1
|
Ferronato N, Giaquinta C, Conti F, Torretta V. When solid recovered fuel (SRF) production and consumption maximize environmental benefits? A life cycle assessment. Waste Manag 2024; 178:199-209. [PMID: 38402740 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Solid recovered fuel (SRF) from non-recyclable waste obtained from source separation and mechanical treatments can replace carbon coke in cement plants, contributing to the carbon neutrality. A life cycle assessment (LCA) of the SRF production from non-recyclable and selected waste was conducted in an Italian mechanical treatment plant to estimate the potential environmental impacts per ton of SRF produced. The analysis would contribute to evaluate the benefits that can be obtained due to coke substitution in best- and worst-case scenarios. The avoided impacts achieved were assessed, together with an evaluation of the variables that can affect the environmental benefits: SRF biogenic carbon content (in percentage of paper and cardboard); transportation distances travelled from the treatment plant to the cement kiln; the renewable energy used in the mechanical facility. On average, about 35.6 kgCO2-eq are generated by the SRF transportation and production phase. These impacts are greatly compensated by coke substitution, obtaining a net value of about -1.1 tCO2-eq avoided per ton of SRF. On balance, the global warming potential due to SRF production and consumption ranges from about -542 kgCO2-eq to about -1729 kgCO2-eq. The research recommended the use of SRF to substitute coke in cement kilns also in low densely-populated areas to mitigate environmental impacts and achieve carbon neutrality at a global level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navarro Ferronato
- University of Insubria, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences (DiSTA), Via G.B. Vico 46, I-21100 Varese, Italy.
| | - Chiara Giaquinta
- University of Insubria, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences (DiSTA), Via G.B. Vico 46, I-21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Fabio Conti
- University of Insubria, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences (DiSTA), Via G.B. Vico 46, I-21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Torretta
- University of Insubria, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences (DiSTA), Via G.B. Vico 46, I-21100 Varese, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bassey U, Bowles A, Fowler G, Tom AO, Beck G, Narra S, Nelles M, Hartmann M. Experimental investigation of products from thermal treatment of real-world mixed single-use and multi-layered waste plastics. Environ Res 2024; 247:118244. [PMID: 38266901 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The usage and disposal of highly abundant single-use and multilayered plastics contribute to significant ecological problems. The thermochemical recovery of these plastics to useful products and chemicals provides opportunity for positive economic and environmental impacts. Most previous research use idealised and unrepresentative feedstocks. To address this, various mixed waste plastics collected from the rejected fraction of a municipal waste recovery facility in Ghana were pyrolyzed at varying temperatures of 450, 500 and 550 °C and their yields compared. The obtained chemical products were analysed using several different techniques. Energy and carbon balances of the processes were produced using the CHNS and energy content of the oil fraction and the compositional results of the pyrolysis gas fraction, the latter of which was measured by Gas Chromatography Thermal Conductivity Detection (GC-TCD). The oils were further assessed via Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify the available valuable compounds. The formed oil contained approximately 40% light hydrocarbons (C6 - C11), 18% middle hydrocarbons (C11 - C16) and 42% heavy hydrocarbon compounds (C16+). The optimal oil yield of 65.9 ± 0.5% and low heating value of 44.7 ± 0.1 MJ/kg for single-use plastics were recorded at highest heating temperatures of 550 and 500 °C, respectively. The findings provide indication that pyrolysis is a fitting solution for energy recovery from waste plastics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uduak Bassey
- Berlin School of Technology, SRH Berlin University of Applied Sciences, Berlin, 10587, Germany; Department of Waste and Resource Management, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, 18051, Germany.
