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Guo X, Luo Z, Qi Y, Hei X, Zhang X, Cao X, Qian M, Zhao S, Hou Y, Chen X. Structure optimization of Cmpd-15 as negative allosteric modulators for the β 2-adrenergic receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 108:117787. [PMID: 38838580 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
19 derivatives of 1-benzyl-3-arylpyrazole-5-carboxamides (H1-H19) and 5 derivatives of 1-benzyl-5-arylpyrazole-3-carboxamides (J1-J5) have been designed and synthesized as potential negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) for the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR). The new pyrazole derivatives were screened on the classic G-protein dependent signaling pathway at β2AR. The majority of 1-benzyl-3-aryl-pyrazole-5-carboxamide derivatives show more potent allosteric antagonistic activity against β2AR than Cmpd-15, the first reported β2AR NAM. However, the 1-benzyl-5-arylpyrazole-3-carboxamide derivatives exhibit very poor or even no allosteric antagonistic activity for β2AR. Furthermore, the active pyrazole derivatives have relative better drug-like profiles than Cmpd-15. Taken together, we discovered a series of derivatives of 1-benzyl-3-arylpyrazole-5-carboxamides as a novel scaffold of β2AR NAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Zhijie Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Ying Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Hei
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Xuli Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Mingcheng Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Yanan Hou
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Jiangsu 213164, China.
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2
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Kaczor AA, Wróbel TM, Bartuzi D. Allosteric Modulators of Dopamine D 2 Receptors for Fine-Tuning of Dopaminergic Neurotransmission in CNS Diseases: Overview, Pharmacology, Structural Aspects and Synthesis. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010178. [PMID: 36615372 PMCID: PMC9822192 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Allosteric modulation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is nowadays a hot topic in medicinal chemistry. Allosteric modulators, i.e., compounds which bind in a receptor site topologically distinct from orthosteric sites, exhibit a number of advantages. They are more selective, safer and display a ceiling effect which prevents overdosing. Allosteric modulators of dopamine D2 receptor are potential drugs against a number of psychiatric and neurological diseases, such as schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. In this review, an insightful summary of current research on D2 receptor modulators is presented, ranging from their pharmacology and structural aspects of ligand-receptor interactions to their synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka A. Kaczor
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki St., PL-20093 Lublin, Poland
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-448-72-73
| | - Tomasz M. Wróbel
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki St., PL-20093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Damian Bartuzi
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki St., PL-20093 Lublin, Poland
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Ramos-Alvarez I, Iordanskaia T, Mantey SA, Jensen RT. The Nonpeptide Agonist MK-5046 Functions As an Allosteric Agonist for the Bombesin Receptor Subtype-3. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 382:66-78. [PMID: 35644465 PMCID: PMC9341266 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.001033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Allosteric ligands of various G-protein-coupled receptors are being increasingly described and are providing important advances in the development of ligands with novel selectivity and efficacy. These unusual properties allow expanded opportunities for pharmacologic studies and treatment. Unfortunately, no allosteric ligands are yet described for the bombesin receptor family (BnRs), which are proposed to be involved in numerous physiologic/pathophysiological processes in both the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. In this study, we investigate the possibility that the bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS-3) specific nonpeptide receptor agonist MK-5046 [(2S)-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl]-3-(4-[[1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl]methyl]-1H-imidazol-2-yl)propan-2-ol] functions as a BRS-3 allosteric receptor ligand. We find that in BRS-3 cells, MK-5046 only partially inhibits iodine-125 radionuclide (125I)-Bantag-1 [Boc-Phe-His-4-amino-5-cyclohexyl-2,4,5-trideoxypentonyl-Leu-(3-dimethylamino) benzylamide N-methylammonium trifluoroacetate] binding and that both peptide-1 (a universal BnR-agonist) and MK-5046 activate phospholipase C; however, the specific BRS-3 peptide antagonist Bantag-1 inhibits the action of peptide-1 competitively, whereas for MK-5046 the inhibition is noncompetitive and yields a curvilinear Schild plot. Furthermore, MK-5046 shows other allosteric behaviors, including slowing dissociation of the BRS-3 receptor ligand 125I-Bantag-1, dose-inhibition curves being markedly affected by increasing ligand concentration, and MK-5046 leftward shifting the peptide-1 agonist dose-response curve. Lastly, receptor chimeric studies and site-directed mutagenesis provide evidence that MK-5046 and Bantag-1 have different binding sites determining their receptor high affinity/selectivity. These results provide evidence that MK-5046 is functioning as an allosteric agonist at the BRS-3 receptor, which is the first allosteric ligand described for this family of receptors. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: G-protein-coupled receptor allosteric ligands providing higher selectivity, selective efficacy, and safety that cannot be obtained using usual orthosteric receptor-based strategies are being increasingly described, resulting in enhanced usefulness in exploring receptor function and in treatment. No allosteric ligands exist for any of the mammalian bombesin receptor (BnR) family. Here we provide evidence for the first such example of a BnR allosteric ligand by showing that MK-5046, a nonpeptide agonist for bombesin receptor subtype-3, is functioning as an allosteric agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ramos-Alvarez
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tatiana Iordanskaia
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Samuel A Mantey
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert T Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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4
