1
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Mok GF, Turner S, Smith EL, Mincarelli L, Lister A, Lipscombe J, Uzun V, Haerty W, Macaulay IC, Münsterberg AE. Single cell RNA-sequencing and RNA-tomography of the avian embryo extending body axis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1382960. [PMID: 38863942 PMCID: PMC11165230 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1382960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Vertebrate body axis formation initiates during gastrulation and continues within the tail bud at the posterior end of the embryo. Major structures in the trunk are paired somites, which generate the musculoskeletal system, the spinal cord-forming part of the central nervous system, and the notochord, with important patterning functions. The specification of these different cell lineages by key signalling pathways and transcription factors is essential, however, a global map of cell types and expressed genes in the avian trunk is missing. Methods: Here we use high-throughput sequencing approaches to generate a molecular map of the emerging trunk and tailbud in the chick embryo. Results and Discussion: Single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) identifies discrete cell lineages including somites, neural tube, neural crest, lateral plate mesoderm, ectoderm, endothelial and blood progenitors. In addition, RNA-seq of sequential tissue sections (RNA-tomography) provides a spatially resolved, genome-wide expression dataset for the avian tailbud and emerging body, comparable to other model systems. Combining the single cell and RNA-tomography datasets, we identify spatially restricted genes, focusing on somites and early myoblasts. Thus, this high-resolution transcriptome map incorporating cell types in the embryonic trunk can expose molecular pathways involved in body axis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. F. Mok
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - S. Turner
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - E. L. Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - A. Lister
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - V. Uzun
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - W. Haerty
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - A. E. Münsterberg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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2
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Lee SH, Wang CY, Li IJ, Abe G, Ota KG. Exploring the origin of a unique mutant allele in twin-tail goldfish using CRISPR/Cas9 mutants. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8716. [PMID: 38622170 PMCID: PMC11018756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58448-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Artificial selection has been widely applied to genetically fix rare phenotypic features in ornamental domesticated animals. For many of these animals, the mutated loci and alleles underlying rare phenotypes are known. However, few studies have explored whether these rare genetic mutations might have been fixed due to competition among related mutated alleles or if the fixation occurred due to contingent stochastic events. Here, we performed genetic crossing with twin-tail ornamental goldfish and CRISPR/Cas9-mutated goldfish to investigate why only a single mutated allele-chdS with a E127X stop codon (also called chdAE127X)-gives rise to the twin-tail phenotype in the modern domesticated goldfish population. Two closely related chdS mutants were generated with CRISPR/Cas9 and compared with the E127X allele in F2 and F3 generations. Both of the CRISPR/Cas9-generated alleles were equivalent to the E127X allele in terms of penetrance/expressivity of the twin-tail phenotype and viability of carriers. These findings indicate that multiple truncating mutations could have produced viable twin-tail goldfish. Therefore, the absence of polymorphic alleles for the twin-tail phenotype in modern goldfish likely stems from stochastic elimination or a lack of competing alleles in the common ancestor. Our study is the first experimental comparison of a singular domestication-derived allele with CRISPR/Cas9-generated alleles to understand how genetic fixation of a unique genotype and phenotype may have occurred. Thus, our work may provide a conceptual framework for future investigations of rare evolutionary events in domesticated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hua Lee
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, 26242, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yi Wang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, 26242, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Jia Li
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, 26242, Taiwan
| | - Gembu Abe
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, 26242, Taiwan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Functional Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Life Science, Tottori University, Nishi-cho 86, Yonago, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kinya G Ota
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, 26242, Taiwan.
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3
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Hongo I, Yamaguchi C, Okamoto H. Brain enlargement with rostral bias in larvae from a spontaneously occurring female variant line of Xenopus; role of aberrant embryonic Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Cells Dev 2024:203918. [PMID: 38574816 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2024.203918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Increased brain size and its rostral bias are hallmarks of vertebrate evolution, but the underlying developmental and genetic basis remains poorly understood. To provide clues to understanding vertebrate brain evolution, we investigated the developmental mechanisms of brain enlargement observed in the offspring of a previously unrecognized, spontaneously occurring female variant line of Xenopus that appears to reflect a genetic variation. Brain enlargement in larvae from this line showed a pronounced rostral bias that could be traced back to the neural plate, the primordium of the brain. At the gastrula stage, the Spemann organizer, which is known to induce the neural plate from the adjacent dorsal ectoderm and give it the initial rostrocaudal patterning, was expanded from dorsal to ventral in a large proportion of the offspring of variant females. Consistently, siamois expression, which is required for Spemann organizer formation, was expanded laterally from dorsal to ventral at the blastula stage in variant offspring. This implies that the active region of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was similarly expanded in advance on the dorsal side, as siamois is a target gene of this pathway. Notably, the earliest detectable change in variant offspring was in fertilized eggs, in which maternal wnt11b mRNA, a candidate dorsalizing factor responsible for activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the dorsal embryonic region, had a wider distribution in the vegetal cortical cytoplasm. Since lateral spreading of wnt11b mRNA, and possibly that of other potential maternal dorsalizing factors in these eggs, is expected to facilitate lateral expansion of the active region of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway during subsequent embryonic stages, we concluded that aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling could cause rostral-biased brain enlargement via expansion of siamois expression and consequent expansion of the Spemann organizer in Xenopus. Our studies of spontaneously occurring variations in brain development in Xenopus would provide hints for uncovering genetic mutations that drive analogous morphogenetic variations during vertebrate brain evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Hongo
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Harumasa Okamoto
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan.
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4
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Mörsdorf D, Knabl P, Genikhovich G. Highly conserved and extremely evolvable: BMP signalling in secondary axis patterning of Cnidaria and Bilateria. Dev Genes Evol 2024:10.1007/s00427-024-00714-4. [PMID: 38472535 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-024-00714-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Bilateria encompass the vast majority of the animal phyla. As the name states, they are bilaterally symmetric, that is with a morphologically clear main body axis connecting their anterior and posterior ends, a second axis running between their dorsal and ventral surfaces, and with a left side being roughly a mirror image of their right side. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling has widely conserved functions in the formation and patterning of the second, dorso-ventral (DV) body axis, albeit to different extents in different bilaterian species. Whilst initial findings in the fruit fly Drosophila and the frog Xenopus highlighted similarities amongst these evolutionarily very distant species, more recent analyses featuring other models revealed considerable diversity in the mechanisms underlying dorsoventral patterning. In fact, as phylogenetic sampling becomes broader, we find that this axis patterning system is so evolvable that even its core components can be deployed differently or lost in different model organisms. In this review, we will try to highlight the diversity of ways by which BMP signalling controls bilaterality in different animals, some of which do not belong to Bilateria. Future research combining functional analyses and modelling is bound to give us some understanding as to where the limits to the extent of the evolvability of BMP-dependent axial patterning may lie.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mörsdorf
- Dept. Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, UBB, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Knabl
- Dept. Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, UBB, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School of Ecology and Evolution (VDSEE), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Grigory Genikhovich
- Dept. Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, UBB, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
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5
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Cárdenas-León CG, Mäemets-Allas K, Klaas M, Lagus H, Kankuri E, Jaks V. Matricellular proteins in cutaneous wound healing. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1073320. [PMID: 36506087 PMCID: PMC9730256 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1073320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous wound healing is a complex process that encompasses alterations in all aspects of the skin including the extracellular matrix (ECM). ECM consist of large structural proteins such as collagens and elastin as well as smaller proteins with mainly regulative properties called matricellular proteins. Matricellular proteins bind to structural proteins and their functions include but are not limited to interaction with cell surface receptors, cytokines, or protease and evoking a cellular response. The signaling initiated by matricellular proteins modulates differentiation and proliferation of cells having an impact on the tissue regeneration. In this review we give an overview of the matricellular proteins that have been found to be involved in cutaneous wound healing and summarize the information known to date about their functions in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristina Mäemets-Allas
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mariliis Klaas
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Heli Lagus
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Wound Healing Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esko Kankuri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Viljar Jaks
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia,Dermatology Clinic, Tartu University Clinics, Tartu, Estonia,*Correspondence: Viljar Jaks,
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6
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Pleiotropic functions of chordin gene causing drastic morphological changes in ornamental goldfish. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19961. [PMID: 36402810 PMCID: PMC9675773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breeders and fanciers have established many peculiar morphological phenotypes in ornamental goldfish. Among them, the twin-tail and dorsal-finless phenotypes have particularly intrigued early and recent researchers, as equivalent morphologies are extremely rare in nature. These two mutated phenotypes appeared almost simultaneously within a short time frame and were fixed in several strains. However, little is known about how these two different mutations could have co-occurred during such a short time period. Here, we demonstrate that the chordin gene, a key factor in dorsal-ventral patterning, is responsible not only for the twin-tail phenotype but also for the dorsal-finless phenotype. Our F2 backcrossing and functional analyses revealed that the penetrance/expressivity of the dorsal-finless phenotype can be suppressed by the wild-type allele of chdS. Based on these findings, we propose that chdSwt may have masked the expression of the dorsal-finless phenotype, acting as a capacitor buffering gene to allow accumulation of genetic mutations. Once this gene lost its original function in the twin-tail goldfish lineages, the dorsal-finless phenotype could be highly expressed. Thus, this study experimentally demonstrates that the rapid genetic fixation of morphological mutations during a short domestication time period may be related to the robustness of embryonic developmental mechanisms.