| | - Alex Bowles
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2BX, United Kingdom
| | - Geoff Fowler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2BX, United Kingdom
| | - Abasi-Ofon Tom
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Gesa Beck
- Berlin School of Technology, SRH Berlin University of Applied Sciences, Berlin, 10587, Germany
| | - Satyanarayana Narra
- Department of Waste and Resource Management, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, 18051, Germany
| | - Michael Nelles
- Department of Waste and Resource Management, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, 18051, Germany
| | - Michael Hartmann
- Berlin School of Technology, SRH Berlin University of Applied Sciences, Berlin, 10587, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lee JP, Lee JS, Lee JW, Lee HW, Jeong S, Min K. Waste to Energy: Steam explosion-based torrefaction process to produce solid biofuel for power generation utilizing various waste biomasses. Bioresour Technol 2024; 394:130185. [PMID: 38072073 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Currently, humankind is facing a serious environmental and climate crisis, which has accelerated the research on producing bioenergy from waste biomass as a carbon-neutral feedstock. In this study, the aim was to develop an upcycling strategy for waste biomass to solid-type biofuel conversion for power generation. Various types of waste biomass (i.e., waste wood after lumbering, sawdust-type mushroom waste wood, kudzu vine, and empty fruit bunches from palm) were used as sustainable feedstocks for steam explosion-based torrefaction. The reaction conditions were optimized for each waste biomass by controlling the severity index (Ro); the higher heating value increased proportional to the Ro increase. Additionally, component analysis revealed that steam explosion torrefaction mainly degraded hemicellulose, and most of the torrefied waste biomass met the Bio-Solid Refuse Fuel quality standard. The results provide not only a viable waste-to-energy strategy but also insights to address global climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Pyo Lee
- Gwangju Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Gwangju 61003, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Suk Lee
- Gwangju Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Gwangju 61003, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Lee
- Department of Wood Science and Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Conversion System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Woo Lee
- Department of Wood Science and Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Kyoungseon Min
- Gwangju Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Gwangju 61003, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Arena U, Parrillo F, Ardolino F. An LCA answer to the mixed plastics waste dilemma: Energy recovery or chemical recycling? Waste Manag 2023; 171:662-675. [PMID: 37865064 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
The study focuses on mixed plastics waste (MPW), whose complex and unpredictable composition (due to high polymer heterogeneity, additives, and contaminants) makes its valorisation a true technical, environmental, economic, and regulatory challenge. Chemical recycling by means of advanced thermochemical treatments (ATT) could be a successful strategy, able to support the transition from a carbon intensive to a carbon negative sector, and alternative to the current treatments of energy recovery or mechanical downcycling. Some of these ATTs provide an efficient recovery of valuable resources, such as fuels and chemicals, but their role is mainly limited by time necessary to complete the process optimization and implement the required infrastructures. A reliable identification of the best alternatives is thus crucial. A specific LCA approach quantifies the environmental performances of a selected set of ATT technologies for resource recovery from MPW. It includes plastics-to-energy, by combustion or gasification; plastics-to-methane and plastics-to-hydrogen, by gasification; and plastics-to-oil, by thermal pyrolysis. The results highlight the crucial role of carbon capture and storage (CCS) units, which partially reduces that of the specific thermochemical treatment. The best performances, particularly for Climate Change category, are those of the MPW-to-hydrogen by gasification, followed by those of MPW-to-energy by combustion or gasification, all equipped with CCS. The sensitivity analysis considers the evolution of the European energy mix, characterised by a larger utilisation of renewable energy sources, and highlights the corresponding increased sustainability of chemical recycling by ATTs. This suggests that the MPW dilemma should be definitively solved in a close future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Arena
- Department of Environmental, Biological, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies - University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi, 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Francesco Parrillo
- Department of Environmental, Biological, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies - University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi, 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Filomena Ardolino