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Walker LC, Campbell EJ, Huckstep KL, Chen NA, Langmead CJ, Lawrence AJ. M 1 muscarinic receptor activation decreases alcohol consumption via a reduction in consummatory behavior. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 10:e00907. [PMID: 34962108 PMCID: PMC8929368 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) have been shown to mediate alcohol consumption and seeking. Both M4 and M5 mAChRs have been highlighted as potential novel treatment targets for alcohol use disorders (AUD). Similarly, M1 mAChRs are expressed throughout reward circuitry, and their signaling has been implicated in cocaine consumption. However, whether the same effects are seen for alcohol consumption, or whether natural reward intake is inadvertently impacted is still unknown. To determine the role of M1 mAChRs in alcohol consumption, we tested operant self-administration of alcohol under both fixed ratio (FR3) and progressive ratio (PR3-4) schedules. Enhancing M1 mAChR signaling (via the M1 PAM-Agonist PF-06767832, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced operant alcohol consumption on a fixed schedule but had no effect on motivation to acquire alcohol. To determine whether these actions were specific to alcohol, we examined the effects of M1 enhancement on natural reward (sucrose) self-administration. Systemic administration of PF-06767832 (1 mg/kg, i.p.) also reduced operant sucrose self-administration, suggesting the actions of the M1 receptor may be non-selective across drug and natural rewards. Finally, to understand whether this reduction extended to natural consummatory behaviors, we assessed home cage standard chow and water consumption. M1 enhancement via systemic PF-06767832 administration reduced food and water consumption. Together our results suggest the M1 PAM-agonist, PF-06767832, non-specifically reduces consummatory behaviors that are not associated with motivational strength for the reward. These data highlight the need to further characterize M1 agonists, PAMs, and PAM-agonists, which may have varying degrees of utility in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders including AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh C. Walker
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkvilleAustralia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
| | - Erin J. Campbell
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkvilleAustralia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
| | - Kate L. Huckstep
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkvilleAustralia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
| | - Nicola A. Chen
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkvilleAustralia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
| | - Christopher J. Langmead
- Drug Discovery BiologyMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Andrew J. Lawrence
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkvilleAustralia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
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5
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Walker LC, Huckstep KL, Chen NA, Hand LJ, Lindsley CW, Langmead CJ, Lawrence AJ. Muscarinic M 4 and M 5 receptors in the ventral subiculum differentially modulate alcohol seeking versus consumption in male alcohol-preferring rats. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:3730-3746. [PMID: 33942300 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors mediate alcohol consumption and seeking in rats. While M4 and M5 receptors have recently been implicated to mediate these behaviours in the striatum, their role in other brain regions remain unknown. The ventral tegmental area (VTA) and ventral subiculum (vSub) both densely express M4 and M5 receptors and modulate alcohol-seeking, via their projections to the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In Indiana alcohol-preferring (iP) male rats, we examined Chrm4 (M4 ) and Chrm5 (M5 ) expression in the VTA and vSub following long-term alcohol consumption and abstinence using RT-qPCR. Using a combination of retrograde tracing and RNAscope, we examined the localisation of Chrm4 and Chrm5 on vSub cells that project to the AcbSh. Using selective allosteric modulators, we examined the functional role of M4 and M5 receptors within the vSub in alcohol consumption, context-induced alcohol-seeking, locomotor activity, and food/water consumption. KEY RESULTS Long-term alcohol and abstinence dysregulated the expression of genes for muscarinic receptors in the vSub, not in the VTA. Chrm4 was down-regulated following long-term alcohol and abstinence, while Chrm5 was up-regulated following long-term alcohol consumption. Consistent with these data, a positive allosteric modulator (VU0467154) of intra-vSub M4 receptors reduced context-induced alcohol-seeking, but not motivation for alcohol self-administration, while M5 receptor negative allosteric modulator (ML375) reduced initial motivation for alcohol self-administration, but not context-induced alcohol-seeking. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Collectively, our data highlight alcohol-induced cholinergic dysregulation in the vSub and distinct roles for M4 and M5 receptor allosteric modulators to reduce alcohol consumption or seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh C Walker
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate L Huckstep
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicola A Chen
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lexi J Hand
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christopher J Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew J Lawrence
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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6
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Maeda S, Xu J, N Kadji FM, Clark MJ, Zhao J, Tsutsumi N, Aoki J, Sunahara RK, Inoue A, Garcia KC, Kobilka BK. Structure and selectivity engineering of the M 1 muscarinic receptor toxin complex. Science 2020; 369:161-167. [PMID: 32646996 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax2517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Muscarinic toxins (MTs) are natural toxins produced by mamba snakes that primarily bind to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (MAChRs) and modulate their function. Despite their similar primary and tertiary structures, MTs show distinct binding selectivity toward different MAChRs. The molecular details of how MTs distinguish MAChRs are not well understood. Here, we present the crystal structure of M1AChR in complex with MT7, a subtype-selective anti-M1AChR snake venom toxin. The structure reveals the molecular basis of the extreme subtype specificity of MT7 for M1AChR and the mechanism by which it regulates receptor function. Through in vitro engineering of MT7 finger regions that was guided by the structure, we have converted the selectivity from M1AChR toward M2AChR, suggesting that the three-finger fold is a promising scaffold for developing G protein-coupled receptor modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Maeda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Jun Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Mary J Clark
