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Talukdar S, Mal S, Kundu P. Physico-chemical features and functional relevance of tomato rhomboid proteases. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 272:132681. [PMID: 38806088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
In plants, regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) is crucial for proper growth, development, and stress management. Rhomboid proteases (RPs) residing in the membrane play a vital role in orchestrating RIP. Although RPs can be found in most sequenced genomes, tomato rhomboids (SlRPs) have not yet been studied. Using alternative and comprehensive strategies, we found ten SlRPs encoded in the tomato genome. These SlRPs possess signature motifs and transmembrane domains, showing structural similarity to other members of the RP family. Also, SlRPs are genetically related to other known RPs of the Solanaceae family. Seven of the SlRPs retain serine-histidine catalytic dyads, making them proteolytically active, while three iRhoms lack the dyad and other structural motifs. Although SlRPs could have functional redundancy, their distribution and expression pattern indicate tissue specificity and responsiveness to specific external stimuli. The presence of development and stress-response-related cis-elements in the promoters of SlRPs supports this view. Furthermore, our strategically designed substrate-reporter assay shows that SlRPs have proteolytic activity similar to that of known RPs. This study provides a detailed understanding of all SlRPs and their physico-chemical features, shedding light on their involvement in physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Talukdar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, EN80, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Sayan Mal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, EN80, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Pallob Kundu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, EN80, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700091, India.
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2
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Ryu S, Long H, Zheng XL, Song YY, Wang Y, Zhou YJ, Quan XJ, Li LY, Zhang ZS. Pentapeptide PYRAE triggers ER stress-mediated apoptosis of breast cancer cells in mice by targeting RHBDF1-BiP interaction. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:378-390. [PMID: 37798352 PMCID: PMC10789821 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01163-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reinforced cellular responses to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are caused by a variety of pathological conditions including cancers. Human rhomboid family-1 protein (RHBDF1), a multiple transmembrane protein located mainly on the ER, has been shown to promote cancer development, while the binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) is a key regulator of cellular unfolded protein response (UPR) for the maintenance of ER protein homeostasis. In this study, we investigated the role of RHBDF1 in maintaining ER protein homeostasis in breast cancer cells. We showed that deleting or silencing RHBDF1 in breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 caused marked aggregation of unfolded proteins in proximity to the ER. We demonstrated that RHBDF1 directly interacted with BiP, and this interaction had a stabilizing effect on the BiP protein. Based on the primary structural motifs of RHBDF1 involved in BiP binding, we found a pentapeptide (PE5) targeted BiP and inhibited BiP ATPase activity. SPR assay revealed a binding affinity of PE5 toward BiP (Kd = 57.7 μM). PE5 (50, 100, 200 μM) dose-dependently promoted ER protein aggregation and ER stress-mediated cell apoptosis in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. In mouse 4T1 breast cancer xenograft model, injection of PE5 (10 mg/kg, s.c., every 2 days for 2 weeks) significantly inhibited the tumor growth with markedly increased ER stress and apoptosis-related proteins in tumor tissues. Our results suggest that the ability of RHBDF1 to maintain BiP protein stability is critical to ER protein homeostasis in breast cancer cells, and that the pentapeptide PE5 may serve as a scaffold for the development of a new class of anti-BiP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- SungJu Ryu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, and the Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Institute of Microbiology, State Academy of Sciences, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Hui Long
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, and the Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xin-Ling Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, and the Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, and the Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, and the Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yu-Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, and the Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, and the Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Lu-Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, and the Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Zhi-Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, and the Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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3
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Dulloo I, Tellier M, Levet C, Chikh A, Zhang B, Blaydon DC, Webb CM, Kelsell DP, Freeman M. Cleavage of the pseudoprotease iRhom2 by the signal peptidase complex reveals an ER-to-nucleus signaling pathway. Mol Cell 2024; 84:277-292.e9. [PMID: 38183983 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
iRhoms are pseudoprotease members of the rhomboid-like superfamily and are cardinal regulators of inflammatory and growth factor signaling; they function primarily by recognizing transmembrane domains of their clients. Here, we report a mechanistically distinct nuclear function of iRhoms, showing that both human and mouse iRhom2 are non-canonical substrates of signal peptidase complex (SPC), the protease that removes signal peptides from secreted proteins. Cleavage of iRhom2 generates an N-terminal fragment that enters the nucleus and modifies the transcriptome, in part by binding C-terminal binding proteins (CtBPs). The biological significance of nuclear iRhom2 is indicated by elevated levels in skin biopsies of patients with psoriasis, tylosis with oesophageal cancer (TOC), and non-epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma (NEPPK); increased iRhom2 cleavage in a keratinocyte model of psoriasis; and nuclear iRhom2 promoting proliferation of keratinocytes. Overall, this work identifies an unexpected SPC-dependent ER-to-nucleus signaling pathway and demonstrates that iRhoms can mediate nuclear signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Dulloo
- Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
| | - Michael Tellier
- Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Clémence Levet
- Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Anissa Chikh
- Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Boyan Zhang
- Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Diana C Blaydon
- Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Catherine M Webb
- Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - David P Kelsell
- Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Matthew Freeman
- Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
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4
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Luo Z, Huang Y, Batra N, Chen Y, Huang H, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Li S, Chen CY, Wang Z, Sun J, Wang QJ, Yang D, Lu B, Conway JF, Li LY, Yu AM, Li S. Inhibition of iRhom1 by CD44-targeting nanocarrier for improved cancer immunochemotherapy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:255. [PMID: 38177179 PMCID: PMC10766965 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44572-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The multifaceted chemo-immune resistance is the principal barrier to achieving cure in cancer patients. Identifying a target that is critically involved in chemo-immune-resistance represents an attractive strategy to improve cancer treatment. iRhom1 plays a role in cancer cell proliferation and its expression is negatively correlated with immune cell infiltration. Here we show that iRhom1 decreases chemotherapy sensitivity by regulating the MAPK14-HSP27 axis. In addition, iRhom1 inhibits the cytotoxic T-cell response by reducing the stability of ERAP1 protein and the ERAP1-mediated antigen processing and presentation. To facilitate the therapeutic translation of these findings, we develop a biodegradable nanocarrier that is effective in codelivery of iRhom pre-siRNA (pre-siiRhom) and chemotherapeutic drugs. This nanocarrier is effective in tumor targeting and penetration through both enhanced permeability and retention effect and CD44-mediated transcytosis in tumor endothelial cells as well as tumor cells. Inhibition of iRhom1 further facilitates tumor targeting and uptake through inhibition of CD44 cleavage. Co-delivery of pre-siiRhom and a chemotherapy agent leads to enhanced antitumor efficacy and activated tumor immune microenvironment in multiple cancer models in female mice. Targeting iRhom1 together with chemotherapy could represent a strategy to overcome chemo-immune resistance in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyi Luo
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yixian Huang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Neelu Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Yuang Chen
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Haozhe Huang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yifei Wang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ziqian Zhang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shichen Li
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chien-Yu Chen
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zehua Wang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jingjing Sun
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Qiming Jane Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Da Yang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Binfeng Lu
