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Wu S, Lin W. Endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation is essential for maintaining the viability or function of mature myelinating cells in adults. Glia 2023; 71:1360-1376. [PMID: 36708285 PMCID: PMC10023378 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation (ERAD) is responsible for recognition and degradation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER. Sel1L is essential for the ERAD activity of Sel1L-Hrd1 complex, the best-known ERAD machinery. Using a continuous Sel1L knockout mouse model (CNP/Cre; Sel1LloxP/loxP mice), our previous studies showed that Sel1L knockout in myelinating cells, oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), leads to adult-onset myelin abnormalities in the CNS and PNS. Because Sel1L is deleted in myelinating cells of CNP/Cre; Sel1LloxP/loxP mice starting at very early stage of differentiation, it is impossible to rule out the possibility that the adult-onset myelin abnormalities in these mice results from developmental myelination defects caused by Sel1L knockout in myelinating cells during development. Thus, using an inducible Sel1L knockout mouse model (PLP/CreERT ; Sel1LloxP/loxP mice) that has normal, intact myelin and myelinating cells in the adult CNS and PNS prior to tamoxifen treatment, we sought to determine if Sel1L knockout in mature myelinating cells of adult mice leads to myelin abnormalities in the CNS and PNS. We showed that Sel1L knockout in mature myelinating cells caused ERAD impairment, ER stress and UPR activation. Interesting, Sel1L knockout in mature oligodendrocytes impaired their myelinating function by suppressing myelin protein translation, and resulted in progressive myelin thinning in the adult CNS. Conversely, Sel1L knockout in mature Schwann cells led to Schwann cell apoptosis and demyelination in the adult PNS. These findings demonstrate the essential roles of ERAD in mature myelinating cells in the adult CNS and PNS under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangchan Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455
| | - Wensheng Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455
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Ichhaporia VP, Hendershot LM. Role of the HSP70 Co-Chaperone SIL1 in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041564. [PMID: 33557244 PMCID: PMC7913895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface and secreted proteins provide essential functions for multicellular life. They enter the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen co-translationally, where they mature and fold into their complex three-dimensional structures. The ER is populated with a host of molecular chaperones, associated co-factors, and enzymes that assist and stabilize folded states. Together, they ensure that nascent proteins mature properly or, if this process fails, target them for degradation. BiP, the ER HSP70 chaperone, interacts with unfolded client proteins in a nucleotide-dependent manner, which is tightly regulated by eight DnaJ-type proteins and two nucleotide exchange factors (NEFs), SIL1 and GRP170. Loss of SIL1′s function is the leading cause of Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome (MSS), an autosomal recessive, multisystem disorder. The development of animal models has provided insights into SIL1′s functions and MSS-associated pathologies. This review provides an in-depth update on the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying SIL1′s NEF activity and its role in maintaining ER homeostasis and normal physiology. A precise understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with the loss of SIL1 may allow for the development of new pharmacological approaches to treat MSS.
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Kiendrebeogo P, Grelotti D, Cherner M, Moore RC, Tang B, Ellis RJ. Cannabis use is not associated with increased balance disturbances in HIV-infected individuals. J Cannabis Res 2021; 3:3. [PMID: 33536072 PMCID: PMC7860021 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-021-00059-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between long-term cannabis use and balance disturbances has not been investigated in people living with HIV (PWH). We hypothesized that long-term cannabis use in PWH might be associated with more deleterious effects on balance than in HIV seronegative individuals due to potential neurotoxic interactions between HIV and cannabis. METHODS Three thousand six-hundred and forty-eight participants with and without HIV completed an interviewer-administered timeline follow-back assessment to assess lifetime days and quantity of cannabis use and other cannabis use characteristics. A structured clinical interview was used to collect any history of balance disturbance. Comparisons between HIV+ vs the HIV- groups and moderate-severe vs. no or minimal imbalance in participant characteristics (demographics, cannabis use, medication currently used, and neurological disease) were performed using Student t tests for continuous variables and Fisher's exact test for binary and categorical variables. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to determine the interaction effect of total quantity of cannabis use with HIV status on balance disturbance. Age, gender, cDSPN symptoms, gait ataxia, opioid medications, and sedatives were included as covariates in the adjusted model after variable selection. The effect sizes are presented as Cohen's d or odds ratios. RESULTS On average, participants were 45.4 years old (SD = 11 years), primarily male (77.7%), and non-Hispanic white (48.1%). A majority of participants were HIV+ (79.1%). Four hundred thirty (11.9%) of the participants reported balance disturbances within the past 10 years. PWH were more likely to have balance disturbances than demographically matched HIV-uninfected participants (odds ratio [OR] 2.66, 95% CI 1.91-3.7). Participants with moderate-severe balance disturbances did not differ from those with no or minimal imbalance in the proportion who had ever used cannabis (73.8% vs. 74.4%; p = 0.8) (OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.80-1.32) neither did they have a higher total amount of cannabis use (4871 vs. 4648; p = 0.3) (Cohen's d 0.11, 95% CI 0.01-0.14). In the HIV- population, those with balance disturbances reported more total amount of cannabis use as compared to those with normal balance (11316 vs 4154; p = 0.007). In the HIV+ population on the other hand, there was no significant association (4379 vs 4773; p = 0.6). CONCLUSIONS We found unexpectedly that while long-term cannabis use in HIV- individuals was associated with more severe balance disturbances, there were no associations in HIV+ individuals. This suggests that cannabis use in HIV is safe with respect to balance disturbances. Given that HIV is related to persistent inflammation despite virologic suppression on antiretroviral therapy, future mechanistic studies are needed to determine whether HIV-associated inflammation contributes to the higher prevalence of balance disturbance in HIV+ individuals and whether cannabinoids have anti-inflammatory effects that mitigate HIV-associated balance disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Kiendrebeogo
- Interdisciplinary Research Fellowship, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | | | | | | | - Bin Tang
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
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The Integrated UPR and ERAD in Oligodendrocytes Maintain Myelin Thickness in Adults by Regulating Myelin Protein Translation. J Neurosci 2020; 40:8214-8232. [PMID: 32958569 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0604-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin proteins, which are produced in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), are essential and necessary for maintaining myelin structure. The integrated unfold protein response (UPR) and ER-associated degradation (ERAD) are the primary ER quality control mechanism. The adaptor protein Sel1L (Suppressor/Enhancer of Lin-12-like) controls the stability of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Hrd1 (hydroxymethylglutaryl reductase degradation protein 1), and is necessary for the ERAD activity of the Sel1L-Hrd1 complex. Herein, we showed that Sel1L deficiency specifically in oligodendrocytes caused ERAD impairment, the UPR activation, and attenuation of myelin protein biosynthesis; and resulted in late-onset, progressive myelin thinning in the CNS of adult mice (both male and female). The pancreatic ER kinase (PERK) branch of the UPR functions as the master regulator of protein translation in ER-stressed cells. Importantly, PERK inactivation reversed attenuation of myelin protein biosynthesis in oligodendrocytes and restored myelin thickness in the CNS of oligodendrocyte-specific Sel1L-deficient mice (both male and female). Conversely, blockage of proteolipid protein production exacerbated myelin thinning in the CNS of oligodendrocyte-specific Sel1L-deficient mice (both male and female). These findings suggest that impaired ERAD in oligodendrocytes reduces myelin thickness in the adult CNS through suppression of myelin protein translation by activating PERK.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Myelin is an enormous extended plasma membrane of oligodendrocytes that wraps and insulates axons. Myelin structure, including thickness, was thought to be extraordinarily stable in adults. Myelin proteins, which are produced in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), are essential and necessary for maintaining myelin structure. The integrated unfolded protein response (UPR) and ER-associated degradation (ERAD) are the primary mechanism that maintains ER protein homeostasis. Herein, we explored the role of the integrated UPR and ERAD in oligodendrocytes in regulating myelin protein production and maintaining myelin structure using mouse models. The results presented in this study imply that the integrated UPR and ERAD in oligodendrocytes maintain myelin thickness in adults by regulating myelin protein production.