- Department of Environmental, Biological, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies - University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi, 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Samouh H, Kumar V, Santiago HM, Garg N. Enhancing phase identification in waste-to-energy fly ashes: Role of Raman spectroscopy, background fluorescence, and photobleaching. J Hazard Mater 2023; 460:132462. [PMID: 37683344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Waste-to-Energy (WTE) facilities incinerate ∼11% (∼ 222 Mt) of global solid waste, generating bottom and fly ashes. Landfilling these ashes is costly, and risks releasing contaminants into the environment. Instead, using WTE ashes in secondary industrial applications can circumvent such environmental risks. However, their secondary use is restricted by their inconsistent mineralogy, which may vary due to fluctuating waste composition and combustion conditions. Therefore, there is a need for rapid and reliable monitoring of WTE fly ash mineralogy. Here, we evaluate the employment of Raman spectroscopy for that purpose. Our initial investigation of 12 unique WTE fly ashes resulted in excessive fluorescence, rendering key Raman peaks obscure. To address this issue, we report that a mere 2 min of photobleaching can significantly reduce this fluorescence, facilitating the detection of calcite, calcium sulfate, zincite, and carbon - phases previously undetectable in original spectra. These results show the potential of Raman spectroscopy for rapid monitoring of WTE fly ash mineralogy, which could be beneficial in diverting these ashes from landfill.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Samouh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Vikram Kumar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Halle-Mari Santiago
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Nishant Garg
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim Y, Cho SH, Lee S, Jung S, Chen WH, Kwon EE. Environmental benefits from the use of CO 2 in the thermal disposal of cigarette butts. Environ Res 2023; 220:115217. [PMID: 36608762 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As the global consumption of cigarettes has increased, the massive generation of cigarette butts (CBs) has led to critical environmental and health problems. Landfilling or incineration of CBs has been conventionally carried out, but such disposal protocols have suffered from the potential risks of the unwanted/uncontrolled release of leachates, carcinogens, and toxic chemicals into all environmental media. Thus, this study focuses on developing an environmentally dependable method for CB disposal. Littered CBs from filtered/electronic cigarettes were valorized into syngas (H2/CO). To seek a greener approach for the valorization of CBs, CO2 was intentionally considered as a reaction intermediate. Prior to multiple pyrolysis studies, the toxic chemicals in the CBs were qualitatively determined. This study experimentally proved that the toxic chemicals in CBs were detoxified/valorized into syngas. Furthermore, this work demonstrated that CO2 was effective in thermally destroying toxic chemicals in CBs via a gas-phase reaction. The reaction features and CO2 synergistically enhance syngas production. With the use of a supported Ni catalyst and CO2, syngas production from the catalytic pyrolysis of CBs was greatly enhanced (approximately 4 times). Finally, the gas-phase reaction by CO2 was reliably maintained owing to the synergistic mechanistic/reaction feature of CO2 for coke formation prevention on the catalyst surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youkwan Kim
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Heon Cho
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyoon Lee
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyup Jung
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung, 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, 411, Taiwan
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Faisal S, Ebaid R, Li L, Zhao F, Wang Q, Huang J, Abomohra A. Enhanced waste hot-pot oil (WHPO) anaerobic digestion for biomethane production: Mechanism and dynamics of fatty acids conversion. Chemosphere 2022; 307:135955. [PMID: 35961457 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Resource depletion and climate changes due to human activities and excessive burning of fossil fuels are the driving forces to explore alternatives clean energy resources. Anaerobic digestion of bio-waste provides a unique opportunity to fulfil this objective through biogas production. The present study aimed to evaluate waste hot-pot oil (WHPO) at different feeding ratios as a novel lipidic waste for anaerobic mono-digestion. The highest recorded maximum biomethane potential (Mmax) was 274.1 L kg-1 VS at 1.2% WHPO, which showed significant differences with those of 0.8% and 1.6% (227.09 and 237.62 L kg-1 VS, respectively). The changes in volatile fatty acids (VFAs), medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs), and long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) as intermediates of WHPO decomposition were investigated before and after anaerobic digestion. Results showed efficient production and utilization of VFAs at all studied WHPO ratios, whereas the maximum utilization of VFAs (90-95%) was recorded in the reactors with up to 1.2 %WHPO. Although lipid conversion efficiency decreased by increasing the WHPO ratio, 81.2% lipid conversion efficiency was recorded at the highest applied WHPO treatment, which confirms the potential of WHPO as a promising feedstock for anaerobic digestion. The present results will have major implications towards efficient energy recovery and biochemical management of lipidic-waste through efficient anaerobic digestion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shah Faisal
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China; Institute of New Energy and Low-carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Reham Ebaid
- Institute of New Energy and Low-carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Qingyuan Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China; Institute of New Energy and Low-carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Abdelfatah Abomohra
