1
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Yuan F, Gasser GN, Lemire E, Montoro DT, Jagadeesh K, Zhang Y, Duan Y, Ievlev V, Wells KL, Rotti PG, Shahin W, Winter M, Rosen BH, Evans I, Cai Q, Yu M, Walsh SA, Acevedo MR, Pandya DN, Akurathi V, Dick DW, Wadas TJ, Joo NS, Wine JJ, Birket S, Fernandez CM, Leung HM, Tearney GJ, Verkman AS, Haggie PM, Scott K, Bartels D, Meyerholz DK, Rowe SM, Liu X, Yan Z, Haber AL, Sun X, Engelhardt JF. Transgenic ferret models define pulmonary ionocyte diversity and function. Nature 2023; 621:857-867. [PMID: 37730992 PMCID: PMC10533402 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06549-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Speciation leads to adaptive changes in organ cellular physiology and creates challenges for studying rare cell-type functions that diverge between humans and mice. Rare cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-rich pulmonary ionocytes exist throughout the cartilaginous airways of humans1,2, but limited presence and divergent biology in the proximal trachea of mice has prevented the use of traditional transgenic models to elucidate ionocyte functions in the airway. Here we describe the creation and use of conditional genetic ferret models to dissect pulmonary ionocyte biology and function by enabling ionocyte lineage tracing (FOXI1-CreERT2::ROSA-TG), ionocyte ablation (FOXI1-KO) and ionocyte-specific deletion of CFTR (FOXI1-CreERT2::CFTRL/L). By comparing these models with cystic fibrosis ferrets3,4, we demonstrate that ionocytes control airway surface liquid absorption, secretion, pH and mucus viscosity-leading to reduced airway surface liquid volume and impaired mucociliary clearance in cystic fibrosis, FOXI1-KO and FOXI1-CreERT2::CFTRL/L ferrets. These processes are regulated by CFTR-dependent ionocyte transport of Cl- and HCO3-. Single-cell transcriptomics and in vivo lineage tracing revealed three subtypes of pulmonary ionocytes and a FOXI1-lineage common rare cell progenitor for ionocytes, tuft cells and neuroendocrine cells during airway development. Thus, rare pulmonary ionocytes perform critical CFTR-dependent functions in the proximal airway that are hallmark features of cystic fibrosis airway disease. These studies provide a road map for using conditional genetics in the first non-rodent mammal to address gene function, cell biology and disease processes that have greater evolutionary conservation between humans and ferrets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yuan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Grace N Gasser
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Evan Lemire
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Yifan Duan
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vitaly Ievlev
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kristen L Wells
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Pavana G Rotti
- Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Weam Shahin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael Winter
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Bradley H Rosen
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Occupational, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Idil Evans
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Qian Cai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Susan A Walsh
- Department of Radiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael R Acevedo
- Department of Radiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Darpan N Pandya
- Department of Radiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Vamsidhar Akurathi
- Department of Radiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - David W Dick
- Department of Radiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Thaddeus J Wadas
- Department of Radiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nam Soo Joo
- Cystic Fibrosis Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Wine
- Cystic Fibrosis Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Susan Birket
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Courtney M Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hui Min Leung
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guillermo J Tearney
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alan S Verkman
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter M Haggie
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen Scott
- Office of Animal Resources, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Douglas Bartels
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Steven M Rowe
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ziying Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Adam L Haber
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Xingshen Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - John F Engelhardt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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2
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Chiacchiaretta M, Latifi S, Bramini M, Fadda M, Fassio A, Benfenati F, Cesca F. Neuronal hyperactivity causes Na +/H + exchanger-induced extracellular acidification at active synapses. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1435-1449. [PMID: 28254883 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.198564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular pH impacts on neuronal activity, which is in turn an important determinant of extracellular H+ concentration. The aim of this study was to describe the spatio-temporal dynamics of extracellular pH at synaptic sites during neuronal hyperexcitability. To address this issue we created ex.E2GFP, a membrane-targeted extracellular ratiometric pH indicator that is exquisitely sensitive to acidic shifts. By monitoring ex.E2GFP fluorescence in real time in primary cortical neurons, we were able to quantify pH fluctuations during network hyperexcitability induced by convulsant drugs or high-frequency electrical stimulation. Sustained hyperactivity caused a pH decrease that was reversible upon silencing of neuronal activity and located at active synapses. This acidic shift was not attributable to the outflow of synaptic vesicle H+ into the cleft nor to the activity of membrane-exposed H+ V-ATPase, but rather to the activity of the Na+/H+-exchanger. Our data demonstrate that extracellular synaptic pH shifts take place during epileptic-like activity of neural cultures, emphasizing the strict links existing between synaptic activity and synaptic pH. This evidence may contribute to the understanding of the physio-pathological mechanisms associated with hyperexcitability in the epileptic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Chiacchiaretta