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Wu S, Stone S, Yue Y, Lin W. Endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation is required for maintaining endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis and viability of mature Schwann cells in adults. Glia 2020; 69:489-506. [PMID: 32935902 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The integrated unfolded protein response (UPR) and endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation (ERAD) is the principle mechanisms that maintain endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis. Schwann cells (SCs) must produce an enormous amount of myelin proteins via the ER to assemble and maintain myelin structure; however, it is unclear how SCs maintain ER homeostasis. It is known that Suppressor/Enhancer of Lin-12-like (Sel1L) is necessary for the ERAD activity of the Sel1L- hydroxymethylglutaryl reductase degradation protein 1(Hrd1) complex. Herein, we showed that Sel1L deficiency in SCs impaired the ERAD activity of the Sel1L-Hrd1 complex and led to ER stress and activation of the UPR. Interestingly, Sel1L deficiency had no effect on actively myelinating SCs during development, but led to later-onset mature SC apoptosis and demyelination in the adult PNS. Moreover, inactivation of the pancreatic ER kinase (PERK) branch of the UPR did not influence the viability and function of actively myelinating SCs, but resulted in exacerbation of ER stress and apoptosis of mature SCs in SC-specific Sel1L deficient mice. These findings suggest that the integrated UPR and ERAD is dispensable to actively myelinating SCs during development, but is necessary for maintaining ER homeostasis and the viability and function of mature SCs in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangchan Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sarrabeth Stone
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yuan Yue
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Wensheng Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Lajoie P, Snapp EL. Size-dependent secretory protein reflux into the cytosol in association with acute endoplasmic reticulum stress. Traffic 2020; 21:419-429. [PMID: 32246734 PMCID: PMC7317852 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Once secretory proteins have been targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen, the proteins typically remain partitioned from the cytosol. If the secretory proteins misfold, they can be unfolded and retrotranslocated into the cytosol for destruction by the proteasome by ER-Associated protein Degradation (ERAD). Here, we report that correctly folded and targeted luminal ER fluorescent protein reporters accumulate in the cytosol during acute misfolded secretory protein stress in yeast. Photoactivation fluorescence microscopy experiments reveal that luminal reporters already localized to the ER relocalize to the cytosol, even in the absence of essential ERAD machinery. We named this process "ER reflux." Reflux appears to be regulated in a size-dependent manner for reporters. Interestingly, prior heat shock stress also prevents ER stress-induced reflux. Together, our findings establish a new ER stress-regulated pathway for relocalization of small luminal secretory proteins into the cytosol, distinct from the ERAD and preemptive quality control pathways. Importantly, our results highlight the value of fully characterizing the cell biology of reporters and describe a simple modification to maintain luminal ER reporters in the ER during acute ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lajoie
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyThe University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
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William James A, Ravi C, Srinivasan M, Nachiappan V. Crosstalk between protein N-glycosylation and lipid metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14485. [PMID: 31597940 PMCID: PMC6785544 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multi functional organelle and plays a crucial role in protein folding and lipid biosynthesis. The SEC59 gene encodes dolichol kinase, required for protein glycosylation in the ER. The mutation of sec59-1 caused a protein N-glycosylation defect mediated ER stress resulting in increased levels of phospholipid, neutral lipid and sterol, whereas growth was reduced. In the sec59-1∆ cell, the N-glycosylation of vacuolar carboxy peptidase-Y (CPY) was significantly reduced; whereas the ER stress marker Kar2p and unfolded protein response (UPR) were significantly increased. Increased levels of Triacylglycerol (TAG), sterol ester (SE), and lipid droplets (LD) could be attributed to up-regulation of DPP1, LRO1, and ARE2 in the sec 59-1∆ cell. Also, the diacylglycerol (DAG), sterol (STE), and free fatty acids (FFA) levels were significantly increased, whereas the genes involved in peroxisome biogenesis and Pex3-EGFP levels were reduced when compared to the wild-type. The microarray data also revealed increased expression of genes involved in phospholipid, TAG, fatty acid, sterol synthesis, and phospholipid transport resulting in dysregulation of lipid homeostasis in the sec59-1∆ cell. We conclude that SEC59 dependent N-glycosylation is required for lipid homeostasis, peroxisome biogenesis, and ER protein quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonisamy William James
- Biomembrane Lab, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Chidambaram Ravi
- Biomembrane Lab, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Malathi Srinivasan
- Department of Lipid Science, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysore, 570020, India
| | - Vasanthi Nachiappan
- Biomembrane Lab, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamilnadu, India.
