic substitution reaction. Among the many potential applications of these very bright luminophores, two-photon imaging and two-photon-initiated polymerization are ones we plan to pursue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra T Barth
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Javier Fajardo
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Wesley Sattler
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jay R Winkler
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Harry B Gray
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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10
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Li C, Pang Y, Xu Y, Lu M, Tu L, Li Q, Sharma A, Guo Z, Li X, Sun Y. Near-infrared metal agents assisting precision medicine: from strategic design to bioimaging and therapeutic applications. Chem Soc Rev 2023. [PMID: 37334831 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00227f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Metal agents have made incredible strides in preclinical research and clinical applications in recent years, but their short emission/absorption wavelengths continue to be a barrier to their distribution, therapeutic action, visual tracking, and efficacy evaluation. Nowadays, the near-infrared window (NIR, 650-1700 nm) provides a more accurate imaging and treatment option. Thus, there has been ongoing research focusing on developing multifunctional NIR metal agents for imaging and therapy that have deeper tissue penetration. The design, characteristics, bioimaging, and therapy of NIR metal agents are covered in this overview of papers and reports published to date. To start with, we focus on describing the structure, design strategies, and photophysical properties of metal agents from the NIR-I (650-1000 nm) to NIR-II (1000-1700 nm) region, in order of molecular metal complexes (MMCs), metal-organic complexes (MOCs), and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Next, the biomedical applications brought by these superior photophysical and chemical properties for more accurate imaging and therapy are discussed. Finally, we explore the challenges and prospects of each type of NIR metal agent for future biomedical research and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonglu Li
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Yida Pang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Yuling Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Mengjiao Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Le Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Qian Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China
| | - Amit Sharma
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Sector-30C, Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Zhenzhong Guo
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Xiangyang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Yao Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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11
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Shen J, He W. The fabrication strategies of near-infrared absorbing transition metal complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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12
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Luo C, Zhang Q, Sun S, Li H, Xu Y. Research progress of auxiliary groups in improving the performance of fluorescent probes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:2199-2207. [PMID: 36723204 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06952k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In the design work of fluorescent probes, it is important to consider not only the factors of fluorescence properties but also the environment in which the fluorescent molecule works. This requires the design of auxiliary groups to refine the fluorescent molecule. Nowadays, more and more fluorescent molecules are not limited to the traditional fluorescent probe consisting of a fluorophore, linker arm and recognition group, but integrate the three into one, and introduce auxiliary groups where possible. Auxiliary groups are "catalytic groups" that do not interact with the substrate, or "catalyze" the interaction of the recognition group with the substrate. The introduced auxiliary groups can improve the sensitivity and selectivity of the detection to some extent, which has attracted great interest from researchers. Although previous work has focused on this aspect, no one has summarized it systematically and comprehensively. So this review summarizes the role of auxiliary groups that are classified into three categories according to the different mechanisms between the auxiliary groups and the substance, in improving the performance of fluorescent probes in recent years (2012-2022). In particular, we generalize the mechanisms of the auxiliary groups in improving the sensitivity and selectivity of fluorescent probes. Also, the fundamental principles of auxiliary groups to improve the sensitivity and selectivity of fluorescent probes are discussed and future research directions in this field are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canxia Luo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China, 712100.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China, 712100.
| | - Shiguo Sun
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China, 712100.
| | - Hongjuan Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China, 712100.
| | - Yongqian Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China, 712100.
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13
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Wang L, Karges J, Wei F, Xie L, Chen Z, Gasser G, Ji L, Chao H. A mitochondria-localized iridium(iii) photosensitizer for two-photon photodynamic immunotherapy against melanoma. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1461-1471. [PMID: 36794192 PMCID: PMC9906708 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06675k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional photodynamic therapy mainly causes a therapeutic effect on the primary tumor through the localized generation of reactive oxygen species, while metastatic tumors remain poorly affected. Complementary immunotherapy is effective in eliminating small, non-localized tumors distributed across multiple organs. Here, we report the Ir(iii) complex Ir-pbt-Bpa as a highly potent immunogenic cell death inducing photosensitizer for two-photon photodynamic immunotherapy against melanoma. Ir-pbt-Bpa can produce singlet oxygen and superoxide anion radicals upon light irradiation, causing cell death by a combination of ferroptosis and immunogenic cell death. In a mouse model with two physically separated melanoma tumors, although only one of the primary tumors was irradiated, a strong tumor reduction of both tumors was observed. Upon irradiation, Ir-pbt-Bpa not only induced the immune response of CD8+ T cells and the depletion of regulatory T cells, but also caused an increase in the number of the effector memory T cells to achieve long-term anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China .,Public Research Center, Hainan Medical University Haikou 571199 P. R. China
| | - Johannes Karges
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 15044780 BochumGermany
| | - Fangmian Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Lina Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Zhuoli Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology Paris 75005 France
| | - Liangnian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China .,MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan 400201 P. R. China
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14
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Xiong Q, Zhao K, Cheng Y, He C, Lai Y, Shi M, Ming X, Jin F, Tao D, Liao R, Liu Y. Optical properties, bioimaging and theoretical calculation of a Zn(II) complex based on triphenylamine derivative. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 286:122012. [PMID: 36308823 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A luminescent material with various optical properties based on a triphenylamine Zn(II) complex is described. The ultraviolet-visible absorption, one-photon excited fluorescence (OPEF) and two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) of the complex indicate that the material has good OPEF and TPEF properties. And the results of one- and two-photon HepG2 cells imaging experiments show the potential of the complex in fluorescence microscopy bioimaging. The experimental Stokes shift and the FWHM (full-width at half-maximum) in different solvents were correlated with the rMPI polarity of the solvent, and the perfect Boltzmann curves were obtained, where the Boltzmann correlation between Stokes shift and solvent polarity is reported for the second time. But the Boltzmann correlation between FWHM and solvent polarity is reported for the first time. In addition, the computational results indicate that, the covalent bond within the salt ZnBr2 is strengthened by the coordination, and the newly formed coordination bond Zn-N is stronger than the original covalent bond Zn-Br.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijuan Xiong
- College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China
| | - Kaipeng Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China
| | - Yuling Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China
| | - Changjun He
- College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China
| | - Yuting Lai
- College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China
| | - Mengyun Shi
- College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China
| | - Xin Ming
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China
| | - Feng Jin
- College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China.
