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Rioux AV, Nsimba-Batomene TR, Slimani S, Bergeron NAD, Gravel MAM, Schreiber SV, Fiola MJ, Haydock L, Garneau AP, Isenring P. Navigating the multifaceted intricacies of the Na +-Cl - cotransporter, a highly regulated key effector in the control of hydromineral homeostasis. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1147-1204. [PMID: 38329422 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC; SLC12A3) is a highly regulated integral membrane protein that is known to exist as three splice variants in primates. Its primary role in the kidney is to mediate the cosymport of Na+ and Cl- across the apical membrane of the distal convoluted tubule. Through this role and the involvement of other ion transport systems, NCC allows the systemic circulation to reclaim a fraction of the ultrafiltered Na+, K+, Cl-, and Mg+ loads in exchange for Ca2+ and [Formula: see text]. The physiological relevance of the Na+-Cl- cotransport mechanism in humans is illustrated by several abnormalities that result from NCC inactivation through the administration of thiazides or in the setting of hereditary disorders. The purpose of the present review is to discuss the molecular mechanisms and overall roles of Na+-Cl- cotransport as the main topics of interest. On reading the narrative proposed, one will realize that the knowledge gained in regard to these themes will continue to progress unrelentingly no matter how refined it has now become.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Rioux
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - T R Nsimba-Batomene
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - S Slimani
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - N A D Bergeron
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - M A M Gravel
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - S V Schreiber
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - M J Fiola
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - L Haydock
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Service de Néphrologie-Transplantation Rénale Adultes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, INSERM U1151, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - A P Garneau
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Service de Néphrologie-Transplantation Rénale Adultes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, INSERM U1151, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - P Isenring
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Maranduca MA, Cozma CT, Clim A, Pinzariu AC, Tudorancea I, Popa IP, Lazar CI, Moscalu R, Filip N, Moscalu M, Constantin M, Scripcariu DV, Serban DN, Serban IL. The Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Systemic Effects Mediated by Parathormone in the Context of Chronic Kidney Disease. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:3877-3905. [PMID: 38785509 PMCID: PMC11120161 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46050241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) stands as a prominent non-communicable ailment, significantly impacting life expectancy. Physiopathology stands mainly upon the triangle represented by parathormone-Vitamin D-Fibroblast Growth Factor-23. Parathormone (PTH), the key hormone in mineral homeostasis, is one of the less easily modifiable parameters in CKD; however, it stands as a significant marker for assessing the risk of complications. The updated "trade-off hypothesis" reveals that levels of PTH spike out of the normal range as early as stage G2 CKD, advancing it as a possible determinant of systemic damage. The present review aims to review the effects exhibited by PTH on several organs while linking the molecular mechanisms to the observed actions in the context of CKD. From a diagnostic perspective, PTH is the most reliable and accessible biochemical marker in CKD, but its trend bears a higher significance on a patient's prognosis rather than the absolute value. Classically, PTH acts in a dichotomous manner on bone tissue, maintaining a balance between formation and resorption. Under the uremic conditions of advanced CKD, the altered intestinal microbiota majorly tips the balance towards bone lysis. Probiotic treatment has proven reliable in animal models, but in humans, data are limited. Regarding bone status, persistently high levels of PTH determine a reduction in mineral density and a concurrent increase in fracture risk. Pharmacological manipulation of serum PTH requires appropriate patient selection and monitoring since dangerously low levels of PTH may completely inhibit bone turnover. Moreover, the altered mineral balance extends to the cardiovascular system, promoting vascular calcifications. Lastly, the involvement of PTH in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone axis highlights the importance of opting for the appropriate pharmacological agent should hypertension develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minela Aida Maranduca
- Discipline of Physiology, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (M.A.M.); (C.T.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.P.); (I.T.); (I.P.P.); (C.I.L.); (D.N.S.); (I.L.S.)
| | - Cristian Tudor Cozma
- Discipline of Physiology, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (M.A.M.); (C.T.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.P.); (I.T.); (I.P.P.); (C.I.L.); (D.N.S.); (I.L.S.)
| | - Andreea Clim
- Discipline of Physiology, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (M.A.M.); (C.T.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.P.); (I.T.); (I.P.P.); (C.I.L.); (D.N.S.); (I.L.S.)
| | - Alin Constantin Pinzariu
- Discipline of Physiology, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (M.A.M.); (C.T.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.P.); (I.T.); (I.P.P.); (C.I.L.); (D.N.S.); (I.L.S.)
| | - Ionut Tudorancea
- Discipline of Physiology, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (M.A.M.); (C.T.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.P.); (I.T.); (I.P.P.); (C.I.L.); (D.N.S.); (I.L.S.)
| | - Irene Paula Popa
- Discipline of Physiology, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (M.A.M.); (C.T.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.P.); (I.T.); (I.P.P.); (C.I.L.); (D.N.S.); (I.L.S.)
| | - Cristina Iuliana Lazar
- Discipline of Physiology, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (M.A.M.); (C.T.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.P.); (I.T.); (I.P.P.); (C.I.L.); (D.N.S.); (I.L.S.)
| | - Roxana Moscalu
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
| | - Nina Filip
- Discipline of Biochemistry, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Mihaela Moscalu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihai Constantin
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Dragos Viorel Scripcariu
- Department of Surgery, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Dragomir Nicolae Serban
- Discipline of Physiology, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (M.A.M.); (C.T.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.P.); (I.T.); (I.P.P.); (C.I.L.); (D.N.S.); (I.L.S.)
| | - Ionela Lacramioara Serban
- Discipline of Physiology, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (M.A.M.); (C.T.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.P.); (I.T.); (I.P.P.); (C.I.L.); (D.N.S.); (I.L.S.)
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Staruschenko A, Alexander RT, Caplan MJ, Ilatovskaya DV. Calcium signalling and transport in the kidney. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024:10.1038/s41581-024-00835-z. [PMID: 38641658 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-024-00835-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The kidney plays a pivotal role in regulating calcium levels within the body. Approximately 98% of the filtered calcium is reabsorbed in the nephron, and this process is tightly controlled to maintain calcium homeostasis, which is required to facilitate optimal bone mineralization, preserve serum calcium levels within a narrow range, and support intracellular signalling mechanisms. The maintenance of these functions is attributed to a delicate balance achieved by various calcium channels, transporters, and calcium-binding proteins in renal cells. Perturbation of this balance due to deficiency or dysfunction of calcium channels and calcium-binding proteins can lead to severe complications. For example, polycystic kidney disease is linked to aberrant calcium transport and signalling. Furthermore, dysregulation of calcium levels can promote the formation of kidney stones. This Review provides an updated description of the key aspects of calcium handling in the kidney, focusing on the function of various calcium channels and the physiological stimuli that control these channels or are communicated through them. A discussion of the role of calcium as an intracellular second messenger and the pathophysiology of renal calcium dysregulation, as well as a summary of gaps in knowledge and future prospects, are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Staruschenko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
- Hypertension and Kidney Research Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
- James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - R Todd Alexander
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Women's and Children's Health Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michael J Caplan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daria V Ilatovskaya
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Hakimi S, Dutta P, Layton AT. Coupling of renal sodium and calcium transport: a modeling analysis of transporter inhibition and sex differences. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F536-F551. [PMID: 37615047 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00145.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ transport along the nephron occurs via specific transcellular and paracellular pathways and is coupled to the transport of other electrolytes. Notably, Na+ transport establishes an electrochemical gradient to drive Ca2+ reabsorption. Hence, alterations in renal Na+ handling, under pathophysiological conditions or pharmacological manipulations, can have major effects on Ca2+ transport. An important class of pharmacological agent is diuretics, which are commonly prescribed for the management of blood pressure and fluid balance. The pharmacological targets of diuretics generally directly facilitate Na+ transport but also indirectly affect renal Ca2+ handling. To better understand the underlying mechanisms, we developed a computational model of electrolyte transport along the superficial nephron in the kidney of a male and female rat. Sex differences in renal Ca2+ handling are represented. Model simulations predicted in the female rat nephron lower Ca2+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule and thick ascending limb, but higher reabsorption in the late distal convoluted tubule and connecting tubule, compared with the male nephron. The male rat kidney model yielded a higher urinary Ca2+ excretion than the female model, consistent with animal experiments. Model results indicated that along the proximal tubule and thick ascending limb, Ca2+ and Na+ transport occurred in parallel, but those processes were dissociated in the distal convoluted tubule. Additionally, we conducted simulations of inhibition of channels and transporters that play a major role in Na+ and Ca2+ transport. Simulation results revealed alterations in transepithelial Ca2+ transport, with differential effects among nephron segments and between the sexes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The kidney plays an important role in the maintenance of whole body Ca2+ balance by regulating Ca2+ reabsorption and excretion. This computational modeling study provides insights into how Ca2+ transport along the nephron is coupled to Na+. Model results indicated that along the proximal tubule and thick ascending limb, Ca2+ and Na+ transport occur in parallel, but those processes were dissociated in the distal convoluted tubule. Simulations also revealed sex-specific responses to different pharmacological manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Hakimi
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pritha Dutta
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anita T Layton
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Cheriton School of Computer Science, and School of Pharmacology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Luo ZH, Ma JX, Zhang W, Tian AX, Gong SW, Li Y, Lai YX, Ma XL. Alterations in the microenvironment and the effects produced of TRPV5 in osteoporosis. J Transl Med 2023; 21:327. [PMID: 37198647 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04182-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of osteoporosis involves multiple factors, among which alterations in the bone microenvironment play a crucial role in disrupting normal bone metabolic balance. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 5 (TRPV5), a member of the TRPV family, is an essential determinant of the bone microenvironment, acting at multiple levels to influence its properties. TRPV5 exerts a pivotal influence on bone through the regulation of calcium reabsorption and transportation while also responding to steroid hormones and agonists. Although the metabolic consequences of osteoporosis, such as loss of bone calcium, reduced mineralization capacity, and active osteoclasts, have received significant attention, this review focuses on the changes in the osteoporotic microenvironment and the specific effects of TRPV5 at various levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Heng Luo
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Jie Fang Nan Road 406, Tianjin, 300211, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Xiong Ma
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Jie Fang Nan Road 406, Tianjin, 300211, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Centre for Translational Medicine Research & Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xue Yuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Xian Tian
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Jie Fang Nan Road 406, Tianjin, 300211, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Wei Gong
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Jie Fang Nan Road 406, Tianjin, 300211, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Jie Fang Nan Road 406, Tianjin, 300211, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xiao Lai
- Centre for Translational Medicine Research & Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xue Yuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin-Long Ma
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Jie Fang Nan Road 406, Tianjin, 300211, People's Republic of China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China.