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7
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Goto T, Michiue T, Shibuya H. ccr7 affects both morphogenesis and differentiation during early Xenopus embryogenesis. Dev Growth Differ 2022; 64:254-260. [PMID: 35581152 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines play important roles in early embryogenesis, including morphogenesis and cell differentiation, before the immune system is established. We characterized Xenopus laevis CC-type chemokine receptor 7 S (ccr7.S) to clarify its role during early development. ccr7 transcripts were detected ubiquitously in early embryos. Dorsal overexpression of ccr7.S inhibited gastrulation, and ccr7.S mRNA-injected embryos had short axes and widely opened neural folds. Because the Keller sandwich explants of the injected embryos elongated well, ccr7.S might affect cell migration, but not convergent extension movements. Ventral ccr7.S overexpression induced secondary axes and chrd.1 upregulation in gastrula-stage embryos. Animal cap assays showed increased expression of neural and cement gland marker genes at later stages. Ccr7.S knockdown reduced chrd.1 expression and inhibited gastrulation at the dorsal side. Our findings suggest that ccr7.S plays important roles in morphogenetic movement and cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyasu Goto
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Michiue
- Department of Life Sciences (Biology), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shibuya
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Yan Y, Wang Q. BMP Signaling: Lighting up the Way for Embryonic Dorsoventral Patterning. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:799772. [PMID: 35036406 PMCID: PMC8753366 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.799772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most significant events during early embryonic development is the establishment of a basic embryonic body plan, which is defined by anteroposterior, dorsoventral (DV), and left-right axes. It is well-known that the morphogen gradient created by BMP signaling activity is crucial for DV axis patterning across a diverse set of vertebrates. The regulation of BMP signaling during DV patterning has been strongly conserved across evolution. This is a remarkable regulatory and evolutionary feat, as the BMP gradient has been maintained despite the tremendous variation in embryonic size and shape across species. Interestingly, the embryonic DV axis exhibits robust stability, even in face of variations in BMP signaling. Multiple lines of genetic, molecular, and embryological evidence have suggested that numerous BMP signaling components and their attendant regulators act in concert to shape the developing DV axis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the function and regulation of BMP signaling in DV patterning. Throughout, we focus specifically on popular model animals, such as Xenopus and zebrafish, highlighting the similarities and differences of the regulatory networks between species. We also review recent advances regarding the molecular nature of DV patterning, including the initiation of the DV axis, the formation of the BMP gradient, and the regulatory molecular mechanisms behind BMP signaling during the establishment of the DV axis. Collectively, this review will help clarify our current understanding of the molecular nature of DV axis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Yan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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9
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Brégeon M, Tomas D, Bernay B, Zatylny-Gaudin C, Georgeault S, Labas V, Réhault-Godbert S, Guyot N. Multifaceted roles of the egg perivitelline layer in avian reproduction: Functional insights from the proteomes of chicken egg inner and outer sublayers. J Proteomics 2022; 258:104489. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Stalin J, Imhof BA, Coquoz O, Jeitziner R, Hammel P, McKee TA, Jemelin S, Poittevin M, Pocard M, Matthes T, Kaci R, Delorenzi M, Rüegg C, Miljkovic-Licina M. Targeting OLFML3 in Colorectal Cancer Suppresses Tumor Growth and Angiogenesis, and Increases the Efficacy of Anti-PD1 Based Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184625. [PMID: 34572851 PMCID: PMC8464773 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the proangiogenic factor olfactomedin-like 3 (OLFML3) in cancer is unclear. To characterize OLFML3 expression in human cancer and its role during tumor development, we undertook tissue expression studies, gene expression analyses of patient tumor samples, in vivo studies in mouse cancer models, and in vitro coculture experiments. OLFML3 was expressed at high levels, mainly in blood vessels, in multiple human cancers. We focused on colorectal cancer (CRC), as elevated expression of OLFML3 mRNA correlated with shorter relapse-free survival, higher tumor grade, and angiogenic microsatellite stable consensus molecular subtype 4 (CMS4). Treatment of multiple in vivo tumor models with OLFML3-blocking antibodies and deletion of the Olfml3 gene from mice decreased lymphangiogenesis, pericyte coverage, and tumor growth. Antibody-mediated blockade of OLFML3 and deletion of host Olfml3 decreased the recruitment of tumor-promoting tumor-associated macrophages and increased infiltration of the tumor microenvironment by NKT cells. Importantly, targeting OLFML3 increased the antitumor efficacy of anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Taken together, the results demonstrate that OLFML3 is a promising candidate therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Stalin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (B.A.I.); (P.H.); (S.J.); (M.P.); (M.M.-L.)
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 18, PER17, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (O.C.); (C.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-26-300-8658
| | - Beat A. Imhof
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (B.A.I.); (P.H.); (S.J.); (M.P.); (M.M.-L.)
- Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Oriana Coquoz
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 18, PER17, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (O.C.); (C.R.)
| | - Rachel Jeitziner
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (R.J.); (M.D.)
| | - Philippe Hammel
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (B.A.I.); (P.H.); (S.J.); (M.P.); (M.M.-L.)
| | - Thomas A. McKee
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Stephane Jemelin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (B.A.I.); (P.H.); (S.J.); (M.P.); (M.M.-L.)
| | - Marine Poittevin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (B.A.I.); (P.H.); (S.J.); (M.P.); (M.M.-L.)
| | - Marc Pocard
- CAP Paris-Tech, Université de Paris Diderot, INSERM U1275, 49 Boulevard de la Chapelle, CEDEX 10, F-75475 Paris, France; (M.P.); (R.K.)
- Department of Oncologic and Digestive Surgery, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, CEDEX 10, F-75475 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Matthes
- Department of Oncology, Hematology Service, Geneva University Hospital, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
- Department of Diagnostics, Clinical Pathology Service, Geneva University Hospital, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, University of Geneva Medical School, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rachid Kaci
- CAP Paris-Tech, Université de Paris Diderot, INSERM U1275, 49 Boulevard de la Chapelle, CEDEX 10, F-75475 Paris, France; (M.P.); (R.K.)
- Department of Anatomopathology, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, CEDEX 10, F-75475 Paris, France
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (R.J.); (M.D.)
- Department of Oncology, University Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Curzio Rüegg
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 18, PER17, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (O.C.); (C.R.)
| | - Marijana Miljkovic-Licina
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (B.A.I.); (P.H.); (S.J.); (M.P.); (M.M.-L.)