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Shahrzad Latifi
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Mattia Bramini
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Manuela Fadda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Anna Fassio
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Cesca
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy
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3
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Ferenczi EA, Vierock J, Atsuta-Tsunoda K, Tsunoda SP, Ramakrishnan C, Gorini C, Thompson K, Lee SY, Berndt A, Perry C, Minniberger S, Vogt A, Mattis J, Prakash R, Delp S, Deisseroth K, Hegemann P. Optogenetic approaches addressing extracellular modulation of neural excitability. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23947. [PMID: 27045897 PMCID: PMC4820717 DOI: 10.1038/srep23947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular ionic environment in neural tissue has the capacity to influence, and be influenced by, natural bouts of neural activity. We employed optogenetic approaches to control and investigate these interactions within and between cells, and across spatial scales. We began by developing a temporally precise means to study microdomain-scale interactions between extracellular protons and acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs). By coupling single-component proton-transporting optogenetic tools to ASICs to create two-component optogenetic constructs (TCOs), we found that acidification of the local extracellular membrane surface by a light-activated proton pump recruited a slow inward ASIC current, which required molecular proximity of the two components on the membrane. To elicit more global effects of activity modulation on ‘bystander’ neurons not under direct control, we used densely-expressed depolarizing (ChR2) or hyperpolarizing (eArch3.0, eNpHR3.0) tools to create a slow non-synaptic membrane current in bystander neurons, which matched the current direction seen in the directly modulated neurons. Extracellular protons played contributory role but were insufficient to explain the entire bystander effect, suggesting the recruitment of other mechanisms. Together, these findings present a new approach to the engineering of multicomponent optogenetic tools to manipulate ionic microdomains, and probe the complex neuronal-extracellular space interactions that regulate neural excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Ferenczi
- Bioengineering, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Neurosciences, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Johannes Vierock
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Invalidenstraße 42, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kyoko Atsuta-Tsunoda
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Invalidenstraße 42, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Satoshi P Tsunoda
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Invalidenstraße 42, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Charu Ramakrishnan
- Bioengineering, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christopher Gorini
- Bioengineering, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kimberly Thompson
- Bioengineering, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Soo Yeun Lee
- Bioengineering, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andre Berndt
- Bioengineering, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chelsey Perry
- Bioengineering, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sonja Minniberger
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Invalidenstraße 42, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arend Vogt
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Invalidenstraße 42, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joanna Mattis
- Bioengineering, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Neurosciences, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rohit Prakash
- Bioengineering, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Neurosciences, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Scott Delp
- Bioengineering, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Bioengineering, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,HHMI, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Psychiatry &Behavioral Science, Stanford University, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Invalidenstraße 42, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
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Baumgartner W, Osmanagic A, Gebhard M, Kraemer S, Golenhofen N. Different pH-dependencies of the two synaptic adhesion moleculesN-cadherin and cadherin-11 and the possible functional implication for long-term potentiation. Synapse 2013; 67:705-15. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Werner Baumgartner
- Department of Cellular Neurobionic; Institute for Biology II; RWTH Aachen, Lukasstrasse 1; 52070; Aachen; Germany
| | - Armin Osmanagic
- Department of Cellular Neurobionic; Institute for Biology II; RWTH Aachen, Lukasstrasse 1; 52070; Aachen; Germany
| | - Marita Gebhard
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology; University of Ulm; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11; 89081; Ulm; Germany
| | - Sandra Kraemer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology; RWTH Aachen; Pauwelsstrasse 30; 52074; Aachen; Germany
| | - Nikola Golenhofen
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology; University of Ulm; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11; 89081; Ulm; Germany
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5