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - James F Conway
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lu-Yuan Li
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ai-Ming Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Song Li
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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5
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Zang Y, Bashaw GJ. Systematic analysis of the Frazzled receptor interactome establishes previously unreported regulators of axon guidance. Development 2023; 150:dev201636. [PMID: 37526651 PMCID: PMC10445734 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The Netrin receptor Dcc and its Drosophila homolog Frazzled play crucial roles in diverse developmental process, including axon guidance. In Drosophila, Fra regulates midline axon guidance through a Netrin-dependent and a Netrin-independent pathway. However, what molecules regulate these distinct signaling pathways remain unclear. To identify Fra-interacting proteins, we performed affinity purification mass spectrometry to establish a neuronal-specific Fra interactome. In addition to known interactors of Fra and Dcc, including Netrin and Robo1, our screen identified 85 candidate proteins, the majority of which are conserved in humans. Many of these proteins are expressed in the ventral nerve cord, and gene ontology, pathway analysis and biochemical validation identified several previously unreported pathways, including the receptor tyrosine phosphatase Lar, subunits of the COP9 signalosome and Rho-5, a regulator of the metalloprotease Tace. Finally, genetic analysis demonstrates that these genes regulate axon guidance and may define as yet unknown signaling mechanisms for Fra and its vertebrate homolog Dcc. Thus, the Fra interactome represents a resource to guide future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Zang
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 415 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Greg J. Bashaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 415 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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6
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Jeffery CJ. Current successes and remaining challenges in protein function prediction. FRONTIERS IN BIOINFORMATICS 2023; 3:1222182. [PMID: 37576715 PMCID: PMC10415035 DOI: 10.3389/fbinf.2023.1222182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, improvements in protein function prediction methods have led to increased success in annotating protein sequences. However, the functions of over 30% of protein-coding genes remain unknown for many sequenced genomes. Protein functions vary widely, from catalyzing chemical reactions to binding DNA or RNA or forming structures in the cell, and some types of functions are challenging to predict due to the physical features associated with those functions. Other complications in understanding protein functions arise due to the fact that many proteins have more than one function or very small differences in sequence or structure that correspond to different functions. We will discuss some of the recent developments in predicting protein functions and some of the remaining challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance J. Jeffery
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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7
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Zhao X, Wang B, Zhuang Y, Du S, Zeng Z. Single High-Dose Irradiation-Induced iRhom2 Upregulation Promotes Macrophage Antitumor Activity Through cGAS/STING Signaling. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2023:S0360-3016(23)00160-8. [PMID: 36792017 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The clinical application of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) allows a high dose of radiation to be safely delivered to extracranial targets within the body; however, a high dose per fraction (hypofractionation) has opened the radiation oncology field to new questions on a variety of dose-fractionation schedules, especially the immunomodulatory effects of radiation therapy, which can change after various dose-fractionation schedules. We investigated the immunomodulatory effects of different fractionation schedules. METHODS AND MATERIALS We established a subcutaneous tumor model in wild-type C57BL/6J mice and STING (stimulator of interferon genes)-deficient mice. We then compared the tumor control efficacy of 3 different fractionation schedules: 2 Gy × 8, 4.5 Gy × 3, and 10 Gy × 1, which are similar biologically effective doses. RESULTS We found the fractionation schedule of 10 Gy × 1 had a significantly higher antitumor effect, suggesting that a single high dose induced enhanced antitumor immunity compared with conventional fractionation (2 Gy × 8) and moderate hypofractionation (4.5 Gy × 3). However, in STING-deficient mice, differential tumor control was not observed among the 3 dose-fractionation schedules, suggesting that cGAS (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase)/STING signaling is involved in the antitumor immune effects of single high-dose schedules. Mechanistically, we found that conventional fractionation induced apoptosis; by comparison, a single high dose was more attuned to induced necroptosis, leading to the release of intracellular irradiation-induced double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) due to the loss of plasma membrane integrity, which then activated the dsDNA sensing signaling cGAS/STING in the recruited macrophage. Furthermore, iRhom2, a member of the conserved family of inhibitory rhomboid-like pseudoproteases, was upregulated in infiltrated macrophages in the single high-dose irradiation microenvironment. Therefore, iRhom2 positively regulates STING and directly promotes tumor necrosis factor α secretion. This exacerbates necroptosis of irradiated tumor cells, leading to continuous dsDNA release and enhancement of cGAS/STING signaling antitumor immunity in a positive feedback loop. CONCLUSIONS iRhom2 amplifies antitumor signaling in a positive feedback loop mediated by cGAS/STING signaling and tumor necrosis factor-driven necroptosis after single high-dose radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Biao Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shisuo Du
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhaochong Zeng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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8
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Bhaduri S, Scott NA, Neal SE. The Role of the Rhomboid Superfamily in ER Protein Quality Control: From Mechanisms and Functions to Diseases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:a041248. [PMID: 35940905 PMCID: PMC9899648 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential organelle in eukaryotic cells and is a major site for protein folding, modification, and lipid synthesis. Perturbations within the ER, such as protein misfolding and high demand for protein folding, lead to dysregulation of the ER protein quality control network and ER stress. Recently, the rhomboid superfamily has emerged as a critical player in ER protein quality control because it has diverse cellular functions, including ER-associated degradation (ERAD), endosome Golgi-associated degradation (EGAD), and ER preemptive quality control (ERpQC). This breadth of function both illustrates the importance of the rhomboid superfamily in health and diseases and emphasizes the necessity of understanding their mechanisms of action. Because dysregulation of rhomboid proteins has been implicated in various diseases, such as neurological disorders and cancers, they represent promising potential therapeutic drug targets. This review provides a comprehensive account of the various roles of rhomboid proteins in the context of ER protein quality control and discusses their significance in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satarupa Bhaduri
- School of Biological Sciences, the Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Nicola A Scott
- School of Biological Sciences, the Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Sonya E Neal
- School of Biological Sciences, the Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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9
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Kandel R, Jung J, Syau D, Kuo T, Songster L, Horn C, Chapman C, Aguayo A, Duttke S, Benner C, Neal SE. Yeast derlin Dfm1 employs a chaperone-like function to resolve misfolded membrane protein stress. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3001950. [PMID: 36689475 PMCID: PMC9894555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregates are a common feature of diseased and aged cells. Membrane proteins comprise a quarter of the proteome, and yet, it is not well understood how aggregation of membrane proteins is regulated and what effects these aggregates can have on cellular health. We have determined in yeast that the derlin Dfm1 has a chaperone-like activity that influences misfolded membrane protein aggregation. We establish that this function of Dfm1 does not require recruitment of the ATPase Cdc48 and it is distinct from Dfm1's previously identified function in dislocating misfolded membrane proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the cytosol for degradation. Additionally, we assess the cellular impacts of misfolded membrane proteins in the absence of Dfm1 and determine that misfolded membrane proteins are toxic to cells in the absence of Dfm1 and cause disruptions to proteasomal and ubiquitin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Kandel
- Division of Biological Sciences, the Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jasmine Jung
- Division of Biological Sciences, the Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Della Syau
- Division of Biological Sciences, the Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Tiffany Kuo
- Division of Biological Sciences, the Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Livia Songster
- Division of Biological Sciences, the Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Casey Horn
- Division of Biological Sciences, the Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Claire Chapman