- Department of Oncology, Hematology Service, Geneva University Hospital, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
- Department of Diagnostics, Clinical Pathology Service, Geneva University Hospital, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, University of Geneva Medical School, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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11
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Song S, Shan N, Wang G, Yan X, Liu JS, Hou L. Openness Weighted Association Studies: Leveraging Personal Genome Information to Prioritize Noncoding Variants. Bioinformatics 2021; 37:4737-4743. [PMID: 34260700 PMCID: PMC8665759 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btab514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation Identification and interpretation of non-coding variations that affect disease risk remain a paramount challenge in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of complex diseases. Experimental efforts have provided comprehensive annotations of functional elements in the human genome. On the other hand, advances in computational biology, especially machine learning approaches, have facilitated accurate predictions of cell-type-specific functional annotations. Integrating functional annotations with GWAS signals has advanced the understanding of disease mechanisms. In previous studies, functional annotations were treated as static of a genomic region, ignoring potential functional differences imposed by different genotypes across individuals. Results We develop a computational approach, Openness Weighted Association Studies (OWAS), to leverage and aggregate predictions of chromosome accessibility in personal genomes for prioritizing GWAS signals. The approach relies on an analytical expression we derived for identifying disease associated genomic segments whose effects in the etiology of complex diseases are evaluated. In extensive simulations and real data analysis, OWAS identifies genes/segments that explain more heritability than existing methods, and has a better replication rate in independent cohorts than GWAS. Moreover, the identified genes/segments show tissue-specific patterns and are enriched in disease relevant pathways. We use rheumatic arthritis and asthma as examples to demonstrate how OWAS can be exploited to provide novel insights on complex diseases. Availability and implementation The R package OWAS that implements our method is available at https://github.com/shuangsong0110/OWAS. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Song
- Center for Statistical Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Nayang Shan
- Center for Statistical Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Geng Wang
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Xiting Yan
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jun S Liu
- Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Lin Hou
- Center for Statistical Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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12
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Madamanchi A, Mullins MC, Umulis DM. Diversity and robustness of bone morphogenetic protein pattern formation. Development 2021; 148:dev192344. [PMID: 33795238 PMCID: PMC8034876 DOI: 10.1242/dev.192344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pattern formation by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) demonstrates remarkable plasticity and utility in several contexts, such as early embryonic development, tissue patterning and the maintenance of stem cell niches. BMPs pattern tissues over many temporal and spatial scales: BMP gradients as short as 1-2 cell diameters maintain the stem cell niche of the Drosophila germarium over a 24-h cycle, and BMP gradients of several hundred microns establish dorsal-ventral tissue specification in Drosophila, zebrafish and Xenopus embryos in timescales between 30 min and several hours. The mechanisms that shape BMP signaling gradients are also incredibly diverse. Although ligand diffusion plays a dominant role in forming the gradient, a cast of diffusible and non-diffusible regulators modulate gradient formation and confer robustness, including scale invariance and adaptability to perturbations in gene expression and growth. In this Review, we document the diverse ways that BMP gradients are formed and refined, and we identify the core principles that they share to achieve reliable performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasakiran Madamanchi
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Polytechnic Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mary C Mullins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David M Umulis
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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13
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Imhof BA, Ballet R, Hammel P, Jemelin S, Garrido-Urbani S, Ikeya M, Matthes T, Miljkovic-Licina M. Olfactomedin-like 3 promotes PDGF-dependent pericyte proliferation and migration during embryonic blood vessel formation. FASEB J 2020; 34:15559-15576. [PMID: 32997357 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000751rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pericytes promote vessel stability and their dysfunction causes pathologies due to blood vessel leakage. Previously, we reported that Olfactomedin-like 3 (Olfml3) is a matricellular protein with proangiogenic properties. Here, we explored the role of Olfml3 in a knockout mouse model engineered to suppress this protein. The mutant mice exhibited vascular defects in pericyte coverage, suggesting that pericytes influence blood vessel formation in an Olfml3-dependent manner. Olfml3-deficient mice exhibited abnormalities in the vasculature causing partial lethality of embryos and neonates. Reduced pericyte coverage was observed at embryonic day 12.5 and persisted throughout development, resulting in perinatal death of 35% of Olfml3-deficient mice. Cultured Olfml3-deficient pericytes exhibited aberrant motility and altered pericyte association to endothelial cells. Furthermore, the proliferative response of Olfml3-/- pericytes upon PDGF-B stimulation was significantly diminished. Subsequent experiments revealed that intact PDGF-B signaling, mediated via Olfml3 binding, is required for pericyte proliferation and activation of downstream kinase pathways. Our findings suggest a model wherein pericyte recruitment to endothelial cells requires Olfml3 to provide early instructive cue and retain PDGF-B along newly formed vessels to achieve optimal angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat A Imhof
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Romain Ballet
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Philippe Hammel
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Jemelin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Garrido-Urbani
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Makoto Ikeya
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Thomas Matthes
- Department of Oncology, Hematology Service, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Diagnostics, Clinical Pathology Service, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.,Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marijana Miljkovic-Licina
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, Hematology Service, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.,Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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14
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Yan Y, Ning G, Li L, Liu J, Yang S, Cao Y, Wang Q. The BMP ligand Pinhead together with Admp supports the robustness of embryonic patterning. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau6455. [PMID: 32064309 PMCID: PMC6989304 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau6455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate embryonic dorsoventral axis is robustly stable in the face of variations in bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. However, the molecular mechanism behind this robustness remains uncharacterized. In this study, we show that zebrafish Pinhead, together with Admp, plays an important compensatory role in ensuring the robustness of axial patterning through fine-tuning of BMP signaling. pinhead encodes a BMP-like ligand expressed in the ventrolateral margin of the early gastrula. Transcription of pinhead and admp is under opposing regulation, where pinhead depletion results in a compensatory increase in admp transcription and vice versa, leading to normal axis formation in pinhead or admp mutants. Expression of pinhead and admp is directly repressed by the BMP/Smad pathway. When BMP signals were inhibited or excessively activated, pinhead/admp expression changed accordingly, allowing for self-regulation. Thus, this study reveals a negative feedback loop between BMP signaling and pinhead/admp that effectively stabilizes embryonic patterning by buffering against fluctuations in BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guozhu Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Linwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shuyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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15
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Valo I, Raro P, Boissard A, Maarouf A, Jézéquel P, Verriele V, Campone M, Coqueret O, Guette C. OLFM4 Expression in Ductal Carcinoma In Situ and in Invasive Breast Cancer Cohorts by a SWATH-Based Proteomic Approach. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1800446. [PMID: 31318138 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human olfactomedin-4 (OLFM4) is a secreted protein involved in a variety of cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and cell adhesion. OLFM4 expression has been studied in several tumor types including gastric, colorectal, lung, and endometrioid cancers where it has been suggested to be an independent favorable or unfavorable prognostic marker. For breast cancer, the clinical significance of OLFM4 is still unclear. In the present study, SWATH-MS is used as a tool for the robust identification and quantification of breast tissue proteins. SWATH-MS data show that OLFM4 expression is higher in DCIS than in invasive breast cancer. In-depth analysis of the breast tumor proteome show that OLFM4 is a favorable pronostic marker. Serum OLFM4 levels in peripheral blood are also analyzed by ELISA in 825 cases, including 94 cases of healthy individuals, 61 cases of non-invasive breast tumor (DCIS) and 670 cases of breast cancer (BC). It is found that serum OLFM4 levels are significantly higher in the DCIS cohort and in the breast cancer cohort compared with the healthy controls. This result suggests that circulating OLFM4 could be an interesting biomarker of early breast cancer. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD014194.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Valo
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, INSERM, 49055, Angers, France
| | - Pedro Raro
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, INSERM, 49055, Angers, France
| | - Alice Boissard
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, INSERM, 49055, Angers, France
| | - Amine Maarouf
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, INSERM, 49055, Angers, France.,Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, 49100, Angers, France
| | - Pascal Jézéquel
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, INSERM, Unité de Bioinfomique, 44805, Nantes, France.,SIRIC ILIAD, Angers, Nantes, France
| | | | - Mario Campone
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, INSERM, 49055, Angers, France.,SIRIC ILIAD, Angers, Nantes, France
| | - Olivier Coqueret
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, 49100, Angers, France.,SIRIC ILIAD, Angers, Nantes, France
| | - Catherine Guette
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, INSERM, 49055, Angers, France.,SIRIC ILIAD, Angers, Nantes, France
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16
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Abstract
Objective: Modern medical research has proven that human diseases are directly or indirectly related to genes. At the same time, genetic research has also brought updates to diagnostic techniques. Olfactomedin-like 3 (OLFML3) gene is a novel and clinically valuable gene. In order to better understand the role of OLFML3 in human diseases, we discuss and analyze the characteristics, function, and regulation mechanism of the OLFML3 gene in this review. Data sources: A comprehensive search in PubMed and ScienceDirect database for English up to March 2019, with the keywords of “Olfactomedin-like 3,” “Olfactomedin,” “extracellular matrix,” “Transforming Growth Factor β1,” “anoikis-resistance,” and “microRNA-155.” Study selection: Careful review of all relevant literature, the references of the retrieved articles were also screened to search for potentially relevant papers. Results: OLFML3 is a secreted glycoprotein with 406 amino acid residues, belonging to the Olfactomedin (OLF) family. Due to the particularity of its structure and differential expression, OLFML3 has unique biological functions that could be distinct from other members in the OLF family. The currently known functions include embryonic development function and tumorigenesis. The regulation mechanism is still under investigation. It is directly related to many human diseases. Conclusions: OLFML3 is a multifunctional glycoprotein that is closely involved in embryonic development, tumor invasion, and metastasis. Unfortunately, current research on this important molecule is still very limited. Further investigations on the possible mechanism of OLFML3 biological functions and modulation will help us develop better diagnostics and treatments.