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Pezzulo AA, Tang XX, Hoegger MJ, Abou Alaiwa MH, Ramachandran S, Moninger TO, Karp PH, Wohlford-Lenane CL, Haagsman HP, van Eijk M, Bánfi B, Horswill AR, Stoltz DA, McCray PB, Welsh MJ, Zabner J. Reduced airway surface pH impairs bacterial killing in the porcine cystic fibrosis lung. Nature 2012; 487:109-13. [PMID: 22763554 PMCID: PMC3390761 DOI: 10.1038/nature11130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 590] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a life-shortening disease caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene 1. Although bacterial lung infection and the resulting inflammation cause most of the morbidity and mortality, how loss of CFTR first disrupts airway host defense has remained uncertain 2–6. We asked what abnormalities impair eradication when a bacterium lands on the pristine surface of a newborn CF airway? To investigate these defects, we interrogated the viability of individual bacteria immobilized on solid grids and placed on the airway surface. As a model we studied CF pigs, which spontaneously develop hallmark features of CF lung disease 7,8. At birth, their lungs lack infection and inflammation, but have a reduced ability to eradicate bacteria 8. Here we show that in newborn wild-type pigs, the thin layer of airway surface liquid (ASL) rapidly killed bacteria in vivo, when removed from the lung, and in primary epithelial cultures. Lack of CFTR reduced bacterial killing. We found that ASL pH was more acidic in CF, and reducing pH inhibited the antimicrobial activity of ASL. Reducing ASL pH diminished bacterial killing in wild-type pigs, and increasing ASL pH rescued killing in CF pigs. These results directly link the initial host defense defect to loss of CFTR, an anion channel that facilitates HCO3− transport 9–13. Without CFTR, airway epithelial HCO3− secretion is defective, ASL pH falls and inhibits antimicrobial function, and thereby impairs killing of bacteria that enter the newborn lung. These findings suggest that increasing ASL pH might prevent the initial infection in patients with CF and that assaying bacterial killing could report on the benefit of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro A Pezzulo
- Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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6
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Liu Q, Hu N, Zhang F, Wang H, Ye W, Wang P. Neurosecretory cell-based biosensor: Monitoring secretion of adrenal chromaffin cells by local extracellular acidification using light-addressable potentiometric sensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 35:421-424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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7
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Yakovlev AA, Gulyaeva NV. Pleiotropic functions of brain proteinases: Methodological considerations and search for caspase substrates. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 76:1079-86. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Sandstrom DJ. Extracellular protons reduce quantal content and prolong synaptic currents at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction. J Neurogenet 2011; 25:104-14. [PMID: 21877902 DOI: 10.3109/01677063.2011.606577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Fluctuations in extracellular pH occur in the nervous system in response to a number of physiological and pathological processes, such as ischemia, hypercapnea, and high-frequency activity. Using the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction, the author has examined acute effects of low and high pH on excitability and synaptic transmission. Acidification rapidly and reversibly reduces the size of electrically evoked excitatory junctional currents (EJCs) in a concentration-dependent manner, with transmission nearly abolished at pH 5.0. Conversely, raising pH to 7.8 increases EJC amplitude significantly. Further elevation to pH 8.5 causes an initial increase in amplitude, followed by profound, long-lasting depression of the synapse. Amplitudes of spontaneous miniature EJCs (mEJCs) are modestly, but significantly reduced at pH 5.0. It is therefore the number of quanta released per action potential, rather than the size of individual quanta, that is most strongly affected. Decay times of both EJCs and mEJCs are dramatically lengthened at low pH, suggesting that glutamate remains in the synaptic cleft for much longer than normal. Presynaptic excitability is also reduced, as indicated by increased latency between nerve shock and EJC onset. The response to low pH was not altered by mutations in genes encoding Transient Receptor Potential, Mucolipin subfamily (TRPML) and Slowpoke ion channels, which had previously been implicated as possible targets of extracellular protons. The author concludes that extracellular protons have strong effects on the release of glutamate and the time course of synaptic currents. These phenotypes can be exploited to study the mechanisms of acid-mediated changes in neuronal function, and to pursue the way in which pH modulates synaptic function in normal and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Sandstrom
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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9
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Abstract
To determine the role of cellularly generated protons in synaptic signaling, we recorded GABA miniature IPSCs (mIPSCs) from cultured rat cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) while varying the extracellular pH buffering capacity. Consistent with previous reports, we found that increasing pH from 7.4 to 8.0 sped mIPSC rise time and suppressed both amplitude of the current and total charge transferred. Conversely, acidification (from pH 7.4 to 6.8) slowed the rise time and increased current amplitude and total charge transferred. In a manner consistent with alkalinization, increasing the buffering capacity from 3 to 24 mm HEPES at pH 7.4 resulted in faster mIPSC rise time, a 37% reduction in amplitude, and a 48% reduction in charge transferred. Supplementing the normal physiological buffers (24 mm HCO(3)(-)/5%CO(2)) with 10 mm HEPES similarly diminished mIPSCs in a manner consistent with alkalinization, resulting in faster rise time, a 39% reduction in amplitude, and a 51% reduction in charge transferred. These findings suggest the existence of an acidifying synaptic force that is overcome by commonly used concentrations (10 mm) of HEPES buffer. Here we show that Na(+)/H(+) exchanger (NHE) activity appears to, in part, contribute to this synaptic acidification because inhibition of NHE by amiloride or lithium under physiological or weak buffering conditions alters mIPSCs in a manner consistent with alkalinization. These results suggest that acidification of the synaptic cleft occurs physiologically during GABAergic transmission and that NHE plays a critical role in generating the acidic nano-environment at the synapse.
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10
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Ion changes and signalling in perisynaptic glia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 63:113-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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