| | - Dongliang Tao
- College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China
| | - Rongbao Liao
- College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China
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15
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Triplet Emitting C^N^C Cyclometalated Dibenzo[c,h]Acridine Pt(II) Complexes. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27228054. [PMID: 36432153 PMCID: PMC9697690 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In a series of Pt(II) complexes [Pt(dba)(L)] containing the very rigid, dianionic, bis-cyclometalating, tridentate C^N^C2− heterocyclic ligand dba2− (H2dba = dibenzo[c,h]acridine), the coligand (ancillary ligand) L = dmso, PPh3, CNtBu and Me2Imd (N,N’-dimethylimidazolydene) was varied in order to improve its luminescence properties. Beginning with the previously reported dmso complex, we synthesized the PPh3, CNtBu and Me2Imd derivatives and characterized them by elemental analysis, 1H (and 31P) NMR spectroscopy and MS. Cyclic voltammetry showed partially reversible reduction waves ranging between −1.89 and −2.10 V and increasing along the series Me2Imd < dmso ≈ PPh3 < CNtBu. With irreversible oxidation waves ranging between 0.55 (L = Me2Imd) and 1.00 V (dmso), the electrochemical gaps range between 2.65 and 2.91 eV while increasing along the series Me2Imd < CNtBu < PPh3 < dmso. All four complexes show in part vibrationally structured long-wavelength absorption bands peaking at around 530 nm. TD-DFT calculated spectra agree quite well with the experimental spectra, with only a slight redshift. The photoluminescence spectra of all four compounds are very similar. In fluid solution at 298 K, they show broad, only partially structured bands, with maxima at around 590 nm, while in frozen glassy matrices at 77 K, slightly blue-shifted (~580 nm) bands with clear vibronic progressions were found. The photoluminescence quantum yields ΦL ranged between 0.04 and 0.24, at 298 K, and between 0.80 and 0.90 at 77 K. The lifetimes τ at 298 K ranged between 60 and 14040 ns in Ar-purged solutions and increased from 17 to 43 µs at 77 K. The TD-DFT calculated emission spectra are in excellent agreement with the experimental findings. In terms of high ΦL and long τ, the dmso and PPh3 complexes outperform the CNtBu and Me2Imd derivatives. This is remarkable in view of the higher ligand strength of Me2Imd, compared with all other coligands, as concluded from the electrochemical data.
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16
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Solomatina AI, Galenko EE, Kozina DO, Kalinichev AA, Baigildin VA, Prudovskaya NA, Shakirova JR, Khlebnikov AF, Porsev VV, Evarestov RA, Tunik SP. Nonsymmetric [Pt(C^N*N′^C′)] Complexes: Aggregation‐Induced Emission in the Solid State and in Nanoparticles Tuned by Ligand Structure. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202207. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia I. Solomatina
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskii av., Sankt-Peterburg, 26 198504 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Ekaterina E. Galenko
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskii av., Sankt-Peterburg, 26 198504 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Daria O. Kozina
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskii av., Sankt-Peterburg, 26 198504 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Alexey A. Kalinichev
- Center for Optical and Laser Materials Research Research Park of St. Petersburg State University Universitetskaya Emb. 7–9 199034 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Vadim A. Baigildin
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskii av., Sankt-Peterburg, 26 198504 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Natalia A. Prudovskaya
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskii av., Sankt-Peterburg, 26 198504 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Julia R. Shakirova
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskii av., Sankt-Peterburg, 26 198504 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Alexander F. Khlebnikov
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskii av., Sankt-Peterburg, 26 198504 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Vitaly V. Porsev
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskii av., Sankt-Peterburg, 26 198504 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Robert A. Evarestov
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskii av., Sankt-Peterburg, 26 198504 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Sergey P. Tunik
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskii av., Sankt-Peterburg, 26 198504 St. Petersburg Russia
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17
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Combination of light and Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes: Recent advances in the development of new anticancer drugs. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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The X-ray crystal structures, molecular docking and biological activities of two novel Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes with a ligand having a potentially N4O2 donor set and two nitro phenyl rings as pendant arms. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 235:111910. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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19
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Phosphorescent Ir(III) Complexes for Biolabeling and Biosensing. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2022; 380:35. [PMID: 35948820 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00389-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes exhibit strong phosphorescence emission with lifetime of submicroseconds to several microseconds at room temperature. Their synthetic versatility enables broad control of physical properties, such as charge and lipophilicity, as well as emission colors. These favorable properties have motivated the use of Ir(III) complexes in luminescent bioimaging applications. This review examines the recent progress in the development of phosphorescent biolabels and sensors based on Ir(III) complexes. It begins with a brief introduction about the basic principles of the syntheses and photophysical processes of cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes. Focus is placed on illustrating the broad imaging utility of Ir(III) complexes. Phosphorescent labels illuminating intracellular organelles, including mitochondria, lysosomes, and cell membranes, are summarized. Ir(III) complexes capable of visualization of tumor spheroids and parasites are also introduced. Facile chemical modification of the cyclometalating ligands endows the Ir(III) complexes with strong sensing ability. Sensors of temperature, pH, CO2, metal ions, anions, biosulfur species, reactive oxygen species, peptides, and viscosity have recently been added to the molecular imaging tools. This diverse utility demonstrates the potential of phosphorescent Ir(III) complexes toward bioimaging applications.