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jiawei Zhao
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Naotaka Tsutsumi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Junken Aoki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Roger K Sunahara
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Brian K Kobilka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. .,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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7
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Bartuzi D, Wróbel TM, Kaczor AA, Matosiuk D. Tuning Down the Pain - An Overview of Allosteric Modulation of Opioid Receptors: Mechanisms of Modulation, Allosteric Sites, Modulator Syntheses. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:2852-2865. [PMID: 32479245 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200601155451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Opioid signaling plays a central role in pain perception. As such, it remains the main target in the development of antinociceptive agents, despite serious side effects involved. In recent years, hopes for improved opioid painkillers are rising, together with our understanding of allosterism and biased signaling mechanisms. In this review, we focus on recently discovered allosteric modulators of opioid receptors, insights into phenomena underlying their action, as well as on how they extend our understanding of mechanisms of previously known compounds. A brief overlook of their synthesis is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Bartuzi
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modelling Lab, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz M Wróbel
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modelling Lab, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka A Kaczor
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modelling Lab, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Matosiuk
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modelling Lab, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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8
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Walker LC, Lawrence AJ. Allosteric modulation of muscarinic receptors in alcohol and substance use disorders. FROM STRUCTURE TO CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT: ALLOSTERIC MODULATION OF G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS 2020; 88:233-275. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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9
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Allosteric modulation of β-cell M 3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors greatly improves glucose homeostasis in lean and obese mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:18684-18690. [PMID: 31451647 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1904943116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the global epidemic in type 2 diabetes, novel antidiabetic drugs with increased efficacy and reduced side effects are urgently needed. Previous work has shown that M3 muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (M3Rs) expressed by pancreatic β cells play key roles in stimulating insulin secretion and maintaining physiological blood glucose levels. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of M3R function can improve glucose homeostasis in mice by promoting insulin release. One major advantage of this approach is that allosteric agents respect the ACh-dependent spatiotemporal control of M3R activity. In this study, we first demonstrated that VU0119498, a drug known to act as a PAM at M3Rs, significantly augmented ACh-induced insulin release from cultured β cells and mouse and human pancreatic islets. This stimulatory effect was absent in islets prepared from mice lacking M3Rs, indicative of the involvement of M3Rs. VU0119498 treatment of wild-type mice caused a significant increase in plasma insulin levels, accompanied by a striking improvement in glucose tolerance. These effects were mediated by β-cell M3Rs, since they were absent in mutant mice selectively lacking M3Rs in β cells. Moreover, acute VU0119498 treatment of obese, glucose-intolerant mice triggered enhanced insulin release and restored normal glucose tolerance. Interestingly, doses of VU0119498 that led to pronounced improvements in glucose homeostasis did not cause any significant side effects due to activation of M3Rs expressed by other peripheral cell types. Taken together, the data from this proof-of-concept study strongly suggest that M3R PAMs may become clinically useful as novel antidiabetic agents.
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10
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Utilization of Biased G Protein-Coupled ReceptorSignaling towards Development of Safer andPersonalized Therapeutics. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24112052. [PMID: 31146474 PMCID: PMC6600667 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in a wide variety of physiological processes. Therefore, approximately 40% of currently prescribed drugs have targeted this receptor family. Discovery of β-arrestin mediated signaling and also separability of G protein and β-arrestin signaling pathways have switched the research focus in the GPCR field towards development of biased ligands, which provide engagement of the receptor with a certain effector, thus enriching a specific signaling pathway. In this review, we summarize possible factors that impact signaling profiles of GPCRs such as oligomerization, drug treatment, disease conditions, genetic background, etc. along with relevant molecules that can be used to modulate signaling properties of GPCRs such as allosteric or bitopic ligands, ions, aptamers and pepducins. Moreover, we also discuss the importance of inclusion of pharmacogenomics and molecular dynamics simulations to achieve a holistic understanding of the relation between genetic background and structure and function of GPCRs and GPCR-related proteins. Consequently, specific downstream signaling pathways can be enriched while those that bring unwanted side effects can be prevented on a patient-specific basis. This will improve studies that centered on development of safer and personalized therapeutics, thus alleviating the burden on economy and public health.
