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Tane E, Martínez-Gómez L, Amorós-Pérez A, Román-Martínez M, Lillo-Ródenas M. A novel approach to the quantitative analysis of the particulate matter in conventional cigarette smoke and heated tobacco product aerosols. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35028. [PMID: 39170206 PMCID: PMC11336348 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The particulate and soluble matter present in aerosols from combustible cigarettes (CCs) and Heated Tobacco Products (HTPs) was collected in liquid water. These liquids, yellowish in the experiments with cigarettes and colourless after using HTPs, were analysed by Laser Diffraction (LD) and by Transmission Electron Microscopy coupled to Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM-EDX) to study the amount, size, composition, and other features of the particulate matter (PM) present in the collected aerosols. The particulate matter concentration in HTPs samples is below the limit of quantification for LD, and only samples from cigarettes show a particulate matter concentration above such limit. TEM analysis has revealed that the liquid samples (from both, cigarettes and HTPs experiments) contain particulate matter, mainly composed of carbon (C) and oxygen (O), but also of traces of inorganic elements. The TEM electron beam results in the evaporation of the particulate matter derived from HTPs, but not of that derived from cigarettes, highlighting the different nature of the particulate matter in both systems, i.e. liquid particulate matter present in the HTPs aerosols and solid particulate matter in the cigarettes smoke. A protocol for the quantitative comparison of the particulate matter present in aerosols has been applied over sixteen TEM images for each sample, confirming important differences from the point of view of the amount of particulate matter and particle size ranges. Thus, the amount of particulate matter for HTPs aerosol samples is more than one order of magnitude lower than for cigarettes smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.G. Tane
- Grupo MCMA, Departamento de Química Inorgánica e Instituto Universitario de Materiales de Alicante (IUMA), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, E-03080, Spain
| | - L. Martínez-Gómez
- Grupo MCMA, Departamento de Química Inorgánica e Instituto Universitario de Materiales de Alicante (IUMA), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, E-03080, Spain
| | - A. Amorós-Pérez
- Grupo MCMA, Departamento de Química Inorgánica e Instituto Universitario de Materiales de Alicante (IUMA), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, E-03080, Spain
| | - M.C. Román-Martínez
- Grupo MCMA, Departamento de Química Inorgánica e Instituto Universitario de Materiales de Alicante (IUMA), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, E-03080, Spain
| | - M.A. Lillo-Ródenas
- Grupo MCMA, Departamento de Química Inorgánica e Instituto Universitario de Materiales de Alicante (IUMA), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, E-03080, Spain
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Cordery S, Thompson K, Stevenson M, Simms L, Chapman F, Grandolfo E, Malt L, Weaver S, Fearon IM, Nahde T. The Product Science of Electrically Heated Tobacco Products: An Updated Narrative Review of the Scientific Literature. Cureus 2024; 16:e61223. [PMID: 38939262 PMCID: PMC11209752 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.61223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Heated tobacco products represent a novel category of tobacco products in which a tobacco consumable is heated to a temperature that releases nicotine from the tobacco leaf but not to a temperature sufficient to cause combustion. Heated tobacco products may therefore have the potential to be a less harmful alternative for adult smokers who would otherwise continue to smoke cigarettes, as their use should result in exposure to substantially fewer and lower levels of toxicants. This update represents a two-year extension to our previous narrative review, which covered peer-reviewed journal articles published up to August 31, 2021. The scientific evidence published between 2021 and 2023 continues to indicate that aerosols produced from heated tobacco products contain fewer and substantially lower levels of harmful and potentially harmful constituents and that these observed reductions consistently translate to reduced biological effects in both in vitro and in vivo toxicological studies. Biomarker and clinical data from studies in which product use is controlled within a clinical setting continue to suggest changes in levels of biomarkers of exposure, biomarkers of potential harm, and clinical endpoints indicating the potential for reduced harm with switching to exclusive use of heated tobacco products in adult smokers. Overall, the available peer-reviewed scientific evidence continues to indicate that heated tobacco products offer promise as a potentially less harmful alternative to cigarettes, and as such, the conclusions of our original narrative review remain valid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cordery
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands Plc., Bristol, GBR
| | - Keith Thompson
- Independent Scientific Consultant, Elucid8 Holdings Ltd., Coleraine, GBR
| | - Matthew Stevenson
