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Identification and characterization of a large family of superbinding bacterial SH2 domains. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4549. [PMID: 30382091 PMCID: PMC6208348 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06943-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Src homology 2 (SH2) domains play a critical role in signal transduction in mammalian cells by binding to phosphorylated Tyr (pTyr). Apart from a few isolated cases in viruses, no functional SH2 domain has been identified to date in prokaryotes. Here we identify 93 SH2 domains from Legionella that are distinct in sequence and specificity from mammalian SH2 domains. The bacterial SH2 domains are not only capable of binding proteins or peptides in a Tyr phosphorylation-dependent manner, some bind pTyr itself with micromolar affinities, a property not observed for mammalian SH2 domains. The Legionella SH2 domains feature the SH2 fold and a pTyr-binding pocket, but lack a specificity pocket found in a typical mammalian SH2 domain for recognition of sequences flanking the pTyr residue. Our work expands the boundary of phosphotyrosine signalling to prokaryotes, suggesting that some bacterial effector proteins have acquired pTyr-superbinding characteristics to facilitate bacterium-host interactions. SH2 domains bind to tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins and play crucial roles in signal transduction in mammalian cells. Here, Kaneko et al. identify a large family of SH2 domains in the bacterial pathogen Legionella that bind to mammalian phosphorylated proteins, in some cases with very high affinity.
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2
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Shah NH, Amacher JF, Nocka LM, Kuriyan J. The Src module: an ancient scaffold in the evolution of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 53:535-563. [PMID: 30183386 PMCID: PMC6328253 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2018.1495173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinases were first discovered as the protein products of viral oncogenes. We now know that this large family of metazoan enzymes includes nearly one hundred structurally diverse members. Tyrosine kinases are broadly classified into two groups: the transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases, which sense extracellular stimuli, and the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases, which contain modular ligand-binding domains and propagate intracellular signals. Several families of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases have in common a core architecture, the "Src module," composed of a Src-homology 3 (SH3) domain, a Src-homology 2 (SH2) domain, and a kinase domain. Each of these families is defined by additional elaborations on this core architecture. Structural, functional, and evolutionary studies have revealed a unifying set of principles underlying the activity and regulation of tyrosine kinases built on the Src module. The discovery of these conserved properties has shaped our knowledge of the workings of protein kinases in general, and it has had important implications for our understanding of kinase dysregulation in disease and the development of effective kinase-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel H. Shah
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jeanine F. Amacher
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Laura M. Nocka
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - John Kuriyan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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3
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Wang R, Leung PYM, Huang F, Tang Q, Kaneko T, Huang M, Li Z, Li SSC, Wang Y, Xia J. Reverse Binding Mode of Phosphotyrosine Peptides with SH2 Protein. Biochemistry 2018; 57:5257-5269. [PMID: 30091902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Discerning the different interaction states during dynamic protein-ligand binding is difficult. Here we apply site-specific cysteine-α-chloroacetyl cross-linking to scrutinize the binding between the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain and phosphotyrosine (pY) peptides, a highly dynamic interaction that is a key to cellular signal transduction. From a model SH2 protein to a set of representative SH2 domains, we showed here that a proximity-induced cysteine-α-chloroacetyl reaction cross-linked two spatially adjacent chemical groups as a result of the binding interaction, and reciprocally, the information about the interaction states can be deduced from the cross-linked products. To our surprise, we found SH2 domains can adopt a reverse binding mode with "single-pronged", "two-pronged", and "half" pY peptides. This finding was further supported by a set of 500 ns molecular dynamics simulations. This serendipitous finding defies the canonical theory of SH2 binding, suggests a possible answer about the source of the versatility of SH2 signaling, and sets a model for other protein binding interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Siebens-Drake Medical Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry , Western University , London , Ontario N6A 5C1 , Canada
| | | | | | | | - Tomonori Kaneko
- Department of Biochemistry and Siebens-Drake Medical Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry , Western University , London , Ontario N6A 5C1 , Canada
| | - Mei Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Siebens-Drake Medical Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry , Western University , London , Ontario N6A 5C1 , Canada
| | - Zigang Li
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Shawn S C Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Siebens-Drake Medical Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry , Western University , London , Ontario N6A 5C1 , Canada
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4
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Mukherjee M, Sabir S, O'Regan L, Sampson J, Richards MW, Huguenin-Dezot N, Ault JR, Chin JW, Zhuravleva A, Fry AM, Bayliss R. Mitotic phosphorylation regulates Hsp72 spindle localization by uncoupling ATP binding from substrate release. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/543/eaao2464. [PMID: 30108182 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aao2464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hsp72 is a member of the 70-kDa heat shock family of molecular chaperones (Hsp70s) that comprise a nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and a substrate-binding domain (SBD) connected by a linker that couples the exchange of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) with the release of the protein substrate. Mitotic phosphorylation of Hsp72 by the kinase NEK6 at Thr66 located in the NBD promotes the localization of Hsp72 to the mitotic spindle and is required for efficient spindle assembly and chromosome congression and segregation. We determined the crystal structure of the Hsp72 NBD containing a genetically encoded phosphoserine at position 66. This revealed structural changes that stabilized interactions between subdomains within the NBD. ATP binding to the NBD of unmodified Hsp72 resulted in the release of substrate from the SBD, but phosphorylated Hsp72 retained substrate in the presence of ATP. Mutations that prevented phosphorylation-dependent subdomain interactions restored the connection between ATP binding and substrate release. Thus, phosphorylation of Thr66 is a reversible mechanism that decouples the allosteric connection between nucleotide binding and substrate release, providing further insight into the regulation of the Hsp70 family. We propose that phosphorylation of Hsp72 on Thr66 by NEK6 during mitosis promotes its localization to the spindle by stabilizing its interactions with components of the mitotic spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjeet Mukherjee
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Sarah Sabir
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Laura O'Regan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Josephina Sampson
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mark W Richards
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nicolas Huguenin-Dezot
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - James R Ault
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jason W Chin
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Anastasia Zhuravleva
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Andrew M Fry
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Richard Bayliss
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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5
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Raja K, Natarajan J. Mining protein phosphorylation information from biomedical literature using NLP parsing and Support Vector Machines. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 160:57-64. [PMID: 29728247 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extraction of protein phosphorylation information from biomedical literature has gained much attention because of the importance in numerous biological processes. OBJECTIVE In this study, we propose a text mining methodology which consists of two phases, NLP parsing and SVM classification to extract phosphorylation information from literature. METHODS First, using NLP parsing we divide the data into three base-forms depending on the biomedical entities related to phosphorylation and further classify into ten sub-forms based on their distribution with phosphorylation keyword. Next, we extract the phosphorylation entity singles/pairs/triplets and apply SVM to classify the extracted singles/pairs/triplets using a set of features applicable to each sub-form. RESULTS The performance of our methodology was evaluated on three corpora namely PLC, iProLink and hPP corpus. We obtained promising results of >85% F-score on ten sub-forms of training datasets on cross validation test. Our system achieved overall F-score of 93.0% on iProLink and 96.3% on hPP corpus test datasets. Furthermore, our proposed system achieved best performance on cross corpus evaluation and outperformed the existing system with recall of 90.1%. CONCLUSIONS The performance analysis of our unique system on three corpora reveals that it extracts protein phosphorylation information efficiently in both non-organism specific general datasets such as PLC and iProLink, and human specific dataset such as hPP corpus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Raja
- Data Mining and Text Mining Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India.
| | - Jeyakumar Natarajan
- Data Mining and Text Mining Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India.