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17
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Negreiros E, Herszterg S, Kang KH, Câmara A, Dias WB, Carneiro K, Bier E, Todeschini AR, Araujo H. N-linked glycosylation restricts the function of Short gastrulation to bind and shuttle BMPs. Development 2018; 145:dev.167338. [PMID: 30355725 DOI: 10.1242/dev.167338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of N-linked glycosylation are increasingly reported in the literature. However, the targets that are responsible for the associated developmental and physiological defects are largely unknown. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) act as highly dynamic complexes to regulate several functions during development. The range and strength of BMP activity depend on interactions with glycosylated protein complexes in the extracellular milieu. Here, we investigate the role of glycosylation for the function of the conserved extracellular BMP antagonist Short gastrulation (Sog). We identify conserved N-glycosylated sites and describe the effect of mutating these residues on BMP pathway activity in Drosophila Functional analysis reveals that loss of individual Sog glycosylation sites enhances BMP antagonism and/or increases the spatial range of Sog effects in the tissue. Mechanistically, we provide evidence that N-terminal and stem glycosylation controls extracellular Sog levels and distribution. The identification of similar residues in vertebrate Chordin proteins suggests that N-glycosylation may be an evolutionarily conserved process that adds complexity to the regulation of BMP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Negreiros
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21941-902.,Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21941-902
| | - Sophie Herszterg
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21941-902
| | - Kyung-Hwa Kang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, CA 92093-0349, USA
| | - Amanda Câmara
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21941-902.,Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21941-902
| | - Wagner B Dias
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21941-902
| | - Katia Carneiro
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21941-902
| | - Ethan Bier
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, CA 92093-0349, USA
| | - Adriane Regina Todeschini
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21941-902
| | - Helena Araujo
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21941-902 .,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Brasil (INCT-ENEM)
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18
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Abe G, Li IJ, Lee SH, Ota KG. A novel allele of the goldfish chdB gene: Functional evaluation and evolutionary considerations. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2018; 330:372-383. [PMID: 30387925 PMCID: PMC6587777 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The twin tail of ornamental goldfish is known to be caused by a nonsense mutation in one chordin paralogue gene. Our previous molecular studies in goldfish revealed that the ancestral
chordin gene was duplicated, creating the
chdA and
chdB genes, and the subsequent introduction of a stop codon allele in the
chdA gene (
chdAE127X) caused the twin‐tail morphology. The
chdAE127X allele was positively selected by breeders, and the allele was genetically fixed in the ornamental twin‐tail goldfish population. However, little is known about the evolutionary history of the
chdB paralogue, begging the question: are there the functionally distinct alleles at the
chdB locus, and if so, how did they evolve? To address these questions, we conducted molecular sequencing of the
chdB gene from five different goldfish strains and discovered two alleles at the
chdB gene locus; the two alleles are designated
chdB1 and
chdB2. The
chdB1 allele is the major allele and was found in all investigated goldfish strains, whereas the
chdB2 allele is minor, having only been found in one twin‐tail strain. Genetic analyses further suggested that these two alleles are functionally different with regard to survivability (
chdB1 >
chdB2). These results led us to presume that in contrast to the
chdA locus, the
chdB locus has tended to be eliminated from the population. We also discuss how the
chdB2 allele was retained in the goldfish population, despite its disadvantageous function. This study provides empirical evidence of the long‐term retention of a disadvantageous allele under domesticated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gembu Abe
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, Taiwan.,Laboratory of Organ Morphogenesis, Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ing-Jia Li
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hua Lee
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Kinya G Ota
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, Taiwan
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19
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Abstract
TGF-β family ligands function in inducing and patterning many tissues of the early vertebrate embryonic body plan. Nodal signaling is essential for the specification of mesendodermal tissues and the concurrent cellular movements of gastrulation. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling patterns tissues along the dorsal-ventral axis and simultaneously directs the cell movements of convergence and extension. After gastrulation, a second wave of Nodal signaling breaks the symmetry between the left and right sides of the embryo. During these processes, elaborate regulatory feedback between TGF-β ligands and their antagonists direct the proper specification and patterning of embryonic tissues. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the function and regulation of TGF-β family signaling in these processes. Although we cover principles that are involved in the development of all vertebrate embryos, we focus specifically on three popular model organisms: the mouse Mus musculus, the African clawed frog of the genus Xenopus, and the zebrafish Danio rerio, highlighting the similarities and differences between these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Zinski
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6058
| | - Benjamin Tajer
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6058
| | - Mary C Mullins
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6058
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20
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De Robertis EM, Moriyama Y, Colozza G. Generation of animal form by the Chordin/Tolloid/BMP gradient: 100 years after D'Arcy Thompson. Dev Growth Differ 2017; 59:580-592. [PMID: 28815565 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The classic book "On Growth and Form" by naturalist D'Arcy Thompson was published 100 years ago. To celebrate this landmark, we present experiments in the Xenopus embryo that provide a framework for understanding how simple, quantitative transformations of a morphogen gradient might have affected evolution and morphological diversity of organisms. D'Arcy Thompson proposed that different morphologies might be generated by modifying physical parameters in an underlying system of Cartesian coordinates that pre-existed in Nature and arose during evolutionary history. Chordin is a BMP antagonist secreted by the Spemann organizer located on the dorsal side of the gastrula. Chordin generates a morphogen gradient as first proposed by mathematician Alan Turing. The rate-limiting step of this dorsal-ventral (D-V) morphogen is the degradation of Chordin by the Tolloid metalloproteinase in the ventral side. Chordin is expressed at gastrula on the dorsal side where BMP signaling is low, while at the opposite side peak levels of BMP signaling are reached. In fishes, amphibians, reptiles and birds, high BMP signaling in the ventral region induces transcription of a secreted inhibitor of Tolloid called Sizzled. By depleting Sizzled exclusively in the ventral half of the embryo we were able to expand the ventro-posterior region in an otherwise normal embryo. Conversely, ventral depletion of Tolloid, which stabilizes Chordin, decreased ventral and tail structures, phenocopying the tolloid zebrafish mutation. We explain how historical constraints recorded in the language of DNA become subject to the universal laws of physics when an ancestral reaction-diffusion morphogen gradient dictates form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward M De Robertis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1662, USA
| | - Yuki Moriyama
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1662, USA
| | - Gabriele Colozza
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1662, USA
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21
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Wilcockson SG, Sutcliffe C, Ashe HL. Control of signaling molecule range during developmental patterning. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:1937-1956. [PMID: 27999899 PMCID: PMC5418326 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2433-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tissue patterning, through the concerted activity of a small number of signaling pathways, is critical to embryonic development. While patterning can involve signaling between neighbouring cells, in other contexts signals act over greater distances by traversing complex cellular landscapes to instruct the fate of distant cells. In this review, we explore different strategies adopted by cells to modulate signaling molecule range to allow correct patterning. We describe mechanisms for restricting signaling range and highlight how such short-range signaling can be exploited to not only control the fate of adjacent cells, but also to generate graded signaling within a field of cells. Other strategies include modulation of signaling molecule action by tissue architectural properties and the use of cellular membranous structures, such as signaling filopodia and exosomes, to actively deliver signaling ligands to target cells. Signaling filopodia can also be deployed to reach out and collect particular signals, thereby precisely controlling their site of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G Wilcockson
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Catherine Sutcliffe
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Hilary L Ashe
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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22