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Bahena-Lopez JP, Rojas-Vega L, Chávez-Canales M, Bazua-Valenti S, Bautista-Pérez R, Lee JH, Madero M, Vazquez-Manjarrez N, Alquisiras-Burgos I, Hernandez-Cruz A, Castañeda-Bueno M, Ellison DH, Gamba G. Glucose/Fructose Delivery to the Distal Nephron Activates the Sodium-Chloride Cotransporter via the Calcium-Sensing Receptor. J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 34:55-72. [PMID: 36288902 PMCID: PMC10101570 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021121544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) activates the NaCl cotransporter (NCC). Glucose acts as a positive allosteric modulator of the CaSR. Under physiologic conditions, no glucose is delivered to the DCT, and fructose delivery depends on consumption. We hypothesized that glucose/fructose delivery to the DCT modulates the CaSR in a positive allosteric way, activating the WNK4-SPAK-NCC pathway and thus increasing salt retention. METHODS We evaluated the effect of glucose/fructose arrival to the distal nephron on the CaSR-WNK4-SPAK-NCC pathway using HEK-293 cells, C57BL/6 and WNK4-knockout mice, ex vivo perfused kidneys, and healthy humans. RESULTS HEK-293 cells exposed to glucose/fructose increased SPAK phosphorylation in a WNK4- and CaSR-dependent manner. C57BL/6 mice exposed to fructose or a single dose of dapagliflozin to induce transient glycosuria showed increased activity of the WNK4-SPAK-NCC pathway. The calcilytic NPS2143 ameliorated this effect, which was not observed in WNK4-KO mice. C57BL/6 mice treated with fructose or dapagliflozin showed markedly increased natriuresis after thiazide challenge. Ex vivo rat kidney perfused with glucose above the physiologic threshold levels for proximal reabsorption showed increased NCC and SPAK phosphorylation. NPS2143 prevented this effect. In healthy volunteers, cinacalcet administration, fructose intake, or a single dose of dapagliflozin increased SPAK and NCC phosphorylation in urinary extracellular vesicles. CONCLUSIONS Glycosuria or fructosuria was associated with increased NCC, SPAK, and WNK4 phosphorylation in a CaSR-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Paola Bahena-Lopez
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- MD/PhD (PECEM) program, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lorena Rojas-Vega
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Intellectual Property Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Chávez-Canales
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INCICH, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Silvana Bazua-Valenti
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rocío Bautista-Pérez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ju-Hye Lee
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Magdalena Madero
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Natalia Vazquez-Manjarrez
- Nutrition Division, Department of Nutrition Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ivan Alquisiras-Burgos
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Arturo Hernandez-Cruz
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David H. Ellison
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- MD/PhD (PECEM) program, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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7
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Young K, Beggs MR, Grimbly C, Alexander RT. Regulation of 1 and 24 hydroxylation of vitamin D metabolites in the proximal tubule. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:1103-1111. [PMID: 35482362 PMCID: PMC9335508 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221091982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium and phosphate are critical for numerous physiological processes. Consequently, the plasma concentration of these ions are tightly regulated. Calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, is a positive modulator of mineralization as well as calcium and phosphate metabolism. The molecular and physiological effects of calcitriol are well documented. Calcitriol increases blood calcium and phosphate levels by increasing absorption from the intestine, and resorption of bone. Calcitriol synthesis is a multistep process. A precursor is first made via skin exposure to UV, it is then 25-hydroxylated in the liver to form 25-hydroxyitamin D. The next hydroxylation step occurs in the renal proximal tubule via the 1-αhydroxylase enzyme (encoded by CYP27B1) thereby generating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, that is, calcitriol. At the same site, the 25-hydroxyvitamin D 24-hydroxlase enzyme encoded by CYP24A1 can hydroxylate 25-hydroxyvitamin D or calcitriol to deactivate the hormone. Plasma calcitriol levels are primarily determined by the regulated expression of CYP27B1 and CYP24A1. This occurs in response to parathyroid hormone (increases CYP27B1), calcitriol itself (decreases CYP27B1 and increases CYP24A1), calcitonin (increases or decreases CYP24A1 and increases CYP27B1), FGF23 (decreases CYP27B1 and increases CYP24A1) and potentially plasma calcium and phosphate levels themselves (mixed effects). Herein, we review the regulation of CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 transcription in response to the action of classic phophocalciotropic hormones and explore the possibility of direct regulation by plasma calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedi Young
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada,Women and Children’s Health Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Megan R Beggs
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada,Women and Children’s Health Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Chelsey Grimbly
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - R Todd Alexander
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada,Women and Children’s Health Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada,Department of Paediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada,R Todd Alexander.
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8
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Lemoine S, Figueres L, Bacchetta J, Frey S, Dubourg L. Calcium homeostasis pathologies in hyperparathyroidism: nephrologic and endocrinologic points of view. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2022; 83:237-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Irsik DL, Bollag WB, Isales CM. Renal Contributions to Age-Related Changes in Mineral Metabolism. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10517. [PMID: 34693188 PMCID: PMC8520061 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging results in a general decline in function in most systems. This is particularly true with respect to the skeleton and renal systems, impacting mineral homeostasis. Calcium and phosphate regulation requires tight coordination among the intestine, bone, parathyroid gland, and kidney. The role of the intestine is to absorb calcium and phosphate from the diet. The bone stores or releases calcium and phosphate depending on the body's needs. In response to low plasma ionized calcium concentration, the parathyroid gland produces parathyroid hormone, which modulates bone turnover. The kidney reabsorbs or excretes the minerals and serves as the final regulator of plasma concentration. Many hormones are involved in this process in addition to parathyroid hormone, including fibroblast growth factor 23 produced by the bone and calcitriol synthesized by the kidney. Sclerostin, calcitonin, osteoprotegerin, and receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand also contribute to tissue‐specific regulation. Changes in the function of organs due to aging or disease can perturb this balance. During aging, the intestine cannot absorb calcium efficiently due to decreased expression of key proteins. In the bone, the balance between bone formation and bone resorption tends toward the latter in older individuals. The kidney may not filter blood as efficiently in the later decades of life, and the expression of certain proteins necessary for mineral homeostasis declines with age. These changes often lead to dysregulation of organismal mineral homeostasis. This review will focus on how mineral homeostasis is impacted by aging with a particular emphasis on the kidney's role in this process. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra L Irsik
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center Augusta GA USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University Augusta GA USA
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center Augusta GA USA.,Department of Physiology Augusta University Augusta GA USA
| | - Carlos M Isales
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University Augusta GA USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine Augusta University Augusta GA USA
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10
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Abstract
As the world's population ages, the treatment of osteoporosis is a major problem to be addressed. The cause of osteoporosis remains unclear. Ca2+ is not only an important component of bones but also plays a key role in osteoporosis treatment. Transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels are one of the TRP channel families that is widely distributed in various organs, playing an important role in the physiological regulation of the human body. Bone formation and bone absorption may require Ca2+ transport via TRPV channels. It has been proven that the TRPV subtypes 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 (TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV4, TRPV5, TRPV6) may affect bone metabolism balance through selective regulation of Ca2+. They significantly regulate osteoblast/osteoclast proliferation, differentiation and function. The purpose of this review is to explore the mechanisms of TRPV channels involved in regulation of the differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, as well as to discuss the latest developments in current researches, which may provide new clues and directions for an in-depth study of osteoporosis and other related bone metabolic diseases.