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Emptage RP, Lemmon MA, Ferguson KM, Marmorstein R. Structural Basis for MARK1 Kinase Autoinhibition by Its KA1 Domain. Structure 2018; 26:1137-1143.e3. [PMID: 30099988 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The kinase associated-1 (KA1) domain is found at the C-terminus of multiple Ser/Thr protein kinases from yeast to humans, and has been assigned autoinhibitory, membrane-binding, and substrate-targeting roles. Here, we report the crystal structure of the MARK1 kinase/UBA domain bound to its autoinhibitory KA1 domain, revealing an unexpected interface at the αD helix and contacts with both the N- and C-lobes of the kinase domain. We confirm the binding interface location in kinetic studies of variants mutated on the kinase domain surface. Together with other MARK kinase structures, the data implicate that the KA1 domain blocks peptide substrate binding. The structure highlights the kinase-specific autoinhibitory binding modes of different KA1 domains, and provides potential new avenues by which to intervene therapeutically in Alzheimer's disease and cancers in which MARK1 or related kinases are implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Emptage
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Mark A Lemmon
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kathryn M Ferguson
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ronen Marmorstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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7
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Hastings JF, Han JZR, Shearer RF, Kennedy SP, Iconomou M, Saunders DN, Croucher DR. Dissecting Multi-protein Signaling Complexes by Bimolecular Complementation Affinity Purification (BiCAP). J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29985350 DOI: 10.3791/57109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of protein complexes is a central mechanism underlying the regulation of many cell signaling pathways. A major focus of biomedical research is deciphering how these dynamic protein complexes act to integrate signals from multiple sources in order to direct a specific biological response, and how this becomes deregulated in many disease settings. Despite the importance of this key biochemical mechanism, there is a lack of experimental techniques that can facilitate the specific and sensitive deconvolution of these multi-molecular signaling complexes. Here this shortcoming is addressed through the combination of a protein complementation assay with a conformation-specific nanobody, which we have termed Bimolecular Complementation Affinity Purification (BiCAP). This novel technique facilitates the specific isolation and downstream proteomic characterization of any pair of interacting proteins, to the exclusion of un-complexed individual proteins and complexes formed with competing binding partners. The BiCAP technique is adaptable to a wide array of downstream experimental assays, and the high degree of specificity afforded by this technique allows more nuanced investigations into the mechanics of protein complex assembly than is currently possible using standard affinity purification techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremy Z R Han
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research
| | - Robert F Shearer
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research; Ubiquitin Signaling Group, Protein Signaling Program, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen
| | - Sean P Kennedy
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research; RCSI Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
| | - Mary Iconomou
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research; Department of Epigenetics, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics
| | | | - David R Croucher
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research; St Vincent's Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales; School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin;
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8
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Saleh T, Rossi P, Kalodimos CG. Atomic view of the energy landscape in the allosteric regulation of Abl kinase. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2017; 24:893-901. [PMID: 28945248 PMCID: PMC5745040 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The activity of protein kinases is often regulated in an intramolecular fashion by signaling domains, which feature several phosphorylation or protein-docking sites. How kinases integrate such distinct binding and signaling events to regulate their activities is unclear, especially in quantitative terms. We used NMR spectroscopy to show how structural elements within the Abl regulatory module (RM) synergistically generate a multilayered allosteric mechanism that enables Abl kinase to function as a finely tuned switch. We dissected the structure and energetics of the regulatory mechanism to precisely measure the effects of various activating or inhibiting stimuli on Abl kinase activity. The data provide a mechanistic basis explaining genetic observations and reveal a previously unknown activator region within Abl. Our findings show that drug-resistance mutations in the Abl RM exert their allosteric effect by promoting the activated state of Abl and not by decreasing the drug affinity for the kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamjeed Saleh
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Paolo Rossi
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Charalampos G Kalodimos
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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9
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Molecular determinants of KA1 domain-mediated autoinhibition and phospholipid activation of MARK1 kinase. Biochem J 2016; 474:385-398. [PMID: 27879374 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases are frequently regulated by intramolecular autoinhibitory interactions between protein modules that are reversed when these modules bind other 'activating' protein or membrane-bound targets. One group of kinases, the MAP/microtubule affinity-regulating kinases (MARKs) contain a poorly understood regulatory module, the KA1 (kinase associated-1) domain, at their C-terminus. KA1 domains from MARK1 and several related kinases from yeast to humans have been shown to bind membranes containing anionic phospholipids, and peptide ligands have also been reported. Deleting or mutating the C-terminal KA1 domain has been reported to activate the kinase in which it is found - also suggesting an intramolecular autoinhibitory role. Here, we show that the KA1 domain of human MARK1 interacts with, and inhibits, the MARK1 kinase domain. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we identify residues in the KA1 domain required for this autoinhibitory activity, and find that residues involved in autoinhibition and in anionic phospholipid binding are the same. We also demonstrate that a 'mini' MARK1 becomes activated upon association with vesicles containing anionic phospholipids, but only if the protein is targeted to these vesicles by a second signal. These studies provide a mechanistic basis for understanding how MARK1 and its relatives may require more than one signal at the membrane surface to control their activation at the correct location and time. MARK family kinases have been implicated in a plethora of disease states including Alzheimer's, cancer, and autism, so advancing our understanding of their regulatory mechanisms may ultimately have therapeutic value.
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10
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Global transformation of erythrocyte properties via engagement of an SH2-like sequence in band 3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:13732-13737. [PMID: 27856737 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611904113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Src homology 2 (SH2) domains are composed of weakly conserved sequences of ∼100 aa that bind phosphotyrosines in signaling proteins and thereby mediate intra- and intermolecular protein-protein interactions. In exploring the mechanism whereby tyrosine phosphorylation of the erythrocyte anion transporter, band 3, triggers membrane destabilization, vesiculation, and fragmentation, we discovered a SH2 signature motif positioned between membrane-spanning helices 4 and 5. Evidence that this exposed cytoplasmic sequence contributes to a functional SH2-like domain is provided by observations that: (i) it contains the most conserved sequence of SH2 domains, GSFLVR; (ii) it binds the tyrosine phosphorylated cytoplasmic domain of band 3 (cdb3-PO4) with Kd = 14 nM; (iii) binding of cdb3-PO4 to erythrocyte membranes is inhibited both by antibodies against the SH2 signature sequence and dephosphorylation of cdb3-PO4; (iv) label transfer experiments demonstrate the covalent transfer of photoactivatable biotin from isolated cdb3-PO4 (but not cdb3) to band 3 in erythrocyte membranes; and (v) phosphorylation-induced binding of cdb3-PO4 to the membrane-spanning domain of band 3 in intact cells causes global changes in membrane properties, including (i) displacement of a glycolytic enzyme complex from the membrane, (ii) inhibition of anion transport, and (iii) rupture of the band 3-ankyrin bridge connecting the spectrin-based cytoskeleton to the membrane. Because SH2-like motifs are not retrieved by normal homology searches for SH2 domains, but can be found in many tyrosine kinase-regulated transport proteins using modified search programs, we suggest that related cases of membrane transport proteins containing similar motifs are widespread in nature where they participate in regulation of cell properties.
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11
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Croucher DR, Iconomou M, Hastings JF, Kennedy SP, Han JZR, Shearer RF, McKenna J, Wan A, Lau J, Aparicio S, Saunders DN. Bimolecular complementation affinity purification (BiCAP) reveals dimer-specific protein interactions for ERBB2 dimers. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra69. [PMID: 27405979 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf0793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic assembly of multiprotein complexes is a central mechanism of many cell signaling pathways. This process is key to maintaining the spatiotemporal specificity required for an accurate, yet adaptive, response to rapidly changing cellular conditions. We describe a technique for the specific isolation and downstream proteomic characterization of any two interacting proteins, to the exclusion of their individual moieties and competing binding partners. We termed the approach bimolecular complementation affinity purification (BiCAP) because it combines the use of conformation-specific nanobodies with a protein-fragment complementation assay with affinity purification. Using BiCAP, we characterized the specific interactome of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family member ERBB2 when in the form of a homodimer or when in the form of a heterodimer with either EGFR or ERBB3. We identified dimer-specific interaction patterns for key adaptor proteins and identified a number of previously unknown interacting partners. Functional analysis for one of these newly identified partners revealed a noncanonical mechanism of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation that is specific to the ERBB2:ERBB3 heterodimer and acts through the adaptor protein FAM59A in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Croucher
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia. St. Vincent's Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia. School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D4, Ireland.
