Synthesis strategies and potential applications of metal-organic frameworks for electrode materials for rechargeable lithium ion batteries

One Iron for Two Iron Sites in a Metal-Organic Framework Toward Simultaneous N2-H2 Activation under Mild Conditions

Iron-based catalysts play an important role in the ammonia industry. As one of the most abundant iron minerals, Fe3O4 containing FeII and FeIII sites is widely distributed in the earth's crust and even on exoplanets, theoretically giving it both economic and catalytic potentials in ammonia synthesis. However, in the absence of specific active co-catalyst and harsh conditions, Fe3O4 is impossible to achieve ammonia synthesis alone. Here, we designed to activate the relatively inert FeII and FeIII sites in Fe3O4 with a third FeIII site inlayed in a coordination framework (MIL-101(Fe)) to achieve the unpresented multi-site collaborative catalysis. In-depth mechanism study confirmed the roles of three different Fe sites in N2 activation, H2 activation, and product transfer, respectively. Efficient N2-H2 activation to NH3 on the Fe3O4-based catalytic system has been achieved at extremely mild conditions. Our research provides a theoretical basis and a new strategy for designing efficient non-noble metal-based ammonia synthesis catalyst with minimized energy consumption.

Novel nitrogen-doped carbon-coated SnSe2 based on a post-synthetically modified MOF as a high-performance anode material for LIBs and SIBs

SnSe2 with high theoretical capacity has been identified as an emerging anode candidate for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, the rate performance and cycling performance of this material in practical applications are still limited by unavoidable volume expansion and low conductivity. In this work, we designed and synthesized nitrogen-doped carbon-coated SnSe2/C-N composites using 2-aminoterephthalic acid (C8H7NO4) as a nitrogen-containing compound for modification by hydrothermal and vacuum calcination methods to achieve efficient utilization of active sites and optimization of the electronic structure. The carbon skeleton inherited from the Sn-MOF precursor can effectively improve the electronic conduction properties of SnSe2. N-doping in the Sn-MOF can increase the positive and negative electrostatic potential energy regions on the molecular surface to further improve the electrical conductivity, and effectively reduce the binding energy with Li+/Na+ which was determined by Density Functional Theory (DFT) methods. In addition, the N-doped carbon skeleton also introduces a larger space for Li+/Na+ intercalation and enhances the mechanical properties. In particular, the post-synthetically modified MOF-derived SnSe2/C-N materials exhibit excellent cyclability, with a reversible capacity of 695 mA h g-1 for LIBs and 259 mA h g-1 for SIBs after 100 cycles at 100 mA g-1.

Strengthening Sn-MOF with SiO2/GeO2 Nanoparticles for Synergistically Enhanced High Capacity and Cycle Stability

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) based on tin (Sn) have shown great potential as materials for lithium storage, thanks to their ability to alleviate volume expansion due to the homogeneous distribution of Sn in a porous matrix framework. However, the weak mechanical strength of the porous Sn-MOF structure has been a major challenge, leading to pulverization during the discharging/charging process. To overcome this issue, we have developed a feasible strategy to strengthen the Sn-MOF mechanical properties by incorporating SiO2/GeO2 nanoparticles during the synthesis process. The resulting composites of Sn-Si and Sn-Ge exhibited high energy density and long-term cycle stability, thanks to their synergistic effect in alloying and conversion reactions. Our density functional theory (DFT) calculations have revealed that the rigid SiO2/GeO2 nanoparticles enhance the Sn-MOF mechanical properties, including Young's and shear moduli, which contribute to the long-term cycle stability of these composites.

One-Dimensional Croconate-Based Fe-CP as a High-Performance Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Coordination polymers (CPs) have attracted greater scientific attention as promising electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their diverse and versatile structural chemistry. This study introduces a croconate-based one-dimensional CP, namely [Fe(C5O5)(H2O)3]n) (referred to as Fe-CP), as an efficient anode material with high-performance characteristics for rechargeable LIBs. The ligand with abundant redox sites coordinating to the transition metal ion endowed the anode material with a remarkable stability in the electrolyte, in addition to high capacity, high-rate capability, and high cycling performance during charging/discharging process. The Fe-CP has a unique chain-based supramolecular structure, setting it apart from other porous three-dimensional molecular materials. The presence of unrestricted channels between the chains facilitates the diffusion of lithium ions in this unique structure. When tested at 100 mA g-1 over a range of voltages between 0.01 and 2.4 V, the Fe-CP anode demonstrated a noteworthy specific capacity of 521 mA h g-1 over 140 cycles. Moreover, the Fe-CP anode material exhibited excellent rate performance and demonstrated favorable cyclability. Following exposure to high charging and discharging rates of 2 A g-1, the anode ultimately regained its initial capability when the current rate was back at 100 mA g-1.