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11
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Tang PK, Geddes RF, Jepson RE, Elliott J. A feline-focused review of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorders - Part 1: Physiology of calcium handling. Vet J 2021; 275:105719. [PMID: 34311095 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mineral derangements are a common consequence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Despite the well-established role of phosphorus in the pathophysiology of CKD, the implications of calcium disturbances associated with CKD remain equivocal. Calcium plays an essential role in numerous physiological functions in the body and is a fundamental structural component of bone. An understanding of calcium metabolism is required to understand the potential adverse clinical implications and outcomes secondary to the (mal)adaptation of calcium-regulating hormones in CKD. The first part of this two-part review covers the physiology of calcium homeostasis (kidneys, intestines and bones) and details the intimate relationships between calcium-regulating hormones (parathyroid hormone, calcitriol, fibroblast growth factor 23, α-Klotho and calcitonin) and the role of the calcium-sensing receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pak-Kan Tang
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK.
| | - Rebecca F Geddes
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Rosanne E Jepson
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
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12
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Tan RSG, Lee CHL, Dimke H, Todd Alexander R. The role of calcium-sensing receptor signaling in regulating transepithelial calcium transport. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:2407-2419. [PMID: 33926258 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211010415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) plays a critical role in sensing extracellular calcium (Ca2+) and signaling to maintain Ca2+ homeostasis. In the parathyroid, the CaSR regulates secretion of parathyroid hormone, which functions to increase extracellular Ca2+ levels. The CaSR is also located in other organs imperative to Ca2+ homeostasis including the kidney and intestine, where it modulates Ca2+ reabsorption and absorption, respectively. In this review, we describe CaSR expression and its function in transepithelial Ca2+ transport in the kidney and intestine. Activation of the CaSR leads to G protein dependent and independent signaling cascades. The known CaSR signal transduction pathways involved in modulating paracellular and transcellular epithelial Ca2+ transport are discussed. Mutations in the CaSR cause a range of diseases that manifest in altered serum Ca2+ levels. Gain-of-function mutations in the CaSR result in autosomal dominant hypocalcemia type 1, while loss-of-function mutations cause familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia. Additionally, the putative serine protease, FAM111A, is discussed as a potential regulator of the CaSR because mutations in FAM111A cause Kenny Caffey syndrome type 2, gracile bone dysplasia, and osteocraniostenosis, diseases that are characterized by hypocalcemia, hypoparathyroidism, and bony abnormalities, i.e. share phenotypic features of autosomal dominant hypocalcemia. Recent work has helped to elucidate the effect of CaSR signaling cascades on downstream proteins involved in Ca2+ transport across renal and intestinal epithelia; however, much remains to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Siu Ga Tan
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1C9, Canada.,Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1C9, Canada
| | | | - Henrik Dimke
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark.,Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - R Todd Alexander
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1C9, Canada.,Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1C9, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1C9, Canada
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13
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Physical Activity-Dependent Regulation of Parathyroid Hormone and Calcium-Phosphorous Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155388. [PMID: 32751307 PMCID: PMC7432834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise perturbs homeostasis, alters the levels of circulating mediators and hormones, and increases the demand by skeletal muscles and other vital organs for energy substrates. Exercise also affects bone and mineral metabolism, particularly calcium and phosphate, both of which are essential for muscle contraction, neuromuscular signaling, biosynthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and other energy substrates. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is involved in the regulation of calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Understanding the effects of exercise on PTH secretion is fundamental for appreciating how the body adapts to exercise. Altered PTH metabolism underlies hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism, the complications of which affect the organs involved in calcium and phosphorous metabolism (bone and kidney) and other body systems as well. Exercise affects PTH expression and secretion by altering the circulating levels of calcium and phosphate. In turn, PTH responds directly to exercise and exercise-induced myokines. Here, we review the main concepts of the regulation of PTH expression and secretion under physiological conditions, in acute and chronic exercise, and in relation to PTH-related disorders.
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14
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Abstract
Parathyroid hormone is an essential regulator of extracellular calcium and phosphate. PTH enhances calcium reabsorption while inhibiting phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys, increases the synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, which then increases gastrointestinal absorption of calcium, and increases bone resorption to increase calcium and phosphate. Parathyroid disease can be an isolated endocrine disorder or part of a complex syndrome. Genetic mutations can account for diseases of parathyroid gland formulation, dysregulation of parathyroid hormone synthesis or secretion, and destruction of the parathyroid glands. Over the years, a number of different options are available for the treatment of different types of parathyroid disease. Therapeutic options include surgical removal of hypersecreting parathyroid tissue, administration of parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, activated vitamin D, calcium, phosphate binders, calcium-sensing receptor, and vitamin D receptor activators to name a few. The accurate assessment of parathyroid hormone also provides essential biochemical information to properly diagnose parathyroid disease. Currently available immunoassays may overestimate or underestimate bioactive parathyroid hormone because of interferences from truncated parathyroid hormone fragments, phosphorylation of parathyroid hormone, and oxidation of amino acids of parathyroid hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Ki Yun Leung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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15
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Calcium-Sensing Receptor and Regulation of WNK Kinases in the Kidney. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071644. [PMID: 32659887 PMCID: PMC7407487 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney is essential for systemic calcium homeostasis. Urinary calcium excretion can be viewed as an integrative renal response to endocrine and local stimuli. The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) elicits a number of adaptive reactions to increased plasma Ca2+ levels including the control of parathyroid hormone release and regulation of the renal calcium handling. Calcium reabsorption in the distal nephron of the kidney is functionally coupled to sodium transport. Apart from Ca2+ transport systems, CaSR signaling affects relevant distal Na+-(K+)-2Cl- cotransporters, NKCC2 and NCC. NKCC2 and NCC are activated by a kinase cascade comprising with-no-lysine [K] kinases (WNKs) and two homologous Ste20-related kinases, SPAK and OSR1. Gain-of-function mutations within the WNK-SPAK/OSR1-NKCC2/NCC pathway lead to renal salt retention and hypertension, whereas loss-of-function mutations have been associated with salt-losing tubulopathies such as Bartter or Gitelman syndromes. A Bartter-like syndrome has been also described in patients carrying gain-of-function mutations in the CaSR gene. Recent work suggested that CaSR signals via the WNK-SPAK/OSR1 cascade to modulate salt reabsorption along the distal nephron. The review presented here summarizes the latest progress in understanding of functional interactions between CaSR and WNKs and their potential impact on the renal salt handling and blood pressure.
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16
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Hoorn EJ, Gritter M, Cuevas CA, Fenton RA. Regulation of the Renal NaCl Cotransporter and Its Role in Potassium Homeostasis. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:321-356. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Daily dietary potassium (K+) intake may be as large as the extracellular K+ pool. To avoid acute hyperkalemia, rapid removal of K+ from the extracellular space is essential. This is achieved by translocating K+ into cells and increasing urinary K+ excretion. Emerging data now indicate that the renal thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC) is critically involved in this homeostatic kaliuretic response. This suggests that the early distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is a K+ sensor that can modify sodium (Na+) delivery to downstream segments to promote or limit K+ secretion. K+ sensing is mediated by the basolateral K+ channels Kir4.1/5.1, a capacity that the DCT likely shares with other nephron segments. Thus, next to K+-induced aldosterone secretion, K+ sensing by renal epithelial cells represents a second feedback mechanism to control K+ balance. NCC’s role in K+ homeostasis has both physiological and pathophysiological implications. During hypovolemia, NCC activation by the renin-angiotensin system stimulates Na+ reabsorption while preventing K+ secretion. Conversely, NCC inactivation by high dietary K+ intake maximizes kaliuresis and limits Na+ retention, despite high aldosterone levels. NCC activation by a low-K+ diet contributes to salt-sensitive hypertension. K+-induced natriuresis through NCC offers a novel explanation for the antihypertensive effects of a high-K+ diet. A possible role for K+ in chronic kidney disease is also emerging, as epidemiological data reveal associations between higher urinary K+ excretion and improved renal outcomes. This comprehensive review will embed these novel insights on NCC regulation into existing concepts of K+ homeostasis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewout J. Hoorn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Gritter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Catherina A. Cuevas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Robert A. Fenton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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17
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Kosiba AA, Wang Y, Chen D, Wong CKC, Gu J, Shi H. The roles of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in heavy metals-induced nephrotoxicity. Life Sci 2019; 242:117183. [PMID: 31874167 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The kidney is a vital organ responsible for regulating water, electrolyte and acid-base balance as well as eliminating toxic substances from the blood in the body. Exposure of humans to heavy metals in their natural and occupational environments, foods, water, and drugs has serious implications on the kidney's health. The accumulation of heavy metals in the kidney has been linked to acute or chronic renal injury, kidney stones or even renal cancer, at the expense of expensive treatment options. Therefore, unearthing novel biomarkers and potential therapeutic agents or targets against kidney injury for efficient treatment are imperative. The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) is typically expressed in the parathyroid glands and renal tubules. It modulates parathyroid hormone secretion according to the serum calcium (Ca2+) concentration. In the kidney, it modulates electrolyte and water excretion by regulating the function of diverse tubular segments. Notably, CaSR lowers passive and active Ca2+ reabsorption in distal tubules, which facilitates phosphate reabsorption in proximal tubules and stimulates proton and water excretion in collecting ducts. Moreover, at the cellular level, modulation of the CaSR regulates cytosolic Ca2+ levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades as well as autophagy and the suppression of apoptosis, an effect predominantly triggered by heavy metals. In this regard, we present a review on the CaSR at the cellular level and its potential as a therapeutic target for the development of new and efficient drugs against heavy metals-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A Kosiba
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yanwei Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Chris Kong Chu Wong
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jie Gu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
| | - Haifeng Shi
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
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18
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van der Wijst J, Belge H, Bindels RJM, Devuyst O. Learning Physiology From Inherited Kidney Disorders. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1575-1653. [PMID: 31215303 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of genes causing inherited kidney diseases yielded crucial insights in the molecular basis of disease and improved our understanding of physiological processes that operate in the kidney. Monogenic kidney disorders are caused by mutations in genes coding for a large variety of proteins including receptors, channels and transporters, enzymes, transcription factors, and structural components, operating in specialized cell types that perform highly regulated homeostatic functions. Common variants in some of these genes are also associated with complex traits, as evidenced by genome-wide association studies in the general population. In this review, we discuss how the molecular genetics of inherited disorders affecting different tubular segments of the nephron improved our understanding of various transport processes and of their involvement in homeostasis, while providing novel therapeutic targets. These include inherited disorders causing a dysfunction of the proximal tubule (renal Fanconi syndrome), with emphasis on epithelial differentiation and receptor-mediated endocytosis, or affecting the reabsorption of glucose, the handling of uric acid, and the reabsorption of sodium, calcium, and magnesium along the kidney tubule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny van der Wijst
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hendrica Belge
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - René J M Bindels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Devuyst
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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19
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Immunolocalization of calcium sensing and transport proteins in the murine endolymphatic sac indicates calciostatic functions within the inner ear. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 378:163-173. [PMID: 31338584 PMCID: PMC6815286 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03062-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An exceptionally low calcium (Ca2+) concentration in the inner ear endolymph ([Ca2+]endolymph) is crucial for proper auditory and vestibular function. The endolymphatic sac (ES) is believed to critically contribute to the maintenance of this low [Ca2+]endolymph. Here, we investigated the immunohistochemical localization of proteins that are presumably involved in the sensing and transport of extracellular Ca2+ in the murine ES epithelium. Light microscopic and fluorescence immunolabeling in paraffin-embedded murine ES tissue sections (male C57BL/6 mice, 6–8 weeks old) demonstrated the presence of the calcium-sensing receptor CaSR, transient receptor potential cation channel subtypes TRPV5 and TRPV6, sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPases SERCA1 and SERCA2, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger NCX2, and plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPases PMCA1 and PMCA4 in ES epithelial cells. These proteins exhibited (i) membranous (apical or basolateral) or cytoplasmic localization patterns, (ii) a proximal-to-distal labeling gradient within the ES, and (iii) different distribution patterns among ES epithelial cell types (mitochondria-rich cells (MRCs) and ribosome-rich cells (RRCs)). Notably, in the inner ear membranous labyrinth, CaSR was exclusively localized in MRCs, suggesting a unique role of the ES epithelium in CaSR-mediated sensing and control of [Ca2+]endolymph. Structural loss of the distal ES, which is consistently observed in Meniere’s disease, may therefore critically disturb [Ca2+]endolymph and contribute to the pathogenesis of Meniere’s disease.