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands Plc., Bristol, GBR
| | - Liam Simms
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands Plc., Bristol, GBR
| | - Fiona Chapman
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands Plc., Bristol, GBR
| | - Erika Grandolfo
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands Plc., Bristol, GBR
| | - Layla Malt
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands Plc., Bristol, GBR
| | - Sarah Weaver
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands Plc., Bristol, GBR
| | - Ian M Fearon
- Scientific Research, whatIF? Consulting Ltd., Harwell, GBR
| | - Thomas Nahde
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands Reemtsma, Hamburg, DEU
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Parwanto E, Tjahyadi D, Sisca S, Amalia H, Hairunisa N, Edy HJ, Oladimeji AV, Djebli N. Low Doses of Kretek Cigarette Smoke Altered Rat Lung Histometric, and Overexpression of the p53 Gene. Open Respir Med J 2024; 18:e18743064285619. [PMID: 39130649 PMCID: PMC11311747 DOI: 10.2174/0118743064285619240327055359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The components of kretek cigarettes include tobacco as the main part, clove, and sauce. Filtered kretek cigarettes are kretek cigarettes that have one end filtered. Cigarette smoke contributes to the disruption of the respiratory system, so it is necessary to know the effect of low doses of cigarette smoke on changes in the histometric of the respiratory system, and whether it affects p53 gene expression. This study aims to determine changes in the histometric of the respiratory system and p53 gene expression. Methods In this study, we used Sprague-Dawley rats. Group I of rats breathing normal air, were not exposed to filtered kretek cigarette smoke (as a control). Group II of rats, as a treatment group, were exposed to filtered kretek cigarette smoke 1 stick/day for 3 months. The results of lung histometry measurements and p53 gene expression between groups were analyzed using the Independent Sample T-test. The difference between groups is significant if the test results show P < 0.05. Results Bronchioles length, width, area, and perimeter in group I were 40.55±1.57 μm, 14.82±0.41 μm, 494.61±5.62 μm2, and 233.87±4.51 μm, respectively. Bronchioles length, width, area, and perimeter in group II were 30.76±0.78 μm, 9.28±0.40 μm, 297.32±2.53 μm2, and 177.84±5.15 μm, respectively. The area and perimeter of respiratory bronchioles in group I were 17.68±0.49 μm2, and 26.60±0.52 μm respectively, while those in group II were 19.28±0.35 μm2, and 29.28±0.35 μm, respectively. Mucus was found in the bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles in group II, however, there was no visible mucus observed in group I. In addition, it was also concluded that exposure to low doses of filtered kretek cigarette smoke, 1 cigarette/day for 3 months, increased the expression of the p53 gene in the lungs of rats. Conclusion The size of bronchioles in rats decreased after being exposed to filtered kretek cigarette smoke 1 stick/day for 3 months, while the size of respiratory bronchioles increased. In addition, exposure to filtered kretek cigarette smoke increased the expression of the p53 gene in the rat lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edy Parwanto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Trisakti, Jl. Kyai Tapa, Kampus B, No.260 Grogol 11440, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - David Tjahyadi
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sisca Sisca
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Trisakti, Jl. Kyai Tapa, Kampus B, No.260 Grogol 11440, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Husnun Amalia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nany Hairunisa
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hosea Jaya Edy
- Study Program of Pharmacy, Faculty of Math, and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado, Indonesia
| | | | - Noureddine Djebli
- Department of Biologie, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Abdelhamid Ibn Badis University, Mostaganem, Algeria
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Kim Y, Cho SH, Lee S, Jung S, Chen WH, Kwon EE. Environmental benefits from the use of CO 2 in the thermal disposal of cigarette butts. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 220:115217. [PMID: 36608762 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As the global consumption of cigarettes has increased, the massive generation of cigarette butts (CBs) has led to critical environmental and health problems. Landfilling or incineration of CBs has been conventionally carried out, but such disposal protocols have suffered from the potential risks of the unwanted/uncontrolled release of leachates, carcinogens, and toxic chemicals into all environmental media. Thus, this study focuses on developing an environmentally dependable method for CB disposal. Littered CBs from filtered/electronic cigarettes were valorized into syngas (H2/CO). To seek a greener approach for the valorization of CBs, CO2 was intentionally considered as a reaction intermediate. Prior to multiple pyrolysis studies, the toxic chemicals in the CBs were qualitatively determined. This study experimentally proved that the toxic chemicals in CBs were detoxified/valorized into syngas. Furthermore, this work demonstrated that CO2 was effective in thermally destroying toxic chemicals in CBs via a gas-phase reaction. The reaction features and CO2 synergistically enhance syngas production. With the use of a supported Ni catalyst and CO2, syngas production from the catalytic pyrolysis of CBs was greatly enhanced (approximately 4 times). Finally, the gas-phase reaction by CO2 was reliably maintained owing to the synergistic mechanistic/reaction feature of CO2 for coke formation prevention on the catalyst surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youkwan Kim