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Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress on developmental competency and cryo-tolerance in bovine embryos. Theriogenology 2019; 142:131-137. [PMID: 31593880 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a dysfunction in protein folding capacity of the ER, is involved in many physiological responses including mammalian reproductive systems. Studies have shown that ER stress interferes with the developmental process of in vitro oocyte maturation and embryo development; however, little is known about its effects on bovine preimplantation embryonic development. In this study, we examined the effects of ER stress during IVC on developmental competency and cryo-tolerance in bovine embryos. IVF-derived zygotes were cultured in CR1aa medium supplemented with tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) and/or tunicamycin (TM), which are ER stress-inhibitory and stress-inducing agents, respectively, for 8 days. TM treatment decreased the blastocyst developmental rate and increased the percentage of apoptotic cells compared to that in the control group (10.2 ± 2.3% vs. 39.75 ± 1.3% and 17.8 ± 1.2% vs. 3.6 ± 1.1%, respectively; P < 0.01). However, the blastocyst developmental rate was increased and the percentage of apoptotic cells was decreased by addition of TUDCA in IVC medium compared to that in the control group (50.9 ± 0.9% vs. 39.75 ± 1.3% and 1.13 ± 1.0% vs. 3.6 ± 1.1%, respectively; P < 0.01). Importantly, in the group treated with TM plus TUDCA, the developmental rate and the percentage of apoptotic cells in blastocysts were similar to that in the control group, indicating that TUDCA ameliorates the adverse effects of TM alone on embryo development. In addition, TUDCA treatment significantly reduced the reactive oxygen species, expression of ER stress (GRP78, ATF4, ATF6, IER1, and sXBP1) and pro-apoptotic (CHOP and BAX) genes, while it increased anti-apoptotic BCL2 gene expression and glutathione levels. Moreover, TUDCA improved blastocyst cryo-tolerance as marked by a significantly increased hatching rate and decreased the number of apoptotic cells recorded at 48 h after a post-warming. Therefore, in concordance with a previous report in mice or pig, we showed that TUDCA supplementation during IVC increases the developmental competency of bovine in vitro-derived embryos. Additionally, we found that the presence of TUDCA in IVC medium improves the cryo-tolerance of bovine embryos. These results suggest that modulation of ER stress during IVC contributes to the production of high-quality bovine embryos in terms of cryo-tolerance.
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Qu Y, Wang J, Zhu X, Dong B, Liu X, Lu J, Lin F. The P5-type ATPase Spf1 is required for development and virulence of the rice blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae. Curr Genet 2019; 66:385-395. [PMID: 31471638 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-01030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pyricularia oryzae (synonym Magnaporthe oryzae) is a plant pathogen causing major yield losses in cultivated rice and wheat. The P-type ATPases play important roles in cellular processes of fungi, plants, and animals via transporting specific substrates through ATP hydrolysis. Here, we characterized the roles of a P5-ATPase, Spf1, in the development and virulence of P. oryzae. Deletion of SPF1 led to decreased hyphal growth and conidiation, delayed spore germination and appressorium formation, reduced penetration and invasive hyphal extension, and attenuated virulence. Appressorium turgor, however, was not affected by deletion of SPF1. The co-localization of Spf1-GFP and an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) marker protein, Lhs1-DsRed2, indicated that Spf1 is an ER-localized P5-ATPase. An ER stress factor, 0.5 μg/ml tunicamycin (TUNI), inhibited the growth of ∆spf1, but another ER stress factor, 5 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), promoted the growth of ∆spf1. Treatment with chemicals for oxidative stress (5 mM H2O2 and 0.8 mM paraquat) also promoted the growth of ∆spf1. Gene expression assays showed that unfolded protein response (UPR) components KAR2, OST1, PMT1, ERV29, PDI1, SCJ1, SEC61, a Ca2+ channel-related P-type ATPase gene PMR1, and a calcineurin-dependent transcription factor CRZ1 were significantly up-regulated in ∆spf1, suggesting activation of UPR in the mutant. These lines of experimental evidence indicate that SPF1 is involved in some basal ER mechanisms of P. oryzae including UPR pathway and responses to ER related stresses, therefore, affecting fungal development and virulence. However, the detailed mechanism between Spf1 and virulence still awaits future researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmin Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xueming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Markey Cancer Center University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jianping Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Fucheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Hojyo S, Bin BH, Fukada T. Dysregulated zinc homeostasis in rare skin disorders. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2017.1394184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Hojyo
- Osteoimmunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bum-Ho Bin
- Bioscience Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Toshiyuki Fukada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
