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Su Y, Long Y, Xie K. Cingulin family: Structure, function and clinical significance. Life Sci 2024; 341:122504. [PMID: 38354973 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Cingulin and its paralog paracingulin are vital components of the apical junctional complex in vertebrate epithelial and endothelial cells. They are both found in tight junctions (TJ), and paracingulin is also detectable in adherens junctions (AJ) as TJ cytoplasmic plaque proteins. Cingulin and paracingulin interact with other proteins to perform functions. They interact with cytoskeletal proteins, modulate the activity of small GTPases, such as RhoA and Rac1, and regulate gene expression. In addition, cingulin and paracingulin regulate barrier function and many pathological processes, including inflammation and tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarize the discovery and structure, expression and subcellular distribution, and molecular interactions of cingulin family proteins and discuss their role in development, physiology, and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Su
- Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - You Long
- Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Keping Xie
- Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital and Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangdong 510006, China; The South China University of Technology Comprehensive Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
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2
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Lee CE, Raduka A, Gao N, Hussain A, Rezaee F. 8-Bromo-cAMP attenuates human airway epithelial barrier disruption caused by titanium dioxide fine and nanoparticles. Tissue Barriers 2024:2300579. [PMID: 38166590 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2023.2300579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Titanium dioxide fine particles (TiO2-FPs) and nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) are the most widely used whitening pigments worldwide. Inhalation of TiO2-FPs and TiO2-NPs can be harmful as it triggers toxicity in the airway epithelial cells. The airway epithelium serves as the respiratory system's first line of defense in which airway epithelial cells are significant targets of inhaled pathogens and environmental particles. Our group previously found that TiO2-NPs lead to a disrupted barrier in the polarized airway epithelial cells. However, the effect of TiO2-FPs on the respiratory epithelial barrier has not been examined closely. In this study, we aimed to compare the effects of TiO2-FPs and TiO2-NPs on the structure and function of the airway epithelial barrier. Additionally, we hypothesized that 8-Bromo-cAMP, a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) derivative, would alleviate the disruptive effects of both TiO2-FPs and TiO2-NPs. We observed increased epithelial membrane permeability in both TiO2-FPs and TiO2-NPs after exposure to 16HBE cells. Immunofluorescent labeling showed that both particle sizes disrupted the structural integrity of airway epithelial tight junctions and adherens junctions. TiO2-FPs had a slightly more, but insignificant impact on the epithelial barrier disruption than TiO2-NPs. Treatment with 8-Bromo-cAMP significantly attenuated the barrier-disrupting impact of both TiO2-FPs and TiO2-NPs on cell monolayers. Our study demonstrates that both TiO2-FPs and TiO2-NPs cause comparable barrier disruption and suggests a protective role for cAMP signaling. The observed effects of TiO2-FPs and TiO2-NPs provide a necessary understanding for characterizing the pathways involved in the defensive role of the cAMP pathway on TiO2-induced airway barrier disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Lee
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Cognitive Science, College of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Andjela Raduka
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nannan Gao
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Aabid Hussain
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Fariba Rezaee
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Center for Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Zhang M, Li Q, Wang J, Sun J, Xiang Y, Jin X. Aflatoxin B1 disrupts the intestinal barrier integrity by reducing junction protein and promoting apoptosis in pigs and mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 247:114250. [PMID: 36334341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the growing diversity and complexity of diet, animals and humans are at risk of exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), which is a well-known contaminant in the food chain that causes various toxicological effects. The intestine acts as the first barrier against external contaminants, but the effect of AFB1 on intestinal barrier has not been determined. This study aimed to evaluate AFB1 on the intestinal barrier function in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, porcine jejunal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) were treated with increasing concentrations of AFB1 (10-60 mg/L). In vivo, Kunming (KM) mice were used as controls or gavaged with 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (110 mg/kg b.w.) and AFB1 (0.3 mg/kg b.w.) for 28 days. In IPEC-J2 cells, the cell viability decreased with increasing mycotoxin concentrations, and the viability of IPEC-J2 cells decreased significantly (P < 0.05) when the AFB1 concentrations were greater than 30 mg/L. In addition, quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence results show that AFB1 can downregulate the tight junction proteins and increase the expression levels of Caspase-3 and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, suggesting that AFB1 was cytotoxic to IPEC-J2. In vivo, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth, the intestinal wall thickness, the number of intestinal villus per 1000 µm in the jejunum, the expression levels of ZO-1, Claudin-3, Occludin, MUC2, and Caspase-3, and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 were significantly affected in mice exposed to AFB1. In vitro and in vivo results showed that the effects of exposure to AFB1 on the intestinal function in the jejunum of KM mice and in the IPEC-J2 was similar, suggesting that AFB1 may adversely affect animal intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Qinghao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Juan Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Yuqiang Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Xin Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China.
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Gao N, Raduka A, Rezaee F. Respiratory syncytial virus disrupts the airway epithelial barrier by decreasing cortactin and destabilizing F-actin. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs259871. [PMID: 35848790 PMCID: PMC9481929 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection in young children worldwide. Our group recently revealed that RSV infection disrupts the airway epithelial barrier in vitro and in vivo. However, the underlying molecular pathways were still elusive. Here, we report the critical roles of the filamentous actin (F-actin) network and actin-binding protein cortactin in RSV infection. We found that RSV infection causes F-actin depolymerization in 16HBE cells, and that stabilizing the F-actin network in infected cells reverses the epithelial barrier disruption. RSV infection also leads to significantly decreased cortactin in vitro and in vivo. Cortactin-knockout 16HBE cells presented barrier dysfunction, whereas overexpression of cortactin protected the epithelial barrier against RSV. The activity of Rap1 (which has Rap1A and Rap1B forms), one downstream target of cortactin, declined after RSV infection as well as in cortactin-knockout cells. Moreover, activating Rap1 attenuated RSV-induced epithelial barrier disruption. Our study proposes a key mechanism in which RSV disrupts the airway epithelial barrier via attenuating cortactin expression and destabilizing the F-actin network. The identified pathways will provide new targets for therapeutic intervention toward RSV-related disease. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Gao
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Andjela Raduka
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Fariba Rezaee
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Monaco A, Axis J, Amsler K. Simple graphical approach to investigate differences in transepithelial paracellular leak pathway permeability. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15202. [PMID: 35274827 PMCID: PMC8915387 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although many studies have reported differences in epithelial paracellular Leak Pathway permeability following genetic manipulations and treatment with various agents, the basis for these differences remains mostly unclear. Two primary mechanisms which could underlie differences in Leak Pathway permeability are differences in the density of Leak Pathway openings and differences in the opening size. Using a computational approach, we demonstrate that these two possibilities can be readily distinguished graphically by comparing the apparent paracellular permeabilities of a size panel of solutes measured across different cell layers. Using this approach, we demonstrated that depletion of ZO-1 protein in MDCK Type II renal epithelial cells decreased Leak Pathway opening size and increased opening density. Depletion of ZO-2 protein either had no effect or minimally decreased opening size and did not markedly change opening density. Comparison of MDCK Type II cells with MDCK Type I cells revealed that Type I cells exhibited a substantially smaller Leak Pathway permeability than did Type II cells. This lower permeability was due to a decrease in opening density with little or no change in opening size. These results demonstrate the utility of this approach to provide insights into the basis for observed differences in epithelial Leak Pathway permeability. This approach has wide applications including analysis of the molecular basis for Leak Pathway permeability, the effects of specific manipulations on Leak Pathway permeability properties, and the effects of permeation enhancers on Leak Pathway permeability properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Monaco
- Department of Biomedical SciencesNYIT College of Osteopathic MedicineOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - Josephine Axis
