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Assefa Y, Hill PS, Van Damme W, Dean J, Gilks CF. Leaving no one behind: lessons from implementation of policies for universal HIV treatment to universal health coverage. Global Health 2020; 16:17. [PMID: 32093771 PMCID: PMC7038514 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-020-00549-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The third Sustainable Development Goal (SDG - 3) aims to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. SDG-3 has a specific target on universal health coverage (UHC), which emphasizes the importance of all people and communities having access to quality health services without risking financial hardship. The objective of this study is to review progress towards UHC using antiretroviral treatment (ART) as a case study. METHODS We used a mixed-methods design including qualitative and quantitative approaches. We reviewed and synthesised the evidence on the evolution of the WHO HIV treatment guidelines between 2002 and 2019. We calculated ART coverage over time by gender, age group, and location. We also estimated ART coverage differences and ratios. FINDINGS ART guidelines have evolved from "treating the sickest" to "treating all". ART coverage increased globally from under 7% in 2005 to 62% in 2018. There have been successes in increasing ART coverage in all populations and locations. However, progress varies by population and location in many regions. There is inequity in ART coverage: women (68%) versus men (55%), and adults (62%) versus children (54%). This inequity has widened over time, and with expanded ART eligibility criteria. On the other hand, data from at least one high-burden country (Ethiopia) shows that inequity among regions has narrowed over time due to the improvements in the primary health care systems and implementation of the public health approach in the country. CONCLUSION ART coverage has increased at global, regional and national levels to all population groups. However, the gains have not been equitable among locations and populations. Policies towards universality may widen the inequity in resource-limited settings unless countries take precautions and "put the last first". We argue that primary health care and public health approaches, with multi-sectoral actions and community engagement, are vital to minimize inequity, achieve UHC and leave no one behind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibeltal Assefa
- School of Public Health, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter S. Hill
- School of Public Health, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Judith Dean
- School of Public Health, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Charles F. Gilks
- School of Public Health, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Yuan Y, Jung JW, Seo SY. Enantioselective synthesis and absolute configuration determination of hydroxywilfordic acid in sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:44-48. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02364f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An enantioselective synthetic route to hydroxywilfordic acid, a key subunit of sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids such as wilfortrine, was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yuan
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Gachon University
- Incheon 21936
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Wha Jung
- College of Pharmacy
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Kyungpook National University
- Daegu 41566
- Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Seo
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Gachon University
- Incheon 21936
- Republic of Korea
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Alves DN, Bresani-Salvi CC, Batista JDL, Ximenes RADA, Miranda-Filho DDB, Melo HRLD, Albuquerque MDFPMD. Use of the Coding Causes of Death in HIV in the classification of deaths in Northeastern Brazil. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51:88. [PMID: 28954163 PMCID: PMC5602274 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2017051000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Describe the coding process of death causes for people living with HIV/AIDS, and classify deaths as related or unrelated to immunodeficiency by applying the Coding Causes of Death in HIV (CoDe) system. METHODS A cross-sectional study that codifies and classifies the causes of deaths occurring in a cohort of 2,372 people living with HIV/AIDS, monitored between 2007 and 2012, in two specialized HIV care services in Pernambuco. The causes of death already codified according to the International Classification of Diseases were recoded and classified as deaths related and unrelated to immunodeficiency by the CoDe system. We calculated the frequencies of the CoDe codes for the causes of death in each classification category. RESULTS There were 315 (13%) deaths during the study period; 93 (30%) were caused by an AIDS-defining illness on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention list. A total of 232 deaths (74%) were related to immunodeficiency after application of the CoDe. Infections were the most common cause, both related (76%) and unrelated (47%) to immunodeficiency, followed by malignancies (5%) in