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11
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Szlenk CT, Gc JB, Natesan S. Does the Lipid Bilayer Orchestrate Access and Binding of Ligands to Transmembrane Orthosteric/Allosteric Sites of G Protein-Coupled Receptors? Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:527-541. [PMID: 30967440 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.115113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ligand-binding sites of many G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are situated around and deeply embedded within the central pocket formed by their seven transmembrane-spanning α-helical domains. Generally, these binding sites are assumed accessible to endogenous ligands from the aqueous phase. Recent advances in the structural biology of GPCRs, along with biophysical and computational studies, suggest that amphiphilic and lipophilic molecules may gain access to these receptors by first partitioning into the membrane and then reaching the binding site via lateral diffusion through the lipid bilayer. In addition, several crystal structures of class A and class B GPCRs bound to their ligands offer unprecedented details on the existence of lipid-facing allosteric binding sites outside the transmembrane helices that can only be reached via lipid pathways. The highly organized structure of the lipid bilayer may direct lipophilic or amphiphilic drugs to a specific depth within the bilayer, changing local concentration of the drug near the binding site and affecting its binding kinetics. Additionally, the constraints of the lipid bilayer, including its composition and biophysical properties, may play a critical role in "pre-organizing" ligand molecules in an optimal orientation and conformation to facilitate receptor binding. Despite its clear involvement in molecular recognition processes, the critical role of the membrane in binding ligands to lipid-exposed transmembrane binding sites remains poorly understood and warrants comprehensive investigation. Understanding the mechanistic basis of the structure-membrane interaction relationship of drugs will not only provide useful insights about receptor binding kinetics but will also enhance our ability to take advantage of the apparent membrane contributions when designing drugs that target transmembrane proteins with improved efficacy and safety. In this minireview, we summarize recent structural and computational studies on membrane contributions to binding processes, elucidating both lipid pathways of ligand access and binding mechanisms for several orthosteric and allosteric ligands of class A and class B GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Szlenk
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Jeevan B Gc
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Senthil Natesan
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
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12
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Peng Y, Michonova E. Long-range effect of a single mutation in spermine synthase. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s021963361850030x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Spermine synthase (SpmSyn) is an enzyme critical for maintaining the balance of spermine/spermidine in the cell. The amino acid sequence of SpmSyn is highly conserved among the species. Most of the mutations found in the human population are shown to be causing Snyder–Robinson syndrome, a severe mental disorder, while not so many are neutral. This is intriguing since SpmSyn is a relatively large protein and less than 10% of its amino acids are directly involved in the catalysis. Here, we demonstrated that a mutation (G191S) at a site far away from the active pocket affects the active site dynamics and thus the functionality of SpmSyn. This suggests that SpmSyn functionality is regulated by networks of interacting residues and thus expands the functional and structural importance beyond the amino acids directly involved in the catalysis. Comparing the calculated effects of G191S and a nine-residue deletion shown to decrease SpmSyn activity [Wu H, Min J, Zeng H, McCloskey DE, Ikeguchi Y, Loppnau P, Michael AJ, Pegg AE, Plotnikov AN, Crystal structure of human spermine synthase: Implications of substrate binding and catalytic mechanism, J Biol Chem 283:16135–16146, 2008], we predict that G191S mutation also decreases SpmSyn activity and may be causing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhui Peng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson SC 29634, USA
| | - Ekaterina Michonova
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Erskine College, Due West SC 29639, USA
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13
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Silvestri I, Lyu H, Fata F, Boumis G, Miele AE, Ardini M, Ippoliti R, Bellelli A, Jadhav A, Lea WA, Simeonov A, Cheng Q, Arnér ESJ, Thatcher GR, Petukhov PA, Williams DL, Angelucci F. Fragment-Based Discovery of a Regulatory Site in Thioredoxin Glutathione Reductase Acting as "Doorstop" for NADPH Entry. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2190-2202. [PMID: 29800515 PMCID: PMC6905387 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Members of the FAD/NAD-linked reductase family are recognized as crucial targets in drug development for cancers, inflammatory disorders, and infectious diseases. However, individual FAD/NAD reductases are difficult to inhibit in a selective manner with off-target inhibition reducing usefulness of identified compounds. Thioredoxin glutathione reductase (TGR), a high molecular weight thioredoxin reductase-like enzyme, has emerged as a promising drug target for the treatment of schistosomiasis, a parasitosis afflicting more than 200 million people. Taking advantage of small molecules selected from a high-throughput screen and using X-ray crystallography, functional assays, and docking studies, we identify a critical secondary site of the enzyme. Compounds binding at this site interfere with well-known and conserved conformational changes associated with NADPH reduction, acting as a doorstop for cofactor entry. They selectively inhibit TGR from Schistosoma mansoni and are active against parasites in culture. Since many members of the FAD/NAD-linked reductase family have similar catalytic mechanisms, the unique mechanism of inhibition identified in this study for TGR broadly opens new routes to selectively inhibit homologous enzymes of central importance in numerous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Silvestri
