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Jahangiri L. A mechanistic insight into cancer progression mediated by Nucleoporins. Cancer Genet 2024; 286-287:35-42. [PMID: 39024725 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The nuclear pore complexes are essential for cellular and molecular processes such as trafficking between the cytoplasm and the nucleus, chromatin, transcriptional outputs, and DNA damage repair. Nucleoporins, components of nuclear pore complexes, have been linked to cancer through nucleo-cytoplasmic cargo trafficking, cell division, signalling pathways, chromatin-related processes, and protein stability and degradation. This study aims to understand how nucleoporins specifically contribute to cancer proliferation and progression across various cancer types. Accordingly, angles such as nuclear trafficking, fusion proteins, tumour suppressors, signalling pathways, tumour microenvironment, nucleosomes, and chromatin processes were found to bridge the function of nucleoporins and cancer progression, and the underlying mechanisms have been analysed in this study. A deep understanding of the function of nucleoporins in cancer progression will pave the way for the effective targeting of these molecules for therapeutic gain. Improved treatment responses can enhance the quality of life of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Jahangiri
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Site, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK; Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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2
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Rahman MM, van Oosterom F, Enow JA, Hossain M, Gutierrez-Jensen AD, Cashen M, Everts A, Lowe K, Kilbourne J, Daggett-Vondras J, Karr TL, McFadden G. Nuclear Export Inhibitor Selinexor Enhances Oncolytic Myxoma Virus Therapy against Cancer. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:952-968. [PMID: 37377603 PMCID: PMC10234290 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses exploited for cancer therapy have been developed to selectively infect, replicate, and kill cancer cells to inhibit tumor growth. However, in some cancer cells, oncolytic viruses are often limited in completing their full replication cycle, forming progeny virions, and/or spreading in the tumor bed because of the heterogeneous cell types within the tumor bed. Here, we report that the nuclear export pathway regulates oncolytic myxoma virus (MYXV) infection and cytoplasmic viral replication in a subclass of human cancer cell types where viral replication is restricted. Inhibition of the XPO-1 (exportin 1) nuclear export pathway with nuclear export inhibitors can overcome this restriction by trapping restriction factors in the nucleus and allow significantly enhanced viral replication and killing of cancer cells. Furthermore, knockdown of XPO-1 significantly enhanced MYXV replication in restrictive human cancer cells and reduced the formation of antiviral granules associated with RNA helicase DHX9. Both in vitro and in vivo, we demonstrated that the approved XPO1 inhibitor drug selinexor enhances the replication of MYXV and kills diverse human cancer cells. In a xenograft tumor model in NSG mice, combination therapy with selinexor plus MYXV significantly reduced the tumor burden and enhanced the survival of animals. In addition, we performed global-scale proteomic analysis of nuclear and cytosolic proteins in human cancer cells to identify the host and viral proteins that were upregulated or downregulated by different treatments. These results indicate, for the first time, that selinexor in combination with oncolytic MYXV can be used as a potential new therapy. Significance We demonstrated that a combination of nuclear export inhibitor selinexor and oncolytic MYXV significantly enhanced viral replication, reduced cancer cell proliferation, reduced tumor burden, and enhanced the overall survival of animals. Thus, selinexor and oncolytic MYXV can be used as potential new anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masmudur M. Rahman
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Fleur van Oosterom
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Junior A. Enow
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Maksuda Hossain
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Ami D. Gutierrez-Jensen
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Mackenzie Cashen
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Anne Everts
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Kenneth Lowe
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Jacquelyn Kilbourne
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Juliane Daggett-Vondras
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Timothy L. Karr
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Grant McFadden
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
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3
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Mao T, Chen W, Xiong H, Wang C, Yang L, Hu X, Xia K, Wang Z, Su T. DEC1 is a potential marker of early metastasis in Oral squamous cell carcinoma. Tissue Cell 2023; 82:102094. [PMID: 37094538 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the role of differentiated embryonic-chondrocyte expressed gene 1 (DEC1) in early oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) metastasis. METHODS AND MATERIALS This study collected normal oral mucosas (NOM) and OSCC tissues from Xiangya Hospital for immunohistochemistry to detect the expressions of DEC1 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) -related molecules. Correlation analysis between the expressions of the cytoplasmic DEC1 and EMT-related molecules was performed. Kaplan-Meier analysis was conducted to estimate Recurrence-free survival (RFS). After knocking down DEC1, cell migration and the expressions of EMT-related molecules were evaluated in HN6 cells by cell scratch assay, qRT-PCR, and western blot. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry showed that the subcellular location of DEC1 expression was different between OSCC and NOM tissues. The cytoplasmic expression of DEC1 in OSCC tissues was significantly higher than in NOM tissues, and its expression was highest in early OSCC patients with metastasis. In addition, the cytoplasmic DEC1 was negatively correlated with the E-cadherin and β-catenin, but positively correlated with the N-cadherin in OSCC and NOM tissues. In vitro assays showed that DEC1 knockdown inhibited cell migration and EMT in HN6 cells. CONCLUSION DEC1 could serve as a potential predictive marker for early OSCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Mao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Research Center of Oral and Maxillofacial Tumor, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Institute of Oral Precancerous Lesions, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Stomatology, The first hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Weijun Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Research Center of Oral and Maxillofacial Tumor, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Institute of Oral Precancerous Lesions, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haofeng Xiong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Research Center of Oral and Maxillofacial Tumor, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Institute of Oral Precancerous Lesions, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Can Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Research Center of Oral and Maxillofacial Tumor, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Institute of Oral Precancerous Lesions, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liudi Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Research Center of Oral and Maxillofacial Tumor, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Institute of Oral Precancerous Lesions, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Research Center of Oral and Maxillofacial Tumor, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Institute of Oral Precancerous Lesions, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kun Xia
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zijia Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Research Center of Oral and Maxillofacial Tumor, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Institute of Oral Precancerous Lesions, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Tong Su
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Research Center of Oral and Maxillofacial Tumor, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Institute of Oral Precancerous Lesions, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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4
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Singh U, Bindra D, Samaiya A, Mishra RK. Overexpressed Nup88 stabilized through interaction with Nup62 promotes NF-κB dependent pathways in cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1095046. [PMID: 36845732 PMCID: PMC9947638 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1095046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bidirectional nucleo-cytoplasmic transport, regulating several vital cellular processes, is mediated by the Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) comprising the nucleoporin (Nup) proteins. Nup88, a constituent nucleoporin, is overexpressed in many cancers, and a positive correlation exists between progressive stages of cancer and Nup88 levels. While a significant link of Nup88 overexpression in head and neck cancer exists but mechanistic details of Nup88 roles in tumorigenesis are sparse. Here, we report that Nup88 and Nup62 levels are significantly elevated in head and neck cancer patient samples and cell lines. We demonstrate that the elevated levels of Nup88 or Nup62 impart proliferation and migration advantages to cells. Interestingly, Nup88-Nup62 engage in a strong interaction independent of Nup-glycosylation status and cell-cycle stages. We report that the interaction with Nup62 stabilizes Nup88 by inhibiting the proteasome-mediated degradation of overexpressed Nup88. Overexpressed Nup88 stabilized by interaction with Nup62 can interact with NF-κB (p65) and sequesters p65 partly into nucleus of unstimulated cells. NF-κB targets like Akt, c-myc, IL-6 and BIRC3 promoting proliferation and growth are induced under Nup88 overexpression conditions. In conclusion, our data indicates that simultaneous overexpression of Nup62 and Nup88 in head and neck cancer stabilizes Nup88. Stabilized Nup88 interacts and activates p65 pathway, which perhaps is the underlying mechanism in Nup88 overexpressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Singh
- Nups and Sumo Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Divya Bindra
- Nups and Sumo Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Atul Samaiya
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Bansal Hospital, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ram Kumar Mishra
- Nups and Sumo Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India,*Correspondence: Ram Kumar Mishra,
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5
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Kose S, Imai K, Watanabe A, Nakai A, Suzuki Y, Imamoto N. Lack of Hikeshi activates HSF1 activity under normal conditions and disturbs the heat-shock response. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/9/e202101241. [PMID: 35580988 PMCID: PMC9113944 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hikeshi mediates the nuclear import of the molecular chaperone HSP70 under heat-shock (acute heat stress) conditions, which is crucial for recovery from cellular damage. The cytoplasmic function of HSP70 is well studied, but its nuclear roles, particularly under nonstressed conditions, remain obscure. Here, we show that Hikeshi regulates the nucleocytoplasmic distribution of HSP70 not only under heat-shock conditions but also under nonstressed conditions. Nuclear HSP70 affects the transcriptional activity of HSF1 and nuclear proteostasis under nonstressed conditions. Depletion of Hikeshi induces a reduction in nuclear HSP70 and up-regulation of the mRNA expression of genes regulated by HSF1 under nonstressed conditions. In addition, the heat-shock response is impaired in Hikeshi-knockout cells. Our results suggest that HSF1 transcriptional activity is tightly regulated by nuclear HSP70 because nuclear-localized Hsp70 effectively suppresses transcriptional activity in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of nuclear pathologic polyglutamine proteins was increased by Hikeshi depletion. Thus, proper nucleocytoplasmic distribution of HSP70, mediated by Hikeshi, is required for nuclear proteostasis and adaptive response to heat shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Kose
- Cellular Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Japan,Correspondence: ;
| | - Kenichiro Imai
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ai Watanabe
- Cellular Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Japan