- Department of Biomedical SciencesNYIT College of Osteopathic MedicineOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - Kurt Amsler
- Department of Biomedical SciencesNYIT College of Osteopathic MedicineOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
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Crame EE, Bowen JM, Secombe KR, Coller JK, François M, Leifert W, Wardill HR. Epithelial-Specific TLR4 Knockout Challenges Current Evidence of TLR4 Homeostatic Control of Gut Permeability. Inflamm Intest Dis 2022; 6:199-209. [PMID: 35083285 DOI: 10.1159/000519200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a highly conserved immunosurveillance protein of innate immunity, displaying well-established roles in homeostasis and intestinal inflammation. Current evidence shows complex relationships between TLR4 activation, maintenance of health, and disease progression; however, it commonly overlooks the importance of site-specific TLR4 expression. This omission has the potential to influence translation of results as previous evidence shows the differing and distinct roles that TLR4 exhibits are dependent on its spatiotemporal expression. Methods An intestinal epithelial TLR4 conditional knockout (KO) mouse line (Tlr4ΔIEC, n = 6-8) was utilized to dissect the contribution of epithelial TLR4 expression to intestinal homeostasis with comparisons to wild-type (WT) (n = 5-7) counterparts. Functions of the intestinal barrier in the ileum and colon were assessed with tissue resistance in Ussing chambers. Molecular and structural comparisons in the ileum and colon were assessed via histological staining, expression of tight junction proteins (occludin and zonular occludin 1 [ZO-1]), and presence of CD11b-positive immune cells. Results There was no impact of the intestinal epithelial TLR4 KO, with no differences in (1) tissue resistance-ileum (mean ± standard error of mean [SEM]): WT 22 ± 7.2 versus Tlr4ΔIEC 20 ± 5.6 (Ω × cm2) p = 0.831, colon WT 30.8 ± 3.6 versus Tlr4ΔIEC 45.1 ± 9.5 p = 0.191; (2) histological staining (overall tissue structure); and (3) tight junction protein expression (% area stain, mean ± SEM)-ZO-1: ileum-WT 1.49 ± 0.155 versus Tlr4ΔIEC 1.17 ± 0.07, p = 0.09; colon-WT 1.36 ± 0.26 versus Tlr4ΔIEC 1.12 ± 0.18 p = 0.47; occludin: ileum-WT 1.07 ± 0.12 versus Tlr4ΔIEC 0.95 ± 0.13, p = 0.53; colon-WT 1.26 ± 0.26 versus Tlr4ΔIEC 1.02 ± 0.16 p = 0.45. CD11b-positive immune cells (% area stain, mean ± SEM) in the ileum were mildly decreased in WT mice: WT 0.14 ± 0.02 versus Tlr4ΔIEC 0.09 ± 0.01 p = 0.04. However, in the colon, there was no difference in CD11b-positive immune cells between strains: WT 0.53 ± 0.08 versus Tlr4ΔIEC 0.49 ± 0.08 p = 0.73. Conclusions These data have 2 important implications. First, these data refute the assumption that epithelial TLR4 exerts physiological control of intestinal physiology and immunity in health. Second, and most importantly, these data support the use of the Tlr4ΔIEC line in future models interrogating health and disease, confirming no confounding effects of genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise E Crame
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Joanne M Bowen
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kate R Secombe
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Janet K Coller
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Maxime François
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Nutrition and Health Program, Molecular Diagnostic Solutions Group, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Wayne Leifert
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Nutrition and Health Program, Molecular Diagnostic Solutions Group, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hannah R Wardill
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Paediatric Oncology/Haematology, The University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Mendoza C, Nagidi SH, Collett K, Mckell J, Mizrachi D. Calcium regulates the interplay between the tight junction and epithelial adherens junction at the plasma membrane. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:219-231. [PMID: 34882783 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The apical junctional complex (AJC) is a membrane protein ultrastructure that regulates cell adhesion and homeostasis. The tight junction (TJ) and the adherens junction (AJ) are substructures of the AJC. The interplay between TJ and AJ membrane proteins to assemble the AJC remains unclear. We employed synthetic biology strategies to express the basic membrane elements of a simple AJC-the adhesive extracellular domains of junctional adhesion molecule A (JAM-A), epithelial cadherin, claudin 1, and occludin-to study their interactions. Our results suggest that calcium concentration fluctuations and JAM-A, acting as an interface molecule between the TJ and AJ, orchestrate their interplay. Calcium affects the secondary structure, oligomerization, and binding affinity of homotypic and heterotypic interactions of TJ and AJ components, thus acting as a molecular switch influencing AJC dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Mendoza
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Sai Harsha Nagidi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Kjetil Collett
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Jacob Mckell
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Dario Mizrachi
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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Fermented Corn-Soybean Meal Mixed Feed Modulates Intestinal Morphology, Barrier Functions and Cecal Microbiota in Laying Hens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113059. [PMID: 34827791 PMCID: PMC8614397 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Fermented feed has been of wide concern in livestock and poultry production because of its many advantages. In this study, the nutritional quality of the feed before and after fermentation was assessed, and four supplemental levels of fermented feed were used to replace unfermented feed to study the influence of fermented feed on the gut health of the laying hens during the laying peak period. The results suggest that fermented feed can improve the intestinal morphology and barrier functions of laying hens, possibly by altering the cecal microbiome. Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effects of fermented corn–soybean meal mixed feed on intestinal barrier function and cecal microbiota in laying hens. A total of 360 Jingfen No.6 laying hens (22 wk-old) were assigned to 4 dietary treatments, which were offered basal diets (without antibiotics) containing 0, 4, 6 and 8% of fermented mixed feed respectively. The results showed that the pH value and anti-nutritional factor concentrations in fermented mixed feed were lower than those in unfermented feed (p < 0.05). Moreover, fermentation in the feed significantly increased the crude protein content (p < 0.05). Supplementation with fermented feed significantly reduced the crypt depth and increased the villi height:crypt depth ratio of duodenum and jejunum (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, fermented feed increased the secretory immunoglobulin A content and MUC2 mRNA expression of jejunum (p < 0.05). These beneficial effects were exhibited at the addition level ≥6% and microbial composition of caeca in the control, and so 6% fermented feed groups were analyzed. The structure of the gut microbiota was remarkably altered by additions, characterized by increased abundances of some health-promoting bacteria, such as Parasutterella, Butyricicoccus and Erysipelotrichaceae (p < 0.05). In summary, fermented mixed feed modulated cecal flora, subsequently contributing to improvements in intestinal morphology and barrier functions in laying hens.
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New Insights into Intestinal Permeability in Irritable Bowel Syndrome-Like Disorders: Histological and Ultrastructural Findings of Duodenal Biopsies. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102593. [PMID: 34685576 PMCID: PMC8533783 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Diarrhea, abdominal pain, and bloating are frequent in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)-like disorders, although little is known about their intestinal ultrastructural alterations. The aim of the present study was to study duodenal biopsies from IBS-like patients to find ultrastructural alterations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study design: descriptive comparative pilot study. Thirty outpatients (9 male and 21 female; median age 37.7 years; range, 20 to 65 years) complaining of IBS-like symptoms were enrolled between January 2015 to May 2019 and were divided into 6 groups, each equally consisting of 5 patients: (A) untreated celiac disease (uCD); (B) treated celiac disease (tCD); (C) wheat allergy (WA); (D) Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS); (E) Nickel allergic contact mucositis (Ni ACM); (F) controls affected by GERD. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) morphological characteristics were: microvilli length, intermicrovillar distance, junctional complexes (JC) gap width, autophagic bodies, apoptosis, altered mitochondria, lipid/chylomicron droplets, and mast cells. Regarding JC, we focused on tight junctions (TJ), adherens junctions (AJ), and desmosomes. RESULTS Major alterations in microvilli length and intermicrovillar distance have been observed in the subjects affected by uCD. Microvilli of tCD patients showed marked recovery after adequate GFD, although not comparable to controls. Intermediate microvillar alterations were instead observed in NCGS and Ni ACM, while characteristics of WA subjects appeared more similar to tCD. Regarding JC, TJ did not show significant differences between all groups studied, including controls. The AJ were significantly more dilated in all groups compared to controls, while no significant differences were found between the pathological groups. The distance between desmosomes was greater in uCD, NCGS, and Ni ACM than in tCD, WA, and controls. Finally, intracellular alterations have been detected in most of the groups studied although they seemed more unspecific. CONCLUSIONS TEM analysis confirmed damages to the intestinal barrier and defense mechanisms by enterocytes in IBS-like patients, probably linked to low-grade inflammation or adverse reactions triggered by food allergens, heavy metals, or other unknown. On the other hand, our study needs confirmation and further investigations with larger populations to facilitate diagnosis, therapy, and prevention of IBS-like disorders in the future.