Nanostructured conversion-type anode materials of metal-organic framework-derived spinel XMn2O4 (X = Zn, Co, Cu, Ni) to boost lithium storage

Bimetallic spinel transition metal oxides play a major part in actualizing eco-friendly electrochemical energy storage systems (ESSs). However, structural precariousness and low electrochemical capacitance restrict their actual implementation in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). To address these demerits, the sacrificial template approach has been considered as a prospective way to strengthen electrochemical stability and rate performance. Herein, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) derived XMn₂O₄-BDC (H₂BDC = 1,4-dicarboxybenzene, X = Zn, Co, Cu, Ni) are prepared by a hydrothermal approach in order to discover the effects of various metal cations on the electrochemical performance. Among them, ZnMn₂O₄-BDC displays best electrochemical properties (1321.5 mAh g^-1 at the current density of 0.1 A g^-1 after 300 cycles) and high efficiency with accelerated Li⁺ diffusivity. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirm the ZnMn₂O₄ possesses the weakest adsorption energy on Li⁺ with a minimized value of -0.92 eV. In comparison with other XMn₂O₄ through traditional fabrication method, MOF-derived XMn₂O₄-BDC possesses a higher number of Li⁺ transport channels and better electric conductivity. This tactic provides a feasible and effective method for preparing bimetallic transition metal oxides and enhances energy storage applications.

Advances of Electroactive Metal-Organic Frameworks

The preparation of electroactive metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for applications of supercapacitors and batteries has received much attention and remarkable progress during the past few years. MOF-based materials including pristine MOFs, hybrid MOFs or MOF composites, and MOF derivatives are well designed by a combination of organic linkers (e.g., carboxylic acids, conjugated aromatic phenols/thiols, conjugated aromatic amines, and N-heterocyclic donors) and metal salts to construct predictable structures with appropriate properties. This review will focus on construction strategies of pristine MOFs and hybrid MOFs as anodes, cathodes, separators, and electrolytes in supercapacitors and batteries. Descriptions and discussions follow categories of electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs), pseudocapacitors (PSCs), and hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs) for supercapacitors. In contrast, Li-ion batteries (LIBs), Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs), Lithium-oxygen batteries (LOBs), Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), Sodium-sulfur batteries (SSBs), Zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs), Zinc-air batteries (ZABs), Aluminum-sulfur batteries (ASBs), and others (e.g., LiSe, NiZn, H⁺ , alkaline, organic, and redox flow batteries) are categorized for batteries.

Novel strategies for the formulation and processing of aluminum metal-organic framework-based sensing systems toward environmental monitoring of metal ions

Aluminum is a relatively inexpensive and abundant metal for the mass production of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Aluminum-based MOFs (Al-MOFs) have drawn a good deal of research interest due to their unique properties for diverse applications (e.g., excellent chemical and structural stability). This review has been organized to highlight the current progress achieved in the synthesis/functionalization of Al-MOF materials with the special emphasis on their sensing application, especially toward metal ion pollutants in the liquid phase. To learn more about the utility of Al-MOF-based sensing systems, their performances have been evaluated for diverse metallic components in reference to many other types of sensing systems (in terms of the key quality assurance (QA) criteria such as limit of detection (LOD)). Finally, the challenges and outlook for Al-MOF-based sensing systems are discussed to help expand their real-world applications.