| | - Mary Iconomou
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Jordan F Hastings
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Sean P Kennedy
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia. Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D4, Ireland
| | - Jeremy Z R Han
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Robert F Shearer
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Jessie McKenna
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Adrian Wan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Joseph Lau
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Samuel Aparicio
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Darren N Saunders
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia. School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
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12
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Banerjee M, Duan Q, Xie Z. SH2 Ligand-Like Effects of Second Cytosolic Domain of Na/K-ATPase α1 Subunit on Src Kinase. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142119. [PMID: 26551526 PMCID: PMC4638348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have suggested that the α1 Na/K-ATPase interacts with Src to form a receptor complex. In vitro binding assays indicate an interaction between second cytosolic domain (CD2) of Na/K-ATPase α1 subunit and Src SH2 domain. Since SH2 domain targets Src to specific signaling complexes, we expressed CD2 as a cytosolic protein and studied whether it could act as a Src SH2 ligand in LLC-PK1 cells. Co-immunoprecipitation analyses indicated a direct binding of CD2 to Src, consistent with the in vitro binding data. Functionally, CD2 expression increased basal Src activity, suggesting a Src SH2 ligand-like property of CD2. Consistently, we found that CD2 expression attenuated several signaling pathways where Src plays an important role. For instance, although it increased surface expression of Na/K-ATPase, it decreased ouabain-induced activation of Src and ERK by blocking the formation of Na/K-ATPase/Src complex. Moreover, it also attenuated cell attachment-induced activation of Src/FAK. Consequently, CD2 delayed cell spreading, and inhibited cell proliferation. Furthermore, these effects appear to be Src-specific because CD2 expression had no effect on EGF-induced activation of EGF receptor and ERK. Hence, the new findings indicate the importance of Na/K-ATPase/Src interaction in ouabain-induced signal transduction, and support the proposition that the CD2 peptide may be utilized as a Src SH2 ligand capable of blocking Src-dependent signaling pathways via a different mechanism from a general Src kinase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Banerjee
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (MIIR), Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Qiming Duan
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Zijian Xie
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (MIIR), Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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González-Vera JA, Morris MC. Fluorescent Reporters and Biosensors for Probing the Dynamic Behavior of Protein Kinases. Proteomes 2015; 3:369-410. [PMID: 28248276 PMCID: PMC5217393 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes3040369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Probing the dynamic activities of protein kinases in real-time in living cells constitutes a major challenge that requires specific and sensitive tools tailored to meet the particular demands associated with cellular imaging. The development of genetically-encoded and synthetic fluorescent biosensors has provided means of monitoring protein kinase activities in a non-invasive fashion in their native cellular environment with high spatial and temporal resolution. Here, we review existing technologies to probe different dynamic features of protein kinases and discuss limitations where new developments are required to implement more performant tools, in particular with respect to infrared and near-infrared fluorescent probes and strategies which enable improved signal-to-noise ratio and controlled activation of probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A González-Vera
- Cell Cycle Biosensors & Inhibitors, Department of Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins, Institute of Biomolecules Max Mousseron (IBMM) CNRS-UMR 5247, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, Montpellier 34093, France.
| | - May C Morris
- Cell Cycle Biosensors & Inhibitors, Department of Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins, Institute of Biomolecules Max Mousseron (IBMM) CNRS-UMR 5247, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, Montpellier 34093, France.
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Wang Q, Zorn JA, Kuriyan J. A structural atlas of kinases inhibited by clinically approved drugs. Methods Enzymol 2015; 548:23-67. [PMID: 25399641 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397918-6.00002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The aberrant activation of protein kinases is associated with many human diseases, most notably cancer. Due to this link between kinase deregulation and disease progression, kinases are one of the most targeted protein families for small-molecule inhibition. Within the last 15 years, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved over 20 small-molecule inhibitors of protein kinases for use in the clinic. These inhibitors target the kinase active site and represent the successful hurdling by medicinal chemists of the formidable challenge posed by the high similarity among the active sites of the approximately 500 human kinases. We review the conserved structural features of kinases that are important for inhibitor binding as well as for catalysis. Many clinically approved drugs elicit selectivity by exploiting subtle variation within the kinase active site. We highlight some of the crystallographic studies on the kinase-inhibitor complexes that have provided valuable guidance for the development of these drugs as well as for future drug design efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Julie A Zorn
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - John Kuriyan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
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15
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Constitutive Activity in an Ancestral Form of Abl Tyrosine Kinase. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131062. [PMID: 26090675 PMCID: PMC4474922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The c-abl proto-oncogene encodes a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that is found in all metazoans, and is ubiquitously expressed in mammalian tissues. The Abl tyrosine kinase plays important roles in the regulation of mammalian cell physiology. Abl-like kinases have been identified in the genomes of unicellular choanoflagellates, the closest relatives to the Metazoa, and in related unicellular organisms. Here, we have carried out the first characterization of a premetazoan Abl kinase, MbAbl2, from the choanoflagellate Monosiga brevicollis. The enzyme possesses SH3, SH2, and kinase domains in a similar arrangement to its mammalian counterparts, and is an active tyrosine kinase. MbAbl2 lacks the N-terminal myristoylation and cap sequences that are critical regulators of mammalian Abl kinase activity, and we show that MbAbl2 is constitutively active. When expressed in mammalian cells, MbAbl2 strongly phosphorylates cellular proteins on tyrosine, and transforms cells much more potently than mammalian Abl kinase. Thus, MbAbl2 appears to lack the autoinhibitory mechanism that tightly constrains the activity of mammalian Abl kinases, suggesting that this regulatory apparatus arose more recently in metazoan evolution.
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16
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Okerberg E, Shih A, Brown H, Alemayehu S, Aban A, Nomanbhoy TK. Profiling native kinases by immuno-assisted activity-based profiling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 5:213-26. [PMID: 24391084 DOI: 10.1002/9780470559277.ch130084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The protocols in this unit describe efficient and cost-effective approaches to determine the interaction of small-molecule inhibitors with native kinases, and also analyze the interactions between kinases and their binding partners in a cellular setting. The combined attributes of activity-based probes and western blotting procedures provide for quantitative measurement of inhibitor efficacy, isoform selectivity, and post-translational modifications. We further demonstrate the ability to identify protein-protein interactions between a probe-labeled protein and its noncovalent binding partners.
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17
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The SH2 domain of Abl kinases regulates kinase autophosphorylation by controlling activation loop accessibility. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5470. [PMID: 25399951 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of protein kinases is regulated by multiple molecular mechanisms, and their disruption is a common driver of oncogenesis. A central and almost universal control element of protein kinase activity is the activation loop that utilizes both conformation and phosphorylation status to determine substrate access. In this study, we use recombinant Abl tyrosine kinases and conformation-specific kinase inhibitors to quantitatively analyse structural changes that occur after Abl activation. Allosteric SH2-kinase domain interactions were previously shown to be essential for the leukemogenesis caused by the Bcr-Abl oncoprotein. We find that these allosteric interactions switch the Abl activation loop from a closed to a fully open conformation. This enables the trans-autophosphorylation of the activation loop and requires prior phosphorylation of the SH2-kinase linker. Disruption of the SH2-kinase interaction abolishes activation loop phosphorylation. Our analysis provides a molecular mechanism for the SH2 domain-dependent activation of Abl that may also regulate other tyrosine kinases.