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Monaco A, Ovryn B, Axis J, Amsler K. The Epithelial Cell Leak Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147677. [PMID: 34299297 PMCID: PMC8305272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial cell tight junction structure is the site of the transepithelial movement of solutes and water between epithelial cells (paracellular permeability). Paracellular permeability can be divided into two distinct pathways, the Pore Pathway mediating the movement of small ions and solutes and the Leak Pathway mediating the movement of large solutes. Claudin proteins form the basic paracellular permeability barrier and mediate the movement of small ions and solutes via the Pore Pathway. The Leak Pathway remains less understood. Several proteins have been implicated in mediating the Leak Pathway, including occludin, ZO proteins, tricellulin, and actin filaments, but the proteins comprising the Leak Pathway remain unresolved. Many aspects of the Leak Pathway, such as its molecular mechanism, its properties, and its regulation, remain controversial. In this review, we provide a historical background to the evolution of the Leak Pathway concept from the initial examinations of paracellular permeability. We then discuss current information about the properties of the Leak Pathway and present current theories for the Leak Pathway. Finally, we discuss some recent research suggesting a possible molecular basis for the Leak Pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Monaco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Boulevard, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA; (A.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Ben Ovryn
- Department of Physics, New York Institute of Technology, Northern Boulevard, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA;
| | - Josephine Axis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Boulevard, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA; (A.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Kurt Amsler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Boulevard, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA; (A.M.); (J.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-516-686-3716
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Ozawa M, Hiver S, Yamamoto T, Shibata T, Upadhyayula S, Mimori-Kiyosue Y, Takeichi M. Adherens junction regulates cryptic lamellipodia formation for epithelial cell migration. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:152072. [PMID: 32886101 PMCID: PMC7659716 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202006196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective migration of epithelial cells plays crucial roles in various biological processes such as cancer invasion. In migrating epithelial sheets, leader cells form lamellipodia to advance, and follower cells also form similar motile apparatus at cell-cell boundaries, which are called cryptic lamellipodia (c-lamellipodia). Using adenocarcinoma-derived epithelial cells, we investigated how c-lamellipodia form and found that they sporadically grew from around E-cadherin-based adherens junctions (AJs). WAVE and Arp2/3 complexes were localized along the AJs, and silencing them not only interfered with c-lamellipodia formation but also prevented follower cells from trailing the leaders. Disruption of AJs by removing αE-catenin resulted in uncontrolled c-lamellipodia growth, and this was brought about by myosin II activation and the resultant contraction of AJ-associated actomyosin cables. Additional observations indicated that c-lamellipodia tended to grow at mechanically weak sites of the junction. We conclude that AJs not only tie cells together but also support c-lamellipodia formation by recruiting actin regulators, enabling epithelial cells to undergo ordered collective migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ozawa
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Sylvain Hiver
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takaki Yamamoto
- Laboratory for Physical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shibata
- Laboratory for Physical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Srigokul Upadhyayula
- Advanced Bioimaging Center, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Yuko Mimori-Kiyosue
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takeichi
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
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12
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Bruning EE, Coller JK, Wardill HR, Bowen JM. Site-specific contribution of Toll-like receptor 4 to intestinal homeostasis and inflammatory disease. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:877-888. [PMID: 32730645 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a highly conserved protein of innate immunity, responsible for the regulation and maintenance of homeostasis, as well as immune recognition of external and internal ligands. TLR4 is expressed on a variety of cell types throughout the gastrointestinal tract, including on epithelial and immune cell populations. In a healthy state, epithelial cell expression of TLR4 greatly assists in homeostasis by shaping the host microbiome, promoting immunoglobulin A production, and regulating follicle-associated epithelium permeability. In contrast, immune cell expression of TLR4 in healthy states is primarily centred on the maturation of dendritic cells in response to stimuli, as well as adequately priming the adaptive immune system to fight infection and promote immune memory. Hence, in a healthy state, there is a clear distinction in the site-specific roles of TLR4 expression. Similarly, recent research has indicated the importance of site-specific TLR4 expression in inflammation and disease, particularly the impact of epithelial-specific TLR4 on disease progression. However, the majority of evidence still remains ambiguous for cell-specific observations, with many studies failing to provide the distinction of epithelial versus immune cell expression of TLR4, preventing specific mechanistic insight and greatly impacting the translation of results. The following review provides a critical overview of the current understanding of site-specific TLR4 activity and its contribution to intestinal/immune homeostasis and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise E Bruning
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Janet K Coller
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Hannah R Wardill
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Paediatric Oncology/Haematology, The University of Groningen (University Medical Centre Groningen), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne M Bowen
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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13
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Lang X, Wang T, Sun M, Chen X, Liu Y. Advances and applications of chitosan-based nanomaterials as oral delivery carriers: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 154:433-445. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Conforti F, Ridley R, Brereton C, Alzetani A, Johnson B, Marshall BG, Fletcher SV, Ottensmeier CH, Richeldi L, Skipp P, Wang Y, Jones MG, Davies DE. Paracrine SPARC signaling dysregulates alveolar epithelial barrier integrity and function in lung fibrosis. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:54. [PMID: 32637156 PMCID: PMC7327077 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-0289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic scarring disease in which aging, environmental exposure(s) and genetic susceptibility have been implicated in disease pathogenesis, however, the causes and mechanisms of the progressive fibrotic cascade are still poorly understood. As epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are essential for normal wound healing, through human 2D and 3D in vitro studies, we tested the hypothesis that IPF fibroblasts (IPFFs) dysregulate alveolar epithelial homeostasis. Conditioned media from IPFFs exaggerated the wound-healing response of primary human Type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECs). Furthermore, AECs co-cultured with IPFFs exhibited irregular epithelialization compared with those co-cultured with control fibroblasts (NHLFs) or AECs alone, suggesting that epithelial homeostasis is dysregulated in IPF as a consequence of the abnormal secretory phenotype of IPFFs. Secretome analysis of IPFF conditioned media and functional studies identified the matricellular protein, SPARC, as a key mediator in the epithelial-mesenchymal paracrine signaling, with increased secretion of SPARC by IPFFs promoting persistent activation of alveolar epithelium via an integrin/focal adhesion/cellular-junction axis resulting in disruption of epithelial barrier integrity and increased macromolecular permeability. These findings suggest that in IPF fibroblast paracrine signaling promotes persistent alveolar epithelial activation, so preventing normal epithelial repair responses and restoration of tissue homeostasis. Furthermore, they identify SPARC-mediated paracrine signaling as a potential therapeutic target to promote the restoration of lung epithelial homoestasis in IPF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Conforti
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Robert Ridley
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Christopher Brereton
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Aiman Alzetani
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
- University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Benjamin Johnson
- Cancer Sciences & NIHR and CRUK Experimental Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Ben G. Marshall
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
- University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Sophie V. Fletcher
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
- University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Christian H. Ottensmeier
- University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
- Cancer Sciences & NIHR and CRUK Experimental Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Luca Richeldi
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Paul Skipp
- Centre for Proteomic Research, Institute for Life Sciences University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Yihua Wang
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Mark G. Jones
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
- University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Donna E. Davies
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
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15
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Zhang X, Wu K, Huang Y, Xu L, Li X, Zhang N. Promoter Hypermethylation of CHODL Contributes to Carcinogenesis and Indicates Poor Survival in Patients with Early-stage Colorectal Cancer. J Cancer 2020; 11:2874-2886. [PMID: 32226505 PMCID: PMC7086254 DOI: 10.7150/jca.38815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Aberrant hypermethylation of CpG islands is an important hallmark of colorectal cancer (CRC). We previously utilized methyl-DNA immunoprecipitation assays to identify a novel methylated gene, chondrolectin (CHODL), preferentially methylated in human CRC. In this study, we examined the epigenetic inactivation, biological effects and prognostic significance of CHODL in CRC. Main methods: The methylation status of CHODL in CRC was evaluated by bisulfite genomic sequencing (BGS). The functions of CHODL in CRC were determined by proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration and invasion assays. The impact and underlying mechanisms of CHODL in CRC were characterized by western blot and RNA-Seq analyses. The association between CHODL and CRC clinical features was examined using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and immunohistochemical staining. Key findings: CHODL was downregulated in 10 CRC cell lines and CRC tissues, and promoter hypermethylation contributed to its inactivation. Ectopic expression of CHODL inhibited colony formation, suppressed cell viability, induced apoptosis, and restrained cell migration and invasion in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, high CHODL expression in CRC was a predictor of improved survival, though CHODL hypermethylation was a poor prognostic factor for CRC patients, especially those with early-stage CRC. Significance: CHODL promoter hypermethylation silences CHODL expression in CRC, and CHODL suppresses CRC tumorigenesis. CHODL methylation and expression levels can be used as potential markers to evaluate the prognosis of CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhang
- Department Of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China, 510080.,Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China, 510080
| | - Kaiming Wu
- Gastrointestinal Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China, 510080
| | - Yuhua Huang
- Department Of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China, 510080
| | - Lixia Xu
- Department Of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China, 510080
| | - Xiaoxing Li
- Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China, 510080
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department Of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China, 510080
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16
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He J, Ma L, Qiu J, Lu X, Hou C, Liu B, Yu D. Effects of compound organic acid calcium on growth performance, hepatic antioxidation and intestinal barrier of male broilers under heat stress. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 33:1156-1166. [PMID: 31480143 PMCID: PMC7322655 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of compound organic acid calcium (COAC) on growth performance, hepatic antioxidant status and intestinal barrier of male broilers under high ambient temperature (32.7°C). Methods Nine hundred healthy one-d-old Cobb-500 male broiler chicks were randomly assigned into three groups with six replicates of 50 birds each. A basal diet supplemented with 0% (control), 0.4% and 0.8% COAC, respectively were fed to birds for 6 weeks. All treatments were under high ambient indoor temperature of 32.7°C, and had a constant calcium and available phosphorus ratio. Results The results showed that, compared with control, the average daily gain of broilers in 0.4% and 0.8% was significantly increased and the ratio of feed to gain in in 0.4% and 0.8% was significantly decreased at 1 to 21, 22 to 42 and 1 to 42 days of age (p<0.05). Compared with control, 0.8% COAC slightly decreased (p = 0.093) the content of malondialdehyde in liver at 42 days of age while 0.4% COAC significantly decreased (p<0.05) the activity of alkaline phosphatase. Furthermore, 0.4% COAC significantly enhanced the intestinal barrier function via increasing jejunal and ileal ocln transcription, promoting jejunal mucin 2 transcription at 42 days of age (p<0.05), and decreasing jejunal toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) and ileal TLR-15, inducible nitric oxide synthase compared with control group (p<0.05). Whereas, no significant differences on the transcription of interleukin-1β in jejunum and ileum were observed among three treatments (p>0.05). Overall, heat stress caused by high natural environment temperature may induce the damage to hepatic antioxidation and intestinal barrier. Conclusion Dietary inclusion of COAC can improve the tolerance of broilers to thermal environment through the modification of antioxidative parameters in liver and the mRNA expression of genes in intestinal barrier, resulting in an optimal inclusion level of 0.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junna He
- College of Animal Science, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lianxiang Ma
- College of Animal Science, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jialing Qiu
- College of Animal Science, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xintao Lu
- College of Animal Science, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chuanchuan Hou
- College of Animal Science, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bing Liu
- College of Animal Science, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Dongyou Yu
- College of Animal Science, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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17
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Rescue of tight junctional localization of a claudin-16 mutant D97S by antimalarial medicine primaquine in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9647. [PMID: 31273276 PMCID: PMC6609605 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46250-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium ion (Mg2+) is paracellularly reabsorbed through claudin-16 (CLDN16) in the thick ascending limb (TAL) of Henle's loop in the kidney. Genetic disorders of CLDN16 cause mislocalization of CLDN16, resulting in hypomagnesemia. There is no effective treatment for hypomagnesemia except for magnesium administration. Here, we searched for a novel drug to restore tight junctional localization of a CLDN16 mutant. A D97S mutant, which has a mutation in the first extracellular loop (ECL) of CLDN16, was mainly colocalized with endosome marker, whereas wild-type (WT) CLDN16 was colocalized with ZO-1, an adaptor protein of tight junctions. The protein stability of the D97S mutant was lower than that of WT. The expression level of the D97S mutant was increased by lactacystin, a proteasomal inhibitor. Endocytosis inhibitors increased the tight junctional localization of the D97S mutant. We found that primaquine, an antimalarial agent, increased the protein stability and cell surface localization of the D97S mutant, but the localization of other mutants, which have mutations in the cytosolic domain or second ECL, was not affected. Transepithelial Mg2+ flux was increased by primaquine in D97S mutant-expressing cells. The expression of chaperon proteins, proteasome activity, and lactate dehydrogenase release were decreased by primaquine, and the proportion of viable cells increased. In contrast, these effects were not observed in WT CLDN16-expressing cells. These results suggested that primaquine increases the tight junctional localization of the D97S mutant, resulting in a reduction in ER stress and cellular injury. Primaquine may become an effective treatment drug for selected patients with mutant CLDN16.
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18
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Tervonen A, Ihalainen TO, Nymark S, Hyttinen J. Structural dynamics of tight junctions modulate the properties of the epithelial barrier. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214876. [PMID: 30964903 PMCID: PMC6456171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions are dynamic structures that are crucial in establishing the diffusion and electrical barrier of epithelial monolayers. Dysfunctions in the tight junctions can impede this barrier function and lead to many pathological conditions. Unfortunately, detailed understanding of the non-specific permeation pathway through the tight junctions, the so-called leak pathway, is lacking. We created computational models of the leak pathway to describe the two main barrier measures, molecular permeability and transepithelial electric resistance while using common structural dynamics. Our results showed that the proposed alternatives for the leak pathway, the bicellular strand opening dynamics and the tricellular pores, contribute together with distinct degrees, depending on the epithelium. The models can also capture changes in the tight junction barrier caused by changes in tight junction protein composition. In addition, we observed that the molecular permeability was markedly more sensitive to changes in the tight junction structure and strand dynamics compared with transepithelial electric resistance. The results highlight that our model creates a good methodological framework to integrate knowledge on the tight junction structure as well as to provide insights and tools to advance tight junction research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aapo Tervonen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and BioMediTech Institute, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Teemu O. Ihalainen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and BioMediTech Institute, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Soile Nymark
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and BioMediTech Institute, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jari Hyttinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and BioMediTech Institute, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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19
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Fan S, Weight CM, Luissint AC, Hilgarth RS, Brazil JC, Ettel M, Nusrat A, Parkos CA. Role of JAM-A tyrosine phosphorylation in epithelial barrier dysfunction during intestinal inflammation. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:566-578. [PMID: 30625033 PMCID: PMC6589701 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-08-0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A), an epithelial tight junction protein, plays an important role in regulating intestinal permeability through association with a scaffold signaling complex containing ZO-2, Afadin, and the small GTPase Rap2. Under inflammatory conditions, we report that the cytoplasmic tail of JAM-A is tyrosine phosphorylated (p-Y280) in association with loss of barrier function. While barely detectable Y280 phosphorylation was observed in confluent monolayers of human intestinal epithelial cells under basal conditions, exposure to cytokines TNFα, IFNγ, IL-22, or IL-17A, resulted in compromised barrier function in parallel with increased p-Y280. Phosphorylation was Src kinase dependent, and we identified Yes-1 and PTPN13 as a major kinase and phosphatase for p-JAM-A Y280, respectively. Moreover, cytokines IL-22 or IL-17A induced increased activity of Yes-1. Furthermore, the Src kinase inhibitor PP2 rescued cytokine-induced epithelial barrier defects and inhibited phosphorylation of JAM-A Y280 in vitro. Phosphorylation of JAM-A Y280 and increased permeability correlated with reduced JAM-A association with active Rap2. Finally, we observed increased phosphorylation of Y280 in colonic epithelium of individuals with ulcerative colitis and in mice with experimentally induced colitis. These findings support a novel mechanism by which tyrosine phosphorylation of JAM-A Y280 regulates epithelial barrier function during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Fan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Caroline M Weight
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Roland S Hilgarth
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jennifer C Brazil
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Mark Ettel
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Charles A Parkos
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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20
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Dietary magnesium deficiency impaired intestinal structural integrity in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Sci Rep 2018; 8:12705. [PMID: 30139942 PMCID: PMC6107577 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30485-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Grass carp (223.85–757.33 g) were fed diets supplemented with magnesium (73.54–1054.53 mg/kg) for 60 days to explore the impacts of magnesium deficiency on the growth and intestinal structural integrity of the fish. The results demonstrated that magnesium deficiency suppressed the growth and damaged the intestinal structural integrity of the fish. We first demonstrated that magnesium is partly involved in (1) attenuating antioxidant ability by suppressing Nrf2 signalling to decrease antioxidant enzyme mRNA levels and activities (except CuZnSOD mRNA levels and activities); (2) aggravating apoptosis by activating JNK (not p38MAPK) signalling to upregulate proapoptotic protein (Apaf-1, Bax and FasL) and caspase-2, -3, -7, -8 and -9 gene expression but downregulate antiapoptotic protein (Bcl-2, IAP and Mcl-1b) gene expression; (3) weakening the function of tight junctional complexes (TJs) by promoting myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) signalling to downregulate TJ gene expression [except claudin-7, ZO-2b and claudin-15 gene expression]. Additionally, based on percent weight gain (PWG), against reactive oxygen species (ROS), against caspase-9 and claudin-3c in grass carp, the optimal dietary magnesium levels were calculated to be 770.38, 839.86, 856.79 and 811.49 mg/kg, respectively.