| | - Akira Nakai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Naoko Imamoto
- Cellular Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Japan,Correspondence: ;
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6
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Li Z, Chen S, Zhao L, Huang G, Pi X, Sun S, Wang P, Sui SF. Near-atomic structure of the inner ring of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae nuclear pore complex. Cell Res 2022; 32:437-450. [PMID: 35301440 PMCID: PMC9061825 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-022-00632-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) mediate bidirectional nucleocytoplasmic transport of substances in eukaryotic cells. However, the accurate molecular arrangement of NPCs remains enigmatic owing to their huge size and highly dynamic nature. Here we determined the structure of the asymmetric unit of the inner ring (IR monomer) at 3.73 Å resolution by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy, and created an atomic model of the intact IR consisting of 192 molecules of 8 nucleoporins. In each IR monomer, the Z-shaped Nup188–Nup192 complex in the middle layer is sandwiched by two approximately parallel rhomboidal structures in the inner and outer layers, while Nup188, Nup192 and Nic96 link all subunits to constitute a relatively stable IR monomer. In contrast, the intact IR is assembled by loose and instable interactions between IR monomers. These structures, together with previously reported structural information of IR, reveal two distinct interaction modes between IR monomers and extensive flexible connections in IR assembly, providing a structural basis for the stability and malleability of IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuaijiabin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoqiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiong Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Peiyi Wang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Cryo-EM Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Sen-Fang Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. .,Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. .,Cryo-EM Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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7
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Zerfaoui M, Toraih E, Ruiz E, Errami Y, Attia AS, Krzysztof M, Abd Elmageed ZY, Kandil E. Nuclear Localization of BRAF V600E Is Associated with HMOX-1 Upregulation and Aggressive Behavior of Melanoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020311. [PMID: 35053476 PMCID: PMC8773521 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite some successes of selective anti-BRAFV600E inhibitors, resistance remains a major challenge. The aim of our study is to determine the role of nuclear BRAFV600E and its newly identified partner, HMOX1, in melanoma aggressiveness and drug resistance. We identified the mechanism by which drug resistance is developed via the nuclear localization of BRAFV600E and its partner HMOX1 in melanoma tissues and cell lines. According to our studies, the outcomes of our manuscript have a direct clinical impact on establishing novel prognostic markers and therapeutic intervention strategies in metastatic melanoma. This study provides new information on the ability to selectively classify patients with cytosolic BRAF for selective BRAF inhibitors and offers an alternative treatment to patients with nuclear BRAFV600E and high HMOX1 expressions. Abstract Background: Previously, we have demonstrated that nuclear BRAFV600E is associated with melanoma aggressiveness and vemurafenib resistance. However, the underlying mechanisms of how nuclear localization of BRAFV600E promotes cell aggressiveness have not yet been investigated. Despite therapeutic advancements targeting cutaneous melanoma, unknown cellular processes prevent effective treatment for this malignancy, prompting an urgent need to identify new biological targets. This study aims to explore the association of inducible heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX-1) with nuclear BRAFV600E in promoting melanoma aggressiveness. Methods: Proteomics analysis was performed to identify the interacting partner(s) of nuclear BRAFV600E. Immunohistochemistry was applied to evaluate the levels of HMOX-1 and nuclear BRAFV600E expression in melanoma and adjacent healthy tissues. Immunofluorescence assessed the nuclear localization of BRAFV600E in vemurafenib-resistant A375R melanoma cells. Further study of HMOX-1 knockdown or BRAFV600E overexpression in melanoma cells suggested a role for HMOX-1 in the regulation of cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro. Finally, Western blot analysis was performed to confirm the pathway by which HMOX-1 mediates Akt signaling. Results: Proteomics results showed that HMOX-1 protein expression was 10-fold higher in resistant A375R cells compared to parental counterpart cells. In vitro and in vivo results illustrate that nuclear BRAFV600E promotes HMOX-1 overexpression, whereas HMOX-1 reduction represses melanoma cell proliferation and tumor growth. Mechanistic studies revealed that HMOX-1 was associated with nuclear BRAFV600E localization, thus promoting melanoma proliferation via a persistent activation of the AKT pathway. Conclusions: Our results highlight a previously unknown mechanism in which the nuclear BRAFV600E/HMOX-1/AKT axis plays an essential role in melanoma cell proliferation. Targeting HMOX-1 could be a novel method for treating melanoma patients who develop BRAF inhibitor resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Zerfaoui
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (E.T.); (E.R.); (Y.E.); (A.S.A.); (Z.Y.A.E.); (E.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Eman Toraih
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (E.T.); (E.R.); (Y.E.); (A.S.A.); (Z.Y.A.E.); (E.K.)
| | - Emmanuelle Ruiz
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (E.T.); (E.R.); (Y.E.); (A.S.A.); (Z.Y.A.E.); (E.K.)
| | - Youssef Errami
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (E.T.); (E.R.); (Y.E.); (A.S.A.); (Z.Y.A.E.); (E.K.)
| | - Abdallah S. Attia
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (E.T.); (E.R.); (Y.E.); (A.S.A.); (Z.Y.A.E.); (E.K.)
| | - Moroz Krzysztof
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Zakaria Y. Abd Elmageed
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (E.T.); (E.R.); (Y.E.); (A.S.A.); (Z.Y.A.E.); (E.K.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Louisiana, Monroe, LA 71203, USA
| | - Emad Kandil
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (E.T.); (E.R.); (Y.E.); (A.S.A.); (Z.Y.A.E.); (E.K.)
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Pasha T, Zatorska A, Sharipov D, Rogelj B, Hortobágyi T, Hirth F. Karyopherin abnormalities in neurodegenerative proteinopathies. Brain 2021; 144:2915-2932. [PMID: 34019093 PMCID: PMC8194669 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative proteinopathies are characterized by progressive cell loss that is preceded by the mislocalization and aberrant accumulation of proteins prone to aggregation. Despite their different physiological functions, disease-related proteins like tau, α-synuclein, TAR DNA binding protein-43, fused in sarcoma and mutant huntingtin, all share low complexity regions that can mediate their liquid-liquid phase transitions. The proteins' phase transitions can range from native monomers to soluble oligomers, liquid droplets and further to irreversible, often-mislocalized aggregates that characterize the stages and severity of neurodegenerative diseases. Recent advances into the underlying pathogenic mechanisms have associated mislocalization and aberrant accumulation of disease-related proteins with defective nucleocytoplasmic transport and its mediators called karyopherins. These studies identify karyopherin abnormalities in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and synucleinopathies including Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, that range from altered expression levels to the subcellular mislocalization and aggregation of karyopherin α and β proteins. The reported findings reveal that in addition to their classical function in nuclear import and export, karyopherins can also act as chaperones by shielding aggregation-prone proteins against misfolding, accumulation and irreversible phase-transition into insoluble aggregates. Karyopherin abnormalities can, therefore, be both the cause and consequence of protein mislocalization and aggregate formation in degenerative proteinopathies. The resulting vicious feedback cycle of karyopherin pathology and proteinopathy identifies karyopherin abnormalities as a common denominator of onset and progression of neurodegenerative disease. Pharmacological targeting of karyopherins, already in clinical trials as therapeutic intervention targeting cancers such as glioblastoma and viral infections like COVID-19, may therefore represent a promising new avenue for disease-modifying treatments in neurodegenerative proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terouz Pasha
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Anna Zatorska
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Daulet Sharipov
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Boris Rogelj
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biotechnology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- ELKH-DE Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- King's College London, Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Frank Hirth
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London SE5 9RT, UK
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9
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Nagasaka M, Asad MFB, Al Hallak MN, Uddin MH, Sukari A, Baca Y, Xiu J, Magee D, Mamdani H, Uprety D, Kim C, Xia B, Liu SV, Nieva JJ, Lopes G, Bepler G, Borghaei H, Demeure MJ, Raez LE, Ma PC, Puri S, Korn WM, Azmi AS. Impact of XPO1 mutations on survival outcomes in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Lung Cancer 2021; 160:92-98. [PMID: 34482103 PMCID: PMC8853639 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear protein transport is essential in guiding the traffic of important proteins and RNAs between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Export of proteins from the nucleus is mostly regulated by Exportin 1 (XPO1). In cancer, XPO1 is almost universally hyperactive and can promote the export of important tumor suppressors to the cytoplasm. Currently, there are no studies evaluating XPO1 amplifications and mutations in NSCLC and the impact on outcomes. METHODS Tumor samples were analyzed using next-generation sequencing (NGS) (NextSeq, 592 Genes), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and whole transcriptome sequencing (WTS, NovaSeq) (Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, AZ). Survival was extracted from insurance claims data and calculated from time of tissue collection to last contact using Kaplan-Meier estimate. RESULTS Among 18,218 NSCLC tumors sequenced, 26 harbored XPO1 mutations and 24 had amplifications. XPO1 mutant tumors were more likely to have high TMB (79% vs. 52%, p = 0.007) and less likely to have high PD-L1 (32% vs. 68%, p = 0.03). KRAS co-mutations were seen in 19% (n = 5) and EGFR co-mutations were rare (n = 2). Among the 17,449 NSCLC tumors with clinical data, there were 24 XPO1 mutant. Comparison of survival between XPO1 mutant and WT showed a negative association with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.932 (95% CI: 1.144-3.264 p = 0.012). XPO1 amplification was not associated with survival. CONCLUSIONS XPO1 pathogenic mutations were associated with a poor survival in NSCLC. Although XPO1 mutations are rare in NSCLC, further studies to assess its associations with treatment responses are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misako Nagasaka
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Mohammad Fahad B Asad
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mohammed Najeeb Al Hallak
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Md Hafiz Uddin
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ammar Sukari
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Dan Magee
- Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Hirva Mamdani
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Dipesh Uprety
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Chul Kim
- Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bing Xia
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Jorge J Nieva
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gilberto Lopes
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gerold Bepler
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Michael J Demeure
- Hoag Family Cancer Institute, Newport Beach, CA, USA; Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Luis E Raez
- Memorial Cancer Institute/Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Patrick C Ma
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Sonam Puri
- Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA.