- Division of Biological Sciences, the Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Analine Aguayo
- Division of Biological Sciences, the Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sascha Duttke
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Christopher Benner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sonya E. Neal
- Division of Biological Sciences, the Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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10
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Masood M, Masood MBE, Us Subah N, Shabbir M, Paracha RZ, Rafiq M. Investigating isoform switching in RHBDF2 and its role in neoplastic growth in breast cancer. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14124. [PMID: 36452073 PMCID: PMC9703992 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, and its prevalence rates are increasing daily. In the past, studies predicting therapeutic drug targets for cancer therapy focused on the assumption that one gene is responsible for producing one protein. Therefore, there is always an immense need to find promising and novel anti-cancer drug targets. Furthermore, proteases have an integral role in cell proliferation and growth because the proteolysis mechanism is an irreversible process that aids in regulating cellular growth during tumorigenesis. Therefore, an inactive rhomboid protease known as iRhom2 encoded by the gene RHBDF2 can be considered an important target for cancer treatment. Speculatively, previous studies on gene expression analysis of RHBDF2 showed heterogenous behaviour during tumorigenesis. Consistent with this, several studies have reported the antagonistic role of iRhom2 in tumorigenesis, i.e., either they are involved in negative regulation of EGFR ligands via the ERAD pathway or positively regulate EGFR ligands via the EGFR signalling pathway. Additionally, different opinions suggest iRhom2 mediated cleavage of EGFR ligands takes place TACE dependently or TACE independently. However, reconciling these seemingly opposing roles is still unclear and might be attributed to more than one transcript isoform of iRhom2. Methods To observe the differences at isoform resolution, the current strategy identified isoform switching in RHBDF2 via differential transcript usage using RNA-seq data during breast cancer initiation and progression. Furthermore, interacting partners were found via correlation and enriched to explain their antagonistic role. Results Isoform switching was observed at DCIS, grade 2 and grade 3, from canonical to the cub isoform. Neither EGFR nor ERAD was found enriched. However, pathways leading to TACE-dependent EGFR signalling pathways were more observant, specifically MAPK signalling pathways, GPCR signalling pathways, and toll-like receptor pathways. Nevertheless, it was noteworthy that during CTCs, the cub isoform switches back to the canonical isoform, and the proteasomal degradation pathway and cytoplasmic ribosomal protein pathways were significantly enriched. Therefore, it could be inferred that cub isoform functions during cancer initiation in EGFR signalling. In contrast, during metastasis, where invasion is the primary task, the isoform switches back to the canonical isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehar Masood
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering and Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan,Faculty of Rehabilitation & Allied Health Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Madahiah Bint E Masood
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering and Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Noor Us Subah
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering and Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Maria Shabbir
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rehan Zafar Paracha
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering and Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mehak Rafiq
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering and Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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11
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iRhom pseudoproteases regulate ER stress-induced cell death through IP 3 receptors and BCL-2. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1257. [PMID: 35273168 PMCID: PMC8913617 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28930-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The folding capacity of membrane and secretory proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can be challenged by physiological and pathological perturbations, causing ER stress. If unresolved, this leads to cell death. We report a role for iRhom pseudoproteases in controlling apoptosis due to persistent ER stress. Loss of iRhoms causes cells to be resistant to ER stress-induced apoptosis. iRhom1 and iRhom2 interact with IP3 receptors, critical mediators of intracellular Ca2+ signalling, and regulate ER stress-induced transport of Ca2+ into mitochondria, a primary trigger of mitochondrial membrane depolarisation and cell death. iRhoms also bind to the anti-apoptotic regulator BCL-2, attenuating the inhibitory interaction between BCL-2 and IP3 receptors, which promotes ER Ca2+ release. The discovery of the participation of iRhoms in the control of ER stress-induced cell death further extends their potential pathological significance to include diseases dependent on protein misfolding and aggregation. Cells that cannot cope with persistent endoplasmic reticulum stress will die. Here, the authors show that iRhom pseudoproteases regulate cell death by modulating the ability of BCL-2 to inhibit calcium flow through IP3R channels.
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Gao R, Wang J, He X, Wang T, Zhou L, Ren Z, Yang J, Xiang X, Wen S, Yu Z, Ai H, Wang Y, Liang H, Li S, Lu Y, Zhu Y, Shi G, Chen Y. Comprehensive analysis of endoplasmic reticulum-related and secretome gene expression profiles in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:967016. [PMID: 36034446 PMCID: PMC9412753 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.967016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the principal organelle for protein synthesis, such as hepatokines and transmembrane proteins, and is critical for maintaining physiological function. Dysfunction of ER is associated with metabolic disorders. However, the role of ER homeostasis as well as hepatokines in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains to be elucidated. Here we comprehensively analyzed the RNA-seq profiles of liver biopsies from 206 NAFLD patients and 10 controls from dataset GSE135251. The co-expression modules were constructed based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis and six co-expression modules were identified, of which brown module stood out to be significantly associated with fibrosis stage and NAFLD activity score (NAS). Subsequently, cytoscape with cytoHubba plugin was applied to identify hub genes in the brown module. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of the top 20 hub genes were performed and showed the involvement of extracellular matrix formation, collagen synthesis and decomposition, etc. Further, the expression of the top 20 hub genes were found to be a consistent increasing trend as the fibrosis stages and NAS increased, which have been validated both in HFD fed and HFHC fed mice. Among these genes, THY1, PTGDS, TMPRSS3, SPON1, COL1A2, RHBDF1, COL3A1, COL5A1, COL1A1 and IGFBP7 performed well in distinguishing fibrosis stage, while COL1A2, COL3A1, THY1, RHBDF1 and COL1A2 exhibited good capacity to discriminate NAS. Besides, RHBDF1, COL3A1, QSOX1, STING1, COL5A1, IGFBP7, COL4A2, COL1A1, FKBP10 and COL1A2 also showed a strong power in the diagnosis of NAFLD. In addition, COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, COL8A2, IGFBP7, PGF, PTGDS, SPON1, THY1 and TIMP1 were identified as secretome genes from the top 20 hub genes. Of them, circulated THY1 and collagen III level were validated to be significantly elevated in the MCD diet-induced mice. Thus, we provided a systemic view on understanding the pathological roles and mechanisms of ER as well as secretome in NAFLD progression. THY1, COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1 and RHBDF1 could be served as candidate biomarkers to evaluate the progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuemin He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tongtong Wang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhitao Ren
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jifeng Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxin Xiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiyi Wen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuojun Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heying Ai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuchan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Liang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shasha Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guojun Shi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yanming Chen, ; Guojun Shi,
| | - Yanming Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yanming Chen, ; Guojun Shi,
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Al-Salihi M, Bornikoel A, Zhuang Y, Stachura P, Scheller J, Lang KS, Lang PA. The role of ADAM17 during liver damage. Biol Chem 2021; 402:1115-1128. [PMID: 34192832 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) 17 is a membrane bound protease, involved in the cleavage and thus regulation of various membrane proteins, which are critical during liver injury. Among ADAM17 substrates are tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 and 2 (TNFR1, TNFR2), the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands amphiregulin (AR) and heparin-binding-EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) and the receptor for a hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), c-Met. TNFα and its binding receptors can promote liver injury by inducing apoptosis and necroptosis in liver cells. Consistently, hepatocyte specific deletion of ADAM17 resulted in increased liver cell damage following CD95 stimulation. IL-6 trans-signaling is critical for liver regeneration and can alleviate liver damage. EGFR ligands can prevent liver damage and deletion of amphiregulin and HB-EGF can result in increased hepatocyte death and reduced proliferation. All of which indicates that ADAM17 has a central role in liver injury and recovery from it. Furthermore, inactive rhomboid proteins (iRhom) are involved in the trafficking and maturation of ADAM17 and have been linked to liver damage. Taken together, ADAM17 can contribute in a complex way to liver damage and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazin Al-Salihi