- Dept. of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Italy,These authors contributed equally
| | - Haining Lyu
- Dept. of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Francesca Fata
- Dept. of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Giovanna Boumis
- Dept. of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Adriana E. Miele
- Dept. of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy,UMR5246 ICBMS – CNRS – UCBL, Université de Lyon, France
| | - Matteo Ardini
- Dept. of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Ippoliti
- Dept. of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Andrea Bellelli
- Dept. of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Ajit Jadhav
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wendy A. Lea
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,Current address: The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Qing Cheng
- Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elias S. J. Arnér
- Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gregory R. Thatcher
- Dept. of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Pavel A. Petukhov
- Dept. of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - David L. Williams
- Dept. of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA,Senior authors,To whom correspondence should be addressed: David L. Williams (), Francesco Angelucci ()
| | - Francesco Angelucci
- Dept. of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Italy,Senior authors,To whom correspondence should be addressed: David L. Williams (), Francesco Angelucci ()
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14
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Du L, Gao ZG, Paoletta S, Wan TC, Gizewski ET, Barbour S, van Veldhoven JPD, IJzerman AP, Jacobson KA, Auchampach JA. Species differences and mechanism of action of A 3 adenosine receptor allosteric modulators. Purinergic Signal 2017; 14:59-71. [PMID: 29170977 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-017-9592-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Activity of the A3 adenosine receptor (AR) allosteric modulators LUF6000 (2-cyclohexyl-N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1H-imidazo [4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine) and LUF6096 (N-{2-[(3,4-dichlorophenyl)amino]quinolin-4-yl}cyclohexanecarbox-amide) was compared at four A3AR species homologs used in preclinical drug development. In guanosine 5'-[γ-[35S]thio]triphosphate ([35S]GTPγS) binding assays with cell membranes isolated from human embryonic kidney cells stably expressing recombinant A3ARs, both modulators substantially enhanced agonist efficacy at human, dog, and rabbit A3ARs but provided only weak activity at mouse A3ARs. For human, dog, and rabbit, both modulators increased the maximal efficacy of the A3AR agonist 2-chloro-N 6-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methylcarboxamide as well as adenosine > 2-fold, while slightly reducing potency in human and dog. Based on results from N 6-(4-amino-3-[125I]iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methylcarboxamide ([125I]I-AB-MECA) binding assays, we hypothesize that potency reduction is explained by an allosterically induced slowing in orthosteric ligand binding kinetics that reduces the rate of formation of ligand-receptor complexes. Mutation of four amino acid residues of the human A3AR to the murine sequence identified the extracellular loop 1 (EL1) region as being important in selectively controlling the allosteric actions of LUF6096 on [125I]I-AB-MECA binding kinetics. Homology modeling suggested interaction between species-variable EL1 and agonist-contacting EL2. These results indicate that A3AR allostery is species-dependent and provide mechanistic insights into this therapeutically promising class of agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 200892-0810, USA
| | - Silvia Paoletta
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 200892-0810, USA
| | - Tina C Wan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Gizewski
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Samantha Barbour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Jacobus P D van Veldhoven
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 200892-0810, USA
| | - John A Auchampach
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
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15
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Bock A, Schrage R, Mohr K. Allosteric modulators targeting CNS muscarinic receptors. Neuropharmacology 2017; 136:427-437. [PMID: 28935216 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) which are broadly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and other tissues in the periphery. They emerge as important drug targets for a number of diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia. Muscarinic receptors are divided into five subtypes (M1-M5) of which M1-M4 have been crystalized. All subtypes possess at least one allosteric binding site which is located in the extracellular region of the receptor on top of the ACh (i.e. orthosteric) binding site. The former can be specifically targeted by chemical compounds (mostly small molecules) and binding of such allosteric modulators affects the affinity and/or efficacy of orthosteric ligands. This allows highly specific modulation of GPCR function and, from a drug discovery point of view, may be advantageous in terms of subtype selectivity and biased signaling. There is a plethora of allosteric modulators for all five muscarinic receptor subtypes. This review presents the basic principles of allosteric modulation of GPCRs on both the molecular and structural level focusing on allosteric modulators of the muscarinic receptor family. Further we discuss dualsteric (i.e. bitopic orthosteric/allosteric) ligands emphasizing their potential in modulating muscarinic receptor dynamics and signaling. The common mechanisms of muscarinic receptor allosteric modulation have been proven to be generalizable and are at play at many, if not all GPCRs. Given this paradigmatic role of muscarinic receptors we suggest that also new developments in muscarinic allosteric modulation may also be extended to other members of the GPCR superfamily. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Neuropharmacology on Muscarinic Receptors'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bock
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Ramona Schrage
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Klaus Mohr
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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16