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10
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Hoogenboom BW, Hough LE, Lemke EA, Lim RYH, Onck PR, Zilman A. Physics of the Nuclear Pore Complex: Theory, Modeling and Experiment. PHYSICS REPORTS 2021; 921:1-53. [PMID: 35892075 PMCID: PMC9306291 DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The hallmark of eukaryotic cells is the nucleus that contains the genome, enclosed by a physical barrier known as the nuclear envelope (NE). On the one hand, this compartmentalization endows the eukaryotic cells with high regulatory complexity and flexibility. On the other hand, it poses a tremendous logistic and energetic problem of transporting millions of molecules per second across the nuclear envelope, to facilitate their biological function in all compartments of the cell. Therefore, eukaryotes have evolved a molecular "nanomachine" known as the Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC). Embedded in the nuclear envelope, NPCs control and regulate all the bi-directional transport between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm. NPCs combine high molecular specificity of transport with high throughput and speed, and are highly robust with respect to molecular noise and structural perturbations. Remarkably, the functional mechanisms of NPC transport are highly conserved among eukaryotes, from yeast to humans, despite significant differences in the molecular components among various species. The NPC is the largest macromolecular complex in the cell. Yet, despite its significant complexity, it has become clear that its principles of operation can be largely understood based on fundamental physical concepts, as have emerged from a combination of experimental methods of molecular cell biology, biophysics, nanoscience and theoretical and computational modeling. Indeed, many aspects of NPC function can be recapitulated in artificial mimics with a drastically reduced complexity compared to biological pores. We review the current physical understanding of the NPC architecture and function, with the focus on the critical analysis of experimental studies in cells and artificial NPC mimics through the lens of theoretical and computational models. We also discuss the connections between the emerging concepts of NPC operation and other areas of biophysics and bionanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart W. Hoogenboom
- London Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Loren E. Hough
- Department of Physics and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder CO 80309, United States of America
| | - Edward A. Lemke
- Biocenter Mainz, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University and Institute of Molecular Biology, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Roderick Y. H. Lim
- Biozentrum and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick R. Onck
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Zilman
- Department of Physics and Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada
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11
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Park JH, Ryu SJ, Kim BJ, Cho HJ, Park CH, Choi HJC, Jang EJ, Yang EJ, Hwang JA, Woo SH, Lee JH, Park JH, Choi KM, Kwon YY, Lee CK, Park JT, Cho SC, Lee YI, Lee SB, Han JA, Cho KA, Kim MS, Hwang D, Lee YS, Park SC. Disruption of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking as a cellular senescence driver. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:1092-1108. [PMID: 34188179 PMCID: PMC8257587 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00643-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Senescent cells exhibit a reduced response to intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli. This diminished reaction may be explained by the disrupted transmission of nuclear signals. However, this hypothesis requires more evidence before it can be accepted as a mechanism of cellular senescence. A proteomic analysis of the cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions obtained from young and senescent cells revealed disruption of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking (NCT) as an essential feature of replicative senescence (RS) at the global level. Blocking NCT either chemically or genetically induced the acquisition of an RS-like senescence phenotype, named nuclear barrier-induced senescence (NBIS). A transcriptome analysis revealed that, among various types of cellular senescence, NBIS exhibited a gene expression pattern most similar to that of RS. Core proteomic and transcriptomic patterns common to both RS and NBIS included upregulation of the endocytosis-lysosome network and downregulation of NCT in senescent cells, patterns also observed in an aging yeast model. These results imply coordinated aging-dependent reduction in the transmission of extrinsic signals to the nucleus and in the nucleus-to-cytoplasm supply of proteins/RNAs. We further showed that the aging-associated decrease in Sp1 transcription factor expression was critical for the downregulation of NCT. Our results suggest that NBIS is a modality of cellular senescence that may represent the nature of physiological aging in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hwan Park
- grid.249967.70000 0004 0636 3099Korea Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jin Ryu
- grid.419666.a0000 0001 1945 5898Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Suwon, 16677 Republic of Korea ,Present Address: UBLBio Corporation, Suwon, 16679 Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Ju Kim
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Present Address: Well Aging Research Center, Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea ,Present Address: UBLBio Corporation, Suwon, 16679 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ji Cho
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Present Address: Well Aging Research Center, Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Hyun Park
- grid.412010.60000 0001 0707 9039Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jei Claudia Choi
- grid.419666.a0000 0001 1945 5898Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Suwon, 16677 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Jang
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Present Address: Well Aging Research Center, Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jae Yang
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-A Hwang
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwa Woo
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyung Lee
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Park
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Mi Choi
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Yon Kwon
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Koo Lee
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Tae Park
- grid.412977.e0000 0004 0532 7395Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Chun Cho
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Present Address: Well Aging Research Center, Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Il Lee
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Present Address: Well Aging Research Center, Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Bae Lee
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Department of Brain & Cognitive Science, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong A. Han
- grid.412010.60000 0001 0707 9039Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung A Cho
- grid.14005.300000 0001 0356 9399Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University, Medical School, Gwangju, 61469 Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sik Kim
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Daehee Hwang
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sam Lee
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Present Address: Well Aging Research Center, Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea ,grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Park
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Present Address: Well Aging Research Center, Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea ,grid.14005.300000 0001 0356 9399The Future Life & Society Research Center, Advanced Institute of Aging Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61469 Republic of Korea
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12
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Panayotis N, Freund PA, Marvaldi L, Shalit T, Brandis A, Mehlman T, Tsoory MM, Fainzilber M. β-sitosterol reduces anxiety and synergizes with established anxiolytic drugs in mice. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100281. [PMID: 34095883 PMCID: PMC8149471 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety and stress-related conditions represent a significant health burden in modern society. Unfortunately, most anxiolytic drugs are prone to side effects, limiting their long-term usage. Here, we employ a bioinformatics screen to identify drugs for repurposing as anxiolytics. Comparison of drug-induced gene-expression profiles with the hippocampal transcriptome of an importin α5 mutant mouse model with reduced anxiety identifies the hypocholesterolemic agent β-sitosterol as a promising candidate. β-sitosterol activity is validated by both intraperitoneal and oral application in mice, revealing it as the only clear anxiolytic from five closely related phytosterols. β-sitosterol injection reduces the effects of restraint stress, contextual fear memory, and c-Fos activation in the prefrontal cortex and dentate gyrus. Moreover, synergistic anxiolysis is observed when combining sub-efficacious doses of β-sitosterol with the SSRI fluoxetine. These preclinical findings support further development of β-sitosterol, either as a standalone anxiolytic or in combination with low-dose SSRIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Panayotis
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Philip A. Freund
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Letizia Marvaldi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tali Shalit
- Ilana and Pascal Mantoux Institute for Bioinformatics, The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alexander Brandis
- Life Science Core Facility, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tevie Mehlman
- Life Science Core Facility, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michael M. Tsoory
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mike Fainzilber
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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13
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Martin AP, Aushev VN, Zalcman G, Camonis JH. The STK38-XPO1 axis, a new actor in physiology and cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:1943-1955. [PMID: 33145612 PMCID: PMC11072208 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03690-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo signal transduction pathway is an essential regulator of organ size during developmental growth by controlling multiple cellular processes such as cell proliferation, cell death, differentiation, and stemness. Dysfunctional Hippo signaling pathway leads to dramatic tissue overgrowth. Here, we will briefly introduce the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway before focusing on one of its members and the unexpected twists that followed our quest of its functions in its multifarious actions beside the Hippo pathway: the STK38 kinase. In this review, we will precisely discuss the newly identified role of STK38 on regulating the nuclear export machinery by phosphorylating and activating, the major nuclear export receptor XPO1. Finally, we will phrase STK38's role on regulating the subcellular distribution of crucial cellular regulators such as Beclin1 and YAP1 with its implication in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Pj Martin
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
| | - Vasily N Aushev
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Gérard Zalcman
- Thoracic Oncology Department, CIC1425/CLIP2 Paris-Nord, Hopital Bichat-Claude-Bernard, Paris, France
- Inserm U830, Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris Sciences Et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Jacques H Camonis
- Inserm U830, Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris Sciences Et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
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14
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New Insights into the Link between Melanoma and Thyroid Cancer: Role of Nucleocytoplasmic Trafficking. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020367. [PMID: 33578751 PMCID: PMC7916461 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a major public health concern, mainly because of the incompletely understood dynamics of molecular mechanisms for progression and resistance to treatments. The link between melanoma and thyroid cancer (TC) has been noted in numerous patients. Nucleocytoplasmic transport of oncogenes and tumor suppressor proteins is a common mechanism in melanoma and TC that promotes tumorigenesis and tumor aggressiveness. However, this mechanism remains poorly understood. Papillary TC (PTC) patients have a 1.8-fold higher risk for developing cutaneous malignant melanoma than healthy patients. Our group and others showed that patients with melanoma have a 2.15 to 2.3-fold increased risk of being diagnosed with PTC. The BRAF V600E mutation has been reported as a biological marker for aggressiveness and a potential genetic link between malignant melanoma and TC. The main mechanistic factor in the connection between these two cancer types is the alteration of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway activation and translocation. The mechanisms of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking associated with RAS, RAF, and Wnt signaling pathways in melanoma and TC are reviewed. In addition, we discuss the roles of tumor suppressor proteins such as p53, p27, forkhead O transcription factors (FOXO), and NF-KB within the nuclear and cytoplasmic cellular compartments and their association with tumor aggressiveness. A meticulous English-language literature analysis was performed using the PubMed Central database. Search parameters included articles published up to 2021 with keyword search terms melanoma and thyroid cancer, BRAF mutation, and nucleocytoplasmic transport in cancer.