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- School of Medicine, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Anna Bornikoel
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Pawel Stachura
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Scheller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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14
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Adrain C, Cavadas M. The complex life of rhomboid pseudoproteases. FEBS J 2020; 287:4261-4283. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Adrain
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC) Oeiras Portugal
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology Queen's University Belfast UK
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15
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Kandel RR, Neal SE. The role of rhomboid superfamily members in protein homeostasis: Mechanistic insight and physiological implications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118793. [PMID: 32645330 PMCID: PMC7434706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cells are equipped with protein quality control pathways in order to maintain a healthy proteome; a process known as protein homeostasis. Dysfunction in protein homeostasis leads to the development of many diseases that are associated with proteinopathies. Recently, the rhomboid superfamily has attracted much attention concerning their involvement in protein homeostasis. While their functional role has become much clearer in the last few years, their systemic significance in mammals remains elusive. Here we delineate the current knowledge of rhomboids in protein quality control and how these functions are integrated at the organismal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel R Kandel
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
| | - Sonya E Neal
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America.
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16
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iRhom2: An Emerging Adaptor Regulating Immunity and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186570. [PMID: 32911849 PMCID: PMC7554728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The rhomboid family are evolutionary conserved intramembrane proteases. Their inactive members, iRhom in Drosophila melanogaster and iRhom1 and iRhom2 in mammals, lack the catalytic center and are hence labelled “inactive” rhomboid family members. In mammals, both iRhoms are involved in maturation and trafficking of the ubiquitous transmembrane protease a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) 17, which through cleaving many biologically active molecules has a critical role in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Notch signaling. Accordingly, with iRhom2 having a profound influence on ADAM17 activation and substrate specificity it regulates these signaling pathways. Moreover, iRhom2 has a role in the innate immune response to both RNA and DNA viruses and in regulation of keratin subtype expression in wound healing and cancer. Here we review the role of iRhom2 in immunity and disease, both dependent and independent of its regulation of ADAM17.
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17
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Qin X, Denton WD, Huiting LN, Smith KS, Feng H. Unraveling the regulatory role of endoplasmic-reticulum-associated degradation in tumor immunity. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:322-353. [PMID: 32633575 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1784085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During malignant transformation and cancer progression, tumor cells face both intrinsic and extrinsic stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in particular. To survive and proliferate, tumor cells use multiple stress response pathways to mitigate ER stress, promoting disease aggression and treatment resistance. Among the stress response pathways is ER-associated degradation (ERAD), which consists of multiple components and steps working together to ensure protein quality and quantity. In addition to its established role in stress responses and tumor cell survival, ERAD has recently been shown to regulate tumor immunity. Here we summarize current knowledge on how ERAD promotes protein degradation, regulates immune cell development and function, participates in antigen presentation, exerts paradoxical roles on tumorigenesis and immunity, and thus impacts current cancer therapy. Collectively, ERAD is a critical protein homeostasis pathway intertwined with cancer development and tumor immunity. Of particular importance is the need to further unveil ERAD's enigmatic roles in tumor immunity to develop effective targeted and combination therapy for successful treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Qin
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William D Denton
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leah N Huiting
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kaylee S Smith
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hui Feng
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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18
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Jeffery CJ. Enzymes, pseudoenzymes, and moonlighting proteins: diversity of function in protein superfamilies. FEBS J 2020; 287:4141-4149. [PMID: 32534477 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As more genome sequences are elucidated, there is an increasing need for information about the functions of the millions of proteins they encode. The function of a newly sequenced protein is often estimated by sequence alignment with the sequences of proteins with known functions. However, protein superfamilies can contain members that share significant amino acid sequence and structural homology yet catalyze different reactions or act on different substrates. Some homologous proteins differ by having a second or even third function, called moonlighting proteins. More recently, it was found that most protein superfamilies also include pseudoenzymes, a protein, or a domain within a protein, that has a three-dimensional fold that resembles a conventional catalytically active enzyme, but has no catalytic activity. In this review, we discuss several examples of protein families that contain enzymes, pseudoenzymes, and moonlighting proteins. It is becoming clear that pseudoenzymes and moonlighting proteins are widespread in the evolutionary tree, and in many protein families, and they are often very similar in sequence and structure to their monofunctional and catalytically active counterparts. A greater understanding is needed to clarify when similarities and differences in amino acid sequences and structures correspond to similarities and differences in biochemical functions and cellular roles. This information can help improve programs that identify protein functions from sequence or structure and assist in more accurate annotation of sequence and structural databases, as well as in our understanding of the broad diversity of protein functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance J Jeffery
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
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19
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Škerle J, Humpolíčková J, Johnson N, Rampírová P, Poláchová E, Fliegl M, Dohnálek J, Suchánková A, Jakubec D, Strisovsky K. Membrane Protein Dimerization in Cell-Derived Lipid Membranes Measured by FRET with MC Simulations. Biophys J 2020; 118:1861-1875. [PMID: 32246901 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many membrane proteins are thought to function as dimers or higher oligomers, but measuring membrane protein oligomerization in lipid membranes is particularly challenging. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy are noninvasive, optical methods of choice that have been applied to the analysis of dimerization of single-spanning membrane proteins. However, the effects inherent to such two-dimensional systems, such as the excluded volume of polytopic transmembrane proteins, proximity FRET, and rotational diffusion of fluorophore dipoles, complicate interpretation of FRET data and have not been typically accounted for. Here, using FRET and fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy, we introduce a method to measure surface protein density and to estimate the apparent Förster radius, and we use Monte Carlo simulations of the FRET data to account for the proximity FRET effect occurring in confined two-dimensional environments. We then use FRET to analyze the dimerization of human rhomboid protease RHBDL2 in giant plasma membrane vesicles. We find no evidence for stable oligomers of RHBDL2 in giant plasma membrane vesicles of human cells even at concentrations that highly exceed endogenous expression levels. This indicates that the rhomboid transmembrane core is intrinsically monomeric. Our findings will find use in the application of FRET and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy for the analysis of oligomerization of transmembrane proteins in cell-derived lipid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Škerle
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Humpolíčková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Rampírová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Edita Poláchová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Fliegl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Dohnálek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic; University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Suchánková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Jakubec
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kvido Strisovsky
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic.