the first group and external causes (16%), malignancies (12 %) and cardiovascular diseases (11%) in the second group. Tuberculosis comprised 70% of the immunodeficiency-defining infections. CONCLUSIONS Opportunistic infections and aging diseases were the most frequent causes of death, adding multiple disease burdens on health services. The CoDe system increases the probability of classifying deaths more accurately in people living with HIV/AIDS. OBJETIVO Descrever o processo de codificação das causas de morte em pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids, e classificar os óbitos como relacionados ou não relacionados à imunodeficiência aplicando o sistema Coding Causes of Death in HIV (CoDe). MÉTODOS Estudo transversal, que codifica e classifica as causas dos óbitos ocorridos em uma coorte de 2.372 pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids acompanhadas entre 2007 e 2012 em dois serviços de atendimento especializado em HIV em Pernambuco. As causas de óbito já codificadas a partir da Classificação Internacional de Doenças foram recodificadas e classificadas como óbitos relacionados e não relacionados à imunodeficiência pelo sistema CoDe. Foram calculadas as frequências dos códigos CoDe das causas do óbito em cada categoria de classificação. RESULTADOS Ocorreram 315 (13%) óbitos no período do estudo; 93 (30%) tinham como causa uma doença definidora de Aids da lista do Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. No total 232 óbitos (74%) foram relacionados à imunodeficiência após aplicar o CoDe. As infecções foram as causas mais comuns, tanto nos óbitos relacionados (76%) como não relacionados (47%) à imunodeficiência, seguindo-se de malignidades (5%) no primeiro grupo e de causas externas (16%), malignidades (12%) e doenças cardiovasculares (11%) no segundo. A tuberculose compreendeu 70% das infecções definidoras de imunodeficiência. CONCLUSÕES Infecções oportunistas e doenças do envelhecimento foram as causas mais frequentes de óbito, imprimindo carga múltipla de doenças aos serviços de saúde. O sistema CoDe aumenta a probabilidade de classificar os óbitos com maior precisão em pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Neves Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública. Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Recife, PE, Brasil
| | | | | | - Ricardo Arraes de Alencar Ximenes
- Departamento de Medicina Tropical. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Recife, PE, Brasil.,Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Universidade de Pernambuco. Recife, PE, Brasil
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Gray CL, Pence BW, Messer LC, Ostermann J, Whetten RA, Thielman NM, O'Donnell K, Whetten K. Civic engagement among orphans and non-orphans in five low- and middle-income countries. Global Health 2016; 12:61. [PMID: 27729052 PMCID: PMC5057410 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-016-0202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Communities and nations seeking to foster social responsibility in their youth are interested in understanding factors that predict and promote youth involvement in public activities. Orphans and separated children (OSC) are a vulnerable population whose numbers are increasing, particularly in resource-poor settings. Understanding whether and how OSC are engaged in civic activities is important for community and world leaders who need to provide care for OSC and ensure their involvement in sustainable development. METHODS The Positive Outcomes for Orphans study (POFO) is a multi-country, longitudinal cohort study of OSC randomly sampled from institution-based care and from family-based care, and of non-OSC sampled from the same study regions. Participants represent six sites in five low-and middle-income countries. We examined civic engagement activities and government trust among subjects > =16 years old at 90-month follow-up (approximately 7.5 years after baseline). We calculated prevalences and estimated the association between key demographic variables and prevalence of regular volunteer work using multivariable Poisson regression, with sampling weights to accounting for the complex sampling design. RESULTS Among the 1,281 POFO participants > =16 who were assessed at 90-month follow-up, 45 % participated in regular community service or volunteer work; two-thirds of those volunteers did so on a strictly voluntary basis. While government trust was fairly high, at approximately 70 % for each level of government, participation in voting was only 15 % among those who were > =18 years old. We did not observe significant associations between demographic characteristics and regular volunteer work, with the exception of large variation by study site. CONCLUSION As the world's leaders grapple with the many competing demands of global health, economic security, and governmental stability, the participation of today's youth in community and governance is essential for sustainability. This study provides a first step in understanding the degree to which OSC from different care settings across multiple low- and middle-income countries are engaged in their communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Gray
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, CB #7435, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7435, USA.