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Khurana L, Mackie K, Piomelli D, Kendall DA. Modulation of CB1 cannabinoid receptor by allosteric ligands: Pharmacology and therapeutic opportunities. Neuropharmacology 2017; 124:3-12. [PMID: 28527758 PMCID: PMC5540789 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid pharmacology has been intensely studied because of cannabis' pervasive medicinal and non-medicinal uses as well as for the therapeutic potential of cannabinoid-based drugs for the treatment of pain, anxiety, substance abuse, obesity, cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. The identification of allosteric modulators of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) has given a new direction to the development of cannabinoid-based therapeutics due to the many advantages offered by targeting allosteric site(s). Allosteric receptor modulators hold potential to develop subtype-specific and pathway-specific therapeutics. Here we briefly discuss the first-generation of allosteric modulators of CB1 receptor, their structure-activity relationships, signaling pathways and the allosteric binding site(s) on the CB1 receptor. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "A New Dawn in Cannabinoid Neurobiology".
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Affiliation(s)
- Leepakshi Khurana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Ken Mackie
- Gill Center and Departmental of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Debra A Kendall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States.
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17
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Tsitoura P, Iatrou K. Positive Allosteric Modulation of Insect Olfactory Receptor Function by ORco Agonists. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:275. [PMID: 28018173 PMCID: PMC5145856 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect olfactory receptors (ORs) are heteromeric ligand-gated cation channels composed of a common olfactory receptor subunit (ORco) and a variable subunit (ORx) of as yet unknown structures and undetermined stoichiometries. In this study, we examined the allosteric modulation exerted on Anopheles gambiae heteromeric ORx/ORco olfactory receptors in vitro by a specific class of ORco agonists (OAs) comprising ORcoRAM2 and VUAA1. High OA concentrations produced stronger functional responses in cells expressing heteromeric receptor channels relative to cells expressing ORco alone. These OA-induced responses of ORx/ORco channels were also notably much stronger than those obtained upon administration of ORx-specific ligands to the same receptors. Most importantly, small concentrations of OAs were found to act as strong potentiators of ORx/ORco function, increasing dramatically both the efficacy and potency of ORx-specific odorants. These results suggest that insect heteromeric ORs are highly dynamic complexes adopting different conformations that change in a concerted fashion as a result of the interplay between the subunits of the oligomeric assemblies, and that allosteric modulation may constitute an important element in the modulation and fining tuning of olfactory reception function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kostas Iatrou
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Group, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”Athens, Greece
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18
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Hernandez-Folgado L, Stevenson LA, Morales P, Gómez-Cañas M, Pazos MR, Cascio MG, Jagerovic N, Elguero J, Pertwee R, Goya P. Exploring the Benzimidazole Ring as a Substitution for Indole in Cannabinoid Allosteric Modulators. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1089/can.2016.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lesley A. Stevenson
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - María Gómez-Cañas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ruth Pazos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Grazia Cascio
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - José Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roger Pertwee
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Pilar Goya
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Bradley SJ, Tobin AB. Design of Next-Generation G Protein-Coupled Receptor Drugs: Linking Novel Pharmacology and In Vivo Animal Models. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 56:535-59. [PMID: 26738479 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-011613-140012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most successful drug targets in history, this supergene family of cell surface receptors has yet to be fully exploited as targets in the treatment of human disease. Here, we present optimism that this may change in the future by reviewing the substantial progress made in the understanding of GPCR molecular pharmacology that has generated an extensive toolbox of ligand types that include orthosteric, allosteric, and bitopic ligands, many of which show signaling bias. We discuss how combining these advances with recently described transgenic, chemical genetic, and optogenetic animal models will provide the framework to allow for the rational design of next-generation GPCR drugs that possess increased therapeutic efficacy and decreased adverse/toxic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J Bradley
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN United Kingdom; ,
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN United Kingdom; ,
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20
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Multivalent approaches and beyond: novel tools for the investigation of dopamine D2 receptor pharmacology. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:1349-72. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) has been implicated in the symptomology of disorders such as schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. Multivalent ligands provide useful tools to investigate emerging concepts of G protein-coupled receptor drug action such as allostery, bitopic binding and receptor dimerization. This review focuses on the approaches taken toward the development of multivalent ligands for the D2R recently and highlights the challenges associated with each approach, their utility in probing D2R function and approaches to develop new D2R-targeting drugs. Furthermore, we extend our discussion to the possibility of designing multitarget ligands. The insights gained from such studies may provide the basis for improved therapeutic targeting of the D2R.