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20
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Dulloo I, Muliyil S, Freeman M. The molecular, cellular and pathophysiological roles of iRhom pseudoproteases. Open Biol 2020; 9:190003. [PMID: 30890028 PMCID: PMC6451368 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
iRhom proteins are catalytically inactive relatives of rhomboid intramembrane proteases. There is a rapidly growing body of evidence that these pseudoenzymes have a central function in regulating inflammatory and growth factor signalling and consequent roles in many diseases. iRhom pseudoproteases have evolved new domains from their proteolytic ancestors, which are integral to their modular regulation and functions. Although we cannot yet conclude the full extent of their molecular and cellular mechanisms, there is a clearly emerging theme that they regulate the stability and trafficking of other membrane proteins. In the best understood case, iRhoms act as regulatory cofactors of the ADAM17 protease, controlling its function of shedding cytokines and growth factors. It seems likely that as the involvement of iRhoms in human diseases is increasingly recognized, they will become the focus of pharmaceutical interest, and here we discuss what is known about their molecular mechanisms and relevance in known pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Dulloo
- Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE , UK
| | - Sonia Muliyil
- Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE , UK
| | - Matthew Freeman
- Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE , UK
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Abstract
Sleep is a universal phenomenon occurring in all species studied thus far. Sleep loss results in adverse physiological effects at both the organismal and cellular levels suggesting an adaptive role for sleep in the maintenance of overall health. This review examines the bidirectional relationship between sleep and cellular stress. Cellular stress in this review refers to a shift in cellular homeostasis in response to an external stressor. Studies that illustrate the fact that sleep loss induces cellular stress and those that provide evidence that cellular stress in turn promotes sleep will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Williams
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nirinjini Naidoo
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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22
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Xu Q, Chen C, Liu B, Lin Y, Zheng P, Zhou D, Xie Y, Lin Y, Guo C, Liu J, Li L. Association of iRhom1 and iRhom2 expression with prognosis in patients with cervical cancer and possible signaling pathways. Oncol Rep 2019; 43:41-54. [PMID: 31661139 PMCID: PMC6908940 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several proteins in the iRhom family function as oncogenic regulators in certain cancers. However, the function of these proteins in cervical cancer (CC) is unknown. The relationship of iRhom1 and iRhom2 expression with the clinicopathological features and prognosis of patients with CC was investigated, and their possible molecular mechanisms were examined using in vitro experiments. The expression of iRhom1 and iRhom2 in CC samples of 83 patients was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC), and the associations of their expression with the clinicopathological features of patients were determined. The relationship of iRhom1, iRhom2, and Ki-67 expression with survival rates was determined using Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression analyses. HeLa cells were analyzed using MTT assays, cell cycle analysis, and apoptosis assays. The results revealed that CC tissues had higher levels of iRhom1 and iRhom2 than adjacent normal tissues. Increased expression of iRhom1, iRhom2, and K-i67 was significantly associated with tumor stage, size, and parametrium invasion. High expression of iRhom1, iRhom2 and Ki-67 was correlated with poor outcomes. Cancer stage and iRhom2 expression were independent prognostic indicators of CC. Knockdown of iRhom1 and iRhom2 in HeLa cells inhibited cell proliferation, promoted the G1 phase and relieved S-phase arrest, and induced apoptosis. Genomic microarray analysis indicated that iRhom2 knockdown altered several pathways with roles in oncogenesis, including the expression of five genes in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Western blotting in HeLa cells revealed that iRhom1 knockdown significantly suppressed the expression of β-catenin, Myc, p-EGFR and TGFBR2, and increased the expression of FAS; iRhom2 knockdown significantly suppressed the expression of β-catenin, GSK3β, p-EGFR and Myc. These results were consistent with the genomic microarray data. Collectively, the results indicated that iRhom1 and iRhom2 may function as oncogenes in CC and are potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xu
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, P.R. China
| | - Chuanben Chen
- Department of Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, P.R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, P.R. China
| | - Yibin Lin
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, P.R. China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- Department of Research Pathology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, P.R. China
| | - Yunqing Xie
- Department of Research Center, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, P.R. China
| | - Ya Lin
- Department of Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, P.R. China
| | - Ciren Guo
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, P.R. China
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Abstract
The proteasome degrades most cellular proteins in a controlled and tightly regulated manner and thereby controls many processes, including cell cycle, transcription, signalling, trafficking and protein quality control. Proteasomal degradation is vital in all cells and organisms, and dysfunction or failure of proteasomal degradation is associated with diverse human diseases, including cancer and neurodegeneration. Target selection is an important and well-established way to control protein degradation. In addition, mounting evidence indicates that cells adjust proteasome-mediated degradation to their needs by regulating proteasome abundance through the coordinated expression of proteasome subunits and assembly chaperones. Central to the regulation of proteasome assembly is TOR complex 1 (TORC1), which is the master regulator of cell growth and stress. This Review discusses how proteasome assembly and the regulation of proteasomal degradation are integrated with cellular physiology, including the interplay between the proteasome and autophagy pathways. Understanding these mechanisms has potential implications for disease therapy, as the misregulation of proteasome function contributes to human diseases such as cancer and neurodegeneration.