| | - Brian W Pence
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, CB #7435, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7435, USA.,Center for Health Policy, Duke Global Health Institute, Box 90519, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Lynne C Messer
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, CB #7435, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7435, USA.,Center for Health Policy, Duke Global Health Institute, Box 90519, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.,School of Community Health, College of Urban and Public Affairs, Portland State University, PO Box 751, Portland, OR, 97207, USA
| | - Jan Ostermann
- Center for Health Policy, Duke Global Health Institute, Box 90519, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Rachel A Whetten
- Center for Health Policy, Duke Global Health Institute, Box 90519, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Nathan M Thielman
- Center for Health Policy, Duke Global Health Institute, Box 90519, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.,Department of Medicine, DUMC #3152, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Karen O'Donnell
- Center for Health Policy, Duke Global Health Institute, Box 90519, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.,Center for Child and Family Health, Duke University, 411 West Chapel Hill Street, Suite 908, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kathryn Whetten
- Center for Health Policy, Duke Global Health Institute, Box 90519, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.,Terry Sanford Institute of Public Policy, Box 90239, Duke University, Box 90239, Durham, NC, 27708-0239, USA
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Valiente-Echeverría F, Hermoso MA, Soto-Rifo R. RNA helicase DDX3: at the crossroad of viral replication and antiviral immunity. Rev Med Virol 2015; 25:286-99. [PMID: 26174373 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp (DEAD)-box polypeptide 3, or DDX3, belongs to the DEAD-box family of ATP-dependent RNA helicases and is known to play different roles in RNA metabolism ranging from transcription to nuclear export, translation, and assembly of stress granules. In addition, there is growing evidence that DDX3 is a component of the innate immune response against viral infections. As such, DDX3 has been shown to play roles both upstream and downstream of I-kappa beta kinase ε (IKKε)/TANK-binding kinase 1, leading to IFN-β production. Interestingly, several RNA viruses, including human threats such as HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus, hijack DDX3 to accomplish various steps of their replication cycles. Thus, it seems that viruses have evolved to exploit DDX3's functions while threatening the innate immune response. Understanding this interesting dichotomy in DDX3 function will help us not only to improve our knowledge of virus-host interactions but also to develop novel antiviral drugs targeting the multifaceted roles of DDX3 in viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Valiente-Echeverría
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela A Hermoso
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Immunology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Soto-Rifo
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Scarth BJ, Ehteshami M, Beilhartz GL, Götte M. HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors: beyond classic nucleosides and non-nucleosides. Future Virol 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.11.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reverse transcriptase (RT) of HIV-1 remains an important target in current treatments of HIV-1 infection. Clinically available inhibitors of HIV-1 RT include nucleoside analog RT inhibitors and non-nucleoside RT inhibitors. Nucleoside analog RT inhibitors compete with the natural dNTP substrate and act as chain terminators, while non-nucleoside RT inhibitors bind to an allosteric pocket, inhibiting polymerization noncompetitively. In addition to these two classes of approved drugs, there are a number of RT inhibitors that target the enzyme in different ways. These include nonobligate chain terminators, nucleotide-competing RT inhibitors, pyrophosphate analogs and compounds that inhibit the RT-associated RNase H activity. Here, we review the mechanisms of action associated with these compounds and discuss opportunities and challenges in drug discovery and development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Scarth
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Maryam Ehteshami
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Greg L Beilhartz
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
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Tu X, Das K, Han Q, Bauman JD, Clark AD, Hou X, Frenkel YV, Gaffney BL, Jones RA, Boyer PL, Hughes SH, Sarafianos SG, Arnold E. Structural basis of HIV-1 resistance to AZT by excision. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2010; 17:1202-9. [PMID: 20852643 PMCID: PMC2987654 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) develops resistance to 3'-azido-2',3'-deoxythymidine (AZT, zidovudine) by acquiring mutations in reverse transcriptase that enhance the ATP-mediated excision of AZT monophosphate from the 3' end of the primer. The excision reaction occurs at the dNTP-binding site, uses ATP as a pyrophosphate donor, unblocks the primer terminus and allows reverse transcriptase to continue viral DNA synthesis. The excision product is AZT adenosine dinucleoside tetraphosphate (AZTppppA). We determined five crystal structures: wild-type reverse transcriptase-double-stranded DNA (RT-dsDNA)-AZTppppA; AZT-resistant (AZTr; M41L D67N K70R T215Y K219Q) RT-dsDNA-AZTppppA; AZTr RT-dsDNA terminated with AZT at dNTP- and primer-binding sites; and AZTr apo reverse transcriptase. The AMP part of AZTppppA bound differently to wild-type and AZTr reverse transcriptases, whereas the AZT triphosphate part bound the two enzymes similarly. Thus, the resistance mutations create a high-affinity ATP-binding site. The structure of the site provides an opportunity to design inhibitors of AZT-monophosphate excision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongying Tu