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20
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Lee LCC, Lo KKW. Luminescent and Photofunctional Transition Metal Complexes: From Molecular Design to Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14420-14440. [PMID: 35925792 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There has been emerging interest in the exploitation of the photophysical and photochemical properties of transition metal complexes for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In this Perspective, we highlight the major recent advances in the development of luminescent and photofunctional transition metal complexes, in particular, those of rhenium(I), ruthenium(II), osmium(II), iridium(III), and platinum(II), as bioimaging reagents and phototherapeutic agents, with a focus on the molecular design strategies that harness and modulate the interesting photophysical and photochemical behavior of the complexes. We also discuss the current challenges and future outlook of transition metal complexes for both fundamental research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Cho-Cheung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China.,Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Units 1503-1511, 15/F, Building 17W, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
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21
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Ke L, Wei F, Xie L, Karges J, Chen Y, Ji L, Chao H. A Biodegradable Iridium(III) Coordination Polymer for Enhanced Two-Photon Photodynamic Therapy Using an Apoptosis-Ferroptosis Hybrid Pathway. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205429. [PMID: 35532958 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The clinical application of photodynamic therapy is hindered by the high glutathione concentration, poor cancer-targeting properties, poor drug loading into delivery systems, and an inefficient activation of the cell death machinery in cancer cells. To overcome these limitations, herein, the formulation of a promising IrIII complex into a biodegradable coordination polymer (IrS NPs) is presented. The nanoparticles were found to remain stable under physiological conditions but deplete glutathione and disintegrate into the monomeric metal complexes in the tumor microenvironment, causing an enhanced therapeutic effect. The nanoparticles were found to selectively accumulate in the mitochondria where these trigger cell death by hybrid apoptosis and ferroptosis pathways through the photoinduced production of singlet oxygen and superoxide anion radicals. This study presents the first example of a coordination polymer that can efficiently cause cancer cell death by apoptosis and ferroptosis upon irradiation, providing an innovative approach for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libing Ke
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Fangmian Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Lina Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Johannes Karges
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Liangnian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 400201, P. R. China
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22
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Liu L, Chen J, Wang MM, Huang Y, Qian Y, Xue X, Su Z, Liu HK. The cyclometalated iridium (III) complex based on 9-Anthracenecarboxylic acid as a lysosomal-targeted anticancer agent. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 235:111913. [PMID: 35905643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
9-Anthracenecarboxylic acid (9-Ac) was reported early as a chloride channel inhibitor and was found to exhibit significant anti-proliferative activity on leukemic cells, but has not been researched in solid tumor cells. Herein, a 9-anthraceneic acid derivative was introduced into the cyclometalated Iridium (III) species to construct a novel Iridium (Ir) complex Ir-9-Ac, [Ir(ppy)2(9-Ac-L)]PF6 (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine, 9-Ac-L = N-((4'-methyl-[2,2'-bipyridin]-4-yl)methyl)anthracene-9-carboxamide), which could accumulated in lysosomes. Ir-9-Ac showed good cytotoxic activity against several tumor cell lines, notably on A549 cells. Besides Ir-9-Ac could inhibit the cell colony formation and growth of the 3D cell spheroids, demonstrating the potential to suppress tumors in vivo. This design provided a platform for the design of cyclometalated Iridium (III) anticancer complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Meng-Meng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuanlei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yong Qian
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xuling Xue
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zhi Su
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Hong-Ke Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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23
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De Soricellis G, Fagnani F, Colombo A, Dragonetti C, Roberto D. Exploring the potential of N^C^N cyclometalated Pt(II) complexes bearing 1,3-di(2-pyridyl)benzene derivatives for imaging and photodynamic therapy. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.121082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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24
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Wang MM, Li HM, Deng DP, Su Y, Su Z. Anticancer performance of Ir(III)-based anticancer agents in the treatment of cisplatin resistant cancer cells. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200273. [PMID: 35726053 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The resistance to cisplatin of cancer cells have dramatically blocked its further application in the practical treatment. The generation of cisplatin resistance was a complicated physiological process, even several mechanisms have been reported. New metal-based agents with distinct anticancer mechanisms were still highly desired. In this concept, we have described Ir(III)-based anticancer agents and the underlying anticancer mechanisms, which could inhibit the antiproliferation of cisplatin resistant tumors. This work could benefit the society to develop more effective Ir(III)-based agents to combat cisplatin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yan Su
- Nanjing Normal University, Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Zhi Su
- Nanjing Normal University, Chemistry, Wenyuan Rd. #1, 210093, Nanjing, CHINA
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25
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Ke L, Wei F, Xie L, Karges J, Chen Y, Ji L, Chao H. A Biodegradable Iridium(III) Coordination Polymer for Enhanced Two‐Photon Photodynamic Therapy Using an Apoptosis–Ferroptosis Hybrid Pathway. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Libing Ke
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research The Seventh Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Fangmian Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research The Seventh Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Lina Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research The Seventh Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Johannes Karges