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20
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Ibeh CL, Yiu AJ, Kanaras YL, Paal E, Birnbaumer L, Jose PA, Bandyopadhyay BC. Evidence for a regulated Ca 2+ entry in proximal tubular cells and its implication in calcium stone formation. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.225268. [PMID: 30910829 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.225268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium phosphate (CaP) crystals, which begin to form in the early segments of the loop of Henle (LOH), are known to act as precursors for calcium stone formation. The proximal tubule (PT), which is just upstream of the LOH and is a major site for Ca2+ reabsorption, could be a regulator of such CaP crystal formation. However, PT Ca2+ reabsorption is mostly described as being paracellular. Here, we show the existence of a regulated transcellular Ca2+ entry pathway in luminal membrane PT cells induced by Ca2+-sensing receptor (CSR, also known as CASR)-mediated activation of transient receptor potential canonical 3 (TRPC3) channels. In support of this idea, we found that both CSR and TRPC3 are physically and functionally coupled at the luminal membrane of PT cells. More importantly, TRPC3-deficient mice presented with a deficiency in PT Ca2+ entry/transport, elevated urinary [Ca2+], microcalcifications in LOH and urine microcrystals formations. Taken together, these data suggest that a signaling complex comprising CSR and TRPC3 exists in the PT and can mediate transcellular Ca2+ transport, which could be critical in maintaining the PT luminal [Ca2+] to mitigate formation of the CaP crystals in LOH and subsequent formation of calcium stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliff-Lawrence Ibeh
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving Street, NW, Washington DC, DC 20422, USA
| | - Allen J Yiu
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving Street, NW, Washington DC, DC 20422, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, The George Washington University, Washington DC, DC 20037, USA
| | - Yianni L Kanaras
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving Street, NW, Washington DC, DC 20422, USA
| | - Edina Paal
- Pathology and Laboratory Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving Street, NW, Washington DC, DC 20422, USA
| | - Lutz Birnbaumer
- Division of Intramural Research, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA.,Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), Catholic University of Argentina, C1107AFF Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, The George Washington University, Washington DC, DC 20037, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington DC, DC 20037, USA
| | - Bidhan C Bandyopadhyay
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving Street, NW, Washington DC, DC 20422, USA .,Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, The George Washington University, Washington DC, DC 20037, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington DC, DC 20037, USA
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21
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Lee JJ, Liu X, O'Neill D, Beggs MR, Weissgerber P, Flockerzi V, Chen XZ, Dimke H, Alexander RT. Activation of the calcium sensing receptor attenuates TRPV6-dependent intestinal calcium absorption. JCI Insight 2019; 5:128013. [PMID: 31013259 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma calcium (Ca2+) is maintained by amending the release of parathyroid hormone and through direct effects of the Ca2+ sensing receptor (CaSR) in the renal tubule. Combined, these mechanisms alter intestinal Ca2+ absorption by modulating 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 production, bone resorption, and renal Ca2+ excretion. The CaSR is a therapeutic target in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism and hypocalcemia a common complication of calcimimetic therapy. The CaSR is also expressed in intestinal epithelium, however, a direct role in regulating local intestinal Ca2+ absorption is unknown. Chronic CaSR activation decreased expression of genes involved in Ca2+ absorption. In Ussing chambers, increasing extracellular Ca2+ or basolateral application of the calcimimetic cinacalcet decreased net Ca2+ absorption across intestinal preparations acutely. Conversely, Ca2+ absorption increased with decreasing extracellular Ca2+ concentration. These responses were absent in mice expressing a non-functional TRPV6, TRPV6D541A. Cinacalcet also attenuated Ca2+ fluxes through TRPV6 in Xenopus oocytes when co-expressed with the CaSR. Moreover, the phospholipase C inhibitor, U73122, prevented cinacalcet-mediated inhibition of Ca2+ flux. These results reveal a regulatory pathway whereby activation of the CaSR in the basolateral membrane of the intestine directly attenuates local Ca2+ absorption via TRPV6 to prevent hypercalcemia and help explain how calcimimetics induce hypocalcemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Lee
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,The Women's and Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xiong Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Debbie O'Neill
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Megan R Beggs
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,The Women's and Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Petra Weissgerber
- Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Saarland University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Veit Flockerzi
- Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Saarland University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Xing-Zhen Chen
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Henrik Dimke
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - R Todd Alexander
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,The Women's and Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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22
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Wang B, Wang-France J, Li H, Sansom SC. Furosemide reduces BK-αβ4-mediated K + secretion in mice on an alkaline high-K + diet. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 316:F341-F350. [PMID: 30484346 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00223.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Special high-K diets have cardioprotective effects and are often warranted in conjunction with diuretics such as furosemide for treating hypertension. However, it is not understood how a high-K diet (HK) influences the actions of diuretics on renal K+ handling. Furosemide acidifies the urine by increasing acid secretion via the Na+-H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3) in TAL and vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) in the distal nephron. We previously found that an alkaline urine is required for large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BK)-αβ4-mediated K+ secretion in mice on HK. We therefore hypothesized that furosemide could reduce BK-αβ4-mediated K+ secretion by acidifying the urine. Treating with furosemide (drinking water) for 11 days led to decreased urine pH in both wild-type (WT) and BK-β4-knockout mice (BK-β4-KO) with increased V-ATPase expression and elevated plasma aldosterone levels. However, furosemide decreased renal K+ clearance and elevated plasma [K+] in WT but not BK-β4-KO. Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining showed that furosemide treatment decreased cortical expression of BK-β4 and reduced apical localization of BK-α in connecting tubules. Addition of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, acetazolamide, to furosemide water restored urine pH along with renal K+ clearance and plasma [K+] to control levels. Acetazolamide plus furosemide also restored the cortical expression of BK-β4 and BK-α in connecting tubules. These results indicate that in mice adapted to HK, furosemide reduces BK-αβ4-mediated K+ secretion by acidifying the urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangchen Wang
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Jun Wang-France
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Huaqing Li
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Steven C Sansom
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska
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23
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Hannan FM, Kallay E, Chang W, Brandi ML, Thakker RV. The calcium-sensing receptor in physiology and in calcitropic and noncalcitropic diseases. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2018; 15:33-51. [PMID: 30443043 PMCID: PMC6535143 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-018-0115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a dimeric family C G protein-coupled receptor that is expressed in calcitropic tissues such as the parathyroid glands and the kidneys and signals via G proteins and β-arrestin. The CaSR has a pivotal role in bone and mineral metabolism, as it regulates parathyroid hormone secretion, urinary Ca2+ excretion, skeletal development and lactation. The importance of the CaSR for these calcitropic processes is highlighted by loss-of-function and gain-of-function CaSR mutations that cause familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia and autosomal dominant hypocalcaemia, respectively, and also by the fact that alterations in parathyroid CaSR expression contribute to the pathogenesis of primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Moreover, the CaSR is an established therapeutic target for hyperparathyroid disorders. The CaSR is also expressed in organs not involved in Ca2+ homeostasis: it has noncalcitropic roles in lung and neuronal development, vascular tone, gastrointestinal nutrient sensing, wound healing and secretion of insulin and enteroendocrine hormones. Furthermore, the abnormal expression or function of the CaSR is implicated in cardiovascular and neurological diseases, as well as in asthma, and the CaSR is reported to protect against colorectal cancer and neuroblastoma but increase the malignant potential of prostate and breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadil M Hannan
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Enikö Kallay
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wenhan Chang
- Endocrine Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the major secretory product of the parathyroid glands, and in hypocalcemic conditions, can enhance renal calcium reabsorption, increase active vitamin D production to increase intestinal calcium absorption, and mobilize calcium from bone by increasing turnover, mainly but not exclusively in cortical bone. PTH has therefore found clinical use as replacement therapy in hypoparathyroidism. PTH also may have a physiologic role in augmenting bone formation, particularly in trabecular and to some extent in cortical bone. This action has been applied to the clinic to provide anabolic therapy for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Goltzman
- Department of Medicine and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada; Departments of Medicine and of Physiology, McGill University, 845 Sherbrooke St West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B9, Canada.