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15
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Martin APJ, Camonis JH. The hippo kinase STK38 ensures functionality of XPO1. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:2982-2995. [PMID: 33017560 PMCID: PMC7714482 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1826619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper segregation of basic elements such as the compartmentalization of the genome and the shuttling of macromolecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm is a crucial mechanism for homeostasis maintenance in eukaryotic cells. XPO1 (Exportin 1) is the major nuclear export receptor and is required for the export of proteins and RNAs out of the nucleus. STK38 (also known as NDR1) is a Hippo pathway serine/threonine kinase with multifarious functions in normal and cancer cells. In this review, we summarize the history of the discovery of the nucleo/cytoplasmic shuttling of proteins and focus on the major actor of nuclear export: XPO1. After describing the molecular events required for XPO1-mediated nuclear export of proteins, we introduce the Hippo pathway STK38 kinase, synthetize its regulation mechanisms as well as its biological functions in both normal and cancer cells, and finally its intersection with XPO1 biology. We discuss the recently identified mechanism of XPO1 activation by phosphorylation of XPO1_S1055 by STK38 and contextualize this finding according to the biological functions previously reported for both XPO1 and STK38, including the second identity of STK38 as an autophagy regulator. Finally, we phrase this newly identified activation mechanism into the general nuclear export machinery and examine the possible outcomes of nuclear export inhibition in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre PJ Martin
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Jacques H Camonis
- Inserm U830, Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
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16
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Uddin MH, Zonder JA, Azmi AS. Exportin 1 inhibition as antiviral therapy. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1775-1781. [PMID: 32569833 PMCID: PMC7305737 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19; caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2; SARS-CoV-2) is a currently global health problem. Previous studies showed that blocking nucleocytoplasmic transport with exportin 1 (XPO1) inhibitors originally developed as anticancer drugs can quarantine key viral accessory proteins and genomic materials in the nucleus of host cell and reduce virus replication and immunopathogenicity. These observations support the concept of the inhibition of nuclear export as an effective strategy against an array of viruses, including influenza A, B, and SARS-CoV. Clinical studies using the XPO1 inhibitor selinexor as a therapy for COVID-19 infection are in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Hafiz Uddin
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Zonder
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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17
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Bong SM, Bae SH, Song B, Gwak H, Yang SW, Kim S, Nam S, Rajalingam K, Oh SJ, Kim TW, Park S, Jang H, Lee BI. Regulation of mRNA export through API5 and nuclear FGF2 interaction. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:6340-6352. [PMID: 32383752 PMCID: PMC7293033 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
API5 (APoptosis Inhibitor 5) and nuclear FGF2 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 2) are upregulated in various human cancers and are correlated with poor prognosis. Although their physical interaction has been identified, the function related to the resulting complex is unknown. Here, we determined the crystal structure of the API5–FGF2 complex and identified critical residues driving the protein interaction. These findings provided a structural basis for the nuclear localization of the FGF2 isoform lacking a canonical nuclear localization signal and identified a cryptic nuclear localization sequence in FGF2. The interaction between API5 and FGF2 was important for mRNA nuclear export through both the TREX and eIF4E/LRPPRC mRNA export complexes, thus regulating the export of bulk mRNA and specific mRNAs containing eIF4E sensitivity elements, such as c-MYC and cyclin D1. These data show the newly identified molecular function of API5 and nuclear FGF2, and provide a clue to understanding the dynamic regulation of mRNA export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung Min Bong
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Bae
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi 10408, Republic of Korea.,Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Bomin Song
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - HyeRan Gwak
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Won Yang
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunshin Kim
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungyoon Nam
- Department of Life Sciences, College of BioNano Technology and Department of Genome Medicine and Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Se Jin Oh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - SangYoun Park
- School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyonchol Jang
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi 10408, Republic of Korea.,Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Il Lee
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi 10408, Republic of Korea.,Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi 10408, Republic of Korea
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18
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Fernandez J, Arhel NJ. [Transportin-1 orchestrates HIV-1 uncoating and nuclear entry]. Med Sci (Paris) 2020; 36:203-206. [PMID: 32228833 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Fernandez
- Institut de recherche en infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie J Arhel
- Institut de recherche en infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
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19
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Drucker E, Holzer K, Pusch S, Winkler J, Calvisi DF, Eiteneuer E, Herpel E, Goeppert B, Roessler S, Ori A, Schirmacher P, Breuhahn K, Singer S. Karyopherin α2-dependent import of E2F1 and TFDP1 maintains protumorigenic stathmin expression in liver cancer. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:159. [PMID: 31783876 PMCID: PMC6883611 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0456-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Members of the karyopherin superfamily serve as nuclear transport receptors/adaptor proteins and provide exchange of macromolecules between the nucleo- and cytoplasm. Emerging evidence suggests a subset of karyopherins to be dysregulated in hepatocarcinogenesis including karyopherin-α2 (KPNA2). However, the functional and regulatory role of KPNA2 in liver cancer remains incompletely understood. Methods Quantitative proteomics (LC-MS/MS, ~ 1750 proteins in total) was used to study changes in global protein abundance upon siRNA-mediated KPNA2 knockdown in HCC cells. Functional and mechanistic analyses included colony formation and 2D migration assays, co-immunoprecipitation (CoIP), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), qRT-PCR, immmunblotting, and subcellular fractionation. In vitro results were correlated with data derived from a murine HCC model and HCC patient samples (3 cohorts, n > 600 in total). Results The proteomic approach revealed the pro-tumorigenic, microtubule (MT) interacting protein stathmin (STMN1) among the most downregulated proteins upon KPNA2 depletion in HCC cells. We further observed that KPNA2 knockdown leads to reduced tumor cell migration and colony formation of HCC cells, which could be phenocopied by direct knockdown of stathmin. As the underlying regulatory mechanism, we uncovered E2F1 and TFDP1 as transport substrates of KPNA2 being retained in the cytoplasm upon KPNA2 ablation, thereby resulting in reduced STMN1 expression. Finally, murine and human HCC data indicate significant correlations of STMN1 expression with E2F1/TFPD1 and with KPNA2 expression and their association with poor prognosis in HCC patients. Conclusion Our data suggest that KPNA2 regulates STMN1 by import of E2F1/TFDP1 and thereby provide a novel link between nuclear transport and MT-interacting proteins in HCC with functional and prognostic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Drucker
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Medicine Greifswald, Friedrich-Loeffler-Straße 23e, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kerstin Holzer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine Greifswald, Friedrich-Loeffler-Straße 23e, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Pusch
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Consortium of Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juliane Winkler
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Diego F Calvisi
- Institute of Pathology, University Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Eva Eiteneuer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Esther Herpel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Goeppert
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Roessler
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alessandro Ori
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.,Leibniz-Institute on Aging, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstraße 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kai Breuhahn
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Singer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Institute of Pathology, University Medicine Greifswald, Friedrich-Loeffler-Straße 23e, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
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20
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Abstract
Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), the channels connecting the nucleus with the cytoplasm, are the largest protein structures of the nuclear envelope. In addition to their role in regulating nucleocytoplasmic transport, increasing evidence shows that these multiprotein structures play central roles in the regulation of gene activity. In light of recent discoveries, NPCs are emerging as scaffolds that mediate the regulation of specific gene sets at the nuclear periphery. The function of NPCs as genome organizers and hubs for transcriptional regulation provides additional evidence that the compartmentalization of genes and transcriptional regulators within the nuclear space is an important mechanism of gene expression regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano A D'Angelo
- a Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center , 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla , CA , United States
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21
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Afzal A, Sarfraz M, Li GL, Ji SP, Duan SF, Khan NH, Wu DD, Ji XY. Taking a holistic view of PEST-containing nuclear protein (PCNP) in cancer biology. Cancer Med 2019; 8:6335-6343. [PMID: 31487123 PMCID: PMC6797571 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypeptide sequences enriched with proline (P), glutamic acid (E), aspartic acid (D) and serine (S)/ threonine (T) (PEST) have been reported to be the most abundant and frequently distributed at the cellular level. There is growing evidence that PEST sequences act as proteolytic recognition signals for degradation of residual proteins which is critical for activation or deactivation of regulatory proteins involved in cellular signaling pathways of cell growth, differentiation, stress responses and physiological death. A PEST containing nuclear protein (PCNP) was demonstrated as a tumor suppressor in a neuroblastoma cancer model and tumor promoter in lung adenocarcinoma cancer model. Its unique properties like ubiquitination by NIRF, co‐localization with NIRF in nucleus and tumor progression attract the attention of researchers. PCNP was reported to be ubiquitinated by ring finger protein NIRF in E3 ligase manner and as modulator of MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways. In this review, we summarize PCNP linked DNA damage response, Post translational modifications, and transportation to address initiation, prognosis, and resistance of tumor cells in terms of cell cycle regulation, transcription and apoptosis. Hence, we demonstrate PCNP as a novel target in cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attia Afzal
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sarfraz
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.,Muncipal Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Henan Provincial Engineering Centre for Tumor Molecular Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Guang-Lei Li
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shao-Ping Ji
- Muncipal Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Henan Provincial Engineering Centre for Tumor Molecular Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shao-Feng Duan
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Institute for Innovative Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Nazeer Hussain Khan
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Dong-Dong Wu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University College of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xin-Ying Ji
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Infection and Biological Safety (KLIBS), Henan University College of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
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22
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Abstract
During my postdoc interview in June of 1998, I asked Günter why he was moving more towards the nucleus in his latest studies. He said, "Well Joe, that's where everything starts." By the end of the interview, I accepted the postdoc. He had a way of making everything sound so cool. Günter's progression was natural, since the endoplasmic reticulum and the nucleus are the only organelles that share the same membrane. The nuclear envelope extends into a double membrane system with nuclear pore complexes embedded in the pore membrane openings. Even while writing this review, I remember Günter stressing; it is the nuclear pore complex. Just saying nuclear pore doesn't encompass the full magnitude of its significance. The nuclear pore complex is one of the largest collection of proteins that fit together for an overall function: transport. This review will cover the Blobel lab contributions in the quest for the blueprint of the nuclear pore complex from isolation of the nuclear envelope and nuclear lamin to the ring structures.