Metal-Organic Framework-Based Colloidal Particle Synthesis, Assembly, and Application

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) assembled from metal nodes and organic ligands have received significant attention over the past two decades for their fascinating porous properties and broad applications. Colloidal MOFs (CMOFs) not only inherit the intrinsic properties of MOFs, but can also serve as building blocks for self-assembly to make functional materials. Compared to bulk MOFs, the colloidal size of CMOFs facilitates further manipulation of CMOF particles in a single or collective state in a liquid medium. The resulting crystalline order obtained by self-assembly in position and orientation can effectively improve performance. In this review, we summarize the latest developments of CMOFs in synthesis strategies, self-assembly methods, and related applications. Finally, we discuss future challenges and opportunities of CMOFs in synthesis and assembly, by which we hope that CMOFs can be further developed into new areas for a wider range of applications.

Metal-Organic Frameworks as Intelligent Drug Nanocarriers for Cancer Therapy

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline porous materials with periodic network structures formed by self-assembly of metal ions and organic ligands. Attributed to their tunable composition and pore size, ultrahigh surface area (1000-7000 m2/g) and pore volume (1.04-4.40 cm3/g), easy surface modification, appropriate physiological stability, etc., MOFs have been widely used in biomedical applications in the last two decades, especially for the delivery of bioactive agents. In the initial stage, MOFs were widely used to load small molecule drugs with ultra-high doses. Whereafter, more recent work has focused on the load of biomacromolecules, such as nucleic acids and proteins. Over the past years, we have devoted extensive effort to investigate the function of MOF materials for bioactive agent delivery. MOFs can be used not only as an intelligent nanocarrier to deliver or protect bioactive agents but also as an activator for their release or activation in response to the different microenvironments. Altogether, this review details the current progress of MOF materials for bioactive agent delivery and looks into their future development.

Waste PET Plastic-Derived CoNi-Based Metal-Organic Framework as an Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Recycling waste PET plastics into metal-organic frameworks is conducive to both pollution alleviation and sustainable economic development. Herein, we have utilized waste PET plastic to synthesize CoNi-MOF applied to lithium battery anode materials via a low-temperature solvothermal method for the first time. The preparation process is effortless, and the sources' conversion rate can reach almost 100%. In addition, the anode performance of MOFs with various Co/Ni mole ratios was investigated. The as-synthesized Co0.8Ni-MOF exhibits excellent crystallinity, purity, and electrochemical performance. The initial discharge and charge capacities are 2496 and 1729 mAh g-1, respectively. Even after 200 cycles, the Co0.8Ni-MOF electrode can exhibit a high Coulombic efficiency of over 99%. Consequently, given the environmental and economic benefits, the Co0.8Ni-MOF derived from waste PET plastic is thought to be an appealing anode material for lithium-ion batteries.

Deciphering the Thermal and Electrochemical Behaviors of Dual Redox-Active Iron Croconate Violet Coordination Complexes

Interest in coordination compounds based on non-innocent ligands (NILs) for electrochemical energy storage has risen in the last few years. We have focused our attention on an overlooked redox active linker, croconate violet, which has not yet been addressed in this field although closely related to standard NILs such as catecholate and tetracyanoquinodimethane. Two anionic complexes consisting of Fe(II) and croconate violet (-2) with balancing potassium cations were isolated and structurally characterized. By a combination of in situ and ex situ techniques (powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction, infrared, and ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopies), we have shown that their dehydration occurs through complex patterns, whose reversibility depends on the initial crystal structure but that the structural rearrangements around the iron cations occur without any oxidation. While electrochemical studies performed in solution clearly show that both the organic and inorganic parts can be reversibly addressed, in the solid state, poor charge storage capacities were initially measured, mainly due to the solubilization of the solids in the electrolyte. By optimizing the formulation of the electrode and the composition of the electrolyte, a capacity of >100 mA h g^-1 after 10 cycles could be achieved. This suggests that this family of redox active linkers deserves to be investigated for solid-state electrochemical energy storage, although it requires the solving of the issues related to the solubilization of the derived coordination compounds.