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Wang T, Wang B, Huang H, Zhang C, Zhu Y, Pei B, Cheng C, Sun L, Wang J, Jin Q, Zhao Z. Enterovirus 71 protease 2Apro and 3Cpro differentially inhibit the cellular endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway via distinct mechanisms, and enterovirus 71 hijacks ERAD component p97 to promote its replication. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006674. [PMID: 28985237 PMCID: PMC5650186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) is an important function for cellular homeostasis. The mechanism of how picornavirus infection interferes with ERAD remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection significantly inhibits cellular ERAD by targeting multiple key ERAD molecules with its proteases 2Apro and 3Cpro using different mechanisms. Ubc6e was identified as the key E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in EV71 disturbed ERAD. EV71 3Cpro cleaves Ubc6e at Q219G, Q260S, and Q273G. EV71 2Apro mainly inhibits the de novo synthesis of key ERAD molecules Herp and VIMP at the protein translational level. Herp differentially participates in the degradation of different glycosylated ERAD substrates α-1 antitrypsin Null Hong Kong (NHK) and the C-terminus of sonic hedgehog (SHH-C) via unknown mechanisms. p97 was identified as a host factor in EV71 replication; it redistributed and co-exists with the viral protein and other known replication-related molecules in EV71-induced replication organelles. Electron microscopy and multiple-color confocal assays also showed that EV71-induced membranous vesicles were closely associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and the ER membrane molecule RTN3 was redistributed to the viral replication complex during EV71 infection. Therefore, we propose that EV71 rearranges ER membranes and hijacks p97 from cellular ERAD to benefit its replication. These findings add to our understanding of how viruses disturb ERAD and provide potential anti-viral targets for EV71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Bei Wang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - He Huang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chongyang Zhang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuanmei Zhu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Bin Pei
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chaofei Cheng
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lei Sun
- Center for Biological Imaging, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
- * E-mail: (JWW); (QJ); (ZDZ)
| | - Qi Jin
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
- * E-mail: (JWW); (QJ); (ZDZ)
| | - Zhendong Zhao
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
- Center of Clinical Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
- CAMS-Oxford University International Center for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
- * E-mail: (JWW); (QJ); (ZDZ)
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Hussmann M, Janke K, Kranz P, Neumann F, Mersch E, Baumann M, Goepelt K, Brockmeier U, Metzen E. Depletion of the thiol oxidoreductase ERp57 in tumor cells inhibits proliferation and increases sensitivity to ionizing radiation and chemotherapeutics. Oncotarget 2016; 6:39247-61. [PMID: 26513173 PMCID: PMC4770770 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapidly growing tumor cells must synthesize proteins at a high rate and therefore depend on an efficient folding and quality control system for nascent secretory proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The ER resident thiol oxidoreductase ERp57 plays an important role in disulfide bond formation. Lentiviral, doxycycline-inducible ERp57 knockdown was combined with irradiation and treatment with chemotherapeutic agents. The knockdown of ERp57 significantly enhanced the apoptotic response to anticancer treatment in HCT116 colon cancer cells via a p53-dependent mechanism. Instead of a direct interaction with p53, depletion of ERp57 induced cell death via a selective activation of the PERK branch of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). In contrast, apoptosis was reduced in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells harboring mutant p53. Nevertheless, we observed a strong reduction of proliferation in response to ERp57 knockdown in both cell lines regardless of the p53 status. Depletion of ERp57 reduced the phosphorylation activity of the mTOR-complex1 (mTORC1) as demonstrated by reduction of p70S6K phosphorylation. Our data demonstrate that ERp57 is a promising target for anticancer therapy due to synergistic p53-dependent induction of apoptosis and p53-independent inhibition of proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Hussmann
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, D45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Kirsten Janke
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, D45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Philip Kranz
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, D45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Fabian Neumann
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, D45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Evgenija Mersch
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, D45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Melanie Baumann
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, D45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Kirsten Goepelt
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, D45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Ulf Brockmeier
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, D45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Eric Metzen
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, D45122 Essen, Germany
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13