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24
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Geesala R, Issuree PD, Maretzky T. Novel functions of inactive rhomboid proteins in immunity and disease. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:823-835. [PMID: 31369701 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3vmr0219-069r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
iRhoms are related to a family of intramembrane serine proteinases called rhomboids but lack proteolytic activity. In mammals, there are two iRhoms, iRhom1 and iRhom2, which have similar domain structures and overlapping specificities as well as distinctive functions. These catalytically inactive rhomboids are essential regulators for the maturation and trafficking of the disintegrin metalloprotease ADAM17 from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface, and are required for the cleavage and release of a variety of membrane-associated proteins, including the IL-6 receptor, l-selectin, TNF, and EGFR ligands. iRhom2-dependent regulation of ADAM17 function has been recently implicated in the development and progression of several autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, lupus nephritis, as well as hemophilic arthropathy. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of iRhom biology, their implications in autoimmune pathologies, and their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasatyaveni Geesala
- Inflammation Program, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Priya D Issuree
- Inflammation Program, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Thorsten Maretzky
- Inflammation Program, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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25
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Status update on iRhom and ADAM17: It's still complicated. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:1567-1583. [PMID: 31330158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several membrane-bound proteins with a single transmembrane domain are subjected to limited proteolysis at the cell surface. This cleavage leads to the release of their biologically active ectodomains, which can trigger different signalling pathways. In many cases, this ectodomain shedding is mediated by members of the family of a disintegrins and metalloproteinases (ADAMs). ADAM17 in particular is responsible for the cleavage of several proinflammatory mediators, growth factors, receptors and adhesion molecules. Due to its direct involvement in the release of these signalling molecules, ADAM17 can be positively and negatively involved in various physiological processes as well as in inflammatory, fibrotic and malignant pathologies. This central role of ADAM17 in a variety of processes requires strict multi-level regulation, including phosphorylation, various conformational changes and endogenous inhibitors. Recent research has shown that an early, crucial control mechanism is interaction with certain adapter proteins identified as iRhom1 and iRhom2, which are pseudoproteases of the rhomboid superfamily. Thus, iRhoms have also a decisive influence on physiological and pathophysiological signalling processes regulated by ADAM17. Their characteristic gene expression profiles, the specific consequences of gene knockouts and finally the occurrence of disease-associated mutations suggest that iRhom1 and iRhom2 undergo different gene regulation in order to fulfil their function in different cell types and are therefore only partially redundant. Therefore, there is not only interest in ADAM17, but also in iRhoms as therapeutic targets. However, to exploit the therapeutic potential, the regulation of ADAM17 activity and in particular its interaction with iRhoms must be well understood.
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26
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Ikeda KN, Freeman M. Spatial proteomics reveal that the protein phosphatase PTP1B interacts with and may modify tyrosine phosphorylation of the rhomboid protease RHBDL4. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:11486-11497. [PMID: 31177093 PMCID: PMC6663880 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhomboid-like proteins are evolutionarily conserved, ubiquitous polytopic membrane proteins, including the canonical rhomboid intramembrane serine proteases and also others that have lost protease activity during evolution. We still have much to learn about their cellular roles, and evidence suggests that some may have more than one function. For example, RHBDL4 (rhomboid-like protein 4) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident protease that forms a ternary complex with ubiquitinated substrates and p97/VCP (valosin-containing protein), a major driver of ER-associated degradation (ERAD). RHBDL4 is required for ERAD of some substrates, such as the pre-T-cell receptor α chain (pTα) and has also been shown to cleave amyloid precursor protein to trigger its secretion. In another case, RHBDL4 enables the release of full-length transforming growth factor α in exosomes. Using the proximity proteomic method BioID, here we screened for proteins that interact with or are in close proximity to RHBDL4. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that BioID hits of RHBDL4 overlap with factors related to protein stress at the ER, including proteins that interact with p97/VCP. PTP1B (protein-tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 1, also called PTPN1) was also identified as a potential proximity factor and interactor of RHBDL4. Analysis of RHBDL4 peptides highlighted the presence of tyrosine phosphorylation at the cytoplasmic RHBDL4 C terminus. Site-directed mutagenesis targeting these tyrosine residues revealed that their phosphorylation modifies binding of RHBDL4 to p97/VCP and Lys63-linked ubiquitinated proteins. Our work lays a critical foundation for future mechanistic studies of the roles of RHBDL4 in ERAD and other important cellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyojiro N Ikeda
- Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Freeman
- Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
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27
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Kwon A, Scott S, Taujale R, Yeung W, Kochut KJ, Eyers PA, Kannan N. Tracing the origin and evolution of pseudokinases across the tree of life. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/578/eaav3810. [PMID: 31015289 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aav3810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation by eukaryotic protein kinases (ePKs) is a fundamental mechanism of cell signaling in all organisms. In model vertebrates, ~10% of ePKs are classified as pseudokinases, which have amino acid changes within the catalytic machinery of the kinase domain that distinguish them from their canonical kinase counterparts. However, pseudokinases still regulate various signaling pathways, usually doing so in the absence of their own catalytic output. To investigate the prevalence, evolutionary relationships, and biological diversity of these pseudoenzymes, we performed a comprehensive analysis of putative pseudokinase sequences in available eukaryotic, bacterial, and archaeal proteomes. We found that pseudokinases are present across all domains of life, and we classified nearly 30,000 eukaryotic, 1500 bacterial, and 20 archaeal pseudokinase sequences into 86 pseudokinase families, including ~30 families that were previously unknown. We uncovered a rich variety of pseudokinases with notable expansions not only in animals but also in plants, fungi, and bacteria, where pseudokinases have previously received cursory attention. These expansions are accompanied by domain shuffling, which suggests roles for pseudokinases in plant innate immunity, plant-fungal interactions, and bacterial signaling. Mechanistically, the ancestral kinase fold has diverged in many distinct ways through the enrichment of unique sequence motifs to generate new families of pseudokinases in which the kinase domain is repurposed for noncanonical nucleotide binding or to stabilize unique, inactive kinase conformations. We further provide a collection of annotated pseudokinase sequences in the Protein Kinase Ontology (ProKinO) as a new mineable resource for the signaling community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Kwon
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Steven Scott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Rahil Taujale
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Wayland Yeung
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Krys J Kochut
- Department of Computer Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Patrick A Eyers
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Natarajan Kannan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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28
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Düsterhöft S, Lokau J, Garbers C. The metalloprotease ADAM17 in inflammation and cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152410. [PMID: 30992230 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins is an important post-translational modification that regulates the biological function of numerous transmembrane proteins. Among the 560 proteases encoded in the human genome, the metalloprotease A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) has gained much attention in recent years and has emerged as a central regulatory hub in inflammation, immunity and cancer development. In order to do so, ADAM17 cleaves a variety of substrates, among them the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R), the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and most ligands of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). This review article provides an overview of the functions of ADAM17 with a special focus on its cellular regulation. It highlights the importance of ADAM17 to understand the biology of IL-6 and TNFα and their role in inflammatory diseases. Finally, the role of ADAM17 in the formation and progression of different tumor entities is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Düsterhöft
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Juliane Lokau
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Garbers
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany.