Metal-organic frameworks as a good platform for the fabrication of multi-metal nanomaterials: design strategies, electrocatalytic applications and prospective

MOF-derived multi-metal nanomaterials are attracting numerous attentions in widespread applications such as catalysis, sensors, energy storage and conversion, and environmental remediation. Compared to the monometallic counterparts, the presence of foreign metal is expected to bring new physicochemical properties, thus exhibiting synergistic effect for enhanced performance. MOFs have been proved as a good platform for the fabrication of polymetallic nanomaterials with requisite features. Herein, various design strategies related to constructing multi-metallic nanomaterials from MOFs are summarized for the first time, involving metal nodal substitution, seed epitaxial growth, ion-exchange strategy, guest species encapsulation, solution impregnation and combination with extraneous substrate. Afterwards, the recent advances of multi-metallic nanomaterials for electrocatalytic applications, including oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), are systematically discussed. Finally, a personal outlook on the future trends and challenges are also presented with hope to enlighten deeper understanding and new thoughts for the development of multi-metal nanomaterials from MOFs.

Low-Temperature and Additive-Free Synthesis of Spherical MIL-101(Cr) with Enhanced Dye Adsorption Performance

The chromium-benzenedicarboxylate metal–organic framework (MOF), MIL-101(Cr), is one of the most well-investigated and widely used prototypical MOFs. Regarding its synthesis, the use of a toxic modulator (usually HF) and high reaction temperature (220 °C) are the main factors hindering its further expansion of production and utilization. In fact, high quality MIL-101(Cr) crystals can be prepared at a much lower temperature (160 °C) with spherical morphology via an additive-free approach. Compared to traditional octahedral MIL-101(Cr), the spherical MIL-101(Cr) possesses higher adsorption performance toward dye molecules, including methyl orange (MO) and rhodamine B (RB). The results suggest that toxic additives and high reaction temperatures are not essential in the synthesis of MIL-101(Cr), and the fabrication of spherical MIL-101(Cr) may offer a facile and effective pathway for the large-scale industrial application of MIL-101(Cr).

Tetrathiafulvalene-Cobalt Metal-Organic Frameworks for Lithium-Ion Batteries with Superb Rate Capability

Although pristine metal-organic framework (MOF) anodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) show moderate activities and relatively stable cycling, the poor rate capability of the MOF anodes limited their applications in the development of a new generation of energy storage. Herein, the electric active Co^II ion is selected to coordinate with redox-active S-rich tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) derivatives to create two TTF-Co-MOFs, formulated as [Co₂(py-TTF-py)₂(BDC)₂]·2DMF·H₂O (TTF-Co-MOF 1) and [Co₂(py-TTF-py)₂(BPDC)₂]·3DMF·3H₂O (TTF-Co-MOF 2), where py-TTF-py = 2,6-bis(4'-pyridyl)tetrathiafulvalene, H₂BDC = terephthalic acid, H₂BPDC = biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid, and DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide. Crystallographic characterization indicated that the two MOFs possess similar 2-fold-interpenetrating 3D frameworks but with two different pore sizes. The pore-size-dependent performances of the TTF-Co-MOFs were explored to optimize the MOFs as the anode materials for LIBs. TTF-Co-MOF 1 presents a high reversible specific capacity of 1186.6 mAh g^-1 at 200 mA g^-1 after 287 cycles. The rate capability is greatly enhanced by the introduction of Co^II into TTF-based MOFs with specific capacities of 1028.6 mAh g^-1 at 5 A g^-1 and 966.5 mAh g^-1 at 10 A g^-1. On the basis of the series analysis of theoretical calculations, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and crystal structures, it is found that the Co^II metal centers play a bridging role in charge transport within the MOF framework, which is beneficial for the transportation of Li ions. The competitive performances of TTF-Co-MOF 1 are attributed to the synergistic effect of the Co^II metal centers and S-rich TTF ligand as well as suitable porosity. The study shed some light for the fabrication of advanced energy storage devices through the rational design of MOF-based anode materials.

Metal-Organic Frameworks-Derived Self-Supported Carbon-Based Composites for Electrocatalytic Water Splitting