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Horowitz M, Elstein D, Zimran A, Goker-Alpan O. New Directions in Gaucher Disease. Hum Mutat 2016; 37:1121-1136. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.23056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mia Horowitz
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Ramat Aviv Israel
| | - Deborah Elstein
- Gaucher Clinic; Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Ari Zimran
- Gaucher Clinic; Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
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14
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Yang Y, Cheung HH, Tu J, Miu KK, Chan WY. New insights into the unfolded protein response in stem cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:54010-54027. [PMID: 27304053 PMCID: PMC5288239 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an evolutionarily conserved adaptive mechanism to increase cell survival under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress conditions. The UPR is critical for maintaining cell homeostasis under physiological and pathological conditions. The vital functions of the UPR in development, metabolism and immunity have been demonstrated in several cell types. UPR dysfunction activates a variety of pathologies, including cancer, inflammation, neurodegenerative disease, metabolic disease and immune disease. Stem cells with the special ability to self-renew and differentiate into various somatic cells have been demonstrated to be present in multiple tissues. These cells are involved in development, tissue renewal and certain disease processes. Although the role and regulation of the UPR in somatic cells has been widely reported, the function of the UPR in stem cells is not fully known, and the roles and functions of the UPR are dependent on the stem cell type. Therefore, in this article, the potential significances of the UPR in stem cells, including embryonic stem cells, tissue stem cells, cancer stem cells and induced pluripotent cells, are comprehensively reviewed. This review aims to provide novel insights regarding the mechanisms associated with stem cell differentiation and cancer pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics in Ningxia, Department of Histology and Embryology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong–Shandong University Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Hoi Hung Cheung
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong–Shandong University Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - JiaJie Tu
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong–Shandong University Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Kai Kei Miu
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong–Shandong University Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Wai Yee Chan
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong–Shandong University Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
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15
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Wright FA, Wojcikiewicz RJH. Chapter 4 - Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor Ubiquitination. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 141:141-59. [PMID: 27378757 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) are large (∼300kDa) proteins that associate into tetrameric ion channels in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. Activation and opening of the channel upon binding of IP3 and Ca(2+) allows the flow of Ca(2+) ions from stores within the ER lumen to the cytosol, thereby promoting a number of Ca(2+)-dependent cellular events, such as secretion, neurotransmitter release, and cell division. Intriguingly, it appears that the same conformational change that IP3Rs undergo during activation makes them a target for degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and that this mode of processing allows the cell to tune its internal Ca(2+) response to extracellular signals. Here, we review recent studies showing that activated IP3Rs interact with an array of proteins that mediate their degradation, that IP3Rs are modified by a complex array of ubiquitin conjugates, that this ubiquitination and degradation functions to regulate IP3-mediated Ca(2+) responses in the cell, and that mutations to different proteins involved in IP3R degradation result in a set of similar diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Wright
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - R J H Wojcikiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States.
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16
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Protein aggregation and ER stress. Brain Res 2016; 1648:658-666. [PMID: 27037184 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregation is a common feature of the protein misfolding or conformational diseases, among them most of the neurodegenerative diseases. These disorders are a major scourge, with scarce if any effective therapies at present. Recent research has identified ER stress as a major mechanism implicated in cytotoxicity in these diseases. Whether amyloid-β or tau in Alzheimer's, α-synuclein in Parkinson's, huntingtin in Huntington's disease or other aggregation-prone proteins in many other neurodegenerative diseases, there is a shared pathway of oligomerization and aggregation into amyloid fibrils. There is increasing evidence in recent years that the toxic species, and those that evoke ER stress, are the intermediate oligomeric forms and not the final amyloid aggregates. This review focuses on recent findings on the mechanisms and importance of the development of ER stress upon protein aggregation, especially in neurodegenerative diseases, and possible therapeutic approaches that are being examined. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:ER stress.