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23
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Donnaloja F, Jacchetti E, Soncini M, Raimondi MT. Mechanosensing at the Nuclear Envelope by Nuclear Pore Complex Stretch Activation and Its Effect in Physiology and Pathology. Front Physiol 2019; 10:896. [PMID: 31354529 PMCID: PMC6640030 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell fate is correlated to mechanotransduction, in which forces transmitted by the cytoskeleton filaments alter the nuclear shape, affecting transcription factor import/export, cells transcription activity and chromatin distribution. There is in fact evidence that stem cells cultured in 3D environments mimicking the native niche are able to maintain their stemness or modulate their cellular function. However, the molecular and biophysical mechanisms underlying cellular mechanosensing are still largely unclear. The propagation of mechanical stimuli via a direct pathway from cell membrane integrins to SUN proteins residing in the nuclear envelop has been demonstrated, but we suggest that the cells’ fate is mainly affected by the force distribution at the nuclear envelope level, where the SUN protein transmits the stimuli via its mechanical connection to several cell structures such as chromatin, lamina and the nuclear pore complex (NPC). In this review, we analyze the NPC structure and organization, which have not as yet been fully investigated, and its plausible involvement in cell fate. NPC is a multiprotein complex that spans the nuclear envelope, and is involved in several key cellular processes such as bidirectional nucleocytoplasmic exchange, cell cycle regulation, kinetochore organization, and regulation of gene expression. As several connections between the NPC and the nuclear envelope, chromatin and other transmembrane proteins have been identified, it is reasonable to suppose that nuclear deformations can alter the NPC structure. We provide evidence that the transmission of mechanical forces may significantly affects the basket conformation via the Nup153-SUN1 connection, both altering the passage of molecules through it and influencing the state of chromatin packing. Finally, we review the known correlations between a pathological NPC structure and diseases such as cancer, autoimmune disease, aging and laminopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Donnaloja
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta," Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - E Jacchetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta," Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - M Soncini
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - M T Raimondi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta," Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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24
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Lan YL, Zou YJ, Lou JC, Xing JS, Wang X, Zou S, Ma BB, Ding Y, Zhang B. The sodium pump α1 subunit regulates bufalin sensitivity of human glioblastoma cells through the p53 signaling pathway. Cell Biol Toxicol 2019; 35:521-539. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-019-09462-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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25
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Baade I, Kehlenbach RH. The cargo spectrum of nuclear transport receptors. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 58:1-7. [PMID: 30530239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of nuclear transport have been described in great detail and we are beginning to understand the structures of transport complexes and even of subcomplexes of the nuclear pore at an atomic or near-atomic resolution. The complexity of the clients that use the transport machinery, by contrast, is less well understood, although some transport receptors are reported to have hundreds of different cargoes and others only a few. Here, we review the recent attempts to define the cargo spectrum of individual nuclear transport receptors using bioinformatic, biochemical and cell biological approaches and compare the results obtained by these complementary methods. Remarkably, a large fraction of the soluble proteome can be subject to nucleocytoplasmic transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke Baade
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Göttingen Center of Biosciences (GZMB), Georg-August-University Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralph H Kehlenbach
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Göttingen Center of Biosciences (GZMB), Georg-August-University Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
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26
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Vuorinen EM, Rajala NK, Ihalainen TO, Kallioniemi A. Depletion of nuclear import protein karyopherin alpha 7 (KPNA7) induces mitotic defects and deformation of nuclei in cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:325. [PMID: 29580221 PMCID: PMC5870926 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nucleocytoplasmic transport is a tightly regulated process carried out by specific transport machinery, the defects of which may lead to a number of diseases including cancer. Karyopherin alpha 7 (KPNA7), the newest member of the karyopherin alpha nuclear importer family, is expressed at a high level during embryogenesis, reduced to very low or absent levels in most adult tissues but re-expressed in cancer cells. Methods We used siRNA-based knock-down of KPNA7 in cancer cell lines, followed by functional assays (proliferation and cell cycle) and immunofluorescent stainings to determine the role of KPNA7 in regulation of cancer cell growth, proper mitosis and nuclear morphology. Results In the present study, we show that the silencing of KPNA7 results in a dramatic reduction in pancreatic and breast cancer cell growth, irrespective of the endogenous KPNA7 expression level. This growth inhibition is accompanied by a decrease in the fraction of S-phase cells as well as aberrant number of centrosomes and severe distortion of the mitotic spindles. In addition, KPNA7 depletion leads to reorganization of lamin A/C and B1, the main nuclear lamina proteins, and drastic alterations in nuclear morphology with lobulated and elongated nuclei. Conclusions Taken together, our data provide new important evidence on the contribution of KPNA7 to the regulation of cancer cell growth and the maintenance of nuclear envelope environment, and thus deepens our understanding on the impact of nuclear transfer proteins in cancer pathogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4261-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa M Vuorinen
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, PL 100, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Nina K Rajala
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, PL 100, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Teemu O Ihalainen
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, PL 100, 33014, Tampere, Finland.,BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, University of Tampere, PL 100, 33014, Tampere, Finland.,Tampere Imaging Facility, BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, PL 100, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anne Kallioniemi
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, PL 100, 33014, Tampere, Finland. .,Fimlab Laboratories, Biokatu 4, 33520, Tampere, Finland.
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27
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Coppin L, Leclerc J, Vincent A, Porchet N, Pigny P. Messenger RNA Life-Cycle in Cancer Cells: Emerging Role of Conventional and Non-Conventional RNA-Binding Proteins? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030650. [PMID: 29495341 PMCID: PMC5877511 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional specialization of cells and tissues in metazoans require specific gene expression patterns. Biological processes, thus, need precise temporal and spatial coordination of gene activity. Regulation of the fate of messenger RNA plays a crucial role in this context. In the present review, the current knowledge related to the role of RNA-binding proteins in the whole mRNA life-cycle is summarized. This field opens up a new angle for understanding the importance of the post-transcriptional control of gene expression in cancer cells. The emerging role of non-classic RNA-binding proteins is highlighted. The goal of this review is to encourage readers to view, through the mRNA life-cycle, novel aspects of the molecular basis of cancer and the potential to develop RNA-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Coppin
- University of Lille, UMR-S 1172-JPARC-Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, F-59000 Lille, France.
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team "Mucins, Epithelial Differentiation and Carcinogenesis", F-59000 Lille, Frances.
- CHU Lille, Service de Biochimie "Hormonologie, Métabolisme-Nutrition, Oncologie", F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Julie Leclerc
- University of Lille, UMR-S 1172-JPARC-Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, F-59000 Lille, France.
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team "Mucins, Epithelial Differentiation and Carcinogenesis", F-59000 Lille, Frances.
- CHU Lille, Service de Biochimie "Hormonologie, Métabolisme-Nutrition, Oncologie", F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Audrey Vincent
- University of Lille, UMR-S 1172-JPARC-Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, F-59000 Lille, France.
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team "Mucins, Epithelial Differentiation and Carcinogenesis", F-59000 Lille, Frances.
- CHU Lille, Service de Biochimie "Hormonologie, Métabolisme-Nutrition, Oncologie", F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Nicole Porchet
- University of Lille, UMR-S 1172-JPARC-Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, F-59000 Lille, France.
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team "Mucins, Epithelial Differentiation and Carcinogenesis", F-59000 Lille, Frances.
- CHU Lille, Service de Biochimie "Hormonologie, Métabolisme-Nutrition, Oncologie", F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Pascal Pigny
- University of Lille, UMR-S 1172-JPARC-Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, F-59000 Lille, France.
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team "Mucins, Epithelial Differentiation and Carcinogenesis", F-59000 Lille, Frances.
- CHU Lille, Service de Biochimie "Hormonologie, Métabolisme-Nutrition, Oncologie", F-59000 Lille, France.
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28
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Beck M, Schirmacher P, Singer S. Alterations of the nuclear transport system in hepatocellular carcinoma - New basis for therapeutic strategies. J Hepatol 2017; 67:1051-1061. [PMID: 28673770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the most prevalent human malignancies worldwide with rising incidence in industrialised countries, few therapeutic options and poor prognosis. To expand and improve therapeutic strategies, identification of drug targets involved in several liver cancer-related pathways is crucial. Virtually all signal transduction cascades cross the nuclear envelope and therefore require components of the nuclear transport system (NTS), including nuclear transport receptors (e.g. importins and exportins) and the nuclear pore complex. Accordingly, members of the NTS represent promising targets for therapeutic intervention. Selective inhibitors of nuclear export have already entered clinical trials for various malignancies. Herein, we review the current knowledge regarding alterations of the NTS and their potential for targeted therapy in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Beck
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Singer
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany.