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25
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Bazúa-Valenti S, Rojas-Vega L, Castañeda-Bueno M, Barrera-Chimal J, Bautista R, Cervantes-Pérez LG, Vázquez N, Plata C, Murillo-de-Ozores AR, González-Mariscal L, Ellison DH, Riccardi D, Bobadilla NA, Gamba G. The Calcium-Sensing Receptor Increases Activity of the Renal NCC through the WNK4-SPAK Pathway. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:1838-1848. [PMID: 29848507 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017111155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hypercalciuria can result from activation of the basolateral calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), which in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop controls Ca2+ excretion and NaCl reabsorption in response to extracellular Ca2+ However, the function of CaSR in the regulation of NaCl reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is unknown. We hypothesized that CaSR in this location is involved in activating the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC) to prevent NaCl loss.Methods We used a combination of in vitro and in vivo models to examine the effects of CaSR on NCC activity. Because the KLHL3-WNK4-SPAK pathway is involved in regulating NaCl reabsorption in the DCT, we assessed the involvement of this pathway as well.Results Thiazide-sensitive 22Na+ uptake assays in Xenopus laevis oocytes revealed that NCC activity increased in a WNK4-dependent manner upon activation of CaSR with Gd3+ In HEK293 cells, treatment with the calcimimetic R-568 stimulated SPAK phosphorylation only in the presence of WNK4. The WNK4 inhibitor WNK463 also prevented this effect. Furthermore, CaSR activation in HEK293 cells led to phosphorylation of KLHL3 and WNK4 and increased WNK4 abundance and activity. Finally, acute oral administration of R-568 in mice led to the phosphorylation of NCC.Conclusions Activation of CaSR can increase NCC activity via the WNK4-SPAK pathway. It is possible that activation of CaSR by Ca2+ in the apical membrane of the DCT increases NaCl reabsorption by NCC, with the consequent, well known decrease of Ca2+ reabsorption, further promoting hypercalciuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Bazúa-Valenti
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lorena Rojas-Vega
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jonatan Barrera-Chimal
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Norma Vázquez
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Consuelo Plata
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adrián R Murillo-de-Ozores
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lorenza González-Mariscal
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David H Ellison
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Renal Section, Veterans Administration Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
| | - Daniela Riccardi
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; and
| | - Norma A Bobadilla
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; .,Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
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26
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Walker RW, Zhang S, Coleman-Barnett JA, Hamm LL, Hering-Smith KS. Calcium receptor signaling and citrate transport. Urolithiasis 2018; 46:409-418. [PMID: 29383416 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-018-1035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) in the distal nephron decreases the propensity for calcium stones. Here we investigate if the apical CaSR in the proximal tubule also prevents stone formation acting via regulation of apical dicarboxylate and citrate transport. Urinary citrate, partially reabsorbed as a dicarboxylate in the proximal tubule lumen, inhibits stone formation by complexing calcium. We previously demonstrated a novel apical calcium-sensitive dicarboxylate transport system in OK proximal tubule cells. This calcium-sensitive process has the potential to modulate the amount of citrate available to complex increased urinary calcium. Using isotope labeled succinate uptake in OK cells along with various pharmacologic tools we examined whether the CaSR alters apical dicarboxylate transport and through which signal transduction pathways this occurs. Our results indicate that in the proximal tubule CaSR adjusts apical dicarboxylate transport, and does so via a CaSR → Gq → PKC signaling pathway. Thus, the CaSR may decrease the propensity for stone formation via actions in both proximal and distal nephron segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Walker
- Nephrology and Hypertension 8545, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Shijia Zhang
- Nephrology and Hypertension 8545, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Joycelynn A Coleman-Barnett
- Nephrology and Hypertension 8545, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - L Lee Hamm
- Nephrology and Hypertension 8545, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Kathleen S Hering-Smith
- Nephrology and Hypertension 8545, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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27
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Xie R, Xu J, Xiao Y, Wu J, Wan H, Tang B, Liu J, Fan Y, Wang S, Wu Y, Dong TX, Zhu MX, Carethers JM, Dong H, Yang S. Calcium Promotes Human Gastric Cancer via a Novel Coupling of Calcium-Sensing Receptor and TRPV4 Channel. Cancer Res 2017; 77:6499-6512. [PMID: 28951460 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although dietary calcium intake has long been recommended for disease prevention, the influence of calcium in development of cancer in the upper gastrointestinal tract has not been explored. Here, we assess the roles of calcium and calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in gastric cancer development. CaSR expression was enhanced in gastric cancer specimens, which positively correlated with serum calcium concentrations, tumor progression, poor survival, and male gender in gastric cancer patients. CaSR and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 (TRPV4) were colocalized in gastric cancer cells, and CaSR activation evoked TRPV4-mediated Ca2+ entry. Both CaSR and TRPV4 were involved in Ca2+-induced proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cells through a Ca2+/AKT/β-catenin relay, which occurred only in gastric cancer cells or normal cells overexpressing CaSR. Tumor growth and metastasis of gastric cancer depended on CaSR in nude mice. Overall, our findings indicate that calcium may enhance expression and function of CaSR to potentially promote gastric cancer, and that targeting the novel CaSR/TRPV4/Ca2+ pathway might serve as preventive or therapeutic strategies for gastric cancer. Cancer Res; 77(23); 6499-512. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital to Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Jingyu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital to Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Yufeng Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jilin Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanxing Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yahan Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Suming Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuyun Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tobias Xiao Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Michael X Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John M Carethers
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China. .,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Shiming Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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van Goor MK, Verkaart S, van Dam TJ, Huynen MA, van der Wijst J. Interspecies differences in PTH-mediated PKA phosphorylation of the epithelial calcium channel TRPV5. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:1301-1311. [PMID: 28534087 PMCID: PMC5590029 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-1996-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial calcium (Ca2+) channel TRPV5 (transient receptor potential vanilloid 5) is expressed in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney and facilitates active Ca2+ reabsorption. This process is instrumental for the maintenance of Ca2+ homeostasis. Therefore, all aspects of TRPV5 function are tightly regulated by the calciotropic parathyroid hormone (PTH). Rabbit (rb)TRPV5 channel activity was shown to be stimulated upon PTH-mediated protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation. Since there is incomplete conservation of the PKA consensus motif (RR/QxT) across species, the aim of this study was to extend these findings to humans and characterize the expression and function of human (h)TRPV5. Functional differences between rbTRPV5 and hTRPV5 upon PTH stimulation were investigated using 45Ca2+ uptake assays, Fura-2 Ca2+ imaging, and cell surface biotinylation. While PTH treatment enhanced rbTRPV5 channel activity, it did not stimulate hTRPV5 activity. Mutation of the human RQxT motif into rabbit RRxT (hTRPV5 Q706R) partially restored the sensitivity to PTH. An ancestral sequence reconstruction of TRPV5 orthologues demonstrated that the change in the RRxT motif coincides with the creation of another putative PKA motif (RGAS to RRAS) in the amino terminus of hTRPV5. Interestingly, a constitutively phosphorylated hTRPV5 mutant (hTRPV5 S141D) displayed significantly decreased channel function, while its plasma membrane abundance was increased. Taken together, PTH-mediated stimulation of TRPV5, via PKA, is not conserved in humans. Our data suggest that PTH regulation of TRPV5 is altered in humans, an important observation for future studies that may add to new concepts on the role of PTH in renal Ca2+ handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark K van Goor
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd Verkaart
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Teunis J van Dam
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn A Huynen
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jenny van der Wijst
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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29
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Bonjour JP. The dietary protein, IGF-I, skeletal health axis. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2017; 28:39-53. [PMID: 26985688 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2016-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dietary protein represents an important nutrient for bone health and thereby for the prevention of osteoporosis. Besides its role as a brick provider for building the organic matrix of skeletal tissues, dietary protein stimulates the production of the anabolic bone trophic factor IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor I). The liver is the main source of circulating IGF-I. During growth, protein undernutrition results in reduced bone mass and strength. Genetic defect impairing the production of IGF-I markedly reduces bone development in both length and width. The serum level of IGF-I markedly increases and then decreases during pubertal maturation in parallel with the change in bone growth and standing height velocity. The impact of physical activity on bone structure and strength is enhanced by increased dietary protein consumption. This synergism between these two important environmental factors can be observed in prepubertal boys, thus modifying the genetically determined bone growth trajectory. In anorexia nervosa, IGF-I is low as well as bone mineral mass. In selective protein undernutrition, there is a resistance to the exogenous bone anabolic effect of IGF-I. A series of animal experiments and human clinical trials underscore the positive effect of increased dietary intake of protein on calcium-phosphate economy and bone balance. On the contrary, the dietary protein-induced acidosis hypothesis of osteoporosis is not supported by several experimental and clinical studies. There is a direct effect of amino acids on the local production of IGF-I by osteoblastic cells. IGF-I is likely the main mediator of the positive effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on bone formation, thus explaining the reduction in fragility fractures as observed in PTH-treated postmenopausal women. In elderly women and men, relatively high protein intake protects against spinal and femoral bone loss. In hip fracture patients, isocaloric correction of the relatively low protein intake results in: increased IGF-I serum level, significant attenuation of postsurgical bone loss, improved muscle strength, better recovery, and shortened hospital stay. Thus, dietary protein contributes to bone health from early childhood to old age. An adequate intake of protein should be recommended in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
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30
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Kitay AM, Geibel JP. Stomach and Bone. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1033:97-131. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-66653-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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31
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The Control of Calcium Metabolism in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111783. [PMID: 27792163 PMCID: PMC5133784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish is an emerging model for the research of body fluid ionic homeostasis. In this review, we focus on current progress on the regulation of Ca2+ uptake in the context of Ca2+ sensing and hormonal regulation in zebrafish. Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase-rich cells (NaRCs), the specialized ionocytes in the embryonic skin and adult gills, play a dominant role in Ca2+ uptake in zebrafish. Transepithelial Ca2+ transport in NaRC, through apical epithelial Ca2+ channels (ECaC), basolateral plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA), and Na⁺/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX), is analogous to mammalian renal and intestinal Ca2+-absorption cells. Several hormones were demonstrated to differentially regulate Ca2+ uptake through modulating the expression of Ca2+ transporters and/or the proliferation/differentiation of NaRC in zebrafish. In addition, the counterbalance among these hormones is associated with the maintenance of body fluid Ca2+ homeostasis. Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is expressed in several hormone-secreting tissues in zebrafish, and activated CaSR differentially controls calciotropic hormones. The major principles of Ca2+ transport and the hormonal control appear to be conserved from zebrafish to other vertebrates including mammals. The new knowledge gained from zebrafish studies provides new insights into the related issues in vertebrates.