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21
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Abdala-Valencia H, Kountz TS, Marchese ME, Cook-Mills JM. VCAM-1 induces signals that stimulate ZO-1 serine phosphorylation and reduces ZO-1 localization at lung endothelial cell junctions. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:215-228. [PMID: 29889984 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2ma1117-427rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell VCAM-1 regulates recruitment of lymphocytes, eosinophils, mast cells, or dendritic cells during allergic inflammation. In this report, we demonstrated that, during allergic lung responses, there was reduced zonula occludens (ZO)-1 localization in lung endothelial cell junctions, whereas there was increased lung endothelial cell expression of VCAM-1, N-cadherin, and angiomotin. In vitro, leukocyte binding to VCAM-1 reduced ZO-1 in endothelial cell junctions. Using primary human endothelial cells and mouse endothelial cell lines, Ab crosslinking of VCAM-1 increased serine phosphorylation of ZO-1 and induced dissociation of ZO-1 from endothelial cell junctions, demonstrating that VCAM-1 regulates ZO-1. Moreover, VCAM-1 induction of ZO-1 phosphorylation and loss of ZO-1 localization at cell junctions was blocked by inhibition of VCAM-1 intracellular signals that regulate leukocyte transendothelial migration, including NOX2, PKCα, and PTP1B. Furthermore, exogenous addition of the VCAM-1 signaling intermediate H2 O2 (1 μM) stimulated PKCα-dependent and PTP1B-dependent serine phosphorylation of ZO-1 and loss of ZO-1 from junctions. Overexpression of ZO-1 blocked leukocyte transendothelial migration. In summary, leukocyte binding to VCAM-1 induces signals that stimulated ZO-1 serine phosphorylation and reduced ZO-1 localization at endothelial cell junctions during leukocyte transendothelial migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiam Abdala-Valencia
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Timothy S Kountz
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michelle E Marchese
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joan M Cook-Mills
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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22
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Abstract
The Hippo signal transduction pathway is an important regulator of organ growth and cell differentiation, and its deregulation contributes to the development of cancer. The activity of the Hippo pathway is strongly dependent on cell junctions, cellular architecture, and the mechanical properties of the microenvironment. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of how cell junctions transduce signals from the microenvironment and control the activity of the Hippo pathway. We also discuss how these mechanisms may control organ growth during development and regeneration, and how defects in them deregulate Hippo signaling in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchan Karaman
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Georg Halder
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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23
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Abstract
Mucosal tissues represent surfaces that are exposed to the outside world and provide a conduit for internal and external communication. Tissues such as the intestine and the lung are lined by layer(s) of epithelial cells that, when organized in three dimensions, provide a critical barrier to the flux of luminal contents. This selective barrier is provided through the regulated expression of junctional proteins and mucins. Tissue oxygen metabolism is central to the maintenance of homeostasis in the mucosa. In some organs (e.g., the colon), low baseline Po2 determines tissue metabolism and results in basal expression of the transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), which is enhanced after ischemia/inflammation. Recent studies have indicated that HIF contributes fundamentally to the expression of barrier-related genes and in the regulation of barrier-adaptive responses within the mucosa. Here, we briefly review recent literature on the topic of hypoxia and HIF regulation of barrier in mucosal health and during disease.
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24
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Abramczyk H, Brozek-Pluska B. Apical-basal polarity of epithelial cells imaged by Raman microscopy and Raman imaging: Capabilities and challenges for cancer research. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.05.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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25
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Colgan SP, Campbell EL. Oxygen metabolism and innate immune responses in the gut. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:1321-1327. [PMID: 28705991 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00113.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells of the mucosa provide a first line of defense to prevent the inappropriate translocation of luminal antigens, and therefore contribute significantly to nonspecific innate immunity. In the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, barrier is provided by multiple components of the mucosa, including mucus production, epithelial junctional complexes, and the production of antimicrobial molecules. In recent years, it is better appreciated that tissue oxygen metabolism is key to homeostasis in the mucosa. The intestine, for example, maintains a low baseline Po2 level due to high rates of metabolism, countercurrent blood flow, and the presence of a steep oxygen gradient across the luminal aspect of tissue surface. As a result, hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-dependent signaling exists even in the healthy, unperturbed intestinal mucosa. In a number of examples, HIF has been demonstrated both to promote barrier function during homeostasis and to promote resolution of active inflammation. Hypoxia-elicited factors that contribute to innate responses in the mucosa include the transcriptional regulation of mucin genes, junction proteins, and autophagic flux. Here, we review current literature related to hypoxia and innate immunity in health and during mucosal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Colgan
- Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - Eric L Campbell
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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26
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Marunaka K, Furukawa C, Fujii N, Kimura T, Furuta T, Matsunaga T, Endo S, Hasegawa H, Anzai N, Yamazaki Y, Yamaguchi M, Ikari A. The RING finger- and PDZ domain-containing protein PDZRN3 controls localization of the Mg 2+ regulator claudin-16 in renal tube epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2017. [PMID: 28623232 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.779405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion exchange in the renal tubules is fundamental to the maintenance of physiological ion levels. Claudin-16 (CLDN16) regulates the paracellular reabsorption of Mg2+ in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop in the kidney, with dephosphorylation of CLDN16 increasing its intracellular distribution and decreasing paracellular Mg2+ permeability. CLDN16 is located in the tight junctions, but the mechanism regulating its localization is unclear. Using yeast two-hybrid systems, we found that CLDN16 binds to PDZRN3, a protein containing both RING-finger and PDZ domains. We also observed that the carboxyl terminus of the cytoplasmic CLDN16 region was required for PDZRN3 binding. PZDRN3 was mainly distributed in the cytosol of rat kidney cells and upon cell treatment with the protein kinase A inhibitor H-89, colocalized with CLDN16. H-89 also increased mono-ubiquitination and the association of CLDN16 with PDZRN3. Mono-ubiquitination levels of a K275A mutant were lower, and its association with PDZRN3 was reduced compared with wild-type (WT) CLDN16 and a K261A mutant, indicating that Lys-275 is the major ubiquitination site. An S217A mutant, a dephosphorylated form of CLDN16, localized to the cytosol along with PDZRN3 and the endosomal marker Rab7. PDZRN3 siRNA increased cell-surface localization of WT CLDN16 in H-89-treated cells or containing the S217A mutant and also suppressed CLDN16 endocytosis. Of note, H-89 decreased paracellular Mg2+ flux in WT CLDN16 cells, and PDZRN3 siRNA increased Mg2+ flux in the H-89-treated WT CLDN16 and S217A mutant cells. These results suggest that PDZRN3 mediates endocytosis of dephosphorylated CLDN16 and represents an important component of the CLDN16-trafficking machinery in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Marunaka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196
| | - Chisa Furukawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196
| | - Naoko Fujii
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196
| | - Toru Kimura
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8611
| | - Takumi Furuta
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011
| | - Toshiyuki Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196
| | - Satoshi Endo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196
| | - Hajime Hasegawa
- Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-8550
| | - Naohiko Anzai
- Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 321-0293
| | - Yasuhiro Yamazaki
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Masahiko Yamaguchi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Akira Ikari
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196.
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Krug SM. Contribution of the tricellular tight junction to paracellular permeability in leaky and tight epithelia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1397:219-230. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M. Krug
- Institute of Clinical Physiology; Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
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28
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Tight junctions of the proximal tubule and their channel proteins. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:877-887. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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29
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miR-143 and miR-145 disrupt the cervical epithelial barrier through dysregulation of cell adhesion, apoptosis and proliferation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3020. [PMID: 28596604 PMCID: PMC5465080 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03217-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms regulating preterm birth (PTB)-associated cervical remodeling remain unclear. Prior work demonstrated an altered miRNA profile, with significant increases in miR-143 and miR-145, in cervical cells of women destined to have a PTB. The study objective was to determine the effect of miR-143 and miR-145 on the cervical epithelial barrier and to elucidate the mechanisms by which these miRNAs modify cervical epithelial cell function. Ectocervical and endocervical cells transfected with miR-negative control, miR-143 or miR-145 were used in cell permeability and flow cytometry assays for apoptosis and proliferation. miR-143 and miR-145 target genes associated with cell adhesion, apoptosis and proliferation were measured. Epithelial cell permeability was increased in miR-143 and miR-145 transfected cervical epithelial cells. Cell adhesion genes, JAM-A and FSCN1, were downregulated with overexpression of miR-143 and miR-145. miR-143 and miR-145 transfection decreased cervical cell number by increasing apoptosis and decreasing cell proliferation through initiation of cell cycle arrest. Apoptosis genes, BCL2 and BIRC5, and proliferation genes, CDK1 and CCND2, were repressed by miR-143 and miR-145. These findings suggest that miR-143 and miR-145 play a significant role in cervical epithelial barrier breakdown through diverse mechanisms and could contribute to premature cervical remodeling associated with PTB.