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18
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Abstract
The hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) is a unique cell positioned highest in the hematopoietic hierarchical system. The HSC has the ability to stay in quiescence, to self-renew, or to differentiate and generate all lineages of blood cells. The path to be actualized is influenced by signals that derive from the cell's microenvironment, which activate molecular pathways inside the cell. Signaling pathways are commonly organized through inducible protein-protein interactions, mediated by adaptor proteins that link activated receptors to cytoplasmic effectors. This review will focus on the signaling molecules and how they work in concert to determine the HSC's fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igal Louria-Hayon
- Department of Hematology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel ; Department of Biotechnology, Hadassah Academic College, Jerusalem, Israel
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19
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Torii M, Li G, Li Z, Oughtred R, Diella F, Celen I, Arighi CN, Huang H, Vijay-Shanker K, Wu CH. RLIMS-P: an online text-mining tool for literature-based extraction of protein phosphorylation information. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2014; 2014:bau081. [PMID: 25122463 PMCID: PMC4131691 DOI: 10.1093/database/bau081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is central to the regulation of most aspects of cell function. Given its importance, it has been the subject of active research as well as the focus of curation in several biological databases. We have developed Rule-based Literature Mining System for protein Phosphorylation (RLIMS-P), an online text-mining tool to help curators identify biomedical research articles relevant to protein phosphorylation. The tool presents information on protein kinases, substrates and phosphorylation sites automatically extracted from the biomedical literature. The utility of the RLIMS-P Web site has been evaluated by curators from Phospho.ELM, PhosphoGRID/BioGrid and Protein Ontology as part of the BioCreative IV user interactive task (IAT). The system achieved F-scores of 0.76, 0.88 and 0.92 for the extraction of kinase, substrate and phosphorylation sites, respectively, and a precision of 0.88 in the retrieval of relevant phosphorylation literature. The system also received highly favorable feedback from the curators in a user survey. Based on the curators’ suggestions, the Web site has been enhanced to improve its usability. In the RLIMS-P Web site, phosphorylation information can be retrieved by PubMed IDs or keywords, with an option for selecting targeted species. The result page displays a sortable table with phosphorylation information. The text evidence page displays the abstract with color-coded entity mentions and includes links to UniProtKB entries via normalization, i.e. the linking of entity mentions to database identifiers, facilitated by the GenNorm tool and by the links to the bibliography in UniProt. Log in and editing capabilities are offered to any user interested in contributing to the validation of RLIMS-P results. Retrieved phosphorylation information can also be downloaded in CSV format and the text evidence in the BioC format. RLIMS-P is freely available. Database URL:http://www.proteininformationresource.org/rlimsp/
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Torii
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, EMBL (European Molecular Biology Laboratory), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Protein Information Resource, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USACenter for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, EMBL (European Molecular Biology Laboratory), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Protein Information Resource, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Gang Li
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, EMBL (European Molecular Biology Laboratory), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Protein Information Resource, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USACenter for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, EMBL (European Molecular Biology Laboratory), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Protein Information Resource, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Zhiwen Li
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, EMBL (European Molecular Biology Laboratory), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Protein Information Resource, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USACenter for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, EMBL (European Molecular Biology Laboratory), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Protein Information Resource, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Rose Oughtred
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, EMBL (European Molecular Biology Laboratory), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Protein Information Resource, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Francesca Diella
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, EMBL (European Molecular Biology Laboratory), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Protein Information Resource, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Irem Celen
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, EMBL (European Molecular Biology Laboratory), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Protein Information Resource, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Cecilia N Arighi
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, EMBL (European Molecular Biology Laboratory), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Protein Information Resource, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USACenter for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, EMBL (European Molecular Biology Laboratory), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Protein Information Resource, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USACenter for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, EMBL (European Molecular Biology Laboratory), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Protein Information Resource, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Hongzhan Huang
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, EMBL (European Molecular Biology Laboratory), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Protein Information Resource, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USACenter for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, EMBL (European Molecular Biology Laboratory), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Protein Information Resource, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USACenter for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, EMBL (European Molecular Biology Laboratory), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Protein Information Resource, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - K Vijay-Shanker
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, EMBL (European Molecular Biology Laboratory), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Protein Information Resource, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Cathy H Wu
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, EMBL (European Molecular Biology Laboratory), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Protein Information Resource, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USACenter for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, EMBL (European Molecular Biology Laboratory), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Protein Information Resource, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USACenter for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, EMBL (European Molecular Biology Laboratory), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Protein Information Resource, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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20
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Qian WJ, Lai CC, Kelley JA, Burke TR. Design and synthesis of Fmoc-Thr[PO(OH)(OPOM)] for the preparation of peptide prodrugs containing phosphothreonine in fully protected form. Chem Biodivers 2014; 11:784-91. [PMID: 24827688 PMCID: PMC6362454 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201300202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The design and efficient synthesis of N-Fmoc-phosphothreonine protected by a mono-(pivaloyloxy)methyl (POM) moiety at its phosphoryl group (Fmoc-Thr[PO(OH)(OPOM)]-OH, 1, is reported. This reagent is suitable for solid-phase syntheses employing acid-labile resins and Fmoc-based protocols. It allows the preparation of phosphothreonine (pThr)-containing peptides bearing bis-POM-phosphoryl protection. The methodology allows the first reported synthesis of pThr-containing polypeptides having bioreversible prodrug protection, and as such it should be useful in a variety of biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jian Qian
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Molecular Discovery Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA, (phone: +1-301-8465906; fax: +1-301-8466033)
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21
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Schoof EM, Linding R. Experimental and computational tools for analysis of signaling networks in primary cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 104:11.11.1-11.11.23. [PMID: 24510617 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1111s104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cellular information processing in signaling networks forms the basis of responses to environmental stimuli. At any given time, cells receive multiple simultaneous input cues, which are processed and integrated to determine cellular responses such as migration, proliferation, apoptosis, or differentiation. Protein phosphorylation events play a major role in this process and are often involved in fundamental biological and cellular processes such as protein-protein interactions, enzyme activity, and immune responses. Determining which kinases phosphorylate specific phospho sites poses a challenge; this information is critical when trying to elucidate key proteins involved in specific cellular responses. Here, methods to generate high-quality quantitative phosphorylation data from cell lysates originating from primary cells, and how to analyze the generated data to construct quantitative signaling network models, are presented. These models can subsequently be used to guide follow-up in vitro/in vivo validation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin M Schoof
- Cellular Signal Integration Group (C-SIG), Center for Biological Sequence Analysis (CBS), Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rune Linding
- Cellular Signal Integration Group (C-SIG), Center for Biological Sequence Analysis (CBS), Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Lyngby, Denmark
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22
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Abstract
In recent years, HDX-MS (hydrogen–deuterium exchange coupled to MS) on biomolecules has evolved from a niche technique to a powerful method in the investigation of protein dynamics. Protein kinases, in particular, represent an area of active study using this technique owing to their well-characterized protein structures and their relevance to diseases such as cancer, immune disorders and neurodegenerative defects. In the present review, we describe how HDX-MS has revealed important dynamic properties of protein kinases and provided insight into the mechanisms of drug binding.
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23
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Primorac I, Weir JR, Chiroli E, Gross F, Hoffmann I, van Gerwen S, Ciliberto A, Musacchio A. Bub3 reads phosphorylated MELT repeats to promote spindle assembly checkpoint signaling. eLife 2013; 2:e01030. [PMID: 24066227 PMCID: PMC3779320 DOI: 10.7554/elife.01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of macromolecular interactions by phosphorylation is crucial in signaling networks. In the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), which enables errorless chromosome segregation, phosphorylation promotes recruitment of SAC proteins to tensionless kinetochores. The SAC kinase Mps1 phosphorylates multiple Met-Glu-Leu-Thr (MELT) motifs on the kinetochore subunit Spc105/Knl1. The phosphorylated MELT motifs (MELTP) then promote recruitment of downstream signaling components. How MELTP motifs are recognized is unclear. In this study, we report that Bub3, a 7-bladed β-propeller, is the MELTP reader. It contains an exceptionally well-conserved interface that docks the MELTP sequence on the side of the β-propeller in a previously unknown binding mode. Mutations targeting the Bub3 interface prevent kinetochore recruitment of the SAC kinase Bub1. Crucially, they also cause a checkpoint defect, showing that recognition of phosphorylated targets by Bub3 is required for checkpoint signaling. Our data provide the first detailed mechanistic insight into how phosphorylation promotes recruitment of checkpoint proteins to kinetochores. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01030.001 The cell cycle is the process by which a cell divides to produce two near-identical daughter cells. Two crucial parts of the cell cycle are the duplication of the chromosomes in the original cell, and the segregation of these chromosomes between the two daughter cells. These and other parts of the cell cycle are strictly regulated to prevent errors, which can lead to cancer and other diseases. After chromosome duplication has taken place, the pairs of identical chromosomes, known as sister chromatids, remain tightly bound to each other. These sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell, with protein filaments called microtubules connecting them to a bipolar structure called the spindle. For the cell to divide correctly, the sister chromatids in each pair must be connected to opposite poles of the spindle. A signalling network known as the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) ensures that the sister chromatids have enough time to line up correctly and to correct possible problems. Once everything is in place, the SAC releases its ‘break’, and the microtubules then pull the sister chromatids away from each other. This way, each daughter cell receives the same complement of chromosomes that was present in the mother cell. The microtubules are not directly attached to the sister chromatids but to protein complexes called kinetochores that assemble on each sister chromatid. In particular, each microtubule binds to a very large protein complex called the KMN network. Knl1, which is part of this network, recruits two SAC proteins–Bub1 and Bub3–to the kinetochore. It is known that a phosphate group is added to Knl1 when the SAC is active, and that Knl1 can only recruit Bub1 and Bub3 after it has been phosphorylated. However, the details of the interactions between Knl1, Bub1 and Bub3 are not understood, and it is not clear whether these interactions are essential for the SAC. Now Primorac et al. have shown that Bub3 binds directly to Knl1 through a region that contains multiple MELT motifs (where M, E, L and T are all amino acids), and that this interaction only happens if these ‘MELT repeats’ have been phosphorylated. Moreover, once bound to the Knl1, Bub3 then recruits Bub1 to the kinetochore. By showing that the recognition of phosphorylated Knl1 by the Bub1-Bub3 complex has a central role in the spindle assembly checkpoint, these results highlight the importance of phosphorylation as a way of regulating the timing of events during the cell cycle. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01030.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Primorac
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology , Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology , Dortmund , Germany
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24
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Structure of a pseudokinase-domain switch that controls oncogenic activation of Jak kinases. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2013; 20:1221-3. [PMID: 24013208 PMCID: PMC3863620 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The V617F mutation in the Jak2 pseudokinase domain causes myeloproliferative neoplasms, and the equivalent mutation in Jak1 (V658F) is found in T-cell leukemias. Crystal structures of wild-type and V658F-mutant human Jak1 pseudokinase reveal a conformational switch that remodels a linker segment encoded by exon 12, which is also a site of mutations in Jak2. This switch is required for V617F-mediated Jak2 activation and possibly for physiologic Jak activation.