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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Sanders-Beer B, Babas T, Mansfield K, Golightly D, Kramer J, Bowlsbey A, Sites D, Nieves-Duran L, Lin S, Rippeon S, Donnelly G, Rhodes L, Spano YE. Depo-Provera does not alter disease progression in SIVmac-infected female Chinese rhesus macaques. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2010; 26:433-43. [PMID: 20377424 PMCID: PMC2864058 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2009.0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Depo-Provera (medroxyprogesterone acetate), a long-acting derivative of progesterone, is utilized during many nonhuman primate microbicide studies to facilitate simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection by thinning the vaginal epithelium. To date, the systemic effects of this steroid hormone in regard to SIV/HIV pathogenesis are not well understood, but an increase in infection rates and lymphoproliferation following progesterone application has been reported. Therefore, a proactive study using 20 Chinese rhesus macaques was designed to investigate the effect of a single Depo-Provera injection on SIV disease progression. Group 1 (n = 10) was treated with 30 mg Depo-Provera intramuscularly 30 days prior to intravenous challenge with 50 TCID(50) SIVmac251, while Group 2 (n = 10) remained untreated, but received the same amount of SIV. Blood samples were taken at predetermined intervals to measure RNA viral loads, CD4(+), CD8(+), and CD20(+) lymphocyte counts and percentages and absolute numbers of naive and memory T lymphocytes. Upon statistical endpoint data analysis, none of the parameters measured were shown to be significantly different between the groups. One animal in the Depo-Provera-treated group and two macaques in the control group were euthanized prior to study end due to the development of clinical signs (in weeks 43 and 51, respectively). All other animals were euthanized between weeks 68 and 71 post-SIV infection. Histopathological evaluations revealed that 5 of 10 animals in each group had developed simian AIDS (SAIDS). In summary, this prospective study demonstrated that a single injection of 30 mg Depo-Provera did not have a significant influence on SIV disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tahar Babas
- Southern Research Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Keith Mansfield
- New England National Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts
| | | | - Joshua Kramer
- New England National Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts
| | | | - Debora Sites
- Southern Research Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | | | - Shuling Lin
- Southern Research Institute, Frederick, Maryland
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Arhel N, Kirchhoff F. Host proteins involved in HIV infection: New therapeutic targets. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1802:313-21. [PMID: 20018238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Arhel
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 81089 Ulm, Germany.
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Facile synthesis of hydroxy wilfordic acid, a esterifying unit of anti-HIV sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 32:1673-9. [PMID: 20162393 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-009-2202-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids were isolated mainly from plants of the genus Tripterygium (Celastraceae) which have been used traditionally in Chinese medicine. These compounds have polyhydroxy dihydro-beta-agarofuran core and esterifying substituent with dilactone bridges, and recently demonstrated promising anti-HIV activity. We have achieved the synthesis of hydroxy wilfordic acid and its ester via asymmetric cyanosilylation. With a NMR study of (S)- and (R)-PGME (phenylglycine methyl ester) amide, the tertiary alcohol stereochemistry of synthetic hydroxyl wilfordic acids was determined. Our synthetic approach will provide a contribution to the synthesis of sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids and the development of their analogs for anti-HIV activity.
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Burris S, Anderson ED. A framework convention on global health: social justice lite, or a light on social justice? THE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS : A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS 2010; 38:580-593. [PMID: 20880242 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-720x.2010.00513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
With the publication of the final report of the WHO Commission on the Social Determinants of Health, it becomes clear that there is considerable convergence between a policy agenda rooted on social epidemiology and one rooted in a concern for human rights. As commentators like Jonathan Mann have argued, concern for human rights and the achievement of social justice can inform and improve public health. In this article, we ask a different question: what does a health perspective adds to the enduring fight for a more just world? We consider three possibilities: (1) that public health, in an inversion of Mann's argument, actually provides useful tools for specifying social injustice; (2) that, contrary to the usual critical stance and assumption of weakness, the institutions of public health bring powerful capacities to the practical promotion of social justice; and (3) that health as a banner mobilizes people who would not be mobilized to act in the name of social justice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Burris
- Center for Health Law, Policy and Practice, Temple University Beasley School of Law