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tian Y, Themelis NJ, Zhao D, Thanos Bourtsalas AC, Kawashima S. Stabilization of Waste-to-Energy (WTE) fly ash for disposal in landfills or use as cement substitute. Waste Manag 2022; 150:227-243. [PMID: 35863171 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated two approaches for managing Waste-to-Energy (WTE) fly ash (FA): (i) phosphoric acid stabilization of FA and disposal in non-hazardous landfills, so that it can pass the U.S. TCLP procedure and meet the U.S. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) standards; (ii) use of FA or phosphoric acid stabilized fly ash (PFA) as cement substitute in construction for avoiding disposal in landfills and reducing the consumption of Portland cement. The effect of stabilization was identified by TCLP tests and XRD quantification (QXRD), which showed that the economically optimal concentration for PFA to pass the RCRA was 1 mol/L H3PO4 (equivalent to 0.4 mol of H3PO4/kg of FA). Zn/Pb-phosphates were formed in treated ash by using high concentration H3PO4 (e.g., 3 mol/L). Thus, the hazardous FA was chemically stabilized to PFA, that were both discussed as cement substitute. QXRD and SEM results showed that both FA and PFA (1 mol/L H3PO4) chemically reacted with cement and water. Up to 25 vol% of the cement can be replaced by FA or PFA, with similar mechanical performance of cement mortars than that of reference. Testing by LEAF Method 1313-pH dependence showed that the FA and PFA cement mortars exhibited the same leachability of heavy metals; therefore, this study demonstrated the technical feasibility of utilizing either raw FA or stabilized PFA as supplementary cementitious material. The leachability of heavy metals in optimal FA or PFA 25 vol% cement mortar was under the U.K. WAC non-hazardous limits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixi Tian
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Nickolas J Themelis
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Diandian Zhao
- Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - A C Thanos Bourtsalas
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Shiho Kawashima
- Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Siddiqi H, Mishra A, Maiti P, Dipamitra Behera I, Meikap BC. In-situ and ex-situ co-pyrolysis studies of waste biomass with spent motor oil: Elucidating the role of physical inhibition and mixing ratio to enhance fuel quality. Bioresour Technol 2022; 358:127364. [PMID: 35618191 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous renewable energy generation is an imperative part of sustainable hazardous waste management. Therefore, the present work explicates the co-pyrolysis of rice stubble (RS) waste biomass and spent motor oil (SMO) to upgrade the obtained bio-oil. Moreover, two different modes, namely, in-situ and ex-situ, were implemented to analyze the effect of physical inhibition. Monothetic analysis approach was followed to determine optimum process conditions. A substantial increment of ∼ 85% was observed in bio-oil yield for RS: SMO (1:1) in-situ operation whilst the only RS biomass pyrolysis. Moreover, the HHV increased by ∼ 2.15 times after co-pyrolysis with a considerable reduction (62.70%) in water content. Consequently, the paraffin content increased to 79.14 vol% with an iso-paraffin index of 0.285. Subsequently, a possible reaction mechanism is also proposed to evaluate results comprehensively. Altogether, the co-pyrolysis of these feedstocks resulted in improved aliphatic content and reduced oxygenates, encouraging its adequacy as an alternate fuel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hammad Siddiqi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Asmita Mishra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Payal Maiti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Ipsita Dipamitra Behera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - B C Meikap
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Howard College, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang L, Li F, Tsui TH, Yoh K, Sun J, Loh KC, Wang CH, Dai Y, Tong YW. Microbial succession analysis reveals the significance of restoring functional microorganisms during rescue of failed anaerobic digesters by bioaugmentation of nano-biochar-amended digestate. Bioresour Technol 2022; 352:127102. [PMID: 35367604 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nano-biochar application was investigated for anaerobic digestion of orange peel waste. The application for methane production focused on the optimization of biochar feedstock, rescue of failed digesters, and microbial succession analysis. It showed that sewage sludge (SS) derived biochar had the highest performance enhancement among the different feedstocks, which could be ascribed to the improvement of electron transfer, interspecies hydrogen transfer, and supply of trace elements. Subsequently, nano SS biochar-amended digestate was evaluated for rescuing failed digesters, and the experimental results indicated its positive roles through gradual bioaugmentation operation. The dynamic analysis of microbial succession indicated the successful application was through the mechanism of restoring partially the functional microbial communities. The major reconstruction of functional microorganisms included bacteria phyla Hydrogenispora (24.5%) and Defluviitoga (18.8%) as well as methanogenic genera of Methanosarcina (41.5%) and Methanobacterium (27.3%). These findings would contribute to rescuing failed anaerobic digesters by bioaugmentation with biochar-amended digestate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower #15-02, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Fanghua Li
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower #15-02, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - To-Hung Tsui
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower #15-02, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Kato Yoh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Jiachen Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Kai-Chee Loh
- Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Chi-Hwa Wang
- Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Yanjun Dai
- Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore; School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Yen Wah Tong