Electrocatalytic water splitting has been considered as a promising strategy for the sustainable evolution of hydrogen energy and storage of intermittent electric energy. Efficient catalysts for electrocatalytic water splitting are urgently demanded to decrease the overpotentials and promote the sluggish reaction kinetics. Carbon-based composites, including heteroatom-doped carbon materials, metals/alloys@carbon composites, metal compounds@carbon composites, and atomically dispersed metal sites@carbon composites have been widely used as the catalysts due to their fascinating properties. However, these electrocatalysts are almost powdery form, and should be cast on the current collector by using the polymeric binder, which would result in the unsatisfied electrocatalytic performance. In comparison, a self-supported electrode architecture is highly attractive. Recently, self-supported metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) constructed by coordination of metal centers and organic ligands have been considered as suitable templates/precursors to construct free-standing carbon-based composites grown on conductive substrate. MOFs-derived carbon-based composites have various merits, such as the well-aligned array architecture and evenly distributed active sites, and easy functionalization with other species, which make them suitable alternatives to non-noble metal-included electrocatalysts. In this review, we intend to show the research progresses by employment of MOFs as precursors to prepare self-supported carbon-based composites. Focusing on these MOFs-derived carbon-based nanomaterials, the latest advances in their controllable synthesis, composition regulation, electrocatalytic performances in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and overall water splitting (OWS) are presented. Finally, the challenges and perspectives are showed for the further developments of MOFs-derived self-supported carbon-based nanomaterials in electrocatalytic reactions.

Recent advances in metal-organic framework-based electrode materials for supercapacitors

Exploring porous electrode materials with designed micro/nano-structures is an effective way to realize high-performance supercapacitors (SCs). A metal-organic framework (MOF) is a porous crystalline material with a periodic structure formed by coordination of metal ions/clusters and organic ligands. Due to the excellent properties (e.g., large specific surface area, high porosity and tailorable structure), MOFs have been widely used in diverse applications. This Frontier article highlights the recent progress in the synthesis of MOF-based micro/nano-structured electrode materials including pristine MOFs, MOF composites and MOF derivatives, and their application in SCs. Furthermore, the challenges of MOF-based electrode materials and possible solutions are also discussed.

Reversible formation of coordination bonds in Sn-based metal-organic frameworks for high-performance lithium storage

Sn-based compounds with buffer matrixes possessing high theoretical capacity, low working voltage, and alleviation of the volume expansion of Sn are ideal materials for lithium storage. However, it is challenging to confine well-dispersed Sn within a lithium active matrix because low-melting-point Sn tends to agglomerate. Here, we apply a metal-organic framework (MOF) chemistry between Sn-nodes and lithium active ligands to create two Sn-based MOFs comprising Sn₂(dobdc) and Sn₂(dobpdc) with extended ligands from H₄dobdc (2,5-dioxido-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate acid) to H₄dobpdc (4,4'-dioxidobiphenyl-3,3'-dicarboxylate acid) with molecule-level homodispersion of Sn in organic matrixes for lithium storage. The enhanced utilization of active sites and reaction kinetics are achieved by the isoreticular expansion of the organic linkers. The reversible formation of coordination bonds during lithium storage processes is revealed by X-ray absorption fine structure characterization, providing an in-depth understanding of the lithium storage mechanism in coordination compounds.

Catalytic C-H Bond Activation and Knoevenagel Condensation Using Pyridine-2,3-Dicarboxylate-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks

Three 1D coordination polymers (CPs) [M(pdca)(H2O)2] n (M = Zn, Cd, and Co; 1-3), and a 3D coordination framework {[(CH3)2NH2][CuK(2,3-pdca)(pa)(NO3)2]} n (4) (2,3-pdca = pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylate and pa = picolinic acid), have been synthesized adopting a solvothermal reaction strategy. The CPs have been thoroughly characterized using various spectral techniques, that is, elemental analyses, FT-IR, TGA, DSC, UV/vis, and luminescence. Structural information on 1-4 was obtained by PXRD and X-ray single-crystal analyses, whereas morphological insights were attained through FESEM, AFM, EDX, HRTEM, and BET surface area analyses. Roughness parameters were calculated from AFM analysis, whereas dimensions of small domains and interplanar spacing were defined with the aid of HRTEM. CPs 1-3 are 1D isostructural networks, whereas 4 is a 3D framework. Moreover, 1-4 display moderate luminescence at rt. In addition, 1-4 have been applied as economic and efficient porous catalysts for the Knoevenagel condensation reaction and C-H bond activation under mild conditions with good yields (95-98 and 97-99%), respectively. Notably, 1-3 can be reused up to seven cycles, whereas 4 can be reused up to five catalytic cycles with retained catalytic efficiency. Relative catalytic efficacy toward the Knoevenagel condensation reaction follows in the order 2 > 1 > 3 > 4, whereas 2 > 4 > 1 > 3 for C-H activation. The present result demonstrates synthetic, structural, optical, morphological, and catalytic aspects of 1-4.