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Suzuki A, Yoshida H, van Heeringen SJ, Takebayashi-Suzuki K, Veenstra GJC, Taira M. Genomic organization and modulation of gene expression of the TGF-β and FGF pathways in the allotetraploid frog Xenopus laevis. Dev Biol 2017; 426:336-359. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Miccoli A, Dalla Valle L, Carnevali O. The maternal control in the embryonic development of zebrafish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 245:55-68. [PMID: 27013380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The maternal control directing the very first hours of life is of pivotal importance for ensuring proper development to the growing embryo. Thanks to the finely regulated inheritance of maternal factors including mRNAs and proteins produced during oogenesis and stored into the mature oocyte, the embryo is sustained throughout the so-called maternal-to-zygotic transition, a period in development characterized by a species-specific length in time, during which critical biological changes regarding cell cycle and zygotic transcriptional activation occur. In order not to provoke any kind of persistent damage, the process must be delicately balanced. Surprisingly, our knowledge as to the possible effects of beneficial bacteria regarding the modulation of the quality and/or quantity of both maternally-supplied and zygotically-transcribed mRNAs, is very limited. To date, only one group has investigated the consequences of the parentally-supplied Lactobacillus rhamnosus on the storage of mRNAs into mature oocytes, leading to an altered maternal control process in the F1 generation. Particular attention was called on the monitoring of several biomarkers involved in autophagy, apoptosis and axis patterning, while data on miRNA generation and pluripotency maintenance are herein presented for the first time, and can assist in laying the ground for further investigations in this field. In this review, the reader is supplied with the current knowledge on the above-mentioned biological process, first by drawing the general background and then by emphasizing the most important findings that have highlighted their focal role in normal animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Miccoli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Oliana Carnevali
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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24
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Abstract
Olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) is an olfactomedin domain-containing glycoprotein. Multiple signaling pathways and factors, including NF-κB, Wnt, Notch, PU.1, retinoic acids, estrogen receptor, and miR-486, regulate its expression. OLFM4 interacts with several other proteins, such as gene associated with retinoic-interferon-induced mortality 19 (GRIM-19), cadherins, lectins, nucleotide oligomerization domain-1 (NOD1) and nucleotide oligomerization domain-2 (NOD2), and cathepsins C and D, known to regulate important cellular functions. Recent investigations using Olfm4-deficient mouse models have provided important clues about its in vivo biological functions. Olfm4 inhibited Helicobacter pylori-induced NF-κB pathway activity and inflammation and facilitated H. pylori colonization in the mouse stomach. Olfm4-deficient mice exhibited enhanced immunity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus infection. Olfm4 deletion in a chronic granulomatous disease mouse model rescued them from S. aureus infection. Olfm4 deletion in mice treated with azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate led to robust intestinal inflammation and intestinal crypt hyperplasia. Olfm4 deletion in Apc (Min/+) mice promoted intestinal polyp formation as well as adenocarcinoma development in the distal colon. Further, Olfm4-deficient mice spontaneously developed prostatic epithelial lesions as they age. OLFM4 expression is correlated with cancer differentiation, stage, metastasis, and prognosis in a variety of cancers, suggesting its potential clinical value as an early-stage cancer marker or a therapeutic target. Collectively, these data suggest that OLFM4 plays important roles in innate immunity against bacterial infection, gastrointestinal inflammation, and cancer. In this review, we have summarized OLFM4's initial characterization, expression, regulation, protein interactions, and biological functions.
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25
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Inomata H. Scaling of pattern formations and morphogen gradients. Dev Growth Differ 2017; 59:41-51. [PMID: 28097650 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The concentration gradient of morphogens provides positional information for an embryo and plays a pivotal role in pattern formation of tissues during the developmental processes. Morphogen-dependent pattern formations show robustness despite various perturbations. Although tissues usually grow and dynamically change their size during histogenesis, proper patterns are formed without the influence of size variations. Furthermore, even when the blastula embryo of Xenopus laevis is bisected into dorsal and ventral halves, the dorsal half of the embryo leads to proportionally patterned half-sized embryos. This robustness of pattern formation despite size variations is termed as scaling. In this review, I focused on the morphogen-dependent dorsal-ventral axis formation in Xenopus and described how morphogens form a proper gradient shape according to the embryo size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiko Inomata
- Axial Pattern Dynamics Team, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan
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26
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Houston DW. Vertebrate Axial Patterning: From Egg to Asymmetry. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 953:209-306. [PMID: 27975274 PMCID: PMC6550305 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-46095-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the bilateral embryonic body axis from a symmetrical egg has been a long-standing question in developmental biology. Historical and modern experiments point to an initial symmetry-breaking event leading to localized Wnt and Nodal growth factor signaling and subsequent induction and formation of a self-regulating dorsal "organizer." This organizer forms at the site of notochord cell internalization and expresses primarily Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) growth factor antagonists that establish a spatiotemporal gradient of BMP signaling across the embryo, directing initial cell differentiation and morphogenesis. Although the basics of this model have been known for some time, many of the molecular and cellular details have only recently been elucidated and the extent that these events remain conserved throughout vertebrate evolution remains unclear. This chapter summarizes historical perspectives as well as recent molecular and genetic advances regarding: (1) the mechanisms that regulate symmetry-breaking in the vertebrate egg and early embryo, (2) the pathways that are activated by these events, in particular the Wnt pathway, and the role of these pathways in the formation and function of the organizer, and (3) how these pathways also mediate anteroposterior patterning and axial morphogenesis. Emphasis is placed on comparative aspects of the egg-to-embryo transition across vertebrates and their evolution. The future prospects for work regarding self-organization and gene regulatory networks in the context of early axis formation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Houston
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, 257 BB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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27
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Dunn LL, de Valence S, Tille JC, Hammel P, Walpoth BH, Stocker R, Imhof BA, Miljkovic-Licina M. Biodegradable and plasma-treated electrospun scaffolds coated with recombinant Olfactomedin-like 3 for accelerating wound healing and tissue regeneration. Wound Repair Regen 2016; 24:1030-1035. [DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise L. Dunn
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, and School of Medical Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
| | - Sarra de Valence
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Geneva, University of Lausanne; Geneva Switzerland
| | | | - Philippe Hammel
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; University of Geneva Medical Center; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Beat H. Walpoth
- Service of Cardiovascular Surgery; Geneva University Hospital; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Roland Stocker
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, and School of Medical Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
| | - Beat A. Imhof
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; University of Geneva Medical Center; Geneva Switzerland
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Troilo H, Barrett AL, Zuk AV, Lockhart-Cairns MP, Wohl AP, Bayley CP, Dajani R, Tunnicliffe RB, Green L, Jowitt TA, Sengle G, Baldock C. Structural characterization of twisted gastrulation provides insights into opposing functions on the BMP signalling pathway. Matrix Biol 2016; 55:49-62. [PMID: 26829466 PMCID: PMC5080453 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Twisted gastrulation (Tsg) and chordin are secreted glycoproteins that function together as BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) antagonists to regulate BMP growth factor signalling. Chordin binds to BMPs, preventing them from interacting with their receptors and Tsg is known to strengthen this inhibitory complex. Tsg also acts as a BMP agonist by promoting cleavage of chordin by tolloid-family proteinases. Here we explore the structural mechanism through which Tsg exerts this dual activity. We have characterized the nanoscale structure of human Tsg using in-solution biomolecular analysis and show that Tsg is a globular monomer with a flattened cross shape. Tsg has a high proportion of N-linked glycans, in relation to its molecular weight, which supports a role in solubilising BMPs. Tsg binds with high affinity to the C-terminal region of chordin and was also able to inhibit BMP-7 signalling directly but did not have an effect on BMP-4 signalling. Although both Tsg and mammalian tolloid are involved in chordin cleavage, no interaction could be detected between them using surface plasmon resonance. Together these data suggest that Tsg functions as a BMP-agonist by inducing conformational change in chordin making it more susceptible to tolloid cleavage and as a BMP-antagonist either independently or via a chordin-mediated mechanism. Following single cleavage of chordin by tolloids, Tsg continues to strengthen the inhibitory complex, supporting a role for partially cleaved chordin in BMP regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Troilo
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, M139PT, UK
| | - Anne L Barrett
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, M139PT, UK
| | - Alexandra V Zuk
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael P Lockhart-Cairns
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, M139PT, UK; Beamline B21, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Alexander P Wohl
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christopher P Bayley
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, M139PT, UK
| | - Rana Dajani
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, M139PT, UK
| | - Richard B Tunnicliffe
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, M139PT, UK
| | - Lewis Green
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, M139PT, UK
| | - Thomas A Jowitt
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, M139PT, UK
| | - Gerhard Sengle
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Clair Baldock
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, M139PT, UK.