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Vergauwen H, Degroote J, Prims S, Wang W, Fransen E, De Smet S, Casteleyn C, Van Cruchten S, Michiels J, Van Ginneken C. Artificial rearing influences the morphology, permeability and redox state of the gastrointestinal tract of low and normal birth weight piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:30. [PMID: 28405313 PMCID: PMC5385054 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0159-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study the physiological implications of artificial rearing were investigated. Low (LBW) and normal birth weight (NBW) piglets were compared as they might react differently to stressors caused by artificial rearing. In total, 42 pairs of LBW and NBW piglets from 16 litters suckled the sow until d19 of age or were artificially reared starting at d3 until d19 of age. Blood and tissue samples that were collected after euthanasia at 0, 3, 5, 8 and 19 d of age. Histology, ELISA, and Ussing chamber analysis were used to study proximal and distal small intestine histo-morphology, proliferation, apoptosis, tight junction protein expression, and permeability. Furthermore, small intestine, liver and systemic redox parameters (GSH, GSSG, GSH-Px and MDA) were investigated using HPLC. RESULTS LBW and NBW artificially reared piglets weighed respectively 40 and 33% more than LBW and NBW sow-reared piglets at d19 (P < 0.01). Transferring piglets to a nursery at d3 resulted in villus atrophy, increased intestinal FD-4 and HRP permeability and elevated GSSG/GSH ratio in the distal small intestine at d5 (P < 0.05). GSH concentrations in the proximal small intestine remained stable, while they decreased in the liver (P < 0.05). From d5 until d19, villus width and crypt depth increased, whereas PCNA, caspase-3, occludin and claudin-3 protein expressions were reduced. GSH, GSSG and permeability recovered in artificially reared piglets (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The results suggest that artificial rearing altered the morphology, permeability and redox state without compromising piglet performance. The observed effects were not depending on birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Vergauwen
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical, Pharmaceutical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, D.U.015, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Degroote
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sara Prims
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical, Pharmaceutical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, D.U.015, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality (LANUPRO), Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Melle, Belgium
| | - Erik Fransen
- StatUa Center for Statistics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stefaan De Smet
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality (LANUPRO), Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Melle, Belgium
| | - Christophe Casteleyn
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical, Pharmaceutical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, D.U.015, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical, Pharmaceutical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, D.U.015, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Joris Michiels
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical, Pharmaceutical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, D.U.015, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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31
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López-Posadas R, Neurath MF, Atreya I. Molecular pathways driving disease-specific alterations of intestinal epithelial cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:803-826. [PMID: 27624395 PMCID: PMC11107577 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to the fact that chronic inflammation as well as tumorigenesis in the gut is crucially impacted by the fate of intestinal epithelial cells, our article provides a comprehensive overview of the composition, function, regulation and homeostasis of the gut epithelium. In particular, we focus on those aspects which were found to be altered in the context of inflammatory bowel diseases or colorectal cancer and also discuss potential molecular targets for a disease-specific therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío López-Posadas
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Imke Atreya
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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32
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Ahmad R, Sorrell MF, Batra SK, Dhawan P, Singh AB. Gut permeability and mucosal inflammation: bad, good or context dependent. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:307-317. [PMID: 28120842 PMCID: PMC6171348 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial disease. A breach in the mucosal barrier, otherwise known as "leaky gut," is alleged to promote mucosal inflammation by intensifying immune activation. However, interaction between the luminal antigen and mucosal immune system is necessary to maintain mucosal homeostasis. Furthermore, manipulations leading to deregulated gut permeability have resulted in susceptibility in mice to colitis as well as to creating adaptive immunity. These findings implicate a complex but dynamic association between mucosal permeability and immune homeostasis; however, they also emphasize that compromised gut permeability alone may not be sufficient to induce colitis. Emerging evidence further supports the role(s) of proteins associated with the mucosal barrier in epithelial injury and repair: manipulations of associated proteins also modified epithelial differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Taken together, the role of gut permeability and proteins associated in regulating mucosal inflammatory diseases appears to be more complex than previously thought. Herein, we review outcomes from recent mouse models where gut permeability was altered by direct and indirect effects of manipulating mucosal barrier-associated proteins, to highlight the significance of mucosal permeability and the non-barrier-related roles of these proteins in regulating chronic mucosal inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985870 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - MF Sorrell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - SK Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985870 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska USA and VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska USA
| | - P Dhawan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985870 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska USA and VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska USA.,VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska USA
| | - AB Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985870 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska USA and VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska USA.,VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska USA
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Abstract
Mucosal barriers separate self from non-self and are essential for life. These barriers, which are the first line of defense against external pathogens, are formed by epithelial cells and the substances they secrete. Rather than an absolute barrier, epithelia at mucosal surfaces must allow selective paracellular flux that discriminates between solutes and water while preventing the passage of bacteria and toxins. In vertebrates, tight junctions seal the paracellular space; flux across the tight junction can occur through two distinct routes that differ in selectivity, capacity, molecular composition and regulation. Dysregulation of either pathway can accompany disease. A third, tight-junction-independent route that reflects epithelial damage can also contribute to barrier loss during disease. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we present current knowledge on the molecular components and pathways that establish this selectively permeable barrier and the interactions that lead to barrier dysfunction during disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion M France
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck St, TH1428, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck St, TH1428, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck St, TH1428, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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34
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Wang Y, Du W, Lei K, Wang B, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Li W. Effects of Dietary Bacillus licheniformis on Gut Physical Barrier, Immunity, and Reproductive Hormones of Laying Hens. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2017; 9:292-299. [DOI: 10.1007/s12602-017-9252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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35
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Diao H, Jiao AR, Yu B, He J, Yu J, Zheng P, Huang ZQ, Luo YH, Luo JQ, Mao XB, Chen D. Stimulation of intestinal growth with distal ileal infusion of short-chain fatty acid: a reevaluation in a pig model. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra03730a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
18 barrows with average initial body weight of 30.72 (±1.48) kg fitted with a T-cannula in the terminal ileum were randomly allotted to 3 treatments to determine the underlying mechanisms of the regulation of SCFAs on intestinal development in a pig model.
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36
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Günzel D. Claudins: vital partners in transcellular and paracellular transport coupling. Pflugers Arch 2016; 469:35-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1909-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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37
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Glover LE, Lee JS, Colgan SP. Oxygen metabolism and barrier regulation in the intestinal mucosa. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3680-3688. [PMID: 27500494 DOI: 10.1172/jci84429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are lined by epithelial cells and provide an important barrier to the flux of antigens from the outside. This barrier is provided at a number of levels, including epithelial junctional complexes, mucus production, and mucosa-derived antimicrobials. Tissue metabolism is central to the maintenance of homeostasis in the mucosa. In the intestine, for example, baseline pO2 levels are uniquely low due to counter-current blood flow and the presence of large numbers of bacteria. As such, hypoxia and HIF signaling predominates normal intestinal metabolism and barrier regulation during both homeostasis and active inflammation. Contributing factors that elicit important adaptive responses within the mucosa include the transcriptional regulation of tight junction proteins, metabolic regulation of barrier components, and changes in autophagic flux. Here, we review recent literature around the topic of hypoxia and barrier function in health and during disease.