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Abstract
The present review examines the pig as a model for physiological studies in human subjects related to nutrient sensing, appetite regulation, gut barrier function, intestinal microbiota and nutritional neuroscience. The nutrient-sensing mechanisms regarding acids (sour), carbohydrates (sweet), glutamic acid (umami) and fatty acids are conserved between humans and pigs. In contrast, pigs show limited perception of high-intensity sweeteners and NaCl and sense a wider array of amino acids than humans. Differences on bitter taste may reflect the adaptation to ecosystems. In relation to appetite regulation, plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide-1 are similar in pigs and humans, while peptide YY in pigs is ten to twenty times higher and ghrelin two to five times lower than in humans. Pigs are an excellent model for human studies for vagal nerve function related to the hormonal regulation of food intake. Similarly, the study of gut barrier functions reveals conserved defence mechanisms between the two species particularly in functional permeability. However, human data are scant for some of the defence systems and nutritional programming. The pig model has been valuable for studying the changes in human microbiota following nutritional interventions. In particular, the use of human flora-associated pigs is a useful model for infants, but the long-term stability of the implanted human microbiota in pigs remains to be investigated. The similarity of the pig and human brain anatomy and development is paradigmatic. Brain explorations and therapies described in pig, when compared with available human data, highlight their value in nutritional neuroscience, particularly regarding functional neuroimaging techniques.
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34
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Moor MB, Bonny O. Ways of calcium reabsorption in the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310:F1337-50. [PMID: 27009338 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00273.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the kidney in calcium homeostasis has been reshaped from a classic view in which the kidney was regulated by systemic calcitropic hormones such as vitamin D3 or parathyroid hormone to an organ actively taking part in the regulation of calcium handling. With the identification of the intrinsic renal calcium-sensing receptor feedback system, the regulation of paracellular calcium transport involving claudins, and new paracrine regulators such as klotho, the kidney has emerged as a crucial modulator not only of calciuria but also of calcium homeostasis. This review summarizes recent molecular and endocrine contributors to renal calcium handling and highlights the tight link between calcium and sodium reabsorption in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias B Moor
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and
| | - Olivier Bonny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Service of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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35
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Herm G, Muscher-Banse AS, Breves G, Schröder B, Wilkens MR. Renal mechanisms of calcium homeostasis in sheep and goats. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:1608-21. [PMID: 26020183 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In small ruminants, the renal excretion of calcium (Ca) and phosphate (Pi) is not modulated in response to dietary Ca restriction. Although this lack of adaptation was observed in both sheep and goats, differences in renal function between these species cannot be excluded. Recent studies demonstrated that compared with sheep, goats have a greater ability to compensate for challenges to Ca homeostasis, probably due to a more pronounced increase in calcitriol production. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effect of 1) dietary Ca restriction, 2) administration of calcitriol, and 3) lactation on Ca and Pi transport mechanisms and receptors as well as enzymes involved in vitamin D metabolism in renal tissues of sheep and goats. Whereas RNA expression of renal transient receptor potential vanilloid channel type 5 was unaffected by changes in dietary Ca content, a significant stimulation was observed with administration of calcitriol in both sheep (P < 0.001) and goats (P < 0.01). Calbindin-D28K was downregulated during dietary Ca restriction in goats (P < 0.05). Expression of the sodium/Ca exchanger type 1 was decreased by low Ca intake in sheep (P < 0.05) and upregulated by calcitriol treatment in goats (P < 0.05). A significant reduction in RNA expression of the cytosolic and the basolateral Ca transporting proteins was also demonstrated for lactating goats in comparison to dried-off animals. Species differences were found for vitamin D receptor expression, which was stimulated by calcitriol treatment in sheep (P < 0.01) but not in goats. As expected, expression of 1α-hydroxylase was upregulated by dietary Ca restriction (P < 0.001; P < 0.05) and inhibited by exogenous calcitriol (P < 001; P < 0.05) in both sheep and goats. However, whereas 24-hydroxylase expression was stimulated to the same extent by calcitriol treatment in sheep, irrespective of the diet (P < 0.001), a modulatory effect of dietary Ca supply on 24-hydroxylase induction was observed in goats (P < 0.05). Taken together, our results confirm observations that modulation of renal Ca excretion does not contribute to maintenance of Ca homeostasis in these ruminants during restricted dietary supply, unlike responses in monogastric animals. The interesting species differences related to vitamin D metabolism might explain the greater capacity of goats to compensate for challenges of Ca homeostasis and should be further investigated.
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Graca JAZ, Schepelmann M, Brennan SC, Reens J, Chang W, Yan P, Toka H, Riccardi D, Price SA. Comparative expression of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor in the mouse, rat, and human kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 310:F518-33. [PMID: 26661650 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00208.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) was cloned over 20 years ago and functionally demonstrated to regulate circulating levels of parathyroid hormone by maintaining physiological serum ionized calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)]). The receptor is highly expressed in the kidney; however, intrarenal and intraspecies distribution remains controversial. Recently, additional functions of the CaSR receptor in the kidney have emerged, including parathyroid hormone-independent effects. It is therefore critical to establish unequivocally the localization of the CaSR in the kidney to relate this to its proposed physiological roles. In this study, we determined CaSR expression in mouse, rat, and human kidneys using in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry (using 8 different commercially available and custom-made antibodies), and proximity ligation assays. Negative results in mice with kidney-specific CaSR ablation confirmed the specificity of the immunohistochemistry signal. Both in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry showed CaSR expression in the thick ascending limb, distal tubule, and collecting duct of all species, with the thick ascending limb showing the highest levels. Within the collecting ducts, there was significant heterogeneity of expression between cell types. In the proximal tubule, lower levels of immunoreactivity were detected by immunohistochemistry and proximity ligation assays. Proximity ligation assays were the only technique to demonstrate expression within glomeruli. This study demonstrated CaSR expression throughout the kidney with minimal discrepancy between species but with significant variation in the levels of expression between cell and tubule types. These findings clarify the intrarenal distribution of the CaSR and enable elucidation of the full physiological roles of the receptor within this organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Z Graca
- Pathology Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Macclesfield, United Kingdom; School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - M Schepelmann
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - S C Brennan
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - J Reens
- Pathology Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - W Chang
- Department of Medicine, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - P Yan
- Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - H Toka
- Division of Nephrology and Hyperension, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - D Riccardi
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom;
| | - S A Price
- Pathology Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
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Modulation of intestinal calcium and phosphate transport in young goats fed a nitrogen- and/or calcium-reduced diet. Br J Nutr 2015; 114:1949-64. [PMID: 26443238 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451500375x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Feeding ruminants a reduced N diet is a common approach to reduce N output based on rumino-hepatic circulation. However, a reduction in N intake caused massive changes in Ca and inorganic phosphate (Pi) homoeostasis in goats. Although a single dietary Ca reduction stimulated intestinal Ca absorption in a calcitriol-dependent manner, a concomitant reduction of Ca and N supply led to a decrease in calcitriol, and therefore a modulation of intestinal Ca and Pi absorption. The aim of this study was to examine the potential effects of dietary N or Ca reduction separately on intestinal Ca and Pi transport in young goats. Animals were allocated to a control, N-reduced, Ca-reduced or combined N- and Ca-reduced diet for about 6-8 weeks, whereby N content was reduced by 25 % compared with recommendations. In Ussing chamber experiments, intestinal Ca flux rates significantly decreased in goats fed a reduced N diet, whereas Pi flux rates were unaffected. In contrast, a dietary Ca reduction stimulated Ca flux rates and decreased Pi flux rates. The combined dietary N and Ca reduction withdrew the stimulating effect of dietary Ca reduction on Ca flux rates. The expression of Ca-transporting proteins decreased with a reduced N diet too, whereas Pi-transporting proteins were unaffected. In conclusion, a dietary N reduction decreased intestinal Ca transport by diminishing Ca-transporting proteins, which became clear during simultaneous N and Ca reduction. Therefore, N supply in young ruminant nutrition is of special concern for intestinal Ca transport.