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29
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McClure-Begley TD, Klymkowsky MW. Nuclear roles for cilia-associated proteins. Cilia 2017; 6:8. [PMID: 28560031 PMCID: PMC5445336 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-017-0052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia appear to be derived, evolutionarily, from structures present in the ancestral (pre-ciliary) eukaryote, such as microtubule-based vesicle trafficking and chromosome segregation systems. Experimental observations suggest that the ciliary gate, the molecular complex that mediates the selective molecular movement between cytoplasmic and ciliary compartments, shares features with nuclear pores. Our hypothesis is that this shared transport machinery is at least partially responsible for the observation that a number of ciliary and ciliogenesis-associated proteins are found within nuclei where they play roles in the regulation of gene expression, DNA repair, and nuclear import and export. Recognizing the potential for such nuclear roles is critical when considering the phenotypic effects that arise from the mutational modification of ciliary proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan D McClure-Begley
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Michael W Klymkowsky
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
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30
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O-GlcNAc cycling and the regulation of nucleocytoplasmic dynamics. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:427-436. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20160171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic carbohydrate post-translational modification (PTM) O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is found on thousands of proteins throughout the nucleus and cytoplasm, and rivals phosphorylation in terms of the number of substrates and pathways influenced. O-GlcNAc is highly conserved and essential in most organisms, with disruption of O-GlcNAc cycling linked to diseases ranging from cancer to neurodegeneration. Nuclear pore proteins were the first identified O-GlcNAc-modified substrates, generating intense and ongoing interest in understanding the role of O-GlcNAc cycling in nuclear pore complex structure and function. Recent advances in detecting and altering O-GlcNAcylation levels have provided insights into many mechanisms by which O-GlcNAcylation influences the nucleocytoplasmic localization and stability of protein targets. The emerging view is that the multifunctional enzymes of O-GlcNAc cycling are critical nutrient-sensing components of a complex network of signaling cascades involving multiple PTMs. Furthermore, O-GlcNAc plays a role in maintaining the structural integrity of the nuclear pore and regulating its function as the gatekeeper of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking.
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31
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Beck M, Hurt E. The nuclear pore complex: understanding its function through structural insight. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2016; 18:73-89. [PMID: 27999437 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2016.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) fuse the inner and outer nuclear membranes to form channels across the nuclear envelope. They are large macromolecular assemblies with a complex composition and diverse functions. Apart from facilitating nucleocytoplasmic transport, NPCs are involved in chromatin organization, the regulation of gene expression and DNA repair. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these functions has been hampered by a lack of structural knowledge about the NPC. The recent convergence of crystallographic and biochemical in vitro analysis of nucleoporins (NUPs), the components of the NPC, with cryo-electron microscopic imaging of the entire NPC in situ has provided first pseudo-atomic view of its central core and revealed that an unexpected network of short linear motifs is an important spatial organization principle. These breakthroughs have transformed the way we understand NPC structure, and they provide an important base for functional investigations, including the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying clinically manifested mutations of the nucleocytoplasmic transport system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Beck
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
| | - Ed Hurt
- Biochemistry Center of Heidelberg University, INF328, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
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32
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Wang YF, Zhang T, Liang XJ. Aggregation-Induced Emission: Lighting up Cells, Revealing Life! SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:6451-6477. [PMID: 27592595 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201601468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding metabolism and dynamic biological events in cells, as well as physiological functions and pathological changes in organisms, is the major goal of biological investigations. It will improve our capability to diagnose and treat diseases, and will enhance personalized medicine. Fluorescence imaging is a powerful tool that plays an essential role in acquiring the comprehensive knowledge necessary to help reach this goal. Fluorescent molecules are crucial factors for obtaining high quality images. In contrast to conventional fluorogens with aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect, molecules that show aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect open up new avenues for fluorescence imaging. So far, a large variety of AIE probes have been developed and applied to bioimaging because of their outstanding characteristics, such as high fluorescence efficiency, excellent photostability and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this review, recent advances in AIE-based probes for biomedical imaging of intracellular microenvironments, natural macromolecules, subcellular organelles, intracellular processes, living tissues, and diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation of diseases in vivo are summarized. It is hoped that this review generates great research enthusiasm for AIE-based bioimaging, in order to promote the development of promising AIE probes and guide us to a better understanding of the biological essence of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Feng Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, Laboratory of Controllable Nanopharmaceuticals, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Tingbin Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, Laboratory of Controllable Nanopharmaceuticals, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, Laboratory of Controllable Nanopharmaceuticals, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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Liu X, Chong Y, Tu Y, Liu N, Yue C, Qi Z, Liu H, Yao Y, Liu H, Gao S, Niu M, Yu R. CRM1/XPO1 is associated with clinical outcome in glioma and represents a therapeutic target by perturbing multiple core pathways. J Hematol Oncol 2016; 9:108. [PMID: 27733172 PMCID: PMC5059893 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0338-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant gliomas are associated with a high mortality rate, and effective treatment options are limited. Thus, the development of novel targeted treatments to battle this deadly disease is imperative. METHODS In this study, we investigated the in vitro effects of the novel reversible chromosomal region maintenance 1 (CRM1) inhibitor S109 on cell proliferation in human gliomas. S109 was also evaluated in an intracranial glioblastoma xenograft model. RESULTS We found that high expression of CRM1 in glioma is a predictor of short overall survival and poor patient outcome. Our data demonstrate that S109 significantly inhibits the proliferation of human glioma cells by inducing cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. Notably, we observed that high-grade glioma cells are more sensitive to S109 treatment compared with low-grade glioma cells. In an intracranial mouse model, S109 significantly prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing animals without causing any obvious toxicity. Mechanistically, S109 treatment simultaneously perturbed the three core pathways (the RTK/AKT/Foxos signaling pathway and the p53 and Rb1 tumor-suppressor pathways) implicated in human glioma cells by promoting the nuclear retention of multiple tumor-suppressor proteins. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our study highlights the potential role of CRM1 as an attractive molecular target for the treatment of human glioma and indicates that CRM1 inhibition by S109 might represent a novel treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Liu
- Insititute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Brain Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yulong Chong
- Insititute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Nanjing Durm Tower Hospital Group, Suqian City People's Hospital, Suqian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiming Tu
- Insititute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Insititute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenglong Yue
- Insititute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenglei Qi
- Insititute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huize Liu
- Insititute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- Insititute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Brain Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shangfeng Gao
- Insititute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Brain Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingshan Niu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Rutong Yu
- Insititute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Brain Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Bader CA, Sorvina A, Simpson PV, Wright PJ, Stagni S, Plush SE, Massi M, Brooks DA. Imaging nuclear, endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane events in real time. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3051-60. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christie A. Bader
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences Sansom Institute for Health Research University of South Australia Adelaide Australia
| | - Alexandra Sorvina
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences Sansom Institute for Health Research University of South Australia Adelaide Australia
| | - Peter V. Simpson
- Department of Chemistry and Nanochemistry Research Institute Curtin University Bently Australia
| | - Phillip J. Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Nanochemistry Research Institute Curtin University Bently Australia
| | - Stefano Stagni
- Department of Industrial Chemistry ‘Toso Montanari’ University of Bologna Italy
| | - Sally E. Plush
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences Sansom Institute for Health Research University of South Australia Adelaide Australia
| | - Massimiliano Massi
- Department of Chemistry and Nanochemistry Research Institute Curtin University Bently Australia
| | - Douglas A. Brooks
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences Sansom Institute for Health Research University of South Australia Adelaide Australia
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Di Ventura B, Kuhlman B. Go in! Go out! Inducible control of nuclear localization. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2016; 34:62-71. [PMID: 27372352 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cells have evolved a variety of mechanisms to regulate the enormous complexity of processes taking place inside them. One mechanism consists in tightly controlling the localization of macromolecules, keeping them away from their place of action until needed. Since a large fraction of the cellular response to external stimuli is mediated by gene expression, it is not surprising that transcriptional regulators are often subject to stimulus-induced nuclear import or export. Here we review recent methods in chemical biology and optogenetics for controlling the nuclear localization of proteins of interest inside living cells. These methods allow researchers to regulate protein activity with exquisite spatiotemporal control, and open up new possibilities for studying the roles of proteins in a broad array of cellular processes and biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Di Ventura
- Center for Quantitative Analysis of Molecular and Cellular Biosystems (BioQuant), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Brian Kuhlman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Proteome-wide search for functional motifs altered in tumors: Prediction of nuclear export signals inactivated by cancer-related mutations. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25869. [PMID: 27174732 PMCID: PMC4865848 DOI: 10.1038/srep25869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale sequencing projects are uncovering a growing number of missense mutations in human tumors. Understanding the phenotypic consequences of these alterations represents a formidable challenge. In silico prediction of functionally relevant amino acid motifs disrupted by cancer mutations could provide insight into the potential impact of a mutation, and guide functional tests. We have previously described Wregex, a tool for the identification of potential functional motifs, such as nuclear export signals (NESs), in proteins. Here, we present an improved version that allows motif prediction to be combined with data from large repositories, such as the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC), and to be applied to a whole proteome scale. As an example, we have searched the human proteome for candidate NES motifs that could be altered by cancer-related mutations included in the COSMIC database. A subset of the candidate NESs identified was experimentally tested using an in vivo nuclear export assay. A significant proportion of the selected motifs exhibited nuclear export activity, which was abrogated by the COSMIC mutations. In addition, our search identified a cancer mutation that inactivates the NES of the human deubiquitinase USP21, and leads to the aberrant accumulation of this protein in the nucleus.