Petal-like metal-organic framework stabilized Si@C with long cycle life and excellent kinetics

Poor electrochemical kinetics caused by the unstable structure for the dramatically volumetric expansion (>300%) hinders the application of silicon in rechargeable lithium ion batteries. Si@C-Ni-MOF composites with petal-like Ni-MOFs as the skeleton and Si@C nanoparticles as the active center were synthesized via facile solvothermal process. The resulting Ni-MOF-Si@C material maintains admirable stability on cycling, and its capacity remains 1545.3 mAh g^-1 with a high capacity retention rate of 99.79% after 300 cycles at the current density of 200 mA g^-1. The enhancement on the kinetics is obtained, attributing to the porous structure created by the petal-like Ni-MOFs and the strong interface bonding between Si@C and Ni-MOFs.

Novel Fe4-based metal-organic cluster-derived iron oxides/S,N dual-doped carbon hybrids for high-performance lithium storage

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been extensively used in the fabrication of new advanced electrode materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). However, low-productivity and high-cost are some of the main challenges of MOF-derived electrodes. Herein, we report a simple solvothermal procedure to fabricate novel Fe4-based metal-organic clusters (Fe-MOCs) with their subsequent conversion to an S,N dual-doped carbon framework incorporating iron oxides under a N2 atmosphere (namely Fe2O3@Fe3O4-SNC). The as-prepared Fe2O3@Fe3O4-SNC composite, owing to the strong interaction between the dual-doped carbon and iron oxides, shows excellent lithium storage performance as an anode with high pseudocapacitance. Furthermore, DFT computational analyses confirm that the hybrid shows excellent adsorption ability with a low energy barrier due to strong electronic interactions between the iron oxides and S,N-doped carbon matrix. In addition, Fe2O3@Fe3O4-SNC-based LIB shows high energy and power densities at the full-cell level, confirming this synthesis strategy to be a promising approach towards MOC-derived electrode materials for their application in LIBs and beyond-lithium batteries.

Polyoxometalate-based metal–organic frameworks for heterogeneous catalysis

POM-based MOFs simultaneously possessing the virtues of POMs and MOFs exhibit excellent heterogeneous catalytic properties.

Tetrathiafulvalene-Based Metal-Organic Framework as a High-Performance Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have aroused great interest as lithium-ion battery (LIB) electrode materials. In this work, we first report that a pristine three-dimensional tetrathiafulvalene derivatives (TTFs)-based zinc MOF, formulated [Zn₂(py-TTF-py)₂(BDC)₂]·2DMF·H₂O (1) (py-TTF-py = 2,6-bis(4'-pyridyl)tetrathiafulvalene and H₂BDC = terephthalic acid), can work as a high-performance electrode material for rechargeable LIBs. The TTFs-Zn-MOF 1 electrode displayed a high discharge specific capacity of 1117.4 mA h g^-1 at a current density of 200 mA g^-1 after 150 cycles along with good reversibility. After undergoing elevated discharging/charging rates, the electrode showed superior lithium storage performance in the extreme case of 20 A g^-1 and could finally recover the capability when the current rate was back to 200 mA g^-1. Particularly, specific capacities of 884.2, 513.8, and 327.8 mA h g^-1 were reached at high current densities of 5, 10, and 20 A g^-1 after 180, 175, and 300 cycles along with good reversibility, respectively. Such an excellent performance is first reported for the LIB anode materials. TTFs-Zn-MOF 2, namely, [Zn₂(py-TTF-py) (BDC)₂]·DMF·2H₂O (2), was prepared as a contrast to explore the relationship between the structures of the electrode materials and the electrochemical properties. Based on the structural analysis of 1 and 2 and ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the TTF moiety and the twofold TTF pillar play a key role in the excellent electrochemical performance. The full cell of MOF 1 with NMC 622 delivered the capacity of 131.9 mA h g^-1 at 100 mA g^-1 with the Coulombic efficiency of 99.45% after 70 cycles and exhibited the tolerance to high-current operation.