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21
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Drugging specific conformational states of GPCRs: challenges and opportunities for computational chemistry. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:625-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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22
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Abstract
Radioligand binding assays provide sensitive and quantitative information about guanine nucleotide protein G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) expression and affinity for a wide variety of ligands, making them essential for drug structure-activity studies and basic GPCR research. Three basic radioligand binding protocols, saturation, indirect (competition, displacement, or modulation), and kinetic binding assays, are used to assess GPCR expression (Bmax), equilibrium dissociation constants for radioligands (Kd) and nonradioactive ligands (Ki), association and dissociation rates, and to distinguish competitive and allosteric mechanisms of GPCR-ligand interactions. Nonspecific radioligand binding may be mitigated by appropriate choices of reaction conditions. Radioligand depletion (bound radioactivity >10% of total radioligand), which compromises accuracy of Kd and Ki measurements, can be limited by adjusting receptor concentration and appropriate radioligand choice. Accurate Kd and Ki values in saturation and indirect binding assays depend on binding equilibrium. Equilibration time for high-affinity ligands, with slow dissociation rates, may require much extended incubation times or increased incubation temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen A Flanagan
- School of Physiology and Medical Research Council Receptor Biology Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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23
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Detection of secondary binding sites in proteins using fragment screening. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:15910-5. [PMID: 26655740 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1518946112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins need to be tightly regulated as they control biological processes in most normal cellular functions. The precise mechanisms of regulation are rarely completely understood but can involve binding of endogenous ligands and/or partner proteins at specific locations on a protein that can modulate function. Often, these additional secondary binding sites appear separate to the primary binding site, which, for example for an enzyme, may bind a substrate. In previous work, we have uncovered several examples in which secondary binding sites were discovered on proteins using fragment screening approaches. In each case, we were able to establish that the newly identified secondary binding site was biologically relevant as it was able to modulate function by the binding of a small molecule. In this study, we investigate how often secondary binding sites are located on proteins by analyzing 24 protein targets for which we have performed a fragment screen using X-ray crystallography. Our analysis shows that, surprisingly, the majority of proteins contain secondary binding sites based on their ability to bind fragments. Furthermore, sequence analysis of these previously unknown sites indicate high conservation, which suggests that they may have a biological function, perhaps via an allosteric mechanism. Comparing the physicochemical properties of the secondary sites with known primary ligand binding sites also shows broad similarities indicating that many of the secondary sites may be druggable in nature with small molecules that could provide new opportunities to modulate potential therapeutic targets.
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24
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Shen Q, Wang G, Li S, Liu X, Lu S, Chen Z, Song K, Yan J, Geng L, Huang Z, Huang W, Chen G, Zhang J. ASD v3.0: unraveling allosteric regulation with structural mechanisms and biological networks. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 44:D527-35. [PMID: 26365237 PMCID: PMC4702938 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Allosteric regulation, the most direct and efficient way of regulating protein function, is induced by the binding of a ligand at one site that is topographically distinct from an orthosteric site. Allosteric Database (ASD, available online at http://mdl.shsmu.edu.cn/ASD) has been developed to provide comprehensive information featuring allosteric regulation. With increasing data, fundamental questions pertaining to allostery are currently receiving more attention from the mechanism of allosteric changes in an individual protein to the entire effect of the changes in the interconnected network in the cell. Thus, the following novel features were added to this updated version: (i) structural mechanisms of more than 1600 allosteric actions were elucidated by a comparison of site structures before and after the binding of an modulator; (ii) 261 allosteric networks were identified to unveil how the allosteric action in a single protein would propagate to affect downstream proteins; (iii) two of the largest human allosteromes, protein kinases and GPCRs, were thoroughly constructed; and (iv) web interface and data organization were completely redesigned for efficient access. In addition, allosteric data have largely expanded in this update. These updates are useful for facilitating the investigation of allosteric mechanisms, dynamic networks and drug discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiancheng Shen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Guanqiao Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhongjie Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Kun Song
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Junhao Yan
- General Surgery Department, Renji hospital Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Lv Geng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhimin Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wenkang Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Guoqiang Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China Medicinal Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
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25