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower #15-02, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tang J, Pu Y, Zeng T, Hu Y, Huang J, Pan S, Wang XC, Li Y, Abomohra AEF. Enhanced methane production coupled with livestock wastewater treatment using anaerobic membrane bioreactor: Performance and membrane filtration properties. Bioresour Technol 2022; 345:126470. [PMID: 34863846 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study introduced a new method for enhanced biomethane production and pollution control of swine wastewater (SW) using anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR). Results confirmed 35 °C as the optimum temperature for enhanced anaerobic digestion which resulted in relatively higher methane production rate and potential. In AnMBR system, robust pollutants removal and conversion rate were achieved under various hydraulic retention time (HRT) ranging from 20 to 10 days, while the highest methane yield (0.24 L/g-CODremoved) and microbial activity (6.65 mg-COD/g-VSS·h) were recorded at HRT of 15 days. Reduction of HRT to 10 days resulted in serious membrane fouling due to accumulation of extracellularpolymericsubstances(EPS) and cake layer on the membrane. However, cake layer as the dominant membrane foulant could be effectively removed through periodic physical backwash to recover the membrane permeability. Overall, the suggested AnMBR is a promising technology to enhance SW treatment and energy recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Tang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yunhui Pu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; Institute of New Energy and Low-carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610225, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Zeng
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yisong Hu
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Shengwang Pan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yuyou Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 9808579, Japan
| | - Abd El-Fatah Abomohra
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kim JH, Jung S, Kim JO, Jeon YJ, Kwon EE. Valorization of carbon dioxide and waste (Derived from the site of Eutrophication) into syngas using a catalytic thermo-chemical platform. Bioresour Technol 2021; 341:125858. [PMID: 34523588 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Global warming increases a chance of eutrophication, and such fact offers that unhygienic organic waste materials (OWMs) in water must be treated. Hence, this study laid emphasis on the thermal-chemical (pyrolysis) process to establish a rapid valorization platform for OWMs. Indeed, OWMs were collected from the eutrophication site, and OWMs were mainly comprised of lignocellulosic biomass, microalgae (cyanobacteria) and the diverse types of bacteria (commonly observed from livestock waste). In an attempt to offer more sustainable valorization route for OWMs, CO2 was used as a raw material in pyrolysis process. From the CO2-assisted pyrolysis, the conversion of CO2 and OWMs into gaseous fuel (CO) was observed. A cheap Ni-based catalyst was used in pyrolysis of OWMs as a strategic practice to promote conversion of CO2 into CO. Indeed, syngas production (38 %) was enhanced from catalytic pyrolysis over Ni/SiO2 under CO2 condition as compared to inert condition (N2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hun Kim
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyup Jung
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Oh Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; School of Marine and Fisheries Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jae Jeon
- Department of Microbiology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; School of Marine and Fisheries Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Björklund S, Weidemann E, Yeung LW, Jansson S. Occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and unidentified organofluorine in leachate from waste-to-energy stockpile - A case study. Chemosphere 2021; 278:130380. [PMID: 33823356 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a diverse group of chemicals used in consumer products, which will inevitably end up in waste streams. Landfills are widely recognized secondary point sources of PFASs, but other types of waste management sites have received less attention. Therefore, in a case study presented here we investigated releases of PFASs from temporarily stored waste by determining quantities of 34 PFASs in leachate from a Waste-to-Energy stockpile (45 000 ± 2000 tonnes) during five months in 2019. We also measured extractable organofluorine (EOF) to account for PFASs not included in the target list. The mean total concentration of the 34 PFAS (Σ34PFAS) was 211 ± 31 ng/L, and short-chain (C4-C7) perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) accounted for 56-60% of the total. Moreover, we found that Σ34PFAS only accounted for 12% ± 4% of EOF detected in the leachate. Our results demonstrate that waste stockpiles are previously unexplored sources of PFASs in the environment, and the dominance of short-chain PFCAs is consistent with observed profiles of contaminants in landfill leachates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Björklund
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden; Industrial Doctoral School, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Eva Weidemann
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Energi AB, Box 224, SE-901 05, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Leo W Yeung