N-doped 3D porous carbon materials derived from hierarchical porous IRMOF-3 using a citric acid modulator: fabrication and application in lithium ion batteries as anode materials

N-doped three-dimensional carbon nanostructured materials were obtained by calcinating hierarchical porous IRMOF-3 materials, and were fabricated in the presence of citric acid as a modulator via the conventional synthetic protocol, at 900 °C in an Ar atmosphere. The resultant carbon materials were used as anode materials for lithium ion batteries, and exhibited excellent lithium storage capacity and cycling stability and maintained a capacity of about 555 mA h g^-1 at the current density of 0.2 A g^-1 after 100 cycles.

MIL-100(Fe) and its derivatives: from synthesis to application for wastewater decontamination

MIL-100(Fe), an environmental-friendly and water-stable metal-organic framework (MOF), has caught increasing research and application attention in the recent decade. Thanks to its mesoporous structure and eximious surface area, MIL-100(Fe) has been utilized as precursors for synthesizing various porous materials under high thermolysis temperature, which makes the derivatives of MIL-100(Fe) pretty promising candidates for the decontamination of wastewater. Herein, this review systematically summarizes the versatile synthetic methods and conditions for optimizing the properties of MIL-100(Fe) and its derivatives. Then, diverse environmental applications (i.e., adsorption, photocatalysis, and Fenton-like reaction) of MIL-100(Fe) and its derivatives and the corresponding removal mechanisms are detailed in the discussion. Finally, existing knowledge gaps related to fabrications and applications are discussed to close and promote the future development of MIL-100(Fe) and its derivatives toward environmental applications. Graphical abstract.

Copper nanowires and copper foam multifunctional bridges in zeolitic imidazolate framework-derived anode material for superior lithium storage

Herein, a synthetic strategy for growing trimetallic zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) polyhedrons on copper foam (CF) and interweaving with copper nanowires (CNWs) is proposed. Subsequently, in situ annealing under N₂ atmosphere leads to the formation of multi-doped CNWs/Cu_0.39Zn_0.14Co_2.47O₄-ZnO/CF (CNWs/CZCOZ/CF). The unique structural characteristics of CNWs/CZCOZ/CF allow it to be directly assembled as a working electrode, without additional conductive additives or binders. When it's used as the lithium-ion battery (LIB) anode, this electrode exhibits a significantly high capacity of 2305 mAh g^-1 at 0.1 A g^-1 after 500 cycles. More importantly, kinetic analysis on the basis of cyclic voltammograms (CVs) indicates that the pseudocapacitive effect is the primary contributor to the high lithium storage capacity and also accounts for the exceptionally high rate capacity of 713 mAh g^-1 even if the current density is at a maximum of 10 A g^-1. Moreover, the superior battery performance originates from their advantageous structural diversity and unique compositional features, including synergistic effects among polymetallic components and two highly conductive substrates (CNWs and CF), forming unhindered paths for fast charge transfer.

Recent progress on metal–organic framework-derived materials for sodium-ion battery anodes

Recent progress on MOF-derived materials, including carbon and metal oxides/sulfides/selenides/phosphides, as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries is summarized.

Multifunctionality and cytotoxicity of a layered coordination polymer

This work reports the synthesis and multifunctionality of 2D layered coordination polymers formulated as [Ln₂(H₃nmp)₂]·xH₂O (1, where Ln = Sm³⁺, Eu³⁺, Tb³⁺, Dy³⁺, Ho³⁺, Er³⁺ and Y³⁺) (x = 1 to 4).

Organosulfonate Counteranions-A Trapped Coordination Polymer as a High-Output Triboelectric Nanogenerator Material for Self-Powered Anticorrosion

Selection of the friction electrode materials is crucial to the performance of a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). In the present study, a metal-organic coordination complex containing organosulfonate counteranions with electron-donating ability was synthesized through the coordination-driven self-assembly approach under mild reaction conditions and was chosen as a positive electrode material to construct a triboelectric nanogenerator, exhibiting high-output performance with a peak value of short circuit current density of 98.6 μA and an output voltage of 1180 V. As a practical application, it was shown to light up 1488 commercial green LEDs and power an anticorrosion system device to protect metals from corrosion.