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Christopoulos A, Changeux JP, Catterall WA, Fabbro D, Burris TP, Cidlowski JA, Olsen RW, Peters JA, Neubig RR, Pin JP, Sexton PM, Kenakin TP, Ehlert FJ, Spedding M, Langmead CJ. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XC. multisite pharmacology: recommendations for the nomenclature of receptor allosterism and allosteric ligands. Pharmacol Rev 2014; 66:918-47. [PMID: 25026896 PMCID: PMC11060431 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.008862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Allosteric interactions play vital roles in metabolic processes and signal transduction and, more recently, have become the focus of numerous pharmacological studies because of the potential for discovering more target-selective chemical probes and therapeutic agents. In addition to classic early studies on enzymes, there are now examples of small molecule allosteric modulators for all superfamilies of receptors encoded by the genome, including ligand- and voltage-gated ion channels, G protein-coupled receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, and receptor tyrosine kinases. As a consequence, a vast array of pharmacologic behaviors has been ascribed to allosteric ligands that can vary in a target-, ligand-, and cell-/tissue-dependent manner. The current article presents an overview of allostery as applied to receptor families and approaches for detecting and validating allosteric interactions and gives recommendations for the nomenclature of allosteric ligands and their properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - Jean-Pierre Changeux
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - William A Catterall
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - Doriano Fabbro
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - Thomas P Burris
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - John A Cidlowski
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - Richard W Olsen
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - John A Peters
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - Richard R Neubig
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Pin
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - Terry P Kenakin
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - Frederick J Ehlert
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - Michael Spedding
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - Christopher J Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
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Combination of the CCL5-derived peptide R4.0 with different HIV-1 blockers reveals wide target compatibility and synergic cobinding to CCR5. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:6215-23. [PMID: 25114130 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03559-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
R4.0, a synthetic CCL5/RANTES-derived peptide, exerts potent anti-HIV-1 activity via its nonactivating interaction with CCR5, the major HIV-1 coreceptor. CCR5 chronic activation may promote undesirable inflammatory effects and enhance viral infection; thus, receptor antagonism is a necessary requisite. HIV-1 gp120, CCL5, and maraviroc dock on CCR5 by sharing two receptor sites: the N terminus and the second extracellular loop. In combination studies, R4.0, CCL5, and maraviroc exhibited concomitant interactions with CCR5 and promoted synergic inhibition of HIV-1 in acute-infection assays. Furthermore, various degrees of additive/synergic HIV-1 inhibition were observed when R4.0 was tested in combination with drugs and lead compounds directed toward different viral targets (gp120, gp41, reverse transcriptase, and protease). In combination with tenofovir, R4.0 provides cross-clade synergic inhibition of primary HIV-1 isolates. Remarkably, an in vitro-generated maraviroc-resistant R5 HIV-1 strain was inhibited by R4.0 comparably to the wild-type strain, suggesting the presence of viral resistance barriers similar to those reported for CCL5. Overall, R4.0 appears to be a promising lead peptide with potential for combination in anti-HIV-1 therapy and in microbicide development to prevent sexual HIV-1 transmission.
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Christopoulos A. Advances in G protein-coupled receptor allostery: from function to structure. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 86:463-78. [PMID: 25061106 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.094342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are highly dynamic proteins that adopt multiple active states linked to distinct functional outcomes. Furthermore, these states can be differentially stabilized not only by orthosteric ligands but also by allosteric ligands acting at spatially distinct binding sites. The key pharmacologic characteristics of GPCR allostery include improved selectivity due to either greater sequence divergence between receptor subtypes and/or subtype-selective cooperativity, a ceiling level to the effect, probe dependence (whereby the magnitude and direction of the allosteric effect change with the nature of the interacting ligands), and the potential for biased signaling. Recent chemical biology developments are beginning to demonstrate how the incorporation of analytical pharmacology and operational modeling into the experimental workflow can enrich structure-activity studies of allostery and bias, and have also led to the discovery of a new class of hybrid orthosteric/allosteric (bitopic) molecules. The potential for endogenous allosteric modulators to play a role in physiology and disease remains to be fully appreciated but will likely represent an important area for future studies. Finally, breakthroughs in structural and computational biology are beginning to unravel the mechanistic basis of GPCR allosteric modulation at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Allosteric modulation of the G protein-coupled US28 receptor of human cytomegalovirus: are the small-weight inverse agonist of US28 'camouflaged' agonists? Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3744-7. [PMID: 25052428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The highly constitutively active G protein-coupled receptor US28 of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is thought to camouflage agonism by mediating constitutive endocytosis. With the use of the US28Δ300 mutant, which is largely devoid of constitutive internalization, I have demonstrated that the coupling of the receptor to its downstream signaling partners is responsible for the inverse agonism to agonism efficacy switch in some small-weight ligands of US28.
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