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29
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Nowakowska-Gołacka J, Sominka H, Sowa-Rogozińska N, Słomińska-Wojewódzka M. Toxins Utilize the Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Protein Degradation Pathway in Their Intoxication Process. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1307. [PMID: 30875878 PMCID: PMC6471375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several bacterial and plant AB-toxins are delivered by retrograde vesicular transport to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where the enzymatically active A subunit is disassembled from the holotoxin and transported to the cytosol. In this process, toxins subvert the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. ERAD is an important part of cellular regulatory mechanism that targets misfolded proteins to the ER channels, prior to their retrotranslocation to the cytosol, ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by a protein-degrading complex, the proteasome. In this article, we present an overview of current understanding of the ERAD-dependent transport of AB-toxins to the cytosol. We describe important components of ERAD and discuss their significance for toxin transport. Toxin recognition and disassembly in the ER, transport through ER translocons and finally cytosolic events that instead of overall proteasomal degradation provide proper folding and cytotoxic activity of AB-toxins are discussed as well. We also comment on recent reports presenting medical applications for toxin transport through the ER channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jowita Nowakowska-Gołacka
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Hanna Sominka
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Natalia Sowa-Rogozińska
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Monika Słomińska-Wojewódzka
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
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30
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The demise of catalysis, but new functions arise: pseudoenzymes as the phoenixes of the protein world. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:371-379. [PMID: 30710059 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pseudoenzymes are noncatalytic homologues of enzymes and are found in most enzyme families. Although lacking catalytic activity and sometimes referred to as 'dead' enzymes, they instead resemble phoenixes because the loss of a catalytic function during evolution was associated with the development of vital new functions. They are important in regulating the activity and location of catalytically active homologues, scaffolding the assembly of signaling complexes, and regulating transcription or translation. They are key actors in cell proliferation and differentiation, proteostasis, and many other biochemical pathways and processes. They perform their functions in diverse ways, but many retain some aspects of the function of their catalytically active homologues. In some pseudoenzymes, their functions are very different from other members of their protein families, suggesting some arose from ancient moonlighting proteins during evolution. Much less is known about pseudoenzymes than their catalytically active counterparts, but a growing appreciation of their key roles in many important biochemical processes and signaling pathways has led to increased investigation in recent years. It is clear that there is still much more to learn about the structures, functions, and cellular roles of these phoenix-like proteins.
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31
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Lu S, Parizi LF, Torquato RJS, Vaz Junior IS, Tanaka AS. Novel pseudo-aspartic peptidase from the midgut of the tick Rhipicephalus microplus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:435. [PMID: 30679545 PMCID: PMC6345952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36849-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of Rhipicephalus microplus tick physiology can support efforts to develop and improve the efficiency of control methods. A sequence containing a domain with similarity to one derived from the aspartic peptidase family was isolated from the midgut of engorged female R. microplus. The lack of the second catalytic aspartic acid residue suggest that it may be a pseudo-aspartic peptidase, and it was named RmPAP. In this work we confirm the lack of proteolytic activity of RmPAP and investigate it’s non-proteolytic interaction with bovine hemoglobin by Surface Plasmon Resonance and phage display. Moreover we carried out RNAi interference and artificial feeding of ticks with anti-RmPAP antibodies to assess it’s possible biological role, although no changes were observed in the biological parameters evaluated. Overall, we hypothesize that RmPAP may act as a carrier of hemoglobin/heme between the tick midgut and the ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), SP, Brazil
| | - L F Parizi
- Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), RS, Brazil
| | - R J S Torquato
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), SP, Brazil
| | - I S Vaz Junior
- Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), RS, Brazil.,School of Veterinary, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), RS, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Molecular Entomology (INTC-EM), RJ, Brazil
| | - A S Tanaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), SP, Brazil. .,National Institute of Science and Technology in Molecular Entomology (INTC-EM), RJ, Brazil.
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32
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Te Velthuis AJW, Long JC, Bauer DLV, Fan RLY, Yen HL, Sharps J, Siegers JY, Killip MJ, French H, Oliva-Martín MJ, Randall RE, de Wit E, van Riel D, Poon LLM, Fodor E. Mini viral RNAs act as innate immune agonists during influenza virus infection. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:1234-1242. [PMID: 30224800 PMCID: PMC6203953 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0240-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The molecular processes that determine the outcome of influenza virus infection in humans are multifactorial and involve a complex interplay between host, viral and bacterial factors1. However, it is generally accepted that a strong innate immune dysregulation known as 'cytokine storm' contributes to the pathology of infections with the 1918 H1N1 pandemic or the highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the H5N1 subtype2-4. The RNA sensor retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) plays an important role in sensing viral infection and initiating a signalling cascade that leads to interferon expression5. Here, we show that short aberrant RNAs (mini viral RNAs (mvRNAs)), produced by the viral RNA polymerase during the replication of the viral RNA genome, bind to and activate RIG-I and lead to the expression of interferon-β. We find that erroneous polymerase activity, dysregulation of viral RNA replication or the presence of avian-specific amino acids underlie mvRNA generation and cytokine expression in mammalian cells. By deep sequencing RNA samples from the lungs of ferrets infected with influenza viruses, we show that mvRNAs are generated during infection in vivo. We propose that mvRNAs act as the main agonists of RIG-I during influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aartjan J W Te Velthuis
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Joshua C Long
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David L V Bauer
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rebecca L Y Fan
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hui-Ling Yen
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jane Sharps
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jurre Y Siegers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marian J Killip
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, North Haugh, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Hollie French
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Richard E Randall
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, North Haugh, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Emmie de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Debby van Riel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leo L M Poon
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ervin Fodor
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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33
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The Rhomboid Superfamily: Structural Mechanisms and Chemical Biology Opportunities. Trends Biochem Sci 2018; 43:726-739. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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34
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Phosphorylation of iRhom2 Controls Stimulated Proteolytic Shedding by the Metalloprotease ADAM17/TACE. Cell Rep 2018; 21:745-757. [PMID: 29045841 PMCID: PMC5656746 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface metalloproteases coordinate signaling during development, tissue homeostasis, and disease. TACE (TNF-α-converting enzyme), is responsible for cleavage (“shedding”) of membrane-tethered signaling molecules, including the cytokine TNF, and activating ligands of the EGFR. The trafficking of TACE within the secretory pathway requires its binding to iRhom2, which mediates the exit of TACE from the endoplasmic reticulum. An important, but mechanistically unclear, feature of TACE biology is its ability to be stimulated rapidly on the cell surface by numerous inflammatory and growth-promoting agents. Here, we report a role for iRhom2 in TACE stimulation on the cell surface. TACE shedding stimuli trigger MAP kinase-dependent phosphorylation of iRhom2 N-terminal cytoplasmic tail. This recruits 14-3-3 proteins, enforcing the dissociation of TACE from complexes with iRhom2, promoting the cleavage of TACE substrates. Our data reveal that iRhom2 controls multiple aspects of TACE biology, including stimulated shedding on the cell surface. iRhom2 is phosphorylated in response to stimuli that activate the sheddase TACE Blocking iRhom phosphorylation represses TACE stimulated shedding Phosphorylated iRhom2 recruits 14-3-3 and dissociates from TACE, enabling shedding iRhom2 is thus a signal integrator and transducer of stimulated TACE shedding