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Abstract
The discovery of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family ligands and the realization that their bioactivities need to be tightly controlled temporally and spatially led to intensive research that has identified a multitude of extracellular modulators of TGF-β family ligands, uncovered their functions in developmental and pathophysiological processes, defined the mechanisms of their activities, and explored potential modulator-based therapeutic applications in treating human diseases. These studies revealed a diverse repertoire of extracellular and membrane-associated molecules that are capable of modulating TGF-β family signals via control of ligand availability, processing, ligand-receptor interaction, and receptor activation. These molecules include not only soluble ligand-binding proteins that were conventionally considered as agonists and antagonists of TGF-β family of growth factors, but also extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and proteoglycans that can serve as "sink" and control storage and release of both the TGF-β family ligands and their regulators. This extensive network of soluble and ECM modulators helps to ensure dynamic and cell-specific control of TGF-β family signals. This article reviews our knowledge of extracellular modulation of TGF-β growth factors by diverse proteins and their molecular mechanisms to regulate TGF-β family signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenbei Chang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
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Troilo H, Bayley CP, Barrett AL, Lockhart-Cairns MP, Jowitt TA, Baldock C. Mammalian tolloid proteinases: role in growth factor signalling. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2398-407. [PMID: 27391803 PMCID: PMC4988381 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tolloid proteinases are essential for tissue patterning and extracellular matrix assembly. The members of the family differ in their substrate specificity and activity, despite sharing similar domain organization. The mechanisms underlying substrate specificity and activity are complex, with variation between family members, and depend on both multimerization and substrate interaction. In addition, enhancers, such as Twisted gastrulation (Tsg), promote cleavage of tolloid substrate, chordin, to regulate growth factor signalling. Although Tsg and mammalian tolloid (mTLD) are involved in chordin cleavage, no interaction has been detected between them, suggesting Tsg induces a change in chordin to increase susceptibility to cleavage. All members of the tolloid family bind the N terminus of latent TGFβ‐binding protein‐1, providing support for their role in TGFβ signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Troilo
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher P Bayley
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Anne L Barrett
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Michael P Lockhart-Cairns
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,Beamline B21, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Thomas A Jowitt
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Clair Baldock
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
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31
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Abe G, Lee SH, Li IJ, Chang CJ, Tamura K, Ota KG. Open and closed evolutionary paths for drastic morphological changes, involving serial gene duplication, sub-functionalization, and selection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26838. [PMID: 27220684 PMCID: PMC4879570 DOI: 10.1038/srep26838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Twin-tail goldfish strains are examples of drastic morphological alterations that emerged through domestication. Although this mutation is known to be caused by deficiency of one of two duplicated chordin genes, it is unknown why equivalent mutations have not been observed in other domesticated fish species. Here, we compared the chordin gene morphant phenotypes of single-tail goldfish and common carp (close relatives, both of which underwent chordin gene duplication and domestication). Morpholino-induced knockdown depleted chordin gene expression in both species; however, while knockdown reproduced twin-tail morphology in single-tail goldfish, it had no effect on common carp morphology. This difference can be explained by the observation that expression patterns of the duplicated chordin genes overlap completely in common carp, but are sub-functionalized in goldfish. Our finding implies that goldfish drastic morphological changes might be enhanced by the subsequent occurrence of three different types of evolutionary event (duplication, sub-functionalization, and selection) in a certain order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gembu Abe
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, 26242, Taiwan
- Laboratory of Organ Morphogenesis, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shu-Hua Lee
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, 26242, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Jia Li
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, 26242, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ju Chang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, 26242, Taiwan
| | - Koji Tamura
- Laboratory of Organ Morphogenesis, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kinya G. Ota
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, 26242, Taiwan
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Ota KG, Abe G. Goldfish morphology as a model for evolutionary developmental biology. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 5:272-95. [PMID: 26952007 PMCID: PMC6680352 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Morphological variation of the goldfish is known to have been established by artificial selection for ornamental purposes during the domestication process. Chinese texts that date to the Song dynasty contain descriptions of goldfish breeding for ornamental purposes, indicating that the practice originated over one thousand years ago. Such a well-documented goldfish breeding process, combined with the phylogenetic and embryological proximities of this species with zebrafish, would appear to make the morphologically diverse goldfish strains suitable models for evolutionary developmental (evodevo) studies. However, few modern evodevo studies of goldfish have been conducted. In this review, we provide an overview of the historical background of goldfish breeding, and the differences between this teleost and zebrafish from an evolutionary perspective. We also summarize recent progress in the field of molecular developmental genetics, with a particular focus on the twin-tail goldfish morphology. Furthermore, we discuss unanswered questions relating to the evolution of the genome, developmental robustness, and morphologies in the goldfish lineage, with the goal of blazing a path toward an evodevo study paradigm using this teleost species as a new model species. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinya G Ota
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Gembu Abe
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, Taiwan
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Chang YC, Pai CY, Chen YC, Ting HC, Martinez P, Telford MJ, Yu JK, Su YH. Regulatory circuit rewiring and functional divergence of the duplicate admp genes in dorsoventral axial patterning. Dev Biol 2016; 410:108-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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Carron C, Shi DL. Specification of anteroposterior axis by combinatorial signaling during Xenopus development. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 5:150-68. [PMID: 26544673 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The specification of anteroposterior (AP) axis is a fundamental and complex patterning process that sets up the embryonic polarity and shapes a multicellular organism. This process involves the integration of distinct signaling pathways to coordinate temporal-spatial gene expression and morphogenetic movements. In the frog Xenopus, extensive embryological and molecular studies have provided major advance in understanding the mechanism implicated in AP patterning. Following fertilization, cortical rotation leads to the transport of maternal determinants to the dorsal region and creates the primary dorsoventral (DV) asymmetry. The activation of maternal Wnt/ß-catenin signaling and a high Nodal signal induces the formation of the Nieuwkoop center in the dorsal-vegetal cells, which then triggers the formation of the Spemann organizer in the overlying dorsal marginal zone. It is now well established that the Spemann organizer plays a central role in building the vertebrate body axes because it provides patterning information for both DV and AP polarities. The antagonistic interactions between signals secreted in the Spemann organizer and the opposite ventral region pattern the mesoderm along the DV axis, and this DV information is translated into AP positional values during gastrulation. The formation of anterior neural tissue requires simultaneous inhibition of zygotic Wnt and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signals, while an endogenous gradient of Wnt, fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), retinoic acid (RA) signaling, and collinearly expressed Hox genes patterns the trunk and posterior regions. Collectively, DV asymmetry is mostly coupled to AP polarity, and cell-cell interactions mediated essentially by the same regulatory networks operate in DV and AP patterning. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Carron
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Sorbonne Universités, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Paris, France
| | - De-Li Shi
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Sorbonne Universités, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Paris, France.,School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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36
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Meinhardt H. Dorsoventral patterning by the Chordin-BMP pathway: a unified model from a pattern-formation perspective for drosophila, vertebrates, sea urchins and nematostella. Dev Biol 2015; 405:137-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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37
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Bier E, De Robertis EM. BMP gradients: A paradigm for morphogen-mediated developmental patterning. Science 2015; 348:aaa5838. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa5838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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38
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Itoh N, Ohta H. Secreted bone morphogenetic protein antagonists of the Chordin family. Biomol Concepts 2015; 1:297-304. [PMID: 25962004 DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2010.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chordin, Chordin-like 1, and Chordin-like 2 are secreted bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonists with highly conserved Chordin-like cysteine-rich domains. Recently, Brorin and Brorin-like have been identified as new Chordin-like BMP antagonists. A Chordin ortholog, Short gastrulation, has been identified in Drosophila, a protostome, but not other orthologs. By contrast, Chordin, Chordin-like 1, and Chordin-like 2 have been identified in Ciona intestinalis, the closest living relatives of the vertebrates, but Brorin and Brorin-like have not. However, all these genes have been identified in most vertebrates. These results indicate that Chordin, Chordin-like 1, and Chordin-like 2 were generated early in the metazoan lineage. Later on, Brorin and Brorin-like were potentially generated by a genome duplication event in early vertebrate evolution. All four cysteine-rich domains of Chordin are essential for the regulation of its action. However, Chordin-like 1, Chordin-like 2, Brorin, and Brorin-like contain only two or three cysteine-rich domains. Although their mechanisms of action remain unclear, they might be distinct from that of Chordin. The expression profiles of these genes in mice and zebrafish indicate unique roles at embryonic and postnatal stages. Mutant/knockdown mouse and zebrafish phenotypes indicate roles in morphogenesis during gastrulation, dorsoventral axis formation, ear, pharyngeal, and neural development, and venous and arterial patterning. Aberrant Chordin expression might result in hereditary diseases and cancer. In addition, altered serum Chordin and Chordin-like 1 levels are also observed in non-hereditary diseases. Together, these results indicate pathophysiological roles.