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25
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Abstract
Recent advances in proteomics have facilitated the analysis of the kinome 'en masse'. What these studies have revealed is a surprisingly dynamic network of kinase responses to highly selective kinase inhibitors, thereby illustrating the complex biological responses to these small molecules. Moreover these studies have identified key transcription factors, such as c-Myc and FOXO (forkhead box O), that play pivotal roles in kinome reprogramming in cancer cells. Since many kinase inhibitors fail despite a high efficacy of blocking their intended targets, elucidating kinome changes at a more global level will be essential to understanding the mechanisms of kinase inhibitor pharmacology. The development of technologies to study the kinome, as well as examples of kinome resilience and reprogramming, will be discussed in the present review.
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26
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Tsushima H, Malabarba MG, Confalonieri S, Senic-Matuglia F, Verhoef LGGC, Bartocci C, D'Ario G, Cocito A, Di Fiore PP, Salcini AE. A snapshot of the physical and functional wiring of the Eps15 homology domain network in the nematode. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56383. [PMID: 23424658 PMCID: PMC3570524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein interaction modules coordinate the connections within and the activity of intracellular signaling networks. The Eps15 Homology (EH) module, a protein-protein interaction domain that is a key feature of the EH-network, was originally identified in a few proteins involved in endocytosis and vesicle trafficking, and has subsequently also been implicated in actin reorganization, nuclear shuttling, and DNA repair. Here we report an extensive characterization of the physical connections and of the functional wirings of the EH-network in the nematode. Our data show that one of the major physiological roles of the EH-network is in neurotransmission. In addition, we found that the proteins of the network intersect, and possibly coordinate, a number of “territories” of cellular activity including endocytosis/recycling/vesicle transport, actin dynamics, general metabolism and signal transduction, ubiquitination/degradation of proteins, DNA replication/repair, and miRNA biogenesis and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanako Tsushima
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Malabarba
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia ed Odontoiatria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Cristina Bartocci
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni D'Ario
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Cocito
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Di Fiore
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia ed Odontoiatria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (PPDF); (AES)
| | - Anna Elisabetta Salcini
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (PPDF); (AES)
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27
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Guo M, Huang BX. Integration of phosphoproteomic, chemical, and biological strategies for the functional analysis of targeted protein phosphorylation. Proteomics 2013; 13:424-37. [PMID: 23125184 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reversible phosphorylation, tightly controlled by protein kinases and phosphatases, plays a central role in mediating biological processes, such as protein-protein interactions, subcellular translocation, and activation of cellular enzymes. MS-based phosphoproteomics has now allowed the detection and quantification of tens of thousands of phosphorylation sites from a typical biological sample in a single experiment, which has posed new challenges in functional analysis of each and every phosphorylation site on specific signaling phosphoproteins of interest. In this article, we review recent advances in the functional analysis of targeted phosphorylation carried out by various chemical and biological approaches in combination with the MS-based phosphoproteomics. This review focuses on three types of strategies, including forward functional analysis, defined for the result-driven phosphoproteomics efforts in determining the substrates of a specific protein kinase; reverse functional analysis, defined for tracking the kinase(s) for specific phosphosite(s) derived from the discovery-driven phosphoproteomics efforts; and MS-based analysis on the structure-function relationship of phosphoproteins. It is expected that this review will provide a state-of-the-art overview of functional analysis of site-specific phosphorylation and explore new perspectives and outline future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingquan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
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28
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Nhu Ngoc Van T, Morris MC. Fluorescent Sensors of Protein Kinases. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 113:217-74. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386932-6.00006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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29
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Kaneko T, Joshi R, Feller SM, Li SS. Phosphotyrosine recognition domains: the typical, the atypical and the versatile. Cell Commun Signal 2012; 10:32. [PMID: 23134684 PMCID: PMC3507883 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-10-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SH2 domains are long known prominent players in the field of phosphotyrosine recognition within signaling protein networks. However, over the years they have been joined by an increasing number of other protein domain families that can, at least with some of their members, also recognise pTyr residues in a sequence-specific context. This superfamily of pTyr recognition modules, which includes substantial fractions of the PTB domains, as well as much smaller, or even single member fractions like the HYB domain, the PKCδ and PKCθ C2 domains and RKIP, represents a fascinating, medically relevant and hence intensely studied part of the cellular signaling architecture of metazoans. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation clearly serves a plethora of functions and pTyr recognition domains are used in a similarly wide range of interaction modes, which encompass, for example, partner protein switching, tandem recognition functionalities and the interaction with catalytically active protein domains. If looked upon closely enough, virtually no pTyr recognition and regulation event is an exact mirror image of another one in the same cell. Thus, the more we learn about the biology and ultrastructural details of pTyr recognition domains, the more does it become apparent that nature cleverly combines and varies a few basic principles to generate a sheer endless number of sophisticated and highly effective recognition/regulation events that are, under normal conditions, elegantly orchestrated in time and space. This knowledge is also valuable when exploring pTyr reader domains as diagnostic tools, drug targets or therapeutic reagents to combat human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Kaneko
- Department of Biochemistry and the Siebens-Drake Medical Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada.