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17
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Di XJ, Wang YJ, Han DY, Fu YL, Duerfeldt AS, Blagg BSJ, Mu TW. Grp94 Protein Delivers γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A (GABAA) Receptors to Hrd1 Protein-mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:9526-39. [PMID: 26945068 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.705004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteostasis maintenance of γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors dictates their function in controlling neuronal inhibition in mammalian central nervous systems. However, as a multisubunit, multispan, integral membrane protein, even wild type subunits of GABAA receptors fold and assemble inefficiently in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Unassembled and misfolded subunits undergo ER-associated degradation (ERAD), but this degradation process remains poorly understood for GABAA receptors. Here, using the α1 subunits of GABAA receptors as a model substrate, we demonstrated that Grp94, a metazoan-specific Hsp90 in the ER lumen, uses its middle domain to interact with the α1 subunits and positively regulates their ERAD. OS-9, an ER-resident lectin, acts downstream of Grp94 to further recognize misfolded α1 subunits in a glycan-dependent manner. This delivers misfolded α1 subunits to the Hrd1-mediated ubiquitination and the valosin-containing protein-mediated extraction pathway. Repressing the initial ERAD recognition step by inhibiting Grp94 enhances the functional surface expression of misfolding-prone α1(A322D) subunits, which causes autosomal dominant juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. This study clarifies a Grp94-mediated ERAD pathway for GABAA receptors, which provides a novel way to finely tune their function in physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Di
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics
| | - Ya-Juan Wang
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Dong-Yun Han
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics
| | - Yan-Lin Fu
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics
| | - Adam S Duerfeldt
- the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, and
| | - Brian S J Blagg
- the Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Ting-Wei Mu
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics,
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18
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Xu C, Ng DTW. Glycosylation-directed quality control of protein folding. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2015; 16:742-52. [PMID: 26465718 DOI: 10.1038/nrm4073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-bound and soluble proteins of the secretory pathway are commonly glycosylated in the endoplasmic reticulum. These adducts have many biological functions, including, notably, their contribution to the maturation of glycoproteins. N-linked glycans are of oligomeric structure, forming configurations that provide blueprints to precisely instruct the folding of protein substrates and the quality control systems that scrutinize it. O-linked mannoses are simpler in structure and were recently found to have distinct functions in protein quality control that do not require the complex structure of N-linked glycans. Together, recent studies reveal the breadth and sophistication of the roles of these glycan-directed modifications in protein biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengchao Xu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore 117604.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
| | - Davis T W Ng
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore 117604.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543.,Duke University-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857
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19
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Villar M, Ayllón N, Alberdi P, Moreno A, Moreno M, Tobes R, Mateos-Hernández L, Weisheit S, Bell-Sakyi L, de la Fuente J. Integrated Metabolomics, Transcriptomics and Proteomics Identifies Metabolic Pathways Affected by Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infection in Tick Cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:3154-72. [PMID: 26424601 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.051938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis. These intracellular bacteria establish infection by affecting cell function in both the vertebrate host and the tick vector, Ixodes scapularis. Previous studies have characterized the tick transcriptome and proteome in response to A. phagocytophilum infection. However, in the postgenomic era, the integration of omics datasets through a systems biology approach allows network-based analyses to describe the complexity and functionality of biological systems such as host-pathogen interactions and the discovery of new targets for prevention and control of infectious diseases. This study reports the first systems biology integration of metabolomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics data to characterize essential metabolic pathways involved in the tick response to A. phagocytophilum infection. The ISE6 tick cells used in this study constitute a model for hemocytes involved in pathogen infection and immune response. The results showed that infection affected protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum and glucose metabolic pathways in tick cells. These results supported tick-Anaplasma co-evolution by providing new evidence of how tick cells limit pathogen infection, while the pathogen benefits from the tick cell response to establish infection. Additionally, ticks benefit from A. phagocytophilum infection by increasing survival while pathogens guarantee transmission. The results suggested that A. phagocytophilum induces protein misfolding to limit the tick cell response and facilitate infection but requires protein degradation to prevent ER stress and cell apoptosis to survive in infected cells. Additionally, A. phagocytophilum may benefit from the tick cell's ability to limit bacterial infection through PEPCK inhibition leading to decreased glucose metabolism, which also results in the inhibition of cell apoptosis that increases infection of tick cells. These results support the use of this experimental approach to systematically identify cell pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in tick-pathogen interactions. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD002181.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Villar
- From the ‡SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain;
| | - Nieves Ayllón
- From the ‡SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pilar Alberdi
- From the ‡SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Andrés Moreno
- §Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - María Moreno
- §Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Raquel Tobes
- ¶Oh No Sequences! Research Group, Era7 Bioinformatics, Plaza Campo Verde n° 3 Ático, 18001 Granada, Spain
| | - Lourdes Mateos-Hernández
- From the ‡SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Sabine Weisheit
- ‖The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; **The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Lesley Bell-Sakyi
- ‖The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; **The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - José de la Fuente
- From the ‡SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; ‡‡Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078.