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-70182, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Stina Jansson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ali Shah SA, Longsheng C, Solangi YA, Ahmad M, Ali S. Energy trilemma based prioritization of waste-to-energy technologies: Implications for post-COVID-19 green economic recovery in Pakistan. J Clean Prod 2021; 284:124729. [PMID: 33100603 PMCID: PMC7571478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As lockdown eases, economic activities resume in Pakistan. If the country continues to follow business-as-usual (BAU) then it is anticipated that carbon output could surge past pre-COVID-19 levels - that means more disasters in future. Thus, it is an unprecedented opportunity to shift from BAU and achieve carbon-neutral and nature-positive economic recovery - green economic recovery (GER). To fuel the GER, access to modern, equitable, affordable and sustainable energy is paramount. This study explores waste-to-energy (WtE) as an alternative green fuel for GER. Seven WtE technologies are prioritized based on the concept of energy trilemma - energy security, energy equity, and environmental sustainability. For the evaluation, an energy trilemma based decision support framework is developed using most prominent multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods. The fuzzy set theory is integrated with MCDM methods to minimize uncertainty in results. Sixteen experts are engaged to score each WtE technology with respect to every energy trilemma dimension and sub-dimension. Gasification technology is found to be the most feasible option for WtE generation in Pakistan whereas Torrefaction technology is least favorable. It is concluded that the need to shift towards sustainable energy is more than ever to limit the carbon emission and prevent future crisis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ahsan Ali Shah
- School of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Cheng Longsheng
- School of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yasir Ahmed Solangi
- School of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Munir Ahmad
- School of Economics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sharafat Ali
- Department of Economics, Government Postgraduate College Kot Sultan, Layyah, Punjab, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Karlfeldt Fedje K, Andersson S. Zinc recovery from Waste-to-Energy fly ash - A pilot test study. Waste Manag 2020; 118:90-98. [PMID: 32892098 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Zinc recovery from MSWI fly ash using acidic leaching and chemical precipitation was studied at pilot scale. The leached fly ash was re-incinerated in order to destroy toxic dioxins. 75-150 kg/h of fly ash from a Swedish Waste-to-Energy plant was mixed with scrubber liquids from the same flue gas treatment system in a continuously stirred vessel. The resulting slurry was dewatered in a vacuum belt filter. Hydroxide precipitation of the produced leachate, at a pH of around 9, followed by filtration of the formed crystals in a membrane filter press produced a filter cake with up to 80 wt% Zn(OH)2 in dry solids, calculated from Zn(tot). Up to 70% of the zinc content in the fly ash could be recovered. Two 4-hour full scale ash re-incineration tests were performed: leached fly ash was mixed with the waste at a ratio corresponding to a situation where all the fly ash was continuously re-incinerated. The tests showed only an 8% mass increase of produced fly ash, which means that most of it ended up in the bottom ash, although some elements could potentially accumulate in the system if all the fly ash was to be continuously re-incinerated. No negative effects were observed on the bottom ash quality, which suggests that a large portion of the toxic fly ash could be transformed into the bottom ash fraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Karlfeldt Fedje
- Recovery and Management, Renova AB, Box 156, SE-401 22 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Division of Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sven Andersson
- Babcock & Wilcox Vølund AB, Box 8876, SE-402 72 Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Energy and Materials, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lee T, Jung S, Park YK, Kim T, Wang H, Moon DH, Kwon EE. Catalytic Pyrolysis of Polystyrene over Steel Slag under CO 2 Environment. J Hazard Mater 2020; 395:122576. [PMID: 32315797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As the consumption of plastic materials has been dramatically increased, the abundant presence of their debris has become a significant problem worldwide. Thus, this study proposes a sustainable plastic conversion platform for energy recovery. In detail, polystyrene pyrolysis was examined as a case study under CO2 atmosphere in reference to N2 condition. The major gaseous and liquid products from polystyrene pyrolysis include permanent gases (syngas and C1-2 hydrocarbons) and condensable aromatic compounds. Under CO2 environment, the reduction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was achieved during polystyrene pyrolysis, in comparison with N2 condition. Since its slow reaction kinetics, conversion of condensable hydrocarbons into permanent gases was not fully activated. Therefore, a cheap industrial waste, steel slag (SS), was employed as a catalyst to increase reaction kinetics. The synergistic effects of SS and CO2 contributed to doubling H2 production, while CO formation increased more than 300 times, in reference to non-catalytic pyrolysis. Because CO2 acted as an oxidant for CO production, control of H2/CO ratio was achieved in different conditions. Thus, the utilization of CO2 would suggest a promising way to reduce the formation of PAHs, adopting the reliable platform to produce syngas from plastic waste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taewoo Lee
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea
| | - Sungyup Jung
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea
| | - Young-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejin Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Hailong Wang
- Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Deok Hyun Moon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bogush AA, Stegemann JA, Roy A. Changes in composition and lead speciation due to water washing of air pollution control residue from municipal waste incineration. J Hazard Mater 2019; 361:187-199. [PMID: 30189368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Changes in elemental and mineralogical composition, and lead speciation, of air pollution control residue (APCR) from municipal solid waste incineration, due to treatment by water washing, were investigated in this work and are reported in the context of a review of the literature. Water washing was shown to substantially modify the nature of APCR by: 1) removing 23% dry mass soluble salts to disagglomerate particles and significantly reduce concentrations of the associated major elements, and increase concentrations of insoluble matrix elements and potential pollutants; and 2) respeciating elements to form new phases. X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) showed that the 500 mg/kg of Pb in raw and washed APCR were comprised mainly of Pb-glass, with some PbSO4, and small amounts of PbO and PbCl2. Semi-quantitative linear combination fitting suggests that the glass in the APCR may be unstable and release Pb under the alkaline pH of water washing, to reprecipitate as PbO. Chemical analysis suggests that some Pb may be removed by washing. Scientific understanding of the composition of raw and washed APCR, and particularly the speciation of potentially toxic metals, such as Zn and Pb, can help in developing effective element recovery and residue treatment, utilization or disposal strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Bogush
- Centre for Resource Efficiency & the Environment (CREE), Department of Civil, Environmental & Geomatic Engineering (CEGE), University College London (UCL), Chadwick Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - J A Stegemann
- Centre for Resource Efficiency & the Environment (CREE), Department of Civil, Environmental & Geomatic Engineering (CEGE), University College London (UCL), Chadwick Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - A Roy
- J. Bennett Johnston, Sr., Center for Advanced Microstructures & Devices, Louisiana State University, 6980 Jefferson Hwy, Baton Rouge, LA, 70806, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Viganò F. A practical method to calculate the R1 index of waste-to-energy facilities. Waste Manag 2018; 73:287-300. [PMID: 29100924 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
According to Directive 98/2008/EC, the operation carried out by an incinerator of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is classified either as energy recovery (R1) or as disposal (D10) depending on the result achieved by the application of the R1 formula. In 2011 the DG Environment of the European Commission (EC) issued some non-binding guidelines on the interpretation of such a formula that clarified many aspects related to its application. A point not fully clarified by the EC guidelines is the determination of the energy contained in the treated waste (EW). For this term of the formula, reference is made to the indirect method for the calculation of boiler thermal efficiency, as defined by the norm EN 12952-15. However, the application of such a norm to an entire year of operation of a Waste-to-Energy (WtE) boiler is not immediate. Therefore, a practical method for the calculation of the EW term has been developed in the framework of a collaboration between the MatER Study Centre and the Lombardy Region (Italy). The method is based on: (i) the identification of the most reliable data available from the Distributed Control System (DCS) of the plant; (ii) the definition of a control volume around the boiler(s) also based on the availability of data; (iii) the closure of the mass balance for such a control volume; (iv) the energy balance of the same control volume that gives, thus, the EW term of the R1 formula. The method has been applied in 2015-2016 to nine plants, generating a number of interesting data reported and discussed in this work, such as R1 index values, Lower Heating Values (LHV) of the treated wastes, main sources of energy losses in WtE boilers, etc. For one case study, discussed in detail in this work, the law of propagation of uncertainties has been applied according to the ISO/IEC Guide 98-3, leading to the assessment of the accuracy of the method, which resulted in ±2.4% with a confidence level of circa 95%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Viganò
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Lambruschini 4/A, 20156 Milan, Italy; LEAP (Laboratorio Energia Ambiente Piacenza) Scarl, Via Bixio 27/C, 29121 Piacenza, Italy; MatER (Materials and Energy from Refuse) Study Centre, c/o LEAP Lab, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ren X, Che Y, Yang K, Tao Y. Risk perception and public acceptance toward a highly protested Waste-to-Energy facility. Waste Manag 2016; 48:528-539. [PMID: 26577458 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The application of Waste-to-Energy treatment in Municipal Solid Waste faces strong protest by local communities, especially in cities with high population densities. This study introduces insight into the public awareness, acceptance and risk perception toward Waste-to-Energy through a structured questionnaire survey around a Waste-to-Energy facility in Shanghai, China. The Dichotomous-Choice contingent valuation method was applied to study the willingness to accept of residents as an indicator of risk perception and tolerance. The factors influencing risk perception and the protest response choice were analyzed. The geographical distributions of the acceptance of Waste-to-Energy facility and protest response were explored using geographical information systems. The findings of the research indicated an encouraging vision of promoting Waste-to-Energy, considering its benefits of renewable energy and the conservation of land. A high percentage of protest willingness to accept (50.94%) was highlighted with the effect of income, opinion about Waste-to-Energy, gender and perceived impact. The fuzzy classification among people with different opinions on compensation (valid 0, positive or protest willingness to accept) revealed the existing yet rejected demand of compensation among protesters. Geographical distribution in the public attitude can also be observed. Finally significant statistical relation between knowledge and risk perception indicates the need of risk communication, as well as involving public into whole management process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Ren