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Takenaka T, Inoue T, Miyazaki T, Nishiyama A, Ishii N, Hayashi M, Suzuki H. Antialbuminuric actions of calcilytics in the remnant kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 309:F216-26. [PMID: 26017971 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00003.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperphosphatemia accelerates the progression of chronic kidney diseases. In the present study, the effects of ronacaleret, a calcilytic agent, on renal injury were assessed in the following four groups of rats: 5/6-nephrectomized Wistar rats as a control (C group), rats treated with ronacaleret (3 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1); R group), rats treated with calcitriol (30 ng·kg(-1)·day(-1); V group), and rats treated with both ronacaleret and calcitriol (R + V group). Three months later, rats were euthanized under anesthesia, and the remnant kidneys were harvested for analysis. Albuminuria was lower in the R and V groups than in the C group (P < 0.05). Creatinine clearance was elevated in the R and V groups compared with the C group (P < 0.05). Serum Ca(2+) and renal ANG II were higher in the R + V group than in the C group (P < 0.05 for each), and serum phosphate was reduced in the R group compared with the C group (P < 0.05). Fibroblast growth factor-23 was lower in the R group and higher in the V and R + V groups than in the C group. However, parathyroid hormone did not differ significantly among the four groups. Renal klotho expression was elevated in the R and V groups compared with the C group (P < 0.05). The present data indicate that ronacaleret preserves klotho expression and renal function with reductions in serum phosphate and albuminuria in 5/6-nephrectomized rats. Our findings demonstrate that vitamin D prevents declines in klotho expression and renal function, suppressing albuminuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuneo Takenaka
- International University of Health and Welfare, Minato, Tokyo, Japan;
| | | | | | | | - Naohito Ishii
- Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan; and
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Singh A, Ashraf A. Hypercalcemic crisis induced by calcium carbonate. Clin Kidney J 2015; 5:288-91. [PMID: 25874082 PMCID: PMC4393470 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfs060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a rare case of drug-induced hypercalcemic crisis in an elderly male resulting from calcium-containing supplements facilitated by thiazide diuretic and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. A 61-year-old male presented with hypercalcemic crisis along with renal insufficiency and metabolic alkalosis, mimicking the ‘calcium-alkali syndrome’. The patient responded to aggressive intravenous hydration along with emergent hemodialysis and salmon calcitonin. He did not have hyperparathyroidism or malignancy. History revealed an average daily intake of only 1200 mg of calcium carbonate along with vitamin D 1000 U/day over an extended period of time. The patient completely recovered in 3 days and had normal serum calcium, parathyroid hormone and phosphorous level at 3-month follow-up. The case highlights the life-threatening perils of indiscriminate and often excessive intake of calcium-containing supplements in an appropriate clinical setting. We also briefly discuss the epidemiology, clinical and laboratory features along with the recent advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of calcium-alkali syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ambika Ashraf
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology , University of Alabama , Birmingham, AL , USA
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Edwards A. Regulation of calcium reabsorption along the rat nephron: a modeling study. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 308:F553-66. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00577.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We expanded a mathematical model of transepithelial transport along the rat nephron to include the transport of Ca2+ and probe the impact of calcium-sensing mechanisms on Ca2+ reabsorption. The model nephron extends from the medullary thick ascending limb (mTAL) to the inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD). Our model reproduces several experimental findings, such as measurements of luminal Ca2+ concentrations in cortical tubules, and the effects of furosemide or deletion of the transient receptor potential channel vanilloid subtype 5 (TRPV5) on urinary Ca2+ excretion. In vitro microperfusion of rat TAL has demonstrated that activation of the calcium-sensing receptor CaSR lowers the TAL permeability to Ca2+, PCaTAL (Loupy A, Ramakrishnan SK, Wootla B, Chambrey R, de la Faille R, Bourgeois S, Bruneval P, Mandet C, Christensen EI, Faure H, Cheval L, Laghmani K, Collet C, Eladari D, Dodd RH, Ruat M, Houillier P. J Clin Invest 122: 3355, 2012). Our results suggest that this regulatory mechanism significantly impacts renal Ca2+ handling: when plasma Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]) is raised by 10%, the CaSR-mediated reduction in PCaTAL per se is predicted to enhance urinary Ca2+ excretion by ∼30%. If high [Ca2+] also induces renal outer medullary potassium (ROMK) inhibition, urinary Ca2+ excretion is further raised. In vitro, increases in luminal [Ca2+] have been shown to activate H+-ATPase pumps in the outer medullary CD and to lower the water permeability of IMCD. Our model suggests that if these responses exhibit the sigmoidal dependence on luminal [Ca2+] that is characteristic of CaSR, then the impact of elevated Ca2+ levels in the CD on urinary volume and pH remains limited. Finally, our model suggests that CaSR inhibitors could significantly reduce urinary Ca2+ excretion in hypoparathyroidism, thereby reducing the risk of calcium stone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Edwards
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 1138, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ERL 8228, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Variations in extracellular calcium level have a large impact on kidney function. Most of the effects seen are attributed to the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), a widely expressed G-protein-coupled cell surface protein with an important function in bone mineral homeostasis. The purpose of this review is to recapitulate the novel functional aspects of CaSR. RECENT FINDINGS Results from mouse models demonstrate important functions for CaSR in various tissues. In the kidney, the main role of CaSR is the regulation of calcium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb, independently of its role on parathyroid hormone secretion. CaSR modulates claudin 14, the gatekeeper of paracellular ion transport in the thick ascending limb that is associated with urinary calcium excretion. One intracellular signaling pathway by which CaSR alters tight junction permeability is the calcineurin-NFAT1c-microRNA-claudin14 axis. SUMMARY The main function of CaSR in the kidney is the regulation of calcium excretion in the thick ascending limb, independently of parathyroid hormone. CaSR modulates paracellular cation transport by altering expression of the tight junction protein claudin 14. Still more work is needed to fully understand all functions of CaSR in the kidney. Alternative pathways of calcium 'sensing' in the kidney need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan R Toka
- aDivision of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center bDivision of Nephrology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Alfadda TI, Saleh AMA, Houillier P, Geibel JP. Calcium-sensing receptor 20 years later. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C221-31. [PMID: 24871857 PMCID: PMC4121584 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00139.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) has played an important role as a target in the treatment of a variety of disease states over the past 20 plus years. In this review, we give an overview of the receptor at the cellular level and then provide details as to how this receptor has been targeted to modulate cellular ion transport mechanisms. As a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, it has a high degree of homology with a variety of other members in this class, which could explain why this receptor has been identified in so many different tissues throughout the body. This diversity of locations sets it apart from other members of the family and may explain how the receptor interacts with so many different organ systems in the body to modulate the physiology and pathophysiology. The receptor is unique in that it has two large exofacial lobes that sit in the extracellular environment and sense changes in a wide variety of environmental cues including salinity, pH, amino acid concentration, and polyamines to name just a few. It is for this reason that there has been a great deal of research associated with normal receptor physiology over the past 20 years. With the ongoing research, in more recent years a focus on the pathophysiology has emerged and the effects of receptor mutations on cellular and organ physiology have been identified. We hope that this review will enhance and update the knowledge about the importance of this receptor and stimulate future potential investigations focused around this receptor in cellular, organ, and systemic physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq I Alfadda
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ahmad M A Saleh
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Pascal Houillier
- INSERM UMR_S1138, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Hopital Europeen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - John P Geibel
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
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Besiroglu H, Sahin S, Otunctemur A, Ozbek E. Calcium-sensing receptor gene polymorphisms in patients with calcium urolithiasis: a systematic review. Ren Fail 2014; 36:1187-92. [PMID: 25019182 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2014.937673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium-sensing receptor gene (CaSR) might be a strong component of the complex genetic background regulating calcium excretion and stone formation in kidney. The polymorphisms in different parts of the gene could be associated with calcium stone formation. OBJECTIVE The individual studies indicate a correlation between CaSR gene polymorphisms and urolithiasis but not sufficient to draw a precise result. We aimed to search literature to come to a reliable conclusion through a systematic review. MATERIALS AND METHODS We have serached individiual studies regarding the issue and high quality reviews. We assessed all the studies to draw a conclusion. CONCLUSION The genetic background of the neprolithiasis is an interesting issue deserving to be disscussed on. Regading genes of which, CaSR gene polymorphisms is the leading one, are studied in many individual studies but they are not sufficient to have a precise conclusion. Well-oriented and documented, phenotypically homogenous large cohort studies are needed for further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Besiroglu
- Department of Urology, Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
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Nilius B, Szallasi A. Transient Receptor Potential Channels as Drug Targets: From the Science of Basic Research to the Art of Medicine. Pharmacol Rev 2014; 66:676-814. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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45