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30
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Wang X. Structural studies of GDNF family ligands with their receptors-Insights into ligand recognition and activation of receptor tyrosine kinase RET. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2012; 1834:2205-12. [PMID: 23085183 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RET is the receptor for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family of ligands (GFLs). It is different from most other members in the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family with the requirement of a co-receptor, GFRα, for ligand recognition and activation. Through the common signal transducer RET, GFLs are crucial for the development and maintenance of distinct sets of central and peripheral neurons, which has led to a series of studies towards understanding the structure, function and signaling mechanisms of GFLs with GFRα and RET receptors. Here I summarize our current understanding of the molecular basis underlying ligand recognition and activation of RET, focusing on the interactions of GFLs with their respective GFRα receptors, the recently determined crystal structure of RET extracellular region and a proposed GFL-GFRα-RET ternary complex model based on extensive structural, biochemical and functional data. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Emerging recognition and activation mechanisms of receptor tyrosine kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinquan Wang
- Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Medical Science Building C226, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
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31
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Hantschel O, Grebien F, Superti-Furga G. The growing arsenal of ATP-competitive and allosteric inhibitors of BCR-ABL. Cancer Res 2012; 72:4890-5. [PMID: 23002203 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The BCR-ABL fusion kinase is the driving mutation of chronic myelogenous leukemias and is also expressed in a subset of acute lymphoblastic leukemias. Recent advances in elucidating the structure, regulation, and signaling of BCR-ABL have led to the identification of allosteric sites that are distant from the ATP-binding pocket and are critical for BCR-ABL-dependent oncogenic transformation. Here, we review the available data regarding the molecular mechanism of action and the specificity of ATP-competitive tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting BCR-ABL. In addition, we discuss how targeting of allosteric sites could provide new opportunities to inhibit resistant BCR-ABL mutants, either alone or in combination with conventional ATP-competitive inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Hantschel
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
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32
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Seaton DD, Krishnan J. Effects of multiple enzyme-substrate interactions in basic units of cellular signal processing. Phys Biol 2012; 9:045009. [PMID: 22872009 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/9/4/045009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Covalent modification cycles are a ubiquitous feature of cellular signalling networks. In these systems, the interaction of an active enzyme with the unmodified form of its substrate is essential for signalling to occur. However, this interaction is not necessarily the only enzyme-substrate interaction possible. In this paper, we analyse the behaviour of a basic model of signalling in which additional, non-essential enzyme-substrate interactions are possible. These interactions include those between the inactive form of an enzyme and its substrate, and between the active form of an enzyme and its product. We find that these additional interactions can result in increased sensitivity and biphasic responses, respectively. The dynamics of the responses are also significantly altered by the presence of additional interactions. Finally, we evaluate the consequences of these interactions in two variations of our basic model, involving double modification of substrate and scaffold-mediated signalling, respectively. We conclude that the molecular details of protein-protein interactions are important in determining the signalling properties of enzymatic signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Seaton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, UK
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Sikkema AH, den Dunnen WFA, Diks SH, Peppelenbosch MP, de Bont ESJM. Optimizing targeted cancer therapy: towards clinical application of systems biology approaches. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 82:171-86. [PMID: 21641230 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In cancer, genetic and epigenetic alterations ultimately culminate in discordant activation of signal transduction pathways driving the malignant process. Pharmacological or biological inhibition of such pathways holds significant promise with respect to devising rational therapy for cancer. Thus, technical concepts pursuing robust characterization of kinase activity in tissue samples from cancer patients have been subject of investigation. In the present review we provide a comprehensive overview of these techniques and discuss their advantages and disadvantages for systems biology approaches to identify kinase targets in oncological disease. Recent advances in the development and application of array-based peptide-substrate kinase activity screens show great promise in overcoming the discrepancy between the evaluation of aberrant cell signaling in specific malignancies or even individual patients and the currently available ensemble of highly specific targeted treatment strategies. These developments have the potential to result in a more effective selection of kinase inhibitors and thus optimize mechanism-based patient-specific therapeutic strategies. Given the results from current research on the tumor kinome, generating network views on aberrant tumor cell signaling is critical to meet this challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arend H Sikkema
- Beatrix Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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Rangasamy V, Mishra R, Sondarva G, Das S, Lee TH, Bakowska JC, Tzivion G, Malter JS, Rana B, Lu KP, Kanthasamy A, Rana A. Mixed-lineage kinase 3 phosphorylates prolyl-isomerase Pin1 to regulate its nuclear translocation and cellular function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:8149-54. [PMID: 22566623 PMCID: PMC3361382 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1200804109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear protein peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1-mediated prolyl isomerization is an essential and novel regulatory mechanism for protein phosphorylation. Therefore, tight regulation of Pin1 localization and catalytic activity is crucial for its normal nuclear functions. Pin1 is commonly dysregulated during oncogenesis and likely contributes to these pathologies; however, the mechanism(s) by which Pin1 catalytic activity and nuclear localization are increased is unknown. Here we demonstrate that mixed-lineage kinase 3 (MLK3), a MAP3K family member, phosphorylates Pin1 on a Ser138 site to increase its catalytic activity and nuclear translocation. This phosphorylation event drives the cell cycle and promotes cyclin D1 stability and centrosome amplification. Notably, Pin1 pSer138 is significantly up-regulated in breast tumors and is localized in the nucleus. These findings collectively suggest that the MLK3-Pin1 signaling cascade plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle, centrosome numbers, and oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Subhasis Das
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
| | - Tae Ho Lee
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Guri Tzivion
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - James S. Malter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Basabi Rana
- Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153
- Hines Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Hines, IL 60141; and
| | - Kun Ping Lu
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Anumantha Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Ajay Rana
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
- Hines Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Hines, IL 60141; and
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Abstract
Abl kinases are prototypic cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases and are involved in a variety of chromosomal aberrations in different cancers. This causes the expression of Abl fusion proteins, such as Bcr-Abl, that are constitutively activated and drivers of tumorigenesis. Over the past decades, biochemical and functional studies on the molecular mechanisms of Abl regulation have gone hand in hand with progression of our structural understanding of autoinhibited and active Abl conformations. In parallel, Abl oncoproteins have become prime molecular targets for cancer therapy, using adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-competitive kinase inhibitors, such as imatinib. Abl-targeting drugs serve as a paradigm for our understanding of kinase inhibitor action, specificity, and resistance development. In this review article, I will review the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for the regulation of Abl kinase activity and how oncogenic Abl fusions signal. Furthermore, past and ongoing efforts to target Abl oncoproteins using ATP-competitive and allosteric inhibitors, as well as future possibilities using combination therapy, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Hantschel
- École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Van Roey K, Gibson TJ, Davey NE. Motif switches: decision-making in cell regulation. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2012; 22:378-85. [PMID: 22480932 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Tight regulation of gene products from transcription to protein degradation is required for reliable and robust control of eukaryotic cell physiology. Many of the mechanisms directing cell regulation rely on proteins detecting the state of the cell through context-dependent, tuneable interactions. These interactions underlie the ability of proteins to make decisions by combining regulatory information encoded in a protein's expression level, localisation and modification state. This raises the question, how do proteins integrate available information to correctly make decisions? Over the past decade pioneering work on the nature and function of intrinsically disordered protein regions has revealed many elegant switching mechanisms that underlie cell signalling and regulation, prompting a reevaluation of their role in cooperative decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Van Roey
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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37
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Ginzinger W, Mühlgassner G, Arion VB, Jakupec MA, Roller A, Galanski M, Reithofer M, Berger W, Keppler BK. A SAR study of novel antiproliferative ruthenium and osmium complexes with quinoxalinone ligands in human cancer cell lines. J Med Chem 2012; 55:3398-413. [PMID: 22417128 DOI: 10.1021/jm3000906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of ruthenium(II) arene complexes with 3-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-1H-quinoxalin-2-one, bearing pharmacophoric groups of known protein kinase inhibitors, and related benzoxazole and benzothiazole derivatives have been synthesized. In addition, the corresponding osmium complexes of the unsubstituted ligands have also been prepared. The compounds have been characterized by NMR, UV-vis, and IR spectroscopy, ESI mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, and by X-ray crystallography. Antiproliferative activity in three human cancer cell lines (A549, CH1, SW480) was determined by MTT assays, yielding IC(50) values of 6-60 μM for three unsubstituted metal-free ligands, whereas values for the metal complexes vary in a broad range from 0.3 to 140 μM. Complexation with osmium of quinoxalinone derivatives with benzimidazole or benzothiazole results in a more consistent increase in cytotoxicity than complexation with ruthenium. For selected compounds, the capacity to induce apoptosis was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy and flow-cytometric analysis, whereas cell cycle effects are only moderate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Ginzinger
- University of Vienna, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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38
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Miller WT. Tyrosine kinase signaling and the emergence of multicellularity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:1053-7. [PMID: 22480439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation is an essential element of signal transduction in multicellular animals. Although tyrosine kinases were originally regarded as specific to the metazoan lineage, it is now clear that they evolved prior to the split between unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes (≈600million years ago). Genome analyses of choanoflagellates and other protists show an abundance of tyrosine kinases that rivals the most complex animals. Some of these kinases are orthologs of metazoan enzymes (e.g., Src), but others display unique domain compositions not seen in any metazoan. Biochemical experiments have highlighted similarities and differences between the unicellular and multicellular tyrosine kinases. In particular, it appears that the complex systems of kinase autoregulation may have evolved later in the metazoan lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Todd Miller
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medcine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8661, USA.