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Yu Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research The Seventh Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Liangnian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research The Seventh Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research The Seventh Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan 400201 P. R. China
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26
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Hamidizadeh P, Babadi Aghakhanpour R, Chamyani S, Paziresh S, Shahsavari HR, Nabavizadeh SM. Fine-Tuning of Luminescence Properties of Cyclometalated Platinum(II) Complexes via Aminopyridine Derivatives. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Hamidizadeh
- Professor Rashidi Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71467-13565, Iran
| | - Reza Babadi Aghakhanpour
- Professor Rashidi Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71467-13565, Iran
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Samira Chamyani
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Sareh Paziresh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Hamid R. Shahsavari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - S. Masoud Nabavizadeh
- Professor Rashidi Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71467-13565, Iran
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27
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Jain N, Kaur N. A comprehensive compendium of literature of 1,8-Naphthalimide based chemosensors from 2017 to 2021. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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El-Lateef HMA, Khalaf MM, Shehata MR, Abu-Dief AM. Fabrication, DFT Calculation, and Molecular Docking of Two Fe(III) Imine Chelates as Anti-COVID-19 and Pharmaceutical Drug Candidate. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073994. [PMID: 35409353 PMCID: PMC8999679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Two tetradentate dibasic chelating Schiff base iron (III) chelates were prepared from the reaction of 2,2′-((1E,1′E)-(1,2-phenylenebis(azanylylidene))bis(methanylylidene))bis(4-bromophenol) (PDBS) and 2,2′-((1E,1′E)-((4-chloro-1,2-phenylene)bis(azanylylidene))-bis(methanylylidene))bis(4-bromophenol) (CPBS) with Fe3+ ions. The prepared complexes were fully characterized with spectral and physicochemical tools such as IR, NMR, CHN analysis, TGA, UV-visible spectra, and magnetic moment measurements. Moreover, geometry optimizations for the synthesized ligands and complexes were conducted using the Gaussian09 program through the DFT approach, to find the best structures and key parameters. The prepared compounds were tested as antimicrobial agents against selected strains of bacteria and fungi. The results suggests that the CPBSFe complex has the highest activity, which is close to the reference. An MTT assay was used to screen the newly synthesized compounds against a variety of cell lines, including colon cancer cells, hepatic cellular carcinoma cells, and breast carcinoma cells. The results are expressed by IC50 value, in which the 48 µg/mL value of the CPBSFe complex indicates its success as a potential anticancer agent. The antioxidant behavior of the two imine chelates was studied by DPPH assay. All the tested imine complexes show potent antioxidant activity compared to the standard Vitamin C. Furthermore, the in vitro assay and the mechanism of binding and interaction efficiency of the tested samples with the receptor of COVID-19 core protease viral protein (PDB ID: 6lu7) and the receptor of Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, PDB ID: 1fj4) were investigated using molecular docking experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany M. Abd El-Lateef
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82534, Egypt
- Correspondence: (H.M.A.E.-L.); (A.M.A.-D.)
| | - Mai M. Khalaf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82534, Egypt
| | - Mohamed R. Shehata
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza P.O. Box 12613, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed M. Abu-Dief
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Taibah University, Madinah P.O. Box 344, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (H.M.A.E.-L.); (A.M.A.-D.)
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Prajith NU, Priyanka PV, Alexander V. Synthesis, characterization, photophysical, lipophilicity, and in vitro fluorescence studies of mono-, di-, and trinuclear Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes of pyridinyl benzimidazole derivatives. J Biol Inorg Chem 2022; 27:357-372. [PMID: 35262796 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-022-01934-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization, and photophysical properties of mononuclear ruthenium(II) complexes [Ru(bpy)2(py-BIm-Bz)](ClO4)2 (1) and [Ru(phen)2(py-BIm-Bz)](ClO4)2 (2), dinuclear complexes [(bpy)2Ru-μ2-(py-BIm-Xy)-Ru(bpy)2](ClO4)4 (3) and [(phen)2Ru-μ2-(py-BIm-Xy)-Ru(phen)2](ClO4)4 (4), and trinuclear complexes [((bpy)2Ru)3-μ3-(py-BIm-Ms)](ClO4)6 (5) and [((phen)2Ru)3-μ3-(py-BIm-Ms)](ClO4)6 (6) of pyridinyl benzimidazole ligands with 2,2'-bipyridine or 1,10-phenanthroline ancillary ligands as fluorescent imaging probes are reported. The ligand py-BIm-Bz crystallizes with inherent disorder due to the competing π-π interactions between two (2-pyridinyl)benzimidazole moieties aligned in parallel and in the opposite direction. The complex 2 forms non-merohedrally twinned crystal with the twin law matrix [0.259 -0.776 0.741, 0.000 -1.000 0.000, 1.259 -0.776 -0.259] and a batch scale factor (BASF) of 0.05. The electronic absorption spectra of the complexes 1-6 differ typically in the π-π* transitions of the ancillary ligands. The complexes exhibit orange-red fluorescence at 624-634 nm at room temperature with quantum yield (0.096 - 0.117) higher than that of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and a hypsochromic shift of the emission maxima in frozen acetonitrile (λem = 613-628 nm) due to the rigidochromic effect. The excited state lifetime of these complexes are in the range 72-194 ns with the mononuclear complexes exhibiting the highest values. The complexes 1-6 are nontoxic (IC50 > 275 μM) toward both HeLa and Vero cell lines. They are hydrophilic and the logPo/w values are in the -0.53 to -1.46 range. The confocal microscopic study of cellular localization of the complexes on the HeLa cells co-stained with the nuclear staining DAPI dye shows their localization in the cytoplasm and the nuclear membrane penetration increases with nuclearity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N U Prajith
- Department of Chemistry, Loyola College, Chennai, 600034, India
| | - P V Priyanka
- Department of Chemistry, Loyola College, Chennai, 600034, India
| | - V Alexander
- Department of Chemistry, Loyola College, Chennai, 600034, India.