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38
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Romero A, Ares I, Ramos E, Castellano V, Martínez M, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Anadón A, Martínez MA. Mycotoxins modify the barrier function of Caco-2 cells through differential gene expression of specific claudin isoforms: Protective effect of illite mineral clay. Toxicology 2016; 353-354:21-33. [PMID: 27153755 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisin B1 (FB1), ochratoxin A (OTA) and T-2 toxin (T2) are mycotoxins that commonly contaminate the food chain and cause various toxicological effects. Their global occurrence is regarded as an important risk factor for human and animal health. In this study, the results demonstrate that, in human Caco-2 cells, AFB1, FB1, OTA and T2 origin cytotoxic effects, determining cell viability through MTT assay and LDH leakage, and decrease trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER). The decrease in barrier properties is concomitant with a reduction in the expression levels of the tight junction constituents claudin-3, claudin-4 and occludin. The protective effect of mineral clays (diosmectite, montmorillonite and illite) on alterations in cell viability and epithelial barrier function induced by the mycotoxins was also evaluated. Illite was the best clay to prevent the mycotoxin effects. Illite plus mycotoxin co-treatment completely abolished AFB1 and FB1-induced cytotoxicity. Also, the decreases in the gene expression of claudins and the reduction of TEER induced by mycotoxins were reversed by the illite plus mycotoxin co-treatment. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that mycotoxins AFB1, FB1, T2 and OTA disrupt the intestinal barrier permeability by a mechanism involving reduction of claudin isoform expressions, and illite counteracts this disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Romero
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irma Ares
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Ramos
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Castellano
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Rosa Martínez-Larrañaga
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arturo Anadón
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María-Aránzazu Martínez
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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39
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Liu F, Koval M, Ranganathan S, Fanayan S, Hancock WS, Lundberg EK, Beavis RC, Lane L, Duek P, McQuade L, Kelleher NL, Baker MS. Systems Proteomics View of the Endogenous Human Claudin Protein Family. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:339-59. [PMID: 26680015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Claudins are the major transmembrane protein components of tight junctions in human endothelia and epithelia. Tissue-specific expression of claudin members suggests that this protein family is not only essential for sustaining the role of tight junctions in cell permeability control but also vital in organizing cell contact signaling by protein-protein interactions. How this protein family is collectively processed and regulated is key to understanding the role of junctional proteins in preserving cell identity and tissue integrity. The focus of this review is to first provide a brief overview of the functional context, on the basis of the extensive body of claudin biology research that has been thoroughly reviewed, for endogenous human claudin members and then ascertain existing and future proteomics techniques that may be applicable to systematically characterizing the chemical forms and interacting protein partners of this protein family in human. The ability to elucidate claudin-based signaling networks may provide new insight into cell development and differentiation programs that are crucial to tissue stability and manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Koval
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, and Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine , 205 Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | | | - William S Hancock
- Barnett Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Emma K Lundberg
- SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) , SE-171 21 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ronald C Beavis
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba , 744 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0W3, Canada
| | - Lydie Lane
- SIB-Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics , CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paula Duek
- SIB-Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics , CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Neil L Kelleher
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, and Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University , 2145 North Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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40
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Svoboda M, Bílková Z, Muthný T. Could tight junctions regulate the barrier function of the aged skin? J Dermatol Sci 2015; 81:147-52. [PMID: 26639794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The skin is known to be the largest organ in human organism creating interface with outer environment. The skin provides protective barrier against pathogens, physical and chemical insults, and against uncontrolled loss of water. The barrier function was primarily attributed to the stratum corneum (SC) but recent studies confirmed that epidermal tight junctions (TJs) also play important role in maintaining barrier properties of the skin. Independent observations indicate that barrier function and its recovery is impaired in aged skin. However, trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) values remains rather unchanged in elderly population. UV radiation as major factor of photoageing impairs TJ proteins, but TJs have great self-regenerative potential. Since it may be possible that TJs can compensate TEWL in elderly due to its regenerative and compensatory capabilities, important question remains to be answered: how are TJs regulated during skin ageing? This review provides an insight into TJs functioning as epidermal barrier and summarizes current knowledge about the impact of ageing on the barrier function of the skin and epidermal TJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Svoboda
- University of Pardubice, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Pardubice, Czech Republic; Department of Research and Development, Contipro Biotech s.r.o., Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic.
| | - Zuzana Bílková
- University of Pardubice, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Muthný
- Department of Research and Development, Contipro Biotech s.r.o., Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic
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41
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Broux B, Gowing E, Prat A. Glial regulation of the blood-brain barrier in health and disease. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 37:577-90. [PMID: 26245144 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0516-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The brain is the organ with the highest metabolic demand in the body. Therefore, it needs specialized vasculature to provide it with the necessary oxygen and nutrients, while protecting it against pathogens and toxins. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is very tightly regulated by specialized endothelial cells, two basement membranes, and astrocytic endfeet. The proximity of astrocytes to the vessel makes them perfect candidates to influence the function of the BBB. Moreover, other glial cells are also known to contribute to either BBB quiescence or breakdown. In this review, we summarize the knowledge on glial regulation of the BBB during development, in homeostatic conditions in the adult, and during neuroinflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bieke Broux
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint Denis Street, Room R9.912, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H2X 0A9
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute and transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School of Life Sciences, Agoralaan, Building C, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Elizabeth Gowing
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint Denis Street, Room R9.912, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H2X 0A9
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint Denis Street, Room R9.912, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H2X 0A9.
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
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Yue Y, Wu S, Li Z, Li J, Li X, Xiang J, Ding H. Wild jujube polysaccharides protect against experimental inflammatory bowel disease by enabling enhanced intestinal barrier function. Food Funct 2015; 6:2568-77. [PMID: 26114600 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00378d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dietary polysaccharides provide various beneficial effects for our health. We investigated the protective effects of wild jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H. F. Chou) sarcocarp polysaccharides (WJPs) against experimental inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by enabling enhanced intestinal barrier function. Colitis was induced in rats by the intrarectal administration of TNBS. We found that WJPs markedly ameliorated the colitis severity, including less weight loss, decreased disease activity index scores, and improved mucosal damage in colitis rats. Moreover, WJPs suppressed the inflammatory response via attenuation of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and MPO activity in colitis rats. And then, to determine the effect of WJPs on the intestinal barrier, we measured the effect of WJPs on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and FITC-conjugated dextran permeability in Caco-2 cell stimulation with TNF-α. We further demonstrated that the alleviation of WJPs to colon injury was associated with barrier function by assembly of tight junction proteins. Moreover, the effect of WJPs on TER was eliminated by the specific inhibitor of AMPK. AMPK activity was also up-regulated by WJPs in Caco-2 cell stimulation with TNF-α and in colitis rats. This study demonstrates that WJPs protect against IBD by enabling enhanced intestinal barrier function involving the activation of AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yue
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Capaldo CT, Nusrat A. Claudin switching: Physiological plasticity of the Tight Junction. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 42:22-9. [PMID: 25957515 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Tight Junctions (TJs) are multi-molecular complexes in epithelial tissues that regulate paracellular permeability. Within the TJ complex, claudins proteins span the paracellular space to form a seal between adjacent cells. This seal allows regulated passage of ions, fluids, and solutes, contingent upon the complement of claudins expressed. With as many as 27 claudins in the human genome, the TJ seal is complex indeed. This review focuses on changes in claudin expression within the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract, where claudin differentiation results in several physiologically distinct TJs within the lifetime of the cell. We also review mechanistic studies revealing that TJs are highly dynamic, with the potential to undergo molecular remodeling while structurally intact. Therefore, physiologic Tight Junction plasticity involves both the adaptability of claudin expression and gene specific retention in the TJ; a process we term claudin switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Capaldo
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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Saeedi BJ, Kao DJ, Kitzenberg DA, Dobrinskikh E, Schwisow KD, Masterson JC, Kendrick AA, Kelly CJ, Bayless AJ, Kominsky DJ, Campbell EL, Kuhn KA, Furuta GT, Colgan SP, Glover LE. HIF-dependent regulation of claudin-1 is central to intestinal epithelial tight junction integrity. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:2252-62. [PMID: 25904334 PMCID: PMC4462943 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-07-1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates a critical link between hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and claudin-1 (CLDN1). HIF1β-deficient intestinal epithelial cells develop abnormal tight junction (TJ) structure and have striking barrier defects. CLDN1 is an HIF target gene, and overexpression of CLDN1 in HIF1β-deficient cells restores TJ structure and function. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are exposed to profound fluctuations in oxygen tension and have evolved adaptive transcriptional responses to a low-oxygen environment. These adaptations are mediated primarily through the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) complex. Given the central role of the IEC in barrier function, we sought to determine whether HIF influenced epithelial tight junction (TJ) structure and function. Initial studies revealed that short hairpin RNA–mediated depletion of the HIF1β in T84 cells resulted in profound defects in barrier and nonuniform, undulating TJ morphology. Global HIF1α chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis identified claudin-1 (CLDN1) as a prominent HIF target gene. Analysis of HIF1β-deficient IEC revealed significantly reduced levels of CLDN1. Overexpression of CLDN1 in HIF1β-deficient cells resulted in resolution of morphological abnormalities and restoration of barrier function. ChIP and site-directed mutagenesis revealed prominent hypoxia response elements in the CLDN1 promoter region. Subsequent in vivo analysis revealed the importance of HIF-mediated CLDN1 expression during experimental colitis. These results identify a critical link between HIF and specific tight junction function, providing important insight into mechanisms of HIF-regulated epithelial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bejan J Saeedi
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Daniel J Kao
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - David A Kitzenberg
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Evgenia Dobrinskikh
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Kayla D Schwisow
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Joanne C Masterson
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Department of Pediatrics, Digestive Health Institute, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Agnieszka A Kendrick
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Caleb J Kelly
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Amanda J Bayless
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Douglas J Kominsky
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Eric L Campbell
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Kristine A Kuhn
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Glenn T Furuta
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Sean P Colgan
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Louise E Glover
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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Luettig J, Rosenthal R, Barmeyer C, Schulzke JD. Claudin-2 as a mediator of leaky gut barrier during intestinal inflammation. Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e977176. [PMID: 25838982 DOI: 10.4161/21688370.2014.977176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial tight junction determines the paracellular water and ion movement in the intestine and also prevents uptake of larger molecules, including antigens, in an uncontrolled manner. Claudin-2, one of the 27 mammalian claudins regulating that barrier function, forms a paracellular channel for small cations and water. It is typically expressed in leaky epithelia like proximal nephron and small intestine and provides a major pathway for the paracellular transport of sodium, potassium, and fluid. In intestinal inflammation (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis), immune-mediated diseases (celiac disease), and infections (HIV enteropathy), claudin-2 is upregulated in small and large intestine and contributes to diarrhea via a leak flux mechanism. In parallel to that upregulation, other epithelial and tight junctional features are altered and the luminal uptake of antigenic macromolecules is enhanced, for which claudin-2 may be partially responsible through induction of tight junction strand discontinuities.