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van der Hagen EAE, Tudpor K, Verkaart S, Lavrijsen M, van der Kemp A, van Zeeland F, Bindels RJM, Hoenderop JGJ. β1-Adrenergic receptor signaling activates the epithelial calcium channel, transient receptor potential vanilloid type 5 (TRPV5), via the protein kinase A pathway. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:18489-96. [PMID: 24828496 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.491274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are present in the pro-urine. β-Adrenergic receptor (β-AR) blockers administered to counteract sympathetic overstimulation in patients with congestive heart failure have a negative inotropic effect, resulting in reduced cardiac contractility. Positive inotropes, β1-AR agonists, are used to improve cardiac functions. Active Ca(2+) reabsorption in the late distal convoluted and connecting tubules (DCT2/CNT) is initiated by Ca(2+) influx through the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 5 (TRPV5) Ca(2+) channel. Although it was reported that β-ARs are present in the DCT2/CNT region, their role in active Ca(2+) reabsorption remains elusive. Here we revealed that β1-AR, but not β2-AR, is localized with TRPV5 in DCT2/CNT. Subsequently, treatment of TRPV5-expressing mouse DCT2/CNT primary cell cultures with the β1-AR agonist dobutamine showed enhanced apical-to-basolateral transepithelial Ca(2+) transport. In human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells, dobutamine was shown to stimulate cAMP production, signifying functional β1-AR expression. Fura-2 experiments demonstrated increased activity of TRPV5 in response to dobutamine, which could be prevented by the PKA inhibitor H89. Moreover, nonphosphorylable T709A-TRPV5 and phosphorylation-mimicking T709D-TRPV5 mutants were unresponsive to dobutamine. Surface biotinylation showed that dobutamine did not affect plasma membrane abundance of TRPV5. In conclusion, activation of β1-AR stimulates active Ca(2+) reabsorption in DCT2/CNT; an increase in TRPV5 activity via PKA phosphorylation of residue Thr-709 possibly plays an important role. These data explicate a calciotropic role in addition to the inotropic property of β1-AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline A E van der Hagen
- From the Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kukiat Tudpor
- From the Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd Verkaart
- From the Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marla Lavrijsen
- From the Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemiete van der Kemp
- From the Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Femke van Zeeland
- From the Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - René J M Bindels
- From the Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost G J Hoenderop
- From the Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Cai X, Srivastava S, Surindran S, Li Z, Skolnik EY. Regulation of the epithelial Ca²⁺ channel TRPV5 by reversible histidine phosphorylation mediated by NDPK-B and PHPT1. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:1244-50. [PMID: 24523290 PMCID: PMC3982990 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-04-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney, together with bone and intestine, plays a crucial role in maintaining whole-body calcium (Ca(2+)) homoeostasis, which is primarily mediated by altering the reabsorption of Ca(2+) filtered by the glomerulus. The transient receptor potential-vanilloid-5 (TRPV5) channel protein forms a six- transmembrane Ca(2+)-permeable channel that regulates urinary Ca(2+) excretion by mediating active Ca(2+) reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney. Here we show that the histidine kinase, nucleoside diphosphate kinase B (NDPK-B), activates TRPV5 channel activity and Ca(2+) flux, and this activation requires histidine 711 in the carboxy-terminal tail of TRPV5. In addition, the histidine phosphatase, protein histidine phosphatase 1, inhibits NDPK-B-activated TRPV5 in inside/out patch experiments. This is physiologically relevant to Ca(2+) reabsorption in vivo, as short hairpin RNA knockdown of NDPK-B leads to decreased TRPV5 channel activity, and urinary Ca(2+) excretion is increased in NDPK-B(-/-) mice fed a high-Ca(2+) diet. Thus these findings identify a novel mechanism by which TRPV5 and Ca(2+) reabsorption is regulated by the kidney and support the idea that histidine phosphorylation plays other, yet-uncovered roles in mammalian biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjiang Cai
- Division of Nephrology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016 Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016 The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016
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Abstract
TRPV5 is one of the two channels in the TRPV family that exhibit high selectivity to Ca(2+) ions. TRPV5 mediates Ca(2+) influx into cells as the first step to transport Ca(2+) across epithelia. The specialized distribution in the distal tubule of the kidney positions TRPV5 as a key player in Ca(2+) reabsorption. The responsiveness in expression and/or activity of TRPV5 to hormones such as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, parathyroid hormone, estrogen, and testosterone makes TRPV5 suitable for its role in the fine-tuning of Ca(2+) reabsorption. This role is further optimized by the modulation of TRPV5 trafficking and activity via its binding partners; co-expressed proteins; tubular factors such as calbindin-D28k, calmodulin, klotho, uromodulin, and plasmin; extracellular and intracellular factors such as proton, Mg(2+), Ca(2+), and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate; and fluid flow. These regulations allow TRPV5 to adjust its overall activity in response to the body's demand for Ca(2+) and to prevent kidney stone formation. A point mutation in mouse Trpv5 gene leads to hypercalciuria similar to Trpv5 knockout mice, suggesting a possible role of TRPV5 in hypercalciuric disorders in humans. In addition, the single nucleotide polymorphisms in Trpv5 gene prevalently present in African descents may contribute to the efficient renal Ca(2+) reabsorption among African descendants. TRPV5 represents a potential therapeutic target for disorders with altered Ca(2+) homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Na
- Cell Collection and Research Center, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
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Lin CH, Su CH, Hwang PP. Calcium-sensing receptor mediates Ca(2+) homeostasis by modulating expression of PTH and stanniocalcin. Endocrinology 2014; 155:56-67. [PMID: 24169558 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of the synthesis and/or secretion of hypocalcemic and hypercalcemic hormones by the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is believed to be a major pathway for maintaining Ca(2+) homeostasis in vertebrates, based primarily on findings in mammals. However, understanding the evolution of this physiological process requires that it be described in nonmammalian species. Here, we describe the use of zebrafish as a model to investigate whether CaSR contributes to body fluid Ca(2+) homeostasis by regulating synthesis of hypercalcemic (PTH1 and PTH2) and hypocalcemic (stanniocalcin [STC]) hormones. We report that PTH1, but not PTH2, increases Ca(2+) uptake through stimulation of the expression of the gene encoding the epithelial Ca(2+) channel (ecac). Furthermore, we demonstrate that CaSR, as a Ca(2+) sensor, may affect stc-1 and pth1 expressions differently, thereby suppressing ecac expression and Ca(2+) uptake. Finally, we show that CaSR knockdown has time-dependent effects on STC-1 and PTH1 expression, and these 2 hormones have mutual effects on the expression, thus forming a possible counterbalance. These findings enhance our understanding of CaSR-PTH-STC control of Ca(2+) homeostasis in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hao Lin
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology (C.-H.L., C.-H.S., P.-P.H), Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China; and Institute of Fishery Science (C.-H.S., P.-P.H), National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
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49
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Calcium deficiency-induced and TRP channel-regulated IGF1R-PI3K-Akt signaling regulates abnormal epithelial cell proliferation. Cell Death Differ 2013; 21:568-81. [PMID: 24336047 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium deficiency causes abnormal colonic growth and increases colon cancer risk with poorly understood mechanisms. Here we elucidate a novel signaling mechanism underlying the Ca(2+) deficiency-induced epithelial proliferation using a unique animal model. The zebrafish larval yolk sac skin contains a group of Ca(2+)-transporting epithelial cells known as ionocytes. Their number and density increases dramatically when acclimated to low [Ca(2+)] environments. BrdU pulse-labeling experiments suggest that low [Ca(2+)] stimulates pre-existing ionocytes to re-enter the cell cycle. Low [Ca(2+)] treatment results in a robust and sustained activation of IGF1R-PI3K-Akt signaling in these cells exclusively. These ionocytes specifically express Igfbp5a, a high-affinity and specific binding protein for insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and the Ca(2+)-selective channel Trpv5/6. Inhibition or knockdown of Igfbp5a, IGF1 receptor, PI3K, and Akt attenuates low [Ca(2+)]-induced ionocyte proliferation. The role of Trpv5/6 was investigated using a genetic mutant, targeted knockdown, and pharmacological inhibition. Loss-of-Trpv5/6 function or expression results in elevated pAkt levels and increased ionocyte proliferation under normal [Ca(2+)]. These increases are eliminated in the presence of an IGF1R inhibitor, suggesting that Trpv5/6 represses IGF1R-PI3K-Akt signaling under normal [Ca(2+)]. Intriguingly, blockade of Trpv5/6 activity inhibits the low [Ca(2+)]-induced activation of Akt. Mechanistic analyses reveal that the low [Ca(2+)]-induced IGF signaling is mediated through Trpv5/6-associated membrane depolarization. Low extracellular [Ca(2+)] results in a similar amplification of IGF-induced PI3K-PDK1-Akt signaling in human colon cancer cells in a TRPV6-dependent manner. These results uncover a novel and evolutionarily conserved signaling mechanism that contributes to the abnormal epithelial proliferation associated with Ca(2+) deficiency.
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50
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Casare F, Milan D, Fernandez R. Stimulation of calcium-sensing receptor increases biochemical H⁺-ATPase activity in mouse cortex and outer medullary regions. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 92:181-8. [PMID: 24593782 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2013-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this project was to investigate the interaction between the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and proton extrusion by the V-ATPase and gastric-like isoform of the H(+)/K(+)-ATPase in the mouse nephron. Biochemical activity of H(+)- ATPases was analysed using a partially purified membrane fraction of mouse cortex and outer medullary region. The V-ATPase activity (sensitive to 10(-7) mol·L(-1) bafilomycin) from the cortical and outer medullary region was significantly stimulated by increasing the [Formula: see text] (outside Ca(2+)), in a dose-dependent pattern. Gastric H(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity (sensitive to 10(-5) mol·L(-1) Schering 28080) was also sensitive to changes in [Formula: see text] levels. A significant increase in V-ATPase activity was also observed when CaSR was stimulated with agonists such as 300 μmol·L(-1) Gd(3+) and 200 μmol·L(-1) neomycin, both in the cortex and outer medulla. The cortical and outer medullary gastric H(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity was also stimulated by Gd(3+) and neomycin. Finally, cortical V-ATPase activity was significantly stimulated by 10(-9) mol·L(-1) angiotensin II, and the stimulation of CaSR in the presence of angiotensin significantly enhanced this effect, suggesting that an interaction in the intracellular signaling pathways is involved. In summary, CaSR stimulation enhances the biochemical activity of V-ATPase and gastric H(+)/K(+)-ATPase in both the cortical and outer medullary region of mouse kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Casare
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico s/n., PO Box 19031, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, Paraná, CEP 81531-990, Brasil
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