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30
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Walden MT, Yufit DS, Williams JG. Luminescent bis-tridentate iridium(III) complexes: Overcoming the undesirable reactivity of trans-disposed metallated rings using –N^N^N-coordinating bis(1,2,4-triazolyl)pyridine ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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31
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Liu Y, Li Q, Gu M, Lu D, Xiong X, Zhang Z, Pan Y, Liao Y, Ding Q, Gong W, Chen DS, Guan M, Wu J, Tian Z, Deng H, Gu L, Hong X, Xiao Y. A Second Near-Infrared Ru(II) Polypyridyl Complex for Synergistic Chemo-Photothermal Therapy. J Med Chem 2022; 65:2225-2237. [PMID: 34994554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The clinical success of cisplatin ushered in a new era of the application of metallodrugs. When it comes to practice, however, drug resistance, tumor recurrence, and drug systemic toxicity make it implausible to completely heal the patients. Herein, we successfully transform an electron acceptor [1, 2, 5]thiadiazolo[3,4-g]quinoxaline into a novel second near-infrared (NIR-II) fluorophore H7. After PEGylation and chelation, HL-PEG2k exhibits a wavelength bathochromic shift, enhanced photothermal conversion efficiency (41.77%), and an antineoplastic effect against glioma. Its potential for in vivo tumor tracking and image-guided chemo-photothermal therapy is explored. High levels of uptake and high-resolution NIR-II imaging results are thereafter obtained. The hyperthermia effect could disrupt the lysosomal membranes, which in turn aggravate the mitochondria dysfunction, arrest the cell cycle in the G2 phase, and finally lead to cancer cell apoptosis. HL-PEG2k displays a superior biocompatibility and thus can be a potential theranostic platform to combat the growth and recurrence of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishen Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,College of Science, Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Biological Resources and Adaptive Evolution, Research Center for Ecology, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518057, China.,Center for Experimental Basic Medical Education, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease and Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE), Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Meijia Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Disheng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,College of Science, Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Biological Resources and Adaptive Evolution, Research Center for Ecology, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518057, China.,Center for Experimental Basic Medical Education, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease and Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE), Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zhiyun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,Center for Experimental Basic Medical Education, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease and Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE), Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yanna Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,Center for Experimental Basic Medical Education, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease and Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE), Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yuqin Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,Center for Experimental Basic Medical Education, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease and Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE), Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qihang Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,Center for Experimental Basic Medical Education, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease and Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE), Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wanxia Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,Center for Experimental Basic Medical Education, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease and Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE), Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Dean Shuailin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Mengting Guan
- Center for Experimental Basic Medical Education, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease and Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE), Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Junzhu Wu
- Center for Experimental Basic Medical Education, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease and Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE), Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zhiquan Tian
- College of Science, Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Biological Resources and Adaptive Evolution, Research Center for Ecology, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Hai Deng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, U.K
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xuechuan Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,College of Science, Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Biological Resources and Adaptive Evolution, Research Center for Ecology, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China.,Center for Experimental Basic Medical Education, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease and Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE), Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yuling Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518057, China
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Guo Z, Wei H, Yang S, Hu Z, Li G, Guo D. Synthesis and fluorescent properties of europium (III) complexes based on novel coumarin derivatives. LUMINESCENCE 2022; 37:588-597. [PMID: 34997671 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Four novel coumarin fluorescence small-molecules were successfully prepared and validated by 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, and MS. Their corresponding europium (III) complexes were synthesized and characterized. The ligand can emit green fluorescence in solutions, and the best concentration was 40μmol/L. The emission peak of ligand has a red-shift with the increase of concentration and solvent polarity. And the effect of various substituents in ligand was ordered using fluorescence intensity as standard: -NO2 > -Cl > -OCH3 > -OH. The order of fluorescence quantum yield is in line with the order of fluorescence intensity. The title europium complexes exhibit red fluorescence of Eu3+ with good thermal stability. The effect of various substituents in ligand on the fluorescence intensity of title europium complexes was also consistent with the above results. This suggests that the prepared coumarins fluorescence small-molecules and their corresponding europium complexes have potential application prospects in the field of optical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Huang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuaishuai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhongqian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Guizhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Dongcai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
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33
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Lozada IB, Williams JAG, Herbert DE. Platinum( ii) complexes of benzannulated N ∧N −∧O-amido ligands: bright orange phosphors with long-lived excited states. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi01120k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Benzannulated N∧N−∧O-chelating ligands enable facile formation of remarkably bright orange-emitting Pt(ii) phosphors with very long-lived excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issiah B. Lozada
- Department of Chemistry and the Manitoba Institute for Materials, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | | | - David E. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and the Manitoba Institute for Materials, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
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34
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Chen Z, Feng T, jinchao S, Karges J, Jin C, Zhao Y, Ji L, Chao H. A Mitochondria-Localized Iridium(III)-Chlorin E6 Conjugate for Synergistic Sonodynamic and Two-Photon Photodynamic Therapy Against Melanoma. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi00635a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
While melanoma in its early stages can be successfully treated, the prognosis strongly worsens with an increasing depth of the tumor. Capitalizing on this, there is an urgent need for...