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Key Words
- AP, activator protein
- CARD15, caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 15
- Crohn's disease
- DSS, dextran sodium sulfate
- ECL, extracellular loop
- ERK, extracellular-regulated kinase
- HIV
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- HNF, hepatocyte nuclear factor
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IFN, interferon
- IFNγ
- IL, interleukin
- JAM, junctional adhesion molecule
- JNK, c-jun N-terminal kinase
- LPS, lipopolysaccharides
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MDCK, Madine Darby canine kidney
- MLC, myosin light chain
- NFκB, nuclear factor kappa B
- NOD2, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2
- PI3K, phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase
- ROCK, Rho kinase
- Rho, ras homolog
- STAT, signal transducers and activators of transcription
- TEER, transepithelial electrical resistance
- TJ, tight junction
- TNBS, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TNFα
- Tat, trans-activator of transcription
- Vpr, viral protein r; ZO, zonula occludens
- celiac disease
- claudin-2
- gp, glycoprotein
- inflammatory bowel disease
- tight junction
- ulcerative colitis
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Affiliation(s)
- J Luettig
- Institute of Clinical Physiology; Department of Gastroenterology; Charité ; Berlin, Germany
| | - R Rosenthal
- Institute of Clinical Physiology; Department of Gastroenterology; Charité ; Berlin, Germany
| | - C Barmeyer
- Institute of Clinical Physiology; Department of Gastroenterology; Charité ; Berlin, Germany
| | - J D Schulzke
- Institute of Clinical Physiology; Department of Gastroenterology; Charité ; Berlin, Germany
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Tight junction protein claudin-6 inhibits growth and induces the apoptosis of cervical carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Med Oncol 2015; 32:148. [PMID: 25822939 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-015-0600-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Claudin-6, a member of claudin family integral membrane proteins, has recently been reported to be a tumor suppressor for breast cancer. However, whether it plays a role in other types of cancer remains unclear. In the present study, we showed that the expression of claudin-6 is down-regulated in cervical carcinoma tissues as revealed by immunohistochemistry. Through over-expressing claudin-6 in HeLa and C33A cervical carcinoma cells, we found that claudin-6 is localized at plasma membrane and it increases transepithelial electrical resistance of the cells. Gain of claudin-6 expression suppresses cell proliferation, colony formation in vitro, and tumor growth in vivo. The effects are accompanied and potentially caused by promotion of tumor cell apoptosis. Taken together, these results suggest that claudin-6 may function as a tumor suppressor and loss of claudin-6 contributes to enhanced tumorigenic properties of cervical carcinoma cells.
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Yang F, Wang A, Zeng X, Hou C, Liu H, Qiao S. Lactobacillus reuteri I5007 modulates tight junction protein expression in IPEC-J2 cells with LPS stimulation and in newborn piglets under normal conditions. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:32. [PMID: 25888437 PMCID: PMC4350629 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0372-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tight junctions (TJs) maintain the intestinal mucosal barrier, dysfunction of which plays a vital role in the pathophysiology of a variety of gastrointestinal disorders. Previously, we have shown that L. reuteri I5007 maintained the gut epithelial barrier in newborn piglets. Here we aimed to decipher the influence of L. reuteri I5007 on tight junction (TJ) protein expression both in vivo and in vitro. Results We found that L. reuteri I5007 significantly increased the protein abundance of intestinal epithelial claudin-1, occludin and zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) in newborn piglets (orally administrated with 6 × 109 CFU of L. reuteri I5007 daily for 14 days). In vitro, treatment with L. reuteri I5007 alone maintained the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of IPEC-J2 cells with time. In addition, IPEC-J2 cells were stimulated with 1 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 1, 4, 8, 12 or 24 h, following pre-treatment with L. reuteri I5007 or its culture supernatant for 2 h. The results showed that LPS time-dependently induced (significantly after 4 or 8 h) the expression of TNF-α and IL-6, and decreased TJ proteins, which was reversed by pre-treatment of L. reuteri I5007 or its culture supernatant. Conclusions L. reuteri I5007 had beneficial effects on the expression of TJ proteins in newborn piglets and the in-vitro results showed this strain had a positive effect on TEER of cells and inhibited the reduction of TJ proteins expression induced by LPS. These findings indicated L. reuteri I5007 may have potential roles in protection TJ proteins in TJ-deficient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Aina Wang
- Weifang Business Vocational College, Zhucheng, 262234, China.
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Chengli Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Chen S, Zhang D. Friend or foe: Endoplasmic reticulum protein 29 (ERp29) in epithelial cancer. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:91-8. [PMID: 25709888 PMCID: PMC4329646 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ERp29 regulates epithelial cell plasticity and the mesenchymal–epithelial transition. ERp29 shows a tumor suppressive function in primary tumor development. ERp29 is potentially associated with distant metastasis in cancer. ERp29 modulates cell survival against genotoxic stress. Thus, ERp29 displays dual functions as a “friend or foe” in epithelial cancer.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein 29 (ERp29) is a molecular chaperone that plays a critical role in protein secretion from the ER in eukaryotic cells. Recent studies have also shown that ERp29 plays a role in cancer. It has been demonstrated that ERp29 is inversely associated with primary tumor development and functions as a tumor suppressor by inducing cell growth arrest in breast cancer. However, ERp29 has also been reported to promote epithelial cell morphogenesis, cell survival against genotoxic stress and distant metastasis. In this review, we summarize the current understanding on the biological and pathological functions of ERp29 in cancer and discuss the pivotal aspects of ERp29 as “friend or foe” in epithelial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Daohai Zhang
- Cancer Research Group, The Canberra Hospital, ANU Medical School, Australia National University, ACT 2605, Australia
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Krug SM, Schulzke JD, Fromm M. Tight junction, selective permeability, and related diseases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 36:166-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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50
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Hattori F, Kiatsurayanon C, Okumura K, Ogawa H, Ikeda S, Okamoto K, Niyonsaba F. The antimicrobial protein S100A7/psoriasin enhances the expression of keratinocyte differentiation markers and strengthens the skin's tight junction barrier. Br J Dermatol 2014; 171:742-53. [PMID: 24842328 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND S100A7/psoriasin is a member of the S100 protein family and is encoded in the epidermal differentiation complex, which contains genes for markers of epidermal differentiation. S100A7/psoriasin is overexpressed in hyperproliferative skin diseases, where it is believed not only to exhibit antimicrobial functions, but also to induce immunomodulatory activities, including chemotaxis and cytokine/chemokine production. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of S100A7/psoriasin on keratinocyte differentiation and regulation of the tight junction (TJ) barrier. METHODS Expression of differentiation markers and TJ proteins in human keratinocytes was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. The changes in TJ barrier function were assessed by transepithelial electrical resistance and paracellular permeability assays. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation was analysed by Western blot, whereas β-catenin and E-cadherin activation was evaluated by Western blot and immunofluorescence. RESULTS S100A7/psoriasin enhanced the expression of several differentiation markers and selectively increased the expression of TJ proteins (e.g. claudins and occludin), which are known to strengthen the TJ barrier. Furthermore, S100A7/psoriasin increased β-catenin and E-cadherin accumulation at cell-cell contact, and enhanced transepithelial electrical resistance while reducing the paracellular permeability of keratinocyte layers. The data suggest that S100A7/psoriasin-mediated regulation of the TJ barrier was via both the GSK-3 and MAPK pathways, as evidenced by the inhibitory effects of inhibitors for GSK-3 and MAPKs. CONCLUSIONS Our finding that S100A7/psoriasin regulates differentiation and strengthens TJ barrier function provides novel evidence that, in addition to antimicrobial and immunoregulatory activities, S100A7/psoriasin is involved in skin innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hattori
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan; Mikimoto Pharmaceutical, Mie, Japan
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