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Heon Cho
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyoon Lee
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyup Jung
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung, 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, 411, Taiwan
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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Kusonić D, Bijelić K, Kladar N, Božin B, Torović L, Srđenović Čonić B. Comparative Health Risk Assessment of Heated Tobacco Products versus Conventional Cigarettes. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 58:346-353. [PMID: 36630411 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2022.2161315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is the largest preventable cause of death in the world with around eight million estimated premature deaths per year. In response to the harmful effects of conventional tobacco products the tobacco industry has launched a new type of products called Heated tobacco products (HTP) and e-cigarettes, which are considered safer for human health than conventional cigarettes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The research was conducted by searching the scientific literature using platforms "Google scholar," "PubMed" and "Science Direct." To compare the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk of HTP products and conventional cigarettes, margin of exposure and lifetime excess cancer risk were calculated using data obtained from a scientific literature search. UNLABELLED HTP products have shown a reduced risk to human health compared to the conventional cigarettes, although they still contain compounds that can be dangerous to human health. There is not enough data obtained from independent studies that could safely indicate that these reduced amounts of toxic chemical entities in the composition of HTP do not induce any harmful effect. CONCLUSION Further research is needed to determine the harmful effects of HTP aerosol, as well as to tighten the legislation that would limit the production, import and distribution of these products worldwide until their safety for human health is confirmed with a sufficient number of transparent and representative results obtained in independent scientific studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Kusonić
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Katarina Bijelić
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Kladar
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.,Faculty of Medicine, Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Investigations and Quality Control, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Biljana Božin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.,Faculty of Medicine, Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Investigations and Quality Control, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ljilja Torović
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Branislava Srđenović Čonić
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.,Faculty of Medicine, Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Investigations and Quality Control, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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Hussein T. Indoor Exposure and Regional Inhaled Deposited Dose Rate during Smoking and Incense Stick Burning-The Jordanian Case as an Example for Eastern Mediterranean Conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:587. [PMID: 36612906 PMCID: PMC9819828 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking and incense burning are commonly used in Jordanian microenvironments. While smoking in Jordan is prohibited inside closed spaces, incense burning remains uncontrolled. In this study, particle size distributions (diameter 0.01-25 µm) were measured and inhaled deposited dose rates were calculated during typical smoking and incense stick-burning scenarios inside a closed room, and the exposure was summarized in terms of number and mass concentrations of submicron (PNSub) and fine particles (PM2.5). During cigarette smoking and incense stick-burning scenarios, the particle number concentrations exceeded 3 × 105 cm-3. They exceeded 5 × 105 cm-3 during shisha smoking. The emission rates were 1.9 × 1010, 6.8 × 1010, and 1.7 × 1010 particles/s, respectively, for incense, cigarettes, and shisha. That corresponded to about 7, 80, and 120 µg/s, respectively. Males received higher dose rates than females, with about 75% and 55% in the pulmonary/alveolar during walking and standing, respectively. The total dose rates were in the order of 1012-1013 #/h (103-104 µg/h), respectively, for PNSub and PM2.5. The above reported concentrations, emissions rates, and dose rates are considered seriously high, recalling the fact that aerosols emitted during such scenarios consist of a vast range of toxicant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareq Hussein