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BMP-1/tolloid-like proteinases synchronize matrix assembly with growth factor activation to promote morphogenesis and tissue remodeling. Matrix Biol 2015; 44-46:14-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Genikhovich G, Fried P, Prünster MM, Schinko JB, Gilles AF, Fredman D, Meier K, Iber D, Technau U. Axis Patterning by BMPs: Cnidarian Network Reveals Evolutionary Constraints. Cell Rep 2015; 10:1646-1654. [PMID: 25772352 PMCID: PMC4460265 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BMP signaling plays a crucial role in the establishment of the dorso-ventral body axis in bilaterally symmetric animals. However, the topologies of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling networks vary drastically in different animal groups, raising questions about the evolutionary constraints and evolvability of BMP signaling systems. Using loss-of-function analysis and mathematical modeling, we show that two signaling centers expressing different BMPs and BMP antagonists maintain the secondary axis of the sea anemone Nematostella. We demonstrate that BMP signaling is required for asymmetric Hox gene expression and mesentery formation. Computational analysis reveals that network parameters related to BMP4 and Chordin are constrained both in Nematostella and Xenopus, while those describing the BMP signaling modulators can vary significantly. Notably, only chordin, but not bmp4 expression needs to be spatially restricted for robust signaling gradient formation. Our data provide an explanation of the evolvability of BMP signaling systems in axis formation throughout Eumetazoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigory Genikhovich
- Department for Molecular Evolution and Development, Centre of Organismal Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Fried
- Department for Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Mandela Prünster
- Department for Molecular Evolution and Development, Centre of Organismal Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes B Schinko
- Department for Molecular Evolution and Development, Centre of Organismal Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna F Gilles
- Department for Molecular Evolution and Development, Centre of Organismal Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Fredman
- Department for Molecular Evolution and Development, Centre of Organismal Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Computational Biology Unit, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Karin Meier
- Department for Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dagmar Iber
- Department for Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Technau
- Department for Molecular Evolution and Development, Centre of Organismal Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Kawade K, Tanimoto H. Mobility of signaling molecules: the key to deciphering plant organogenesis. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2015; 128:17-25. [PMID: 25516503 PMCID: PMC4375297 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-014-0692-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Signaling molecules move between cells to form a characteristic distribution pattern within a developing organ; thereafter, they spatiotemporally regulate organ development. A key question in this process is how the signaling molecules robustly form the precise distribution on a tissue scale in a reproducible manner. Despite of an increasing number of quantitative studies regarding the mobility of signaling molecules, the detail mechanism of organogenesis via intercellular signaling is still unclear. We here review the potential advantages of plant development to address this question, focusing on the cytoplasmic continuity of plant cells through the plasmodesmata. The plant system would provide a unique opportunity to define the simple transportation mode of diffusion process, and, hence, the mechanism of organogenesis via intercellular signaling. Based on the advances in the understanding of intercellular signaling at the molecular level and in the quantitative imaging techniques, we discuss our current challenges in measuring the mobility of signaling molecules for deciphering plant organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Kawade
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan,
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42
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Abstract
Stefano Piccolo looks back at the life and research of his friend and colleague Yoshiki Sasai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Piccolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, Via Colombo 3, Padova 35126, Italy
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43
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Schuijers J, van der Flier LG, van Es J, Clevers H. Robust cre-mediated recombination in small intestinal stem cells utilizing the olfm4 locus. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 3:234-41. [PMID: 25254337 PMCID: PMC4175542 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelium of the small intestine is the most rapidly self-renewing tissue in mammals. We previously demonstrated the existence of a long-lived pool of cycling stem cells defined by Lgr5 expression at the bottom of intestinal crypts. An Lgr5-eGFP-IRES-CreERT2 knockin allele has been instrumental in characterizing and profiling these cells, yet its low level expression and its silencing in patches of adjacent crypts have not allowed quantitative gene deletion. Olfactomedin-4 (Olfm4) has emerged from a gene signature of Lgr5 stem cells as a robust marker for murine small intestinal stem cells. We observe that Olfm4(null) animals show no phenotype and report the generation of an Olfm4-IRES-eGFPCreERT2 knockin mouse model that allows visualization and genetic manipulation of Lgr5+ stem cells in the epithelium of the small intestine. The eGFPCreERT2 fusion protein faithfully marks all stem cells in the small intestine and induces the activation of a conditional LacZ reporter with robust efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurian Schuijers
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cells, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Laurens G van der Flier
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cells, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johan van Es
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cells, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cells, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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44
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Abe G, Lee SH, Chang M, Liu SC, Tsai HY, Ota KG. The origin of the bifurcated axial skeletal system in the twin-tail goldfish. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3360. [PMID: 24569511 PMCID: PMC3948052 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Twin-tail goldfish possess a bifurcated caudal axial skeleton. The scarcity of this trait in nature suggests that a rare mutation, which drastically altered the mechanisms underlying axial skeleton formation, may have occurred during goldfish domestication. However, little is known about the molecular development of twin-tail goldfish. Here we show that the bifurcated caudal skeleton arises from a mutation in the chordin gene, which affects embryonic dorsal–ventral (DV) patterning. We demonstrate that formation of the bifurcated caudal axial skeleton requires a stop-codon mutation in one of two recently duplicated chordin genes; this mutation may have occurred within approximately 600 years of domestication. We also report that the ventral tissues of the twin-tail strain are enlarged, and form the embryonic bifurcated fin fold. However, unlike previously described chordin-deficient embryos, this is not accompanied by a reduction in anterior–dorsal neural tissues. These results provide insight into large-scale evolution arising from artificial selection. The ornamental twin-tail goldfish has a bifurcated caudal skeleton that arose during domestication, but the developmental mechanisms that generate this tail are unknown. Here, Abe et al. show that a mutation in the chordin gene affects embryonic dorsal–ventral patterning causing the bifurcated tail skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gembu Abe
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan 26242, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hua Lee
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan 26242, Taiwan
| | - Mariann Chang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan 26242, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Liu
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan 26242, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yuan Tsai
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan 26242, Taiwan
| | - Kinya G Ota
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan 26242, Taiwan
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Guezguez A, Paré F, Benoit YD, Basora N, Beaulieu JF. Modulation of stemness in a human normal intestinal epithelial crypt cell line by activation of the WNT signaling pathway. Exp Cell Res 2014; 322:355-64. [PMID: 24534551 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The small intestine consists of two histological compartments composed of the crypts and the villi. The function of the adult small intestinal epithelium is mediated by four different types of mature cells: enterocytes, goblet, enteroendocrine and Paneth. Undifferentiated cells reside in the crypts and produce these four types of mature cells. The niche-related Wnt and Bmp signaling pathways have been suggested to be involved in the regulation and maintenance of the stem cell microenvironment. In our laboratory, we isolated the first normal human intestinal epithelial crypt (HIEC) cell model from the human fetal intestine and in this study we investigated the expression of a panel of intestinal stem cell markers in HIEC cells under normal culture parameters as well as under conditions that mimic the stem cell microenvironment. The results showed that short term stimulation of HIEC cells with R-spondin 1 and Wnt-3a±SB-216763, a glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) inhibitor, induced β-catenin/TCF activity and expression of the WNT target genes, cyclin D2 and LGR5. Treatment of HIEC cells with noggin, an antagonist of BMP signaling, abolished SMAD2/5/8 phosphorylation. Inducing a switch from inactive WNT/active BMP toward active WNT/inactive BMP pathways was sufficient to trigger a robust intestinal primordial stem-like cell signature with predominant LGR5, PHLDA1, PROM1, SMOC2 and OLFM4 expression. These findings demonstrate that even fully established cultures of intestinal cells can be prompted toward a CBC stem cell-like phenotype. This model should be useful for studying the regulation of human intestinal stem cell self-renewal and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Guezguez
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4.