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Kosinski J, Mosalaganti S, von Appen A, Teimer R, DiGuilio AL, Wan W, Bui KH, Hagen WJ, Briggs JAG, Glavy JS, Hurt E, Beck M. Molecular architecture of the inner ring scaffold of the human nuclear pore complex. Science 2016; 352:363-365. [PMID: 27081072 PMCID: PMC8926079 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf0643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are 110-megadalton assemblies that mediate nucleocytoplasmic transport. NPCs are built from multiple copies of ~30 different nucleoporins, and understanding how these nucleoporins assemble into the NPC scaffold imposes a formidable challenge. Recently, it has been shown how the Y complex, a prominent NPC module, forms the outer rings of the nuclear pore. However, the organization of the inner ring has remained unknown until now. We used molecular modeling combined with cross-linking mass spectrometry and cryo-electron tomography to obtain a composite structure of the inner ring. This architectural map explains the vast majority of the electron density of the scaffold. We conclude that despite obvious differences in morphology and composition, the higher-order structure of the inner and outer rings is unexpectedly similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kosinski
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shyamal Mosalaganti
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander von Appen
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roman Teimer
- Biochemistry Center of Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amanda L. DiGuilio
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, 507 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - William Wan
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Khanh Huy Bui
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Wim J.H. Hagen
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John A. G. Briggs
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joseph S. Glavy
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, 507 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Ed Hurt
- Biochemistry Center of Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Beck
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany
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Faustino RS, Behfar A, Groenendyk J, Wyles SP, Niederlander N, Reyes S, Puceat M, Michalak M, Terzic A, Perez-Terzic C. Calreticulin secures calcium-dependent nuclear pore competency required for cardiogenesis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 92:63-74. [PMID: 26826378 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Calreticulin deficiency causes myocardial developmental defects that culminate in an embryonic lethal phenotype. Recent studies have linked loss of this calcium binding chaperone to failure in myofibrillogenesis through an as yet undefined mechanism. The purpose of the present study was to identify cellular processes corrupted by calreticulin deficiency that precipitate dysregulation of cardiac myofibrillogenesis related to acquisition of cardiac phenotype. In an embryonic stem cell knockout model, calreticulin deficit (crt(-/-)) compromised nucleocytoplasmic transport of nuclear localization signal-dependent and independent pathways, disrupting nuclear import of the cardiac transcription factor MEF2C. The expression of nucleoporins and associated nuclear transport proteins in derived crt(-/-) cardiomyocytes revealed an abnormal nuclear pore complex (NPC) configuration. Altered protein content in crt(-/-) cells resulted in remodeled NPC architecture that caused decreased pore diameter and diminished probability of central channel occupancy versus wild type counterparts. Ionophore treatment of impaired calcium handling in crt(-/-) cells corrected nuclear pore microarchitecture and rescued nuclear import resulting in normalized myofibrillogenesis. Thus, calreticulin deficiency alters nuclear pore function and structure, impeding myofibrillogenesis in nascent cardiomyocytes through a calcium dependent mechanism. This essential role of calreticulin in nucleocytoplasmic communication competency ties its regulatory action with proficiency of cardiac myofibrillogenesis essential for proper cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randolph S Faustino
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Atta Behfar
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jody Groenendyk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Saranya P Wyles
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nicolas Niederlander
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Santiago Reyes
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Marek Michalak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andre Terzic
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Carmen Perez-Terzic
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Rehabilitation Research Center, Rochester, MN, USA.
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39
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Meng F, Na I, Kurgan L, Uversky VN. Compartmentalization and Functionality of Nuclear Disorder: Intrinsic Disorder and Protein-Protein Interactions in Intra-Nuclear Compartments. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 17:ijms17010024. [PMID: 26712748 PMCID: PMC4730271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell nucleus contains a number of membrane-less organelles or intra-nuclear compartments. These compartments are dynamic structures representing liquid-droplet phases which are only slightly denser than the bulk intra-nuclear fluid. They possess different functions, have diverse morphologies, and are typically composed of RNA (or, in some cases, DNA) and proteins. We analyzed 3005 mouse proteins localized in specific intra-nuclear organelles, such as nucleolus, chromatin, Cajal bodies, nuclear speckles, promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies, nuclear lamina, nuclear pores, and perinuclear compartment and compared them with ~29,863 non-nuclear proteins from mouse proteome. Our analysis revealed that intrinsic disorder is enriched in the majority of intra-nuclear compartments, except for the nuclear pore and lamina. These compartments are depleted in proteins that lack disordered domains and enriched in proteins that have multiple disordered domains. Moonlighting proteins found in multiple intra-nuclear compartments are more likely to have multiple disordered domains. Protein-protein interaction networks in the intra-nuclear compartments are denser and include more hubs compared to the non-nuclear proteins. Hubs in the intra-nuclear compartments (except for the nuclear pore) are enriched in disorder compared with non-nuclear hubs and non-nuclear proteins. Therefore, our work provides support to the idea of the functional importance of intrinsic disorder in the cell nucleus and shows that many proteins associated with sub-nuclear organelles in nuclei of mouse cells are enriched in disorder. This high level of disorder in the mouse nuclear proteins defines their ability to serve as very promiscuous binders, possessing both large quantities of potential disorder-based interaction sites and the ability of a single such site to be involved in a large number of interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanchi Meng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2V4, Canada.
| | - Insung Na
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Lukasz Kurgan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2V4, Canada.
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
- University of South Florida Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142292, Russian.
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 194064, Russian.
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40
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Sec13 Regulates Expression of Specific Immune Factors Involved in Inflammation In Vivo. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17655. [PMID: 26631972 PMCID: PMC4668385 DOI: 10.1038/srep17655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sec13 protein functions in various intracellular compartments including the nuclear pore complex, COPII-coated vesicles, and inside the nucleus as a transcription regulator. Here we developed a mouse model that expresses low levels of Sec13 (Sec13H/−) to assess its functions in vivo, as Sec13 knockout is lethal. These Sec13 mutant mice did not present gross defects in anatomy and physiology. However, the reduced levels of Sec13 in vivo yielded specific immunological defects. In particular, these Sec13 mutant mice showed low levels of MHC I and II expressed by macrophages, low levels of INF-γ and IL-6 expressed by stimulated T cells, and low frequencies of splenic IFN-γ+CD8+ T cells. In contrast, the levels of soluble and membrane-bound TGF-β as well as serum immunoglobulin production are high in these mice. Furthermore, frequencies of CD19+CD5-CD95+ and CD19+CD5-IL-4+ B cells were diminished in Sec13H/− mice. Upon stimulation or immunization, some of the defects observed in the naïve mutant mice were compensated. However, TGF-β expression remained high suggesting that Sec13 is a negative modulator of TGF-β expression and of its immunosuppressive functions on certain immune cells. In sum, Sec13 regulates specific expression of immune factors with key functions in inflammation.
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Complex Commingling: Nucleoporins and the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint. Cells 2015; 4:706-25. [PMID: 26540075 PMCID: PMC4695854 DOI: 10.3390/cells4040706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The segregation of the chromosomes during mitosis is an important process, in which the replicated DNA content is properly allocated into two daughter cells. To ensure their genomic integrity, cells present an essential surveillance mechanism known as the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), which monitors the bipolar attachment of the mitotic spindle to chromosomes to prevent errors that would result in chromosome mis-segregation and aneuploidy. Multiple components of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), a gigantic protein complex that forms a channel through the nuclear envelope to allow nucleocytoplasmic exchange of macromolecules, were shown to be critical for faithful cell division and implicated in the regulation of different steps of the mitotic process, including kinetochore and spindle assembly as well as the SAC. In this review, we will describe current knowledge about the interconnection between the NPC and the SAC in an evolutional perspective, which primarily relies on the two mitotic checkpoint regulators, Mad1 and Mad2. We will further discuss the role of NPC constituents, the nucleoporins, in kinetochore and spindle assembly and the formation of the mitotic checkpoint complex during mitosis and interphase.
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Abstract
The Karyopherin-β family of proteins mediates nuclear transport of macromolecules. Nuclear versus cytoplasmic localization of proteins is often suggested by the presence of NLSs (nuclear localization signals) or NESs (nuclear export signals). Import-Karyopherin-βs or Importins bind to NLSs in their protein cargos to transport them through nuclear pore complexes into the nucleus. Until recently, only two classes of NLS had been biochemically and structurally characterized: the classical NLS, which is recognized by the Importin-α/β heterodimer and the PY-NLS (proline-tyrosine NLS), which is recognized by Karyopherin-β2 or Transportin-1. Structures of two other Karyopherin-βs, Kap121 and Transportin-SR2, in complex with their respective cargos were reported for the first time recently, revealing two new distinct classes of NLSs. The present paper briefly describes the classical NLS, reviews recent literature on the PY-NLS and provides in-depth reviews of the two newly discovered classes of NLSs that bind Kap121p and Transportin-SR respectively.
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43
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The C9orf72 repeat expansion disrupts nucleocytoplasmic transport. Nature 2015; 525:56-61. [PMID: 26308891 DOI: 10.1038/nature14973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 726] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The hexanucleotide repeat expansion (HRE) GGGGCC (G4C2) in C9orf72 is the most common cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Recent studies support an HRE RNA gain-of-function mechanism of neurotoxicity, and we previously identified protein interactors for the G4C2 RNA including RanGAP1. A candidate-based genetic screen in Drosophila expressing 30 G4C2 repeats identified RanGAP (Drosophila orthologue of human RanGAP1), a key regulator of nucleocytoplasmic transport, as a potent suppressor of neurodegeneration. Enhancing nuclear import or suppressing nuclear export of proteins also suppresses neurodegeneration. RanGAP physically interacts with HRE RNA and is mislocalized in HRE-expressing flies, neurons from C9orf72 ALS patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-derived neurons), and in C9orf72 ALS patient brain tissue. Nuclear import is impaired as a result of HRE expression in the fly model and in C9orf72 iPSC-derived neurons, and these deficits are rescued by small molecules and antisense oligonucleotides targeting the HRE G-quadruplexes. Nucleocytoplasmic transport defects may be a fundamental pathway for ALS and FTD that is amenable to pharmacotherapeutic intervention.