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35
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Lee LCC, Lo KKW. Strategic design of photofunctional transition metal complexes for cancer diagnosis and therapy. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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36
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Yuan QZ, Wan FS, Shen TT, Cao DK. Two cyclometalated Pt( ii) complexes showing reversible phosphorescence switching due to grinding-induced destruction and crystallization-induced formation of supramolecular dimer structure. RSC Adv 2022; 12:148-153. [PMID: 35424484 PMCID: PMC8978655 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07142d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Two Pt(ii) complexes 1 and 2 reveal similar supramolecular dimer structure, in which two [Pt(dfppy/ppy)(pbdtmi)]+ cations connect each other through the π⋯π stacking interaction. Thus these complexes show reversible phosphorescence switching by grinding and crystallization with toluene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Zhen Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Shun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Ting-Ting Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Deng-Ke Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
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Hu L, Chen X, Yu K, Huang N, Du H, Wei Y, Wu Y, Wang H. Weak-emission iridium(III) complexes as fluorescent turn-on probes for ultrasensitive and selective imaging histidine in living cells and rat tissues. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 262:120095. [PMID: 34175759 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Visualizing endogenous histidine (His) in living systems is an important and challenging work in life science field. Herein, two weak-emission iridium(III) complexes (IrL1 and IrL2) with solvent ligands (CH3CN) were designed and synthesized. It was found that IrL2 showed a better performance for detecting His with more remarkable fluorescence enhancement and lower limit of detection (LOD = 35 nM). Moreover, the recognitionmechanism was confirmed to be a substitution of solvent ligands by His. Importantly, probe IrL2 was applicable to visualize endogenous His in living cells and rat tissue slices via an energy-dependent endocytotic pathway. We hope that this probe can serve as a useful tool for the diagnosis of His-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailing Du
- Department of Chemistry, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunjun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, People's Republic of China.
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38
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Shen H, Xu C, Sun F, Zhao M, Wu Q, Zhang J, Li S, Zhang J, Lam JWY, Tang BZ. Metal-Based Aggregation-Induced Emission Theranostic Systems. ChemMedChem 2021; 17:e202100578. [PMID: 34837664 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Efficient theranostic systems can realize better outcomes in disease treatment because of precise diagnosis and the concomitant effective therapy. Aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) are a unique type of organic emitters with intriguing photophysical properties in the aggregate state. Among the AIEgens studied for biomedical applications, so far, metal-based AIE systems have shown great potential in theranostics due to the enhanced multimodal bioimaging ability and therapeutic effect. This research field has been growing rapidly, and many rationally designed systems with promising activities to cancer and other diseases have been reported recently. In this review, we summarized the recent progress of metal-based AIE materials in bioimaging and biological theranostics, and deciphered the pertinent design strategies. We hope that this review can offer new insights into the development of this growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanchen Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Changhuo Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feiyi Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mengying Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sijie Li
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jacky W Y Lam
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, China
- Center for Aggregation-induced Emission, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Jiang B, Martí AA. Probing Amyloid Nanostructures Using Photoluminescent Metal Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jiang
- Department of Chemistry Rice University 6100 Main St, Chemistry MS60 Houston Texas 77005 United States
| | - Angel A. Martí
- Department of Chemistry Department of Bioengineering, and Department of Material Science & NanoEngineering Rice University 6100 Main St, Chemistry MS60 Houston Texas 77005 United States
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40
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Scoditti S, Mazzone G, Sicilia E. Computational Analysis of Photophysical Properties and Reactivity of a New Phototherapeutic Cyclometalated Au(III)-Hydride Complex. Chemistry 2021; 27:15528-15535. [PMID: 34546592 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Gold(III) complexes have recently emerged as new versatile and efficacious metal containing anticancer agents. In an attempt to reconcile the specific affinity of such complexes for target sulfur containing biomolecules with their capability to strongly bind thiol-containing compounds widely distributed in non-tumoral cells, a new series of cyclometalated Au(III)-hydride complexes has been proposed as photoactivatable anticancer prodrugs. Here, the computational exploration of the photophysical properties and reactivity in dark and under light irradiation of the first member of the series, named 1 a, is reported. Complex 1 a low hydricity in dark together with facile hydride substitution leading to H2 elimination under excitation by visible light have been examined by means of DFT and TD-DFT computations. Both singlet and triplet excited states have been characterized, allowing the identification of the active species involved in photoactivation pathways leading to the controlled detachment of the hydride ligand. Also the viable two-photon activation at the ideal phototherapeutic window has been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Scoditti
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Gloria Mazzone
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Emilia Sicilia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
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41
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Schindler K, Zobi F. Photochemistry of Rhenium(i) Diimine Tricarbonyl Complexes in Biological Applications. Chimia (Aarau) 2021; 75:837-844. [PMID: 34728010 DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2021.837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Luminescent rhenium complexes continue to be the focus of growing scientific interest for catalytic, diagnostic and therapeutic applications, with emphasis on the development of their photophysical and photochemical properties. In this short review, we explore such properties with a focus on the biological applications of the molecules. We discuss the importance of the ligand choice to the contribution and their involvement towards the most significant electronic transitions of the metal species and what strategies are used to exploit the potential of the molecules in medicinal applications. We begin by detailing the photophysics of the molecules; we then describe the three most common photoreactions of rhenium complexes as photosensitizers in H₂ production, photocatalysts in CO₂ reduction and photochemical ligand substitution. In the last part, we describe their applications as luminescent cellular probes and how photochemical ligand substitution is utilized in the development of photoactive carbon monoxide-releasing molecules as anticancer and antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Schindler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Zobi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland;,