| | - Fréderic Paré
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4.
| | - Yannick D Benoit
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4.
| | - Nuria Basora
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4.
| | - Jean-François Beaulieu
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4.
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Abstract
Many organisms and their constituent tissues and organs vary substantially in size but differ little in morphology; they appear to be scaled versions of a common template or pattern. Such scaling involves adjusting the intrinsic scale of spatial patterns of gene expression that are set up during development to the size of the system. Identifying the mechanisms that regulate scaling of patterns at the tissue, organ and organism level during development is a longstanding challenge in biology, but recent molecular-level data and mathematical modeling have shed light on scaling mechanisms in several systems, including Drosophila and Xenopus. Here, we investigate the underlying principles needed for understanding the mechanisms that can produce scale invariance in spatial pattern formation and discuss examples of systems that scale during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Umulis
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Plouhinec JL, Zakin L, Moriyama Y, De Robertis EM. Chordin forms a self-organizing morphogen gradient in the extracellular space between ectoderm and mesoderm in the Xenopus embryo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:20372-9. [PMID: 24284174 PMCID: PMC3870759 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1319745110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate body plan follows stereotypical dorsal-ventral (D-V) tissue differentiation controlled by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and secreted BMP antagonists, such as Chordin. The three germ layers--ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm--are affected coordinately by the Chordin-BMP morphogen system. However, extracellular morphogen gradients of endogenous proteins have not been directly visualized in vertebrate embryos to date. In this study, we improved immunolocalization methods in Xenopus embryos and analyzed the distribution of endogenous Chordin using a specific antibody. Chordin protein secreted by the dorsal Spemann organizer was found to diffuse along a narrow region that separates the ectoderm from the anterior endoderm and mesoderm. This Fibronectin-rich extracellular matrix is called "Brachet's cleft" in the Xenopus gastrula and is present in all vertebrate embryos. Chordin protein formed a smooth gradient that encircled the embryo, reaching the ventral-most Brachet cleft. Depletion with morpholino oligos showed that this extracellular gradient was regulated by the Chordin protease Tolloid and its inhibitor Sizzled. The Chordin gradient, as well as the BMP signaling gradient, was self-regulating and, importantly, was able to rescale in dorsal half-embryos. Transplantation of Spemann organizer tissue showed that Chordin diffused over long distances along this signaling highway between the ectoderm and mesoderm. Chordin protein must reach very high concentrations in this narrow region. We suggest that as ectoderm and mesoderm undergo morphogenetic movements during gastrulation, cells in both germ layers read their positional information coordinately from a single morphogen gradient located in Brachet's cleft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Plouhinec
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662
| | - Lise Zakin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662
| | - Yuki Moriyama
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662
| | - Edward M. De Robertis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662
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Ben-Zvi D, Fainsod A, Shilo BZ, Barkai N. Scaling of dorsal-ventral patterning in the Xenopus laevis embryo. Bioessays 2013; 36:151-6. [PMID: 24323952 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201300136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Scaling of pattern with size has been described and studied for over a century, yet its molecular basis is understood in only a few cases. In a recent, elegant study, Inomata and colleagues proposed a new model explaining how bone morphogenic protein (BMP) activity gradient scales with embryo size in the early Xenopus laevis embryo. We discuss their results in conjunction with an alternative model we proposed previously. The expansion-repression mechanism (ExR) provides a conceptual framework unifying both mechanisms. Results of Inomata and colleagues implicate the chordin-stabilizing protein sizzled as the expander molecule enabling scaling, while we attributed this role to the BMP ligand Admp. The two expanders may work in concert, as suggested by the mathematical model of Inomata et al. We discuss approaches for differentiating the contribution of sizzled and Admp to pattern scaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Ben-Zvi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Torres S, Bartolomé RA, Mendes M, Barderas R, Fernandez-Aceñero MJ, Peláez-García A, Peña C, Lopez-Lucendo M, Villar-Vázquez R, de Herreros AG, Bonilla F, Casal JI. Proteome profiling of cancer-associated fibroblasts identifies novel proinflammatory signatures and prognostic markers for colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:6006-19. [PMID: 24025712 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) are essential components of the stroma that play a critical role in cancer progression. This study aimed to identify novel CAFs markers that might contribute to the invasion and the prognosis of colorectal cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate mouse model of sporadic colon cancer represents an adequate source for the isolation of CAFs and normal fibroblasts. By using the explants technique, we purified CAFs and normal fibroblasts from colon tissues. Whole-cell extracts and supernatants were subjected to in-depth quantitative proteomic analysis by tandem mass spectrometry. Further validations of upregulated proteins in CAFs were carried out by chemokine microarray and immunohistochemical analyses of mouse and human tissues. RESULTS Using a fold-change of 1.4 or more, we found 132 and 125 differentially expressed proteins in whole-cell extracts and supernatants, respectively. We found CAFs-associated proinflammatory and desmoplastic signatures. The proinflammatory signature was composed of several cytokines. Among them, CCL2 and CCL8 caused an increase in migration and invasion of colorectal cancer KM12 cells. The desmoplastic signature was composed of 30 secreted proteins. In mouse and human samples, expression of LTBP2, CDH11, OLFML3, and, particularly, FSTL1 was significantly increased in the tumoral stroma, without significant expression in the cancer epithelial cells. The combination of CALU and CDH11 stromal expression showed a significant association with disease-free survival and poor prognosis. CONCLUSION We have identified LTBP2, CDH11, OLFML3, and FSTL1 as selective biomarkers of cancer stroma, and CALU and CDH11 as candidate stromal biomarkers of prognostic significance in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Torres
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; Proteomics Core Facility, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC); Department of Pathology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz; Department of Oncology, Hospital Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid; and IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
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Scaling of dorsal-ventral patterning by embryo size-dependent degradation of Spemann's organizer signals. Cell 2013; 153:1296-311. [PMID: 23746842 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Spemann's organizer plays a key role in dorsal-ventral (DV) patterning in the amphibian embryo by secreting diffusible proteins such as Chordin, an antagonist to ventralizing bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). The DV patterning is so robust that an amphibian embryo with its ventral half surgically removed can develop into a smaller but proportionally patterned larva. Here, we show that this robust patterning depends on facilitated Chordin degradation and requires the expression of the Chordin-proteinase inhibitor Sizzled on the opposite side. Sizzled, which is stable and diffuses widely along the DV axis, stabilizes Chordin and expands its distribution in the ventral direction. This expanded Chordin distribution, in turn, limits BMP-dependent Sizzled production, forming an axis-wide feedback loop for shaping Chordin's activity. Using bisection assays, we demonstrate that Chordin degradation is dynamically controlled by embryo-size-coupled Sizzled accumulation. We propose a scaling model that enables the DV pattern to adjust proportionally to embryonic axis size.
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