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39
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Aceto N, Sausgruber N, Brinkhaus H, Gaidatzis D, Martiny-Baron G, Mazzarol G, Confalonieri S, Quarto M, Hu G, Balwierz PJ, Pachkov M, Elledge SJ, van Nimwegen E, Stadler MB, Bentires-Alj M. Tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 promotes breast cancer progression and maintains tumor-initiating cells via activation of key transcription factors and a positive feedback signaling loop. Nat Med 2012; 18:529-37. [PMID: 22388088 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
New cancer therapies are likely to arise from an in-depth understanding of the signaling networks influencing tumor initiation, progression and metastasis. We show a fundamental role for Src-homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2) in these processes in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive and triple-negative breast cancers. Knockdown of SHP2 eradicated breast tumor-initiating cells in xenograft models, and SHP2 depletion also prevented invasion in three-dimensional cultures and in a transductal invasion assay in vivo. Notably, SHP2 knockdown in established breast tumors blocked their growth and reduced metastasis. Mechanistically, SHP2 activated stemness-associated transcription factors, including v-myc myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (c-Myc) and zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1), which resulted in the repression of let-7 microRNA and the expression of a set of 'SHP2 signature' genes. We found these genes to be simultaneously activated in a large subset of human primary breast tumors that are associated with invasive behavior and poor prognosis. These results provide new insights into the signaling cascades influencing tumor-initiating cells as well as a rationale for targeting SHP2 in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Aceto
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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40
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Abstract
NMR analyses of the structure, dynamics, and interactions of the Src family kinases (SFKs) have been hindered by the limited ability to obtain sufficient amounts of properly folded, soluble protein from bacterial expression systems, to allow these studies to be performed in an economically viable manner. In this chapter, we detail our attempts to overcome these difficulties using the catalytic domain (SrcCD) of c-Src, the prototypical SFK, as an illustrative example. We describe in detail two general methods to express and purify SrcCD from Escherichia coli expression systems in both fully active wild-type and kinase-deficient mutant forms, allowing the efficient and cost-effective labeling by NMR-active isotopes for solution NMR studies.
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41
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The secret life of kinases: functions beyond catalysis. Cell Commun Signal 2011; 9:23. [PMID: 22035226 PMCID: PMC3215182 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-9-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation participates in the regulation of all fundamental biological processes, and protein kinases have been intensively studied. However, while the focus was on catalytic activities, accumulating evidence suggests that non-catalytic properties of protein kinases are essential, and in some cases even sufficient for their functions. These non-catalytic functions include the scaffolding of protein complexes, the competition for protein interactions, allosteric effects on other enzymes, subcellular targeting, and DNA binding. This rich repertoire often is used to coordinate phosphorylation events and enhance the specificity of substrate phosphorylation, but also can adopt functions that do not rely on kinase activity. Here, we discuss such kinase independent functions of protein and lipid kinases focussing on kinases that play a role in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and motility.
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Independent modulation of the kinase and polo-box activities of Cdc5 protein unravels unique roles in the maintenance of genome stability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:E914-23. [PMID: 21987786 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1106448108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinases (PLKs) are evolutionarily conserved kinases essential for cell cycle regulation. These kinases are characterized by the presence of a C-terminal phosphopeptide-interaction domain, the polo-box domain (PBD). How the functional domains of PLKs work together to promote cell division is not understood. To address this, we performed a genetic screen to identify mutations that independently modulate the kinase and PBD activities of yeast PLK/Cdc5. This screen identified a mutagenic hotspot in the F-helix region of Cdc5 kinase domain that allows one to control kinase activity in vivo. These mutations can be systematically engineered into other major eukaryotic cell cycle kinases to similarly regulate their activity in live cells. Here, using this approach, we show that the kinase activity of Cdc5 can promote the execution of several stages of mitosis independently of PBD activity. In particular, we observe that the activation of Cdc14 and execution of mitotic exit are uniquely sensitive to the modulation of Cdc5 kinase activity. In contrast, PBD-defective mutants are capable of completing mitosis but are unable to maintain spindle pole body integrity. Consistent with this defect, PBD-deficient cells progressively double the size of their genome and ultimately lose genome integrity. Collectively, these results highlight the specific contributions of Cdc5 functional domains to cell division and reveal unexpected mechanisms controlling spindle pole body behavior and genome stability.
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Dyson MR, Zheng Y, Zhang C, Colwill K, Pershad K, Kay BK, Pawson T, McCafferty J. Mapping protein interactions by combining antibody affinity maturation and mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2011; 417:25-35. [PMID: 21704603 PMCID: PMC3171153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mapping protein interactions by immunoprecipitation is limited by the availability of antibodies recognizing available native epitopes within protein complexes with sufficient affinity. Here we demonstrate a scalable approach for generation of such antibodies using phage display and affinity maturation. We combined antibody variable heavy (V(H)) genes from target-specific clones (recognizing Src homology 2 (SH2) domains of LYN, VAV1, NCK1, ZAP70, PTPN11, CRK, LCK, and SHC1) with a repertoire of 10(8) to 10(9) new variable light (V(L)) genes. Improved binders were isolated by stringent selections from these new "chain-shuffled" libraries. We also developed a predictive 96-well immunocapture screen and found that only 12% of antibodies had sufficient affinity/epitope availability to capture endogenous target from lysates. Using antibodies of different affinities to the same epitope, we show that affinity improvement was a key determinant for success and identified a clear affinity threshold value (60 nM for SHC1) that must be breached for success in immunoprecipitation. By combining affinity capture using matured antibodies to SHC1 with mass spectrometry, we identified seven known binding partners and two known SHC1 phosphorylation sites in epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated human breast cancer epithelial cells. These results demonstrate that antibodies capable of immunoprecipitation can be generated by chain shuffling, providing a scalable approach to mapping protein-protein interaction networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Dyson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Yong Zheng
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
| | - Cunjie Zhang
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
| | - Karen Colwill
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
| | - Kritika Pershad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Brian K. Kay
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Tony Pawson
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - John McCafferty
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION because of their important roles in disease and excellent 'druggability', kinases have become the second largest drug target family. The great success of the BCR-ABL inhibitor imatinib in treating chronic myelogenous leukemia illustrates the high potential of kinase inhibitor (KI) therapeutics, but also unveils a major limitation: the development of drug resistance. This is a significant concern as KIs reach large patient populations for an expanding array of indications. AREAS COVERED we provide an up-to-date understanding of the mechanisms through which KIs function and through which cells can become KI-resistant. We review current and future approaches to overcome KI resistance, focusing on currently approved KIs and KIs in clinical trials. We then discuss approaches to improve KI efficacy and overcome drug resistance and novel approaches to develop less drug resistance-prone KI therapeutics. EXPERT OPINION although drug resistance is a concern for current KI therapeutics, recent progress in our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and promising technological advances may overcome this limitation and provide powerful new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Barouch-Bentov
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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45
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Chaudhuri A, Xie MH, Yang B, Mahapatra K, Liu J, Marsters S, Bodepudi S, Ashkenazi A. Distinct involvement of the Gab1 and Grb2 adaptor proteins in signal transduction by the related receptor tyrosine kinases RON and MET. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:32762-74. [PMID: 21784853 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.239384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the signal transduction mechanisms of the receptor tyrosine kinase MET are well defined, less is known about its close relative RON. MET initiates intracellular signaling by autophosphorylation on specific cytoplasmic tyrosines that form docking sites for the adaptor proteins Grb2 and Gab1. Grb2 binds directly and is essential for all of the biological activities of MET. Gab1 docks either directly or indirectly via Grb2 and controls only a subset of MET functions. Because MET and RON possess similar adaptor binding sites, it was anticipated that their adaptor interactions would be conserved. Here we show that in contrast to MET, RON relies primarily on Gab1 for signal transmission. Surprisingly, disruption of the Grb2 docking site of RON or Grb2 depletion augments activity, whereas enhancement of Grb2 binding attenuates Gab1 recruitment and signaling. Hence, RON and MET differ in their adaptor interactions; furthermore, Grb2 performs a novel antagonistic role in the context of RON signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitabha Chaudhuri