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42
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Lu C, Lu T, Cui P, Kilina S, Sun W. Photophysics and reverse saturable absorption of cationic dinuclear iridium(III) complexes bearing fluorenyl-tethered 2-(quinolin-2-yl)quinoxaline ligands. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:14309-14319. [PMID: 34558585 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02176a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, photophysics and reverse saturable absorption of two cationic dinuclear Ir(III) complexes bearing fluorenyl-tethered 2-(quinolin-2-yl)quinoxaline (quqo) ligands are reported in this paper. The two complexes possess intense and featureless diimine ligand localized 1ILCT (intraligand charge transfer)/1π,π* absorption bands at ca. 330 and 430 nm, and a weak 1,3MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge transfer)/1,3LLCT (ligand-to-ligand charge transfer) absorption band at >500 nm. Both complexes exhibit weak dual phosphorescence at ca. 590 nm and 710 nm, which are attributed to the 3ILCT/3π,π* and 3MLCT/3LLCT states, respectively. The low-energy 3MLCT/3LLCT state also gives rise to a moderately strong triplet excited-state absorption at 490-800 nm. Because of the stronger triplet excited-state absorption than the ground-state absorption of these complexes at 532 nm, both complexes manifest a moderate reverse saturable absorption (RSA) at 532 nm for ns laser pulses. Expansion of the π-conjugation of the fluorenyl-tethered diimine ligand in Ir-1 causes a slight red-shift of the 1ILCT/1π,π* absorption bands in its UV-vis absorption spectrum and the 3MLCT/3LLCT absorption band in the transient absorption spectrum and slightly enhances the RSA at 532 nm compared to that in Ir-2. This work represents the first report on dinuclear Ir(III) complexes that exhibit RSA at 532 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuifen Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA. .,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organochemical Materials & Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P.R. China
| | - Taotao Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Peng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA. .,Materials and Nanotechnology Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
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43
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Xu W, Lystrom L, Pan Y, Sun X, Thomas SA, Kilina SV, Yang Z, Wang H, Hobbie EK, Sun W. Mono-/Bimetallic Neutral Iridium(III) Complexes Bearing Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Substituted N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands: Synthesis and Photophysics. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:15278-15290. [PMID: 34581183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and photophysics (UV-vis absorption, emission, and transient absorption) of four neutral heteroleptic cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes (Ir-1-Ir-4) incorporating thiophene/selenophene-diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-substituted N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ancillary ligands are reported. The effects of thiophene versus selenophene substitution on DPP and bis- versus monoiridium(III) complexation on the photophysics of these complexes were systematically investigated via spectroscopic techniques and density functional theory calculations. All complexes exhibited strong vibronically resolved absorption in the regions of 500-700 nm and fluorescence at 600-770 nm, and both are predominantly originated from the DPP-NHC ligand. Complexation induced a pronounced red shift of this low-energy absorption band and the fluorescence band with respect to their corresponding ligands due to the improved planarity and extended π-conjugation in the DPP-NHC ligand. Replacing the thiophene units by selenophenes and/or biscomplexation led to the red-shifted absorption and fluorescence spectra, accompanied by the reduced fluorescence lifetime and quantum yield and enhanced population of the triplet excited states, as reflected by the stronger triplet excited-state absorption and singlet oxygen generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States.,Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, Zhengzhou Province 475004, P. R. China
| | - Levi Lystrom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Yanxiong Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Xinyang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Salim A Thomas
- Materials and Nanotechnology Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Svetlana V Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Zhongyu Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Hua Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, Zhengzhou Province 475004, P. R. China
| | - Erik K Hobbie
- Materials and Nanotechnology Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States.,Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States.,Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
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44
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Wu C, Kisel KS, Thangavel MK, Chen Y, Chang K, Tsai M, Chu C, Shen Y, Wu P, Zhang Z, Liu T, Jänis J, Grachova EV, Shakirova JR, Tunik SP, Koshevoy IO, Chou P. Functionalizing Collagen with Vessel-Penetrating Two-Photon Phosphorescence Probes: A New In Vivo Strategy to Map Oxygen Concentration in Tumor Microenvironment and Tissue Ischemia. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2102788. [PMID: 34414696 PMCID: PMC8529487 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The encapsulation and/or surface modification can stabilize and protect the phosphorescence bio-probes but impede their intravenous delivery across biological barriers. Here, a new class of biocompatible rhenium (ReI ) diimine carbonyl complexes is developed, which can efficaciously permeate normal vessel walls and then functionalize the extravascular collagen matrixes as in situ oxygen sensor. Without protective agents, ReI -diimine complex already exhibits excellent emission yield (34%, λem = 583 nm) and large two-photon absorption cross-sections (σ2 = 300 GM @ 800 nm) in water (pH 7.4). After extravasation, remarkably, the collagen-bound probes further enhanced their excitation efficiency by increasing the deoxygenated lifetime from 4.0 to 7.5 µs, paving a way to visualize tumor hypoxia and tissue ischemia in vivo. The post-extravasation functionalization of extracellular matrixes demonstrates a new methodology for biomaterial-empowered phosphorescence sensing and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng‐Ham Wu
- Department of ChemistryNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
| | - Kristina S. Kisel
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuu80101Finland
- St.‐Petersburg State University7/9 Universitetskaya nabSt.‐Petersburg199034Russia
| | | | - Yi‐Ting Chen
- Department of ChemistryNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
| | - Kai‐Hsin Chang
- Department of ChemistryNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
| | - Ming‐Rung Tsai
- Department of ChemistryNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
| | - Chia‐Yu Chu
- Department of DermatologyNational Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipei10002Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Fang Shen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical EngineeringAsia UniversityTaichung City41354Taiwan
- 3D Printing Medical Research InstituteAsia UniversityTaichung City41354Taiwan
| | - Pei‐Chun Wu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesMinistry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision OncologyUniversity of MacauTaipaMacau999078China
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesMinistry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision OncologyUniversity of MacauTaipaMacau999078China