- Environmental and Atmospheric Research Laboratory (EARL), Department of Physics, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR/Physics), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Permana BH, Thiravetyan P, Treesubsuntorn C. Effect of airflow pattern and distance on removal of particulate matters and volatile organic compounds from cigarette smoke using Sansevieria trifasciata botanical biofilter. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133919. [PMID: 35143856 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Botanical biofilters can effectively remove indoor air pollution. However, to apply botanical biofilters in situ, the distance of botanical biofilter to the pollutants and airflow pattern can be important factors impacting efficiency. This study examined the removal efficiency of particulate matters (PMs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from cigarette smoke, such as formaldehyde and acetone, at various distances (100 cm, 175 cm, 240 cm, and 315 cm) using a Sansevieria trifasciata botanical biofilter. The botanical biofilter was placed inside a testing room (24 m3) and exposed to cigarette smoke. The pollutants removal efficiency was evaluated for six cycles (24 h/cycle) and one cycle as a recovery period where botanical biofilter was placed under normal conditions for 30 days. Results showed that the botanical biofilter could remove 140-250 μg m-3, 147-257 μg m-3, 212-455 μg m-3 for PM1, PM2.5, and PM10, respectively, at 8 h. Total VOCs, formaldehyde, and acetone removal were 40%-65%, 46%-69%, and 31%-61% at 24 h. PMs and VOCs removal efficiency can be affected by both distance and pattern of airflow in the testing room. The highest PM1 and PM2.5 elimination appeared at 240 cm and 315 cm, while VOCs removal was high at 100 cm. Botanical biofilter creates airflow vortices around 100 cm, indicating low removal of PMs. This is the first study that demonstrated the effect of airflow patterns on different pollutants removal efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayu Hadi Permana
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Paitip Thiravetyan
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Chairat Treesubsuntorn
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand.
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Amorós-Pérez A, Cano-Casanova L, Román-Martínez MDC, Lillo-Ródenas MÁ. Solid matter and soluble compounds collected from cigarette smoke and heated tobacco product aerosol using a laboratory designed puffing setup. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 206:112619. [PMID: 34971599 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A laboratory setup recently designed has been used to perform puffing experiments in conditions similar to those of Health Canada Intense regime with the purpose of collecting and studying any particulate and/or soluble matter generated as a result of cigarette smoking or Heets use in an IQOS device. Smoke or aerosol can leave deposited matter in several parts of the setup, roughly resembling the interaction with the human body. Samples have been collected from different parts of the setup. For cigarettes, the extracted solutions were yellowish, whereas they remained colourless for Heets. This indicates that the content of both the deposited particulate matter and the amount of soluble compounds were much higher in cigarettes smoke than in Heets aerosol. Not only quantitative differences have been found. Thus, the solid matter collected from cigarettes smoke contains some insoluble fractions mainly composed by C and O, but also by traces of S, K, Ca, Fe, As, Na, Al, Si, and Ba, while the analogous samples from Heets are mainly composed of C and O and are soluble in isopropanol. In addition, in Heets aerosol a relatively low fraction of the detected compounds corresponds to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), compared to the percentage of PAHs present in the cigarette smoke. When cigarettes were smoked under a continuous smoking regime (continuous air flow) solid matter was found to be deposited on a part of the setup. This collected solid matter was composed mainly of C and O (being mostly insoluble in water and partially soluble in isopropanol) and contained traces of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Pb).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Amorós-Pérez
- MCMA Group, Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Materials Institute (IUMA). Faculty of Sciences. University of Alicante, Ap. 99, E-03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Laura Cano-Casanova
- MCMA Group, Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Materials Institute (IUMA). Faculty of Sciences. University of Alicante, Ap. 99, E-03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Román-Martínez
- MCMA Group, Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Materials Institute (IUMA). Faculty of Sciences. University of Alicante, Ap. 99, E-03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Lillo-Ródenas
- MCMA Group, Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Materials Institute (IUMA). Faculty of Sciences. University of Alicante, Ap. 99, E-03080, Alicante, Spain.
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