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Casperson SL, Jahns L, Duke SE, Nelson AM, Appleton KM, Larson KJ, Roemmich JN. Incorporating Dietary Guidelines for Americans vegetable recommendations into the diet alters dietary intake patterns of other foods and improves diet quality in adults with overweight and obesity. J Acad Nutr Diet 2022; 122:1345-1354.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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De Leon A, Jahns L, Roemmich JN, Duke SE, Casperson SL. Consumption of Dietary Guidelines for Americans types and amounts of vegetables increases mean Subjective Happiness Scale scores: A randomized controlled trial. J Acad Nutr Diet 2021; 122:1355-1362. [PMID: 34793989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The health benefits of diets rich in fruits and vegetables (FV) are well established. Recent observational and intervention research suggests that FV consumption may also exert a positive effect on psychological well-being. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess changes in mean Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS) scores in response to consuming DGA recommended types and amounts of vegetables. It was hypothesized that increased vegetable consumption would increase mean SHS scores. DESIGN This study investigated a secondary outcome of a randomized, parallel, non-blinded controlled trial with a 1:1 allocation ratio to a provided vegetable intervention or attention control group. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING Men and women (n=75) aged 18-65 years, body mass index ≥25 kg/m2, with low habitual vegetable consumption were recruited from Grand Forks, ND, December 2016 to January 2018, for this community-based study. INTERVENTION The vegetable intervention consisted of an 8-week feeding phase during which participants were provided with vegetables in DGA recommended types and amounts. The attention control group was not provided vegetables but completed the same testing schedule as the vegetable intervention group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Mean SHS scores were assessed before and after the intervention. STATISTICAL ANALYSES Mean SHS scores were analyzed using a 2-way factorial mixed linear model analysis of variance. RESULTS A significant interaction between treatment and visit (P=0.015) revealed greater mean SHS scores at week 8 than at baseline in the vegetable intervention group (+0.23 ± 0.11 (mean difference ± standard error of the difference) but no change in the attention control group (-0.15 ± 0.11). CONCLUSIONS Greater mean SHS scores were observed after increasing vegetable consumption to meet DGA recommendations, suggesting that adhering to DGA vegetable guidance may help promote psychological well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela De Leon
- Research Nutritionist, USDA, Agriculture Research Services, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, 2420 2(nd) Ave. North, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Lisa Jahns
- Research Nutritionist (when work was completed), USDA, Agriculture Research Services, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, 2420 2(nd) Ave. North, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - James N Roemmich
- Center Director, Supervisory Research Physiologist, USDA, Agriculture Research Services, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, 2420 2(nd) Ave. North, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Sara E Duke
- Statistician, USDA, Agriculture Research Services, Office of The Area Director, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Shanon L Casperson
- Research Biologist, USDA, Agriculture Research Services, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, 2420 2(nd) Ave. North, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA.
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Cao JJ, Roemmich JN, Sheng X, Jahns L. Increasing Vegetable Intake Decreases Urinary Acidity and Bone Resorption Marker in Overweight and Obese Adults: An 8-Week Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2021; 151:3413-3420. [PMID: 34386816 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controlled intervention trials are needed to confirm a positive association from epidemiological studies between vegetable consumption and bone health. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether providing vegetables at the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommended amount affects excretion of acid and calcium in urine and bone turnover markers in serum in adults with low vegetable intake. METHODS In total, 102 adults (19 males and 83 females, age 18-65 y, BMI ≥25 kg/m2) consuming ≤1 serving of vegetables (128 g raw leafy or 64 g cooked vegetables) per d were recruited in a 2-arm, parallel, randomized, controlled, and community-based 8-wk feeding intervention trial. The 2 arms included a vegetable intervention (VI) during which participants received extra vegetables (∼270 g/d) and an attention control (CON) group that conducted only the testing visits. Measurements included nutrient intake, plasma carotenoids, and bone-related markers in serum and urine. Differences between CON and VI at week 8 were tested using the ANCOVA with baseline values as a covariate. RESULTS Compared with CON, carotenoid intake (mean ± SD) was higher (6.4 ± 3.4 compared with 2.0 ± 1.2 mg/d) (P < 0.01) and dietary potential renal acid load was lower (20 ± 13 compared with 3.4 ± 14 mEq/d) (P < 0.01) in VI. Compared with CON at week 8, urine titratable acid and Mg were 24 and 26% lower, respectively, while urine pH was 3% greater (P < 0.05) and serum C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) was 19% lower in VI. There were no group differences in serum concentrations of propeptide of type 1 procollagen and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase or urinary excretion of deoxypyridinoline and CTX. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of vegetables at the DGA-recommended amount by adults with low vegetable intake potentially benefits bone health. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02585102.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay J Cao
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - James N Roemmich
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Xiaoming Sheng
- Applied Statistics, University of Utah College of Nursing, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lisa Jahns
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, USA