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20
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Nakatsukasa K, Okumura F, Kamura T. Proteolytic regulation of metabolic enzymes by E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes: lessons from yeast. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 50:489-502. [PMID: 26362128 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2015.1081869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic organisms use diverse mechanisms to control metabolic rates in response to changes in the internal and/or external environment. Fine metabolic control is a highly responsive, energy-saving process that is mediated by allosteric inhibition/activation and/or reversible modification of preexisting metabolic enzymes. In contrast, coarse metabolic control is a relatively long-term and expensive process that involves modulating the level of metabolic enzymes. Coarse metabolic control can be achieved through the degradation of metabolic enzymes by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), in which substrates are specifically ubiquitinated by an E3 ubiquitin ligase and targeted for proteasomal degradation. Here, we review select multi-protein E3 ligase complexes that directly regulate metabolic enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The first part of the review focuses on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane-associated Hrd1 and Doa10 E3 ligase complexes. In addition to their primary roles in the ER-associated degradation pathway that eliminates misfolded proteins, recent quantitative proteomic analyses identified native substrates of Hrd1 and Doa10 in the sterol synthesis pathway. The second part focuses on the SCF (Skp1-Cul1-F-box protein) complex, an abundant prototypical multi-protein E3 ligase complex. While the best-known roles of the SCF complex are in the regulation of the cell cycle and transcription, accumulating evidence indicates that the SCF complex also modulates carbon metabolism pathways. The increasing number of metabolic enzymes whose stability is directly regulated by the UPS underscores the importance of the proteolytic regulation of metabolic processes for the acclimation of cells to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Nakatsukasa
- a Division of Biological Sciences , Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan
| | - Fumihiko Okumura
- a Division of Biological Sciences , Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan
| | - Takumi Kamura
- a Division of Biological Sciences , Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan
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21
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The roles of endoplasmic reticulum stress response in female mammalian reproduction. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 363:589-97. [PMID: 26022337 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) activates a protective pathway, called the unfold protein response, for maintaining cellular homeostasis, but cellular apoptosis is triggered by excessive or persistent ERS. Several recent studies imply that the ERS response might have broader physiological roles in the various reproductive processes of female mammals, including embryo implantation, decidualization, preimplantation embryonic development, follicle atresia, and the development of the placenta. This review summarizes the existing data concerning the molecular and biological roles of the ERS response. The study of the functions of the ERS response in mammalian reproduction might provide novel insights into and an understanding of reproductive cell survival and apoptosis under physiological and pathological conditions. The ERS response is a novel signaling pathway for reproductive cell survival and apoptosis. Infertility might be a result of disturbing the ERS response during the process of female reproduction.
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22
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Abstract
Loss of protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is a common feature of aging and disease that is characterized by the appearance of nonnative protein aggregates in various tissues. Protein aggregation is routinely suppressed by the proteostasis network (PN), a collection of macromolecular machines that operate in diverse ways to maintain proteome integrity across subcellular compartments and between tissues to ensure a healthy life span. Here, we review the composition, function, and organizational properties of the PN in the context of individual cells and entire organisms and discuss the mechanisms by which disruption of the PN, and related stress response pathways, contributes to the initiation and progression of disease. We explore emerging evidence that disease susceptibility arises from early changes in the composition and activity of the PN and propose that a more complete understanding of the temporal and spatial properties of the PN will enhance our ability to develop effective treatments for protein conformational diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan Labbadia
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208;
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