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, No. 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Yue Che
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, No. 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Kai Yang
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, No. 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Yun Tao
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, No. 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lombardi L, Carnevale E, Corti A. A review of technologies and performances of thermal treatment systems for energy recovery from waste. Waste Manag 2015; 37:26-44. [PMID: 25535103 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to identify the current level of energy recovery through waste thermal treatment. The state of the art in energy recovery from waste was investigated, highlighting the differences for different types of thermal treatment, considering combustion/incineration, gasification and pyrolysis. Also different types of wastes - Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) or Solid Refuse Fuels (SRF) and some typologies of Industrial Waste (IW) (sludge, plastic scraps, etc.) - were included in the analysis. The investigation was carried out mainly reviewing papers, published in scientific journals and conferences, but also considering technical reports, to gather more information. In particular the goal of this review work was to synthesize studies in order to compare the values of energy conversion efficiencies measured or calculated for different types of thermal processes and different types of waste. It emerged that the dominant type of thermal treatment is incineration associated to energy recovery in a steam cycle. When waste gasification is applied, the produced syngas is generally combusted in a boiler to generate steam for energy recovery in a steam cycle. For both the possibilities--incineration or gasification--co-generation is the mean to improve energy recovery, especially for small scale plants. In the case of only electricity production, the achievable values are strongly dependent on the plant size: for large plant size, where advanced technical solutions can be applied and sustained from an economic point of view, net electric efficiency may reach values up to 30-31%. In small-medium plants, net electric efficiency is constrained by scale effect and remains at values around 20-24%. Other types of technical solutions--gasification with syngas use in internally fired devices, pyrolysis and plasma gasification--are less common or studied at pilot or demonstrative scale and, in any case, offer at present similar or lower levels of energy efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Lombardi
- Niccolò Cusano University, via Don Carlo Gnocchi, 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ennio Carnevale
- Industrial Engineering Department, University of Florence, via Santa Marta, 3, 50129 Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Corti
- Department of Information Engineering and Mathematics, University of Siena, via Roma, 56, 53100, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Astrup TF, Tonini D, Turconi R, Boldrin A. Life cycle assessment of thermal waste-to-energy technologies: review and recommendations. Waste Manag 2015; 37:104-115. [PMID: 25052337 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Life cycle assessment (LCA) has been used extensively within the recent decade to evaluate the environmental performance of thermal Waste-to-Energy (WtE) technologies: incineration, co-combustion, pyrolysis and gasification. A critical review was carried out involving 250 individual case-studies published in 136 peer-reviewed journal articles within 1995 and 2013. The studies were evaluated with respect to critical aspects such as: (i) goal and scope definitions (e.g. functional units, system boundaries, temporal and geographic scopes), (ii) detailed technology parameters (e.g. related to waste composition, technology, gas cleaning, energy recovery, residue management, and inventory data), and (iii) modeling principles (e.g. energy/mass calculation principles, energy substitution, inclusion of capital goods and uncertainty evaluation). Very few of the published studies provided full and transparent descriptions of all these aspects, in many cases preventing an evaluation of the validity of results, and limiting applicability of data and results in other contexts. The review clearly suggests that the quality of LCA studies of WtE technologies and systems including energy recovery can be significantly improved. Based on the review, a detailed overview of assumptions and modeling choices in existing literature is provided in conjunction with practical recommendations for state-of-the-art LCA of Waste-to-Energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fruergaard Astrup
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Miljoevej, Building 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Davide Tonini
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Miljoevej, Building 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Roberto Turconi
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Miljoevej, Building 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alessio Boldrin
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Miljoevej, Building 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|