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Casperson SL, Jahns L, Temple JL, Appleton KM, Duke SE, Roemmich JN. Consumption of a Variety of Vegetables to Meet Dietary Guidelines for Americans' Recommendations Does Not Induce Sensitization of Vegetable Reinforcement Among Adults with Overweight and Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2021; 151:1665-1672. [PMID: 33758940 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food reinforcement, or the motivation to obtain food, can predict choice and consumption. Vegetable consumption is well below recommended amounts for adults, so understanding how to increase vegetable reinforcement could provide valuable insight into how to increase consumption. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether daily consumption of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommendations for vegetable intake induces sensitization of vegetable reinforcement in adults with overweight and obesity. METHODS Healthy adults with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 who consumed ≤1 cup-equivalent of vegetables/day were randomly assigned to a vegetable intervention (VI; n = 55) or an attention control (AC; n = 55) group. The VI consisted of the daily provision of vegetables in the amounts and types recommended by the DGA (∼270 g/day) for 8 weeks. Participants were followed for an additional 8 weeks to assess sustained consumption. Compliance was measured weekly by resonance Raman light-scattering spectroscopy (RRS). Vegetable reinforcement was tested at weeks 0, 8, 12, and 16 using a computer choice paradigm. RESULTS In the VI group, RRS intensity increased from week 0 to 8 (from 22,990 to 37,220), returning to baseline by week 16 (27,300). No change was observed in the AC group. There was no main effect of treatment (P = 0.974) or time (P = 0.14) and no treatment x time interaction (P = 0.44) on vegetable reinforcement. There was no moderating effect of sex (P = 0.07), age (P = 0.60), BMI (P = 0.46), delay discounting (P = 0.24), 6-n-propylthiouracil taster status (P = 0.15), or dietary disinhibition (P = 0.82) on the change in vegetable reinforcement. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest no effects of the provision of a variety of vegetables to meet DGA recommendations for 8 weeks on vegetable reinforcement and highlight the difficulty in increasing vegetable consumption in adults. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02585102.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanon L Casperson
- USDA Agricultural Research Services, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Lisa Jahns
- USDA Agricultural Research Services, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Jennifer L Temple
- University of Buffalo, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Sara E Duke
- USDA Agricultural Research Services, Plains Area Office, College Station, TX, USA
| | - James N Roemmich
- USDA Agricultural Research Services, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, USA
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De Leon A, Jahns L, Casperson SL. Barriers and facilitators to following the dietary guidelines for vegetable intake: Follow-up of an intervention to increase vegetable intake. Food Qual Prefer 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.103903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Decreasing the Consumption of Foods with Sugar Increases Their Reinforcing Value: A Potential Barrier for Dietary Behavior Change. J Acad Nutr Diet 2019; 119:1099-1108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ermakov IV, Ermakova M, Sharifzadeh M, Gorusupudi A, Farnsworth K, Bernstein PS, Stookey J, Evans J, Arana T, Tao-Lew L, Isman C, Clayton A, Obana A, Whigham L, Redelfs AH, Jahns L, Gellermann W. Optical assessment of skin carotenoid status as a biomarker of vegetable and fruit intake. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 646:46-54. [PMID: 29601824 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) and reflection spectroscopy (RS) are optical methods applicable to the non-invasive detection of carotenoids in human skin. RRS is the older, more thoroughly validated method, whereas RS is newer and has several advantages. Since collective skin carotenoid levels serve as a biomarker for vegetable and fruit intake, both methods hold promise as convenient screening tools for assessment of dietary interventions and correlations between skin carotenoids and health and disease outcomes. In this manuscript, we describe the most recent optimized device configurations and compare their use in various clinical and field settings. Both RRS and RS devices yield a wide range of skin carotenoid levels between subjects, which is a critical feature for a biomarker. Repeatability of the methods is 3-15% depending on the subject's skin carotenoid level and the uniformity of its local distribution. For 54 subjects recruited from an ophthalmology clinic, we first checked the validity of the relatively novel RS methodology via biochemical serum carotenoid measurements, the latter carried out with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A high correlation between RS skin and serum HPLC carotenoid levels was established (R = 0.81; p < 0.001). Also, a high correlation was found between RS and RRS skin levels (R = 0.94 p < 0.001). Subsequent comparisons of skin carotenoid measurements in diverse age groups and ethnicities included 569 Japanese adults, 947 children with ages 2-5 screened in 24 day care centers in San Francisco, and 49 predominantly Hispanic adults screened at an outdoor health fair event. Depending on the particular subject group, correlation coefficients between the RRS and RS methods ranged between R ∼0.80 and R ∼0.96. Analysis of the Japanese screening showed that, on average, skin carotenoid levels are higher in women compared to men, skin levels do not depend on age, and tobacco smokers have reduced levels versus non-smokers. For the two most ethnically diverse groups with widely varying melanin levels, we investigated the effect of dermal melanin on RS and RRS skin carotenoid levels. The analysis revealed that large variations in skin carotenoid levels remain detectable independent of the particular melanin index. This behavior is consistent with the absence of melanin effects on the skin carotenoid levels generated with the instrument configurations. The RS method has an advantage over RRS in its relative simplicity. Due to its detection of skin reflection over a wide spectral range from the near UV to the near IR, it has the unique ability to quantify each of the major tissue chromophores and take them into account in the derivation of skin carotenoid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V Ermakov
- Longevity Link Corporation, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Maia Ermakova
- Longevity Link Corporation, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | | | - Aruna Gorusupudi
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Kelliann Farnsworth
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Paul S Bernstein
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Jodi Stookey
- San Francisco Department of Public Health Child Care Health Program, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jane Evans
- San Francisco Department of Public Health Child Care Health Program, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Tito Arana
- San Francisco Department of Public Health Child Care Health Program, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lisa Tao-Lew
- San Francisco Department of Public Health Child Care Health Program, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Carly Isman
- San Francisco Department of Public Health Child Care Health Program, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Anna Clayton
- San Francisco Department of Public Health Child Care Health Program, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Akira Obana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu City, Japan
| | - Leah Whigham
- Paso del Norte Institute for Healthy Living, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Alisha H Redelfs
- Paso del Norte Institute for Healthy Living, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Lisa Jahns
- USDA-ARS Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center Grand Forks, ND, United States
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