| | - Tzu‐Ming Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesMinistry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision OncologyUniversity of MacauTaipaMacau999078China
| | - Janne Jänis
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuu80101Finland
| | - Elena V. Grachova
- St.‐Petersburg State University7/9 Universitetskaya nabSt.‐Petersburg199034Russia
| | - Julia R. Shakirova
- St.‐Petersburg State University7/9 Universitetskaya nabSt.‐Petersburg199034Russia
| | - Sergey P. Tunik
- St.‐Petersburg State University7/9 Universitetskaya nabSt.‐Petersburg199034Russia
| | - Igor O. Koshevoy
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuu80101Finland
| | - Pi‐Tai Chou
- Department of ChemistryNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
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45
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Gao H, Yu R, Ma Z, Gong Y, Zhao B, Lv Q, Tan Z. Recent advances of organometallic complexes in emerging photovoltaics. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaizhi Gao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Runnan Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Zongwen Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Yongshuai Gong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Biao Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Qianglong Lv
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Zhan'ao Tan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
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46
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Shen J, Rees TW, Ji L, Chao H. Recent advances in ruthenium(II) and iridium(III) complexes containing nanosystems for cancer treatment and bioimaging. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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47
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Jin Z, Qi S, Guo X, Jian Y, Hou Y, Li C, Wang X, Zhou Q. Pyrene modification enables enhanced two-photon excited ligand dissociation of a Ru(II) complex containing monodentate ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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48
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Lalinde E, Lara R, Gonzalo M, Moreno MT, Alfaro-Arnedo E, López IP, Larráyoz IM, Pichel JG. Investigation on Optical and Biological Properties of 2-(4-Dimethylaminophenyl)benzothiazole Based Cycloplatinated Complexes. Chemistry 2021; 27:15757-15772. [PMID: 34379830 PMCID: PMC9293083 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The optical and biological properties of 2-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)benzothiazole cycloplatinated complexes featuring bioactive ligands ([{Pt(Me 2 N-pbt)(C 6 F 5 )}L] [L = Me 2 N-pbtH 1 , p -dpbH (4-(diphenylphosphino)benzoic acid) 2 , o -dpbH (2-(diphenylphosphino)benzoic acid) 3) , [Pt(Me 2 N-pbt)( o -dpb)] 4 , [{Pt(Me 2 N-pbt)(C 6 F 5 )} 2 (µ-PR n P)] [PR 4 P = O(CH 2 CH 2 OC(O)C 6 H 4 PPh 2 ) 2 5 , PR 12 P = O{(CH 2 CH 2 O) 3 C(O)C 6 H 4 PPh 2 } 2 6 ] are presented. Complexes 1-6 display 1 ILCT and metal perturbed 3 ILCT dual emissions. The ratio between both bands is excitation dependent, accomplishing warm-white emissions for 2 , 5 and 6 . The phosphorescent emission is lost in aerated solutions owing to photoinduced electron transfer to 3 O 2 and formation of 1 O 2 , as confirmed in complexes 2 and 4 . They also exhibit photoinduced phosphorescence enhancement in non-degassed DMSO, due to local oxidation of DMSO by sensitized 1 O 2 , which causes a local degassing. Me 2 N-pbtH and the complexes exhibit specific accumulation in the Golgi apparatus although only 2 , 3 and 6 were active against A549 and HeLa cancer cell lines, being 6 highly selective respect to nontumoral cells. The potential photodynamic property of these complexes was demonstrated with complex 4 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lalinde
- Universidad de La Rioja, Departamento de Química, Madre de Dios, 53, 26006, Logroño, SPAIN
| | | | | | | | | | - Iciar P López
- CIBIR: Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de La Rioja, Lung Cancer Unit, SPAIN
| | - Ignacio M Larráyoz
- CIBIR: Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de La Rioja, Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling, SPAIN
| | - José G Pichel
- CIBIR: Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de La Rioja, Lung Cancer Unit, SPAIN
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49
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Liu B, Jiao J, Xu W, Zhang M, Cui P, Guo Z, Deng Y, Chen H, Sun W. Highly Efficient Far-Red/NIR-Absorbing Neutral Ir(III) Complex Micelles for Potent Photodynamic/Photothermal Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100795. [PMID: 34219286 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A critical issue in photodynamic therapy (PDT) is inadequate reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in tumors, causing inevitable survival of tumor cells that usually results in tumor recurrence and metastasis. Existing photosensitizers frequently suffer from relatively low light-to-ROS conversion efficiency with far-red/near-infrared (NIR) light excitation due to low-lying excited states that lead to rapid non-radiative decays. Here, a neutral Ir(III) complex bearing distyryl boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY-Ir) is reported to efficiently produce both ROS and hyperthermia upon far-red light activation for potentiating in vivo tumor suppression through micellization of BODIPY-Ir to form "Micelle-Ir". BODIPY-Ir absorbs strongly at 550-750 nm with a band maximum at 685 nm, and possesses a long-lived triplet excited state with sufficient non-radiative decays. Upon micellization, BODIPY-Ir forms J-type aggregates within Micelle-Ir, which boosts both singlet oxygen generation and the photothermal effect through the high molar extinction coefficient and amplification of light-to-ROS/heat conversion, causing severe cell apoptosis. Bifunctional Micelle-Ir that accumulates in tumors completely destroys orthotopic 4T1 breast tumors via synergistic PDT/photothermal therapy (PTT) damage under light irradiation, and enables remarkable suppression of metastatic nodules in the lungs, together without significant dark cytotoxicity. The present study offers an emerging approach to develop far-red/NIR photosensitizers toward potent cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Jian Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Wan Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Miya Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Peng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Zhengqing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yibin Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Huabing Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
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50
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Qi S, Jin Z, Jian Y, Hou Y, Li C, Zhao Y, Wang X, Zhou Q. Photo-induced mitochondrial DNA damage and NADH depletion by -NO 2 modified Ru(II) complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4162-4165. [PMID: 33908442 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00258a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Two mitochondria-localized Ru(ii) complexes with photo-labile ligands were reported to exert one- and two-photon activatable anticancer activity through a dual-function mechanism, i.e. mitochondrial DNA covalent binding after photo-induced ligand dissociation and photo-catalyzed NADH depletion, thus displaying good activity towards cisplatin-resistant cancer cells under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Qi
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhihui Jin
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yao Jian
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuanjun Hou
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Yao Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qianxiong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
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