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Janas AM, Wu L. HIV-1 interactions with cells: from viral binding to cell-cell transmission. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN CELL BIOLOGY 2009; Chapter 26:Unit 26.5. [PMID: 19499507 DOI: 10.1002/0471143030.cb2605s43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of HIV-1 interactions with host cells is critical for cell biology studies of HIV-1. This unit describes a set of methods and protocols to perform quantitative assays of HIV-1 binding, internalization, infection, and cell-cell transmission. The protocols include: (1) generating infectious single-cycle or replication-competent HIV-1 stocks, (2) an HIV-1 binding and internalization assay, (3) HIV-1 infection of target cells and quantification of viral infection, and (4) HIV-1 cell-cell transmission assays. These functional assays provide useful tools to quantitatively study HIV-1 infection and viral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Janas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Parker DC, Jacobsen KH, Komwa MK. A qualitative study of the impact of HIV/AIDS on agricultural households in Southeastern Uganda. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2009; 6:2113-38. [PMID: 19742210 PMCID: PMC2738877 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph6082113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The HIV/AIDS pandemic threatens economic, social, and environmental sustainability throughout sub-Saharan Africa. This paper reports on a qualitative study exploring interrelationships between HIV/AIDS, labor availability, agricultural productivity, household resources, food consumption, and health status in rural southeastern Uganda. Respondents reported an increase in widow-and-orphan-headed households; labor shortages due to illness and caretaking; degradation of household resources from health-related expenses; loss of land tenure and assets following deaths, especially for widows and orphans; and changes in agricultural practices and productivity. Our study highlights a potential downward spiral of livelihood degradation for vulnerable households and suggests targeted interventions to improve sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn C. Parker
- School of Planning, Faculty of Environment, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail:
; Tel.: +1-519-888-4567 ext. 3-8888; Fax: +1-519-725-2827
| | - Kathryn H. Jacobsen
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr. Fairfax, VA 22030, USA; E-mail:
| | - Maction K. Komwa
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr. Fairfax, VA 22030, USA; E-mail:
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The superior folding of a RANTES analogue expressed in lactobacilli as compared to mammalian cells reveals a promising system to screen new RANTES mutants. Protein Expr Purif 2009; 68:34-41. [PMID: 19573605 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2009.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Development of effective topical microbicides for the prevention of HIV-1 sexual transmission represents a primary goal for the control of the AIDS pandemic. The viral coreceptor CCR5, used by the vast majority of primary HIV-1 isolates, is considered a primary target molecule. RANTES and its derivatives are the most suitable protein-based compounds to fight HIV-1 via CCR5 targeting. Yet, receptor activation should be avoided to prevent pro-inflammatory effects and possibly provide anti-inflammatory properties. C1C5 RANTES is a chemokine mutant that exhibits high anti-HIV-1 potency coupled with CCR5 antagonism. However, the need for the formation of an N-terminal intramolecular disulfide bridge between non-natural cysteine residues at positions 1 and 5 represents a challenge for the correct folding of this protein in recombinant expression systems, a crucial step towards its development as a microbicide against HIV-1. We report here a rare case of superior folding in a prokaryote as compared to an eukaryotic expression system. Production of C1C5 RANTES was highly impaired in CHO cells, with a dramatic yield reduction compared to that of wild type RANTES and secretion of the molecule as disulfide-linked dimer. Conversely, a human vaginal isolate of Lactobacillus jensenii engineered to secrete C1C5 RANTES provided efficient delivery of the monomeric protein. This and other reports on successful secretion of complex proteins indicate that lactic acid bacteria are an excellent system for the expression of therapeutic proteins, which can be used as a platform for the engineering of conceptually novel RANTES mutants with potent anti-HIV-1 activity.
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Carvalho JJ. OUR COMMON ENEMY: COMBATTING THE WORLD'S DEADLIEST VIRUSES TO ENSURE EQUITY HEALTH CARE IN DEVELOPING NATIONS. ZYGON 2009; 44:51-63. [PMID: 32336872 PMCID: PMC7165790 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9744.2009.00985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In a previous issue of Zygon (Carvalho 2007), I explored the role of scientists-especially those engaging the science-religion dialogue-within the arena of global equity health, world poverty, and human rights. I contended that experimental biologists, who might have reduced agency because of their professional workload or lack of individual resources, can still unite into collective forces with other scientists as well as human rights organizations, medical doctors, and political and civic leaders to foster progressive change in our world. In this article, I present some recent findings from research on three emerging viruses-HIV, dengue, and rotavirus-to explore the factors that lead to the geographical expansion of these viruses and the increase in frequency of the infectious diseases they cause. I show how these viruses are generating problems for geopolitical stability, human rights, and equity health care for developing nations that are already experiencing a growing poverty crisis. I suggest some avenues of future research for the scientific community for the movement toward resolution of these problems and indicate where the science-religion field can be of additional aid.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Carvalho
- Assistant Professor of Biology and winner of the United States National Research Service Award in the Biology Department at California State University Dominguez Hills. His mailing address is Biology Department NSM A-135, California State University Dominguez Hills, 1000 E. Victoria St., Carson, CA 90747; e-mail
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