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GGGGCC repeat expansion in C9orf72 compromises nucleocytoplasmic transport. Nature 2015; 525:129-33. [PMID: 26308899 DOI: 10.1038/nature14974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 604] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The GGGGCC (G4C2) repeat expansion in a noncoding region of C9orf72 is the most common cause of sporadic and familial forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. The basis for pathogenesis is unknown. To elucidate the consequences of G4C2 repeat expansion in a tractable genetic system, we generated transgenic fly lines expressing 8, 28 or 58 G4C2-repeat-containing transcripts that do not have a translation start site (AUG) but contain an open-reading frame for green fluorescent protein to detect repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation. We show that these transgenic animals display dosage-dependent, repeat-length-dependent degeneration in neuronal tissues and RAN translation of dipeptide repeat (DPR) proteins, as observed in patients with C9orf72-related disease. This model was used in a large-scale, unbiased genetic screen, ultimately leading to the identification of 18 genetic modifiers that encode components of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), as well as the machinery that coordinates the export of nuclear RNA and the import of nuclear proteins. Consistent with these results, we found morphological abnormalities in the architecture of the nuclear envelope in cells expressing expanded G4C2 repeats in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we identified a substantial defect in RNA export resulting in retention of RNA in the nuclei of Drosophila cells expressing expanded G4C2 repeats and also in mammalian cells, including aged induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived neurons from patients with C9orf72-related disease. These studies show that a primary consequence of G4C2 repeat expansion is the compromise of nucleocytoplasmic transport through the nuclear pore, revealing a novel mechanism of neurodegeneration.
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Niu M, Xu X, Shen Y, Yao Y, Qiao J, Zhu F, Zeng L, Liu X, Xu K. Piperlongumine is a novel nuclear export inhibitor with potent anticancer activity. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 237:66-72. [PMID: 26026911 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Piperlongumine is a natural compound recently identified to be toxic selectively to tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. However, the molecular mechanism underlying its anti-tumor action still remains unclear. In this report, we describe another novel mechanism by which piperlongumine mediates its anti-tumor effects. We found that piperlongumine is a novel nuclear export inhibitor. Piperlongumine could induce nuclear retention of tumor suppressor proteins and inhibit the interactions between CRM1 and these proteins. Piperlongumine could directly bind to the conserved Cys528 of CRM1 but not to a Cys528 mutant peptide. More importantly, cancer cells expressing mutant CRM1 (C528S) are resistant to piperlongumine, demonstrating the nuclear export inhibition via direct interaction with Cys528 of CRM1. The inhibition of nuclear export by piperlongumine may account for its therapeutic properties in cancer diseases. Our findings provide a good starting point for development of novel CRM1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshan Niu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yangling Shen
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianlin Qiao
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingyu Zeng
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuejiao Liu
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Kailin Xu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Forbes DJ, Travesa A, Nord MS, Bernis C. Reprint of "Nuclear transport factors: global regulation of mitosis". Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015. [PMID: 26196321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The unexpected repurposing of nuclear transport proteins from their function in interphase to an equally vital and very different set of functions in mitosis was very surprising. The multi-talented cast when first revealed included the import receptors, importin alpha and beta, the small regulatory GTPase RanGTP, and a subset of nuclear pore proteins. In this review, we report that recent years have revealed new discoveries in each area of this expanding story in vertebrates: (a) The cast of nuclear import receptors playing a role in mitotic spindle regulation has expanded: both transportin, a nuclear import receptor, and Crm1/Xpo1, an export receptor, are involved in different aspects of spindle assembly. Importin beta and transportin also regulate nuclear envelope and pore assembly. (b) The role of nucleoporins has grown to include recruiting the key microtubule nucleator – the γ-TuRC complex – and the exportin Crm1 to the mitotic kinetochores of humans. Together they nucleate microtubule formation from the kinetochores toward the centrosomes. (c) New research finds that the original importin beta/RanGTP team have been further co-opted by evolution to help regulate other cellular and organismal activities, ranging from the actual positioning of the spindle within the cell perimeter, to regulation of a newly discovered spindle microtubule branching activity, to regulation of the interaction of microtubule structures with specific actin structures. (d) Lastly, because of the multitudinous roles of karyopherins throughout the cell cycle, a recent large push toward testing their potential as chemotherapeutic targets has begun to yield burgeoning progress in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglass J Forbes
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences 0347, Room 2124A Pacific Hall, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0347, United States.
| | - Anna Travesa
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences 0347, Room 2124A Pacific Hall, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0347, United States
| | - Matthew S Nord
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences 0347, Room 2124A Pacific Hall, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0347, United States
| | - Cyril Bernis
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences 0347, Room 2124A Pacific Hall, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0347, United States
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Intracellular Protein Shuttling: A Mechanism Relevant for Myelin Repair in Multiple Sclerosis? Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:15057-85. [PMID: 26151843 PMCID: PMC4519887 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160715057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A prominent feature of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) is the degeneration and loss of previously established functional myelin sheaths, which results in impaired signal propagation and axonal damage. However, at least in early disease stages, partial replacement of lost oligodendrocytes and thus remyelination occur as a result of resident oligodendroglial precursor cell (OPC) activation. These cells represent a widespread cell population within the adult central nervous system (CNS) that can differentiate into functional myelinating glial cells to restore axonal functions. Nevertheless, the spontaneous remyelination capacity in the adult CNS is inefficient because OPCs often fail to generate new oligodendrocytes due to the lack of stimulatory cues and the presence of inhibitory factors. Recent studies have provided evidence that regulated intracellular protein shuttling is functionally involved in oligodendroglial differentiation and remyelination activities. In this review we shed light on the role of the subcellular localization of differentiation-associated factors within oligodendroglial cells and show that regulation of intracellular localization of regulatory factors represents a crucial process to modulate oligodendroglial maturation and myelin repair in the CNS.
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Efficient and dynamic nuclear localization of green fluorescent protein via RNA binding. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:401-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Liu X, Chong Y, Liu H, Han Y, Niu M. Novel reversible selective inhibitor of CRM1 for targeted therapy in ovarian cancer. J Ovarian Res 2015; 8:35. [PMID: 26055813 PMCID: PMC4465006 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-015-0166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer represents the most fatal type of gynecological malignancies. Unfortunately, there are still no effective targeted treatment strategies for ovarian cancer. Overexpression of CRM1 has been correlated with poor prognosis of patients with ovarian cancer. AIM In this study, we investigated the antitumor effects of a novel reversible inhibitor of CRM1 in ovarian cancer cells. METHODS The effects of S109 on proliferation was detected by CCK-8, EdU, clonogenic assay. The protein expression were determined by Western blot. The subcellular localization of RanBP1 was analyzed by immunofluorescence microscopy assay. RESULTS We demonstrated that S109 could induce nuclear accumulation of RanBP1, a canonical biomarker for CRM1 inhibition. This effect was clearly reversible in the majority of the cells, whereas the inhibitory effect of LMB could not be reversed. Our data reveal that treatment with S109 results in decrease in proliferation and colonogenic capacity of ovarian cancer cells by arresting cell cycle. Mechanistically, S109 treatment increase the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21, while it reduced the expression of cell cycle promoting proteins, Cyclin D1 and Cyclin B. CRM1 level itself was also down-regulated following S109 treatment. Furthermore, the nuclei of cells incubated with S109 accumulated tumor suppressor proteins (Foxo1, p27 and IκB-α). More importantly, Cys528 mutation of CRM1 abolished the ability of S109 to block proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS Together, our study identifies CRM1 as a valid target in ovarian cancer and provides a basis for the development of S109 in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Liu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Insititute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yulong Chong
- Insititute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huize Liu
- Insititute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Han
- Dalian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Mingshan Niu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Niu M, Chong Y, Han Y, Liu X. Novel reversible selective inhibitor of nuclear export shows that CRM1 is a target in colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:1110-8. [PMID: 25996664 PMCID: PMC4622914 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1047569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer arises via a multistep carcinogenic process and the deregulation of multiple pathways. Thus, the simultaneous targeting of multiple pathways may be a promising therapeutic approach for colorectal treatment. CRM1 is an attractive cancer drug target, because it can regulate multiple pathways and tumor suppressor proteins. In this study, we investigated the anti-tumor activity of a novel reversible CRM1 inhibitor S109 in colorectal cancer. Our data demonstrate that S109 inhibits proliferation and induces cell cycle arrest in colorectal cancer cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that the activity of S109 is associated with the nuclear retention of major tumor suppress proteins. Furthermore, the Cys528 mutation of CRM1 prevented the ability of S109 to block nuclear export and inhibit the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells. Interestingly, S109 decreased the CRM1 protein level via proteasomal pathway. We argue that reversible CRM1 inhibitors but not irreversible inhibitors can induce the degradation of CRM1, because the dissociation of reversible inhibitors of CRM1 changes the conformation of CRM1. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that CRM1 is a valid target for the treatment of colorectal cancer and provide a basis for the development of S109 therapies for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshan Niu
- Blood Diseases Institute; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Hematology; Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yulong Chong
- Insititute of Nervous System Diseases; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Han
- Dalian Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xuejiao Liu
- Insititute of Nervous System Diseases; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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