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
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Korennykh AV, Egea PF, Korostelev AA, Finer-Moore J, Stroud RM, Zhang C, Shokat KM, Walter P. Cofactor-mediated conformational control in the bifunctional kinase/RNase Ire1. BMC Biol 2011; 9:48. [PMID: 21729334 PMCID: PMC3158555 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-9-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ire1 is a signal transduction protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane that serves to adjust the protein-folding capacity of the ER according to the needs of the cell. Ire1 signals, in a transcriptional program, the unfolded protein response (UPR) via the coordinated action of its protein kinase and RNase domains. In this study, we investigated how the binding of cofactors to the kinase domain of Ire1 modulates its RNase activity. Results Our results suggest that the kinase domain of Ire1 initially binds cofactors without activation of the RNase domain. RNase is activated upon a subsequent conformational rearrangement of Ire1 governed by the chemical properties of bound cofactors. The conformational step can be selectively inhibited by chemical perturbations of cofactors. Substitution of a single oxygen atom in the terminal β-phosphate group of a potent cofactor ADP by sulfur results in ADPβS, a cofactor that binds to Ire1 as well as to ADP but does not activate RNase. RNase activity can be rescued by thiophilic metal ions such as Mn2+ and Cd2+, revealing a functional metal ion-phosphate interaction which controls the conformation and RNase activity of the Ire1 ADP complex. Mutagenesis of the kinase domain suggests that this rearrangement involves movement of the αC-helix, which is generally conserved among protein kinases. Using X-ray crystallography, we show that oligomerization of Ire1 is sufficient for placing the αC-helix in the active, cofactor-bound-like conformation, even in the absence of cofactors. Conclusions Our structural and biochemical evidence converges on a model that the cofactor-induced conformational change in Ire1 is coupled to oligomerization of the receptor, which, in turn, activates RNase. The data reveal that cofactor-Ire1 interactions occur in two independent steps: binding of a cofactor to Ire1 and subsequent rearrangement of Ire1 resulting in its self-association. The pronounced allosteric effect of cofactors on protein-protein interactions involving Ire1's kinase domain suggests that protein kinases and pseudokinases encoded in metazoan genomes may use ATP pocket-binding ligands similarly to exert signaling roles other than phosphoryl transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei V Korennykh
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Room S272, Box 0724, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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The two faces of myeloproliferative neoplasms: Molecular events underlying lymphoid transformation. Leuk Res 2011; 35:1279-85. [PMID: 21722956 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2011.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Multipotent haematopoietic stem cells pass through stages of differentiation with the progressive loss of developmental options leading to the production of terminally differentiated mature blood cells. This process is regulated by soluble cytokines binding to a ligand specific cell surface receptor on a precursor cell. Key to signal transduction are tyrosine kinase proteins which can be divided into two sub families, the receptor protein tyrosine kinases which are transmembrane receptors and retain an intact catalytic kinase domain and the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases which bind to cytokine receptors. Abnormalities of tyrosine kinase proteins are well recognised in myeloid malignancies, mutation in the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase JAK2 (V617F) is key in the pathogenesis of myeloproliferative neoplasms, and translocations involving ABL key in the development of chronic myeloid leukaemia. However tyrosine kinase mutations are increasingly recognised to play a role in the pathogenesis of a wider range of haematological cancers. This review focuses on the role of deregulated tyrosine kinase genes either as part of novel fusion proteins involving FGFR1, PDGFRα, PDGFRβ, JAK2 and ABL, or as a consequence of point mutation in JAK1 or JAK2 in the development of precursor T and B lymphoid malignancies or mixed myeloid/lymphoid disorders. We also set out some of the postulated mechanisms which underlie the association of tyrosine kinase mutations with the development of lymphoid malignancy.
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48
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Jura N, Zhang X, Endres NF, Seeliger MA, Schindler T, Kuriyan J. Catalytic control in the EGF receptor and its connection to general kinase regulatory mechanisms. Mol Cell 2011; 42:9-22. [PMID: 21474065 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the active conformations of protein kinases, which are essentially the same for all kinases, inactive kinase conformations are structurally diverse. Some inactive conformations are, however, observed repeatedly in different kinases, perhaps reflecting an important role in catalysis. In this review, we analyze one of these recurring conformations, first identified in CDK and Src kinases, which turned out to be central to understanding of how kinase domain of the EGF receptor is activated. This mechanism, which involves the stabilization of the active conformation of an α helix, has features in common with mechanisms operative in several other kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Jura
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Prieto-Echagüe V, Chan PM, Craddock BP, Manser E, Miller WT. PTB domain-directed substrate targeting in a tyrosine kinase from the unicellular choanoflagellate Monosiga brevicollis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19296. [PMID: 21541291 PMCID: PMC3082566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Choanoflagellates are considered to be the closest living unicellular relatives of metazoans. The genome of the choanoflagellate Monosiga brevicollis contains a surprisingly high number and diversity of tyrosine kinases, tyrosine phosphatases, and phosphotyrosine-binding domains. Many of the tyrosine kinases possess combinations of domains that have not been observed in any multicellular organism. The role of these protein interaction domains in M. brevicollis kinase signaling is not clear. Here, we have carried out a biochemical characterization of Monosiga HMTK1, a protein containing a putative PTB domain linked to a tyrosine kinase catalytic domain. We cloned, expressed, and purified HMTK1, and we demonstrated that it possesses tyrosine kinase activity. We used immobilized peptide arrays to define a preferred ligand for the third PTB domain of HMTK1. Peptide sequences containing this ligand sequence are phosphorylated efficiently by recombinant HMTK1, suggesting that the PTB domain of HMTK1 has a role in substrate recognition analogous to the SH2 and SH3 domains of mammalian Src family kinases. We suggest that the substrate recruitment function of the noncatalytic domains of tyrosine kinases arose before their roles in autoinhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Prieto-Echagüe
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Perry M. Chan
- sGSK group, Neuroscience Research Partnership/A*Star, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Barbara P. Craddock
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Edward Manser
- sGSK group, Neuroscience Research Partnership/A*Star, Singapore, Singapore
| | - W. Todd Miller
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Plaza-Menacho I, Morandi A, Mologni L, Boender P, Gambacorti-Passerini C, Magee AI, Hofstra RMW, Knowles P, McDonald NQ, Isacke CM. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) binds RET kinase via its FERM domain, priming a direct and reciprocal RET-FAK transactivation mechanism. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:17292-302. [PMID: 21454698 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.168500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether RET is able to directly phosphorylate and activate downstream targets independently of the binding of proteins that contain Src homology 2 or phosphotyrosine binding domains and whether mechanisms in trans by cytoplasmic kinases can modulate RET function and signaling remain largely unexplored. In this study, oligopeptide arrays were used to screen substrates directly phosphorylated by purified recombinant wild-type and oncogenic RET kinase domain in the presence or absence of small molecule inhibitors. The results of the peptide array were validated by enzyme kinetics, in vitro kinase, and cell-based experiments. The identification of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) as a direct substrate for RET kinase revealed (i) a RET-FAK transactivation mechanism consisting of direct phosphorylation of FAK Tyr-576/577 by RET and a reciprocal phosphorylation of RET by FAK, which crucially is able to rescue the kinase-impaired RET K758M mutant and (ii) that FAK binds RET via its FERM domain. Interestingly, this interaction is abolished upon RET phosphorylation, indicating that RET binding to the FERM domain of FAK is a priming step for RET-FAK transactivation. Finally, our data indicate that FAK inhibitors could be used as potential therapeutic agents for patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 tumors because both, treatment with the FAK kinase inhibitor NVP-TAE226 and FAK down-regulation by siRNA reduced RET phosphorylation and signaling as well as the proliferation and survival of tumor and transfected cell lines expressing oncogenic RET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Plaza-Menacho
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom.
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