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35
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Oikonomidi I, Burbridge E, Cavadas M, Sullivan G, Collis B, Naegele H, Clancy D, Brezinova J, Hu T, Bileck A, Gerner C, Bolado A, von Kriegsheim A, Martin SJ, Steinberg F, Strisovsky K, Adrain C. iTAP, a novel iRhom interactor, controls TNF secretion by policing the stability of iRhom/TACE. eLife 2018; 7:35032. [PMID: 29897333 PMCID: PMC6042963 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The apical inflammatory cytokine TNF regulates numerous important biological processes including inflammation and cell death, and drives inflammatory diseases. TNF secretion requires TACE (also called ADAM17), which cleaves TNF from its transmembrane tether. The trafficking of TACE to the cell surface, and stimulation of its proteolytic activity, depends on membrane proteins, called iRhoms. To delineate how the TNF/TACE/iRhom axis is regulated, we performed an immunoprecipitation/mass spectrometry screen to identify iRhom-binding proteins. This identified a novel protein, that we name iTAP (iRhom Tail-Associated Protein) that binds to iRhoms, enhancing the cell surface stability of iRhoms and TACE, preventing their degradation in lysosomes. Depleting iTAP in primary human macrophages profoundly impaired TNF production and tissues from iTAP KO mice exhibit a pronounced depletion in active TACE levels. Our work identifies iTAP as a physiological regulator of TNF signalling and a novel target for the control of inflammation. Inflammation forms part of the body's defense system against pathogens, but if the system becomes faulty, it can cause problems linked to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Immune cells coordinate their activity using specific signaling molecules called cytokines. For example, the cytokine TNF is an important trigger of inflammation and is produced at the surface of immune cells. A specific enzyme called TACE is needed to release TNF, as well as other signaling molecules, including proteins that trigger healing. Previous work revealed that TACE works with proteins called iRhoms, which regulate its activity and help TACE to reach the surface of the cell to release TNF. To find out how, Oikonomidi et al. screened human cells to see what other proteins interact with iRhoms. The results revealed a new protein named iTAP, which is required to release TNF from the surface of cells. It also protects the TACE-iRhom complex from being destroyed by the cell’s waste disposal system. When iTAP was experimentally removed in human immune cells, the cells were unable to release TNF. Instead, iRhom and TACE travelled to the cell's garbage system, the lysosome, where the proteins were destroyed. Removing the iTAP gene in mice had the same effect, and the TACE-iRhom complex was no longer found on the surface of the cell, but instead degraded in lysosomes. This suggests that in healthy cells, the iTAP protein prevents the cell from destroying this protein complex. TNF controls many beneficial processes, including fighting infection and cancer. However, when the immune system releases too many cytokines, it can lead to inflammatory diseases or even cause cancer. Specific drugs that target TNF are not always effective administered on their own, and sometimes, patients stop responding to the drugs. Since the new protein iTAP works as a switch to turn TNF release on or off, it could provide a target for the development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Oikonomidi
- Membrane Traffic Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Emma Burbridge
- Membrane Traffic Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Miguel Cavadas
- Membrane Traffic Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Graeme Sullivan
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Blanka Collis
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Heike Naegele
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs Universitaet Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Danielle Clancy
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jana Brezinova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tianyi Hu
- Membrane Traffic Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Andrea Bileck
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Alfonso Bolado
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alex von Kriegsheim
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Seamus J Martin
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Florian Steinberg
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs Universitaet Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kvido Strisovsky
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Colin Adrain
- Membrane Traffic Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
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Mendioroz M, Martínez-Merino L, Blanco-Luquin I, Urdánoz A, Roldán M, Jericó I. Liquid biopsy: a new source of candidate biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:763-768. [PMID: 29928659 PMCID: PMC5989775 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive tests to diagnose and monitor the progression of neurodegenerative disorders have been a challenge for decades. The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of applying liquid biopsy procedures to patients with a neurodegenerative disease such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We isolated plasma cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) in 20 ALS patients and 20 controls and used cfDNA to identify a novel differentially methylated mark in RHBDF2 gene in ALS patients compared to controls. Our findings support the notion that liquid biopsy may be applied to living patients as a source of potential epigenetic biomarkers for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Mendioroz
- Department of Neurology Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research) Pamplona Spain.,Neuroepigenetics Laboratory- Navarrabiomed Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN) Public University of Navarre (UPNA) IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research Pamplona Spain
| | - Leyre Martínez-Merino
- Department of Neurology Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research) Pamplona Spain
| | - Idoia Blanco-Luquin
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory- Navarrabiomed Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN) Public University of Navarre (UPNA) IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research Pamplona Spain
| | - Amaya Urdánoz
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory- Navarrabiomed Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN) Public University of Navarre (UPNA) IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research Pamplona Spain
| | - Miren Roldán
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory- Navarrabiomed Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN) Public University of Navarre (UPNA) IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research Pamplona Spain
| | - Ivonne Jericó
- Department of Neurology Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research) Pamplona Spain
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Powles J, Ko K. Alternative splice variants of rhomboid proteins: Comparative analysis of database entries for select model organisms and validation of functional potential. F1000Res 2018; 7:139. [PMID: 32201561 PMCID: PMC7065720 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.13383.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Rhomboid serine proteases are present across many species and are often encoded in each species by more than one predicted gene. Based on protein sequence comparisons, rhomboids can be differentiated into groups - secretases, presenilin-like associated rhomboid-like (PARL) proteases, iRhoms, and "inactive" rhomboid proteins. Although these rhomboid groups are distinct, the different types can operate simultaneously. Studies in Arabidopsis showed that the number of rhomboid proteins working simultaneously can be further diversified by alternative splicing. This phenomenon was confirmed for the Arabidopsis plastid rhomboid proteins At1g25290 and At1g74130. Although alternative splicing was determined to be a significant mechanism for diversifying these two Arabidopsis plastid rhomboids, there has yet to be an assessment as to whether this mechanism extends to other rhomboids and to other species. Methods: We thus conducted a comparative analysis of select databases to determine if the alternative splicing mechanism observed for the two Arabidopsis plastid rhomboids was utilized in other species to expand the repertoire of rhomboid proteins. To help verify the in silico observations, select splice variants from different groups were tested for activity using transgenic- and additive-based assays. These assays aimed to uncover evidence that the selected splice variants display capacities to influence processes like antimicrobial sensitivity. Results: A comparison of database entries of six widely used eukaryotic experimental models (human, mouse, Arabidopsis, Drosophila, nematode, and yeast) revealed robust usage of alternative splicing to diversify rhomboid protein structure across the various motifs or regions, especially in human, mouse and Arabidopsis. Subsequent validation studies uncover evidence that the splice variants selected for testing displayed functionality in the different activity assays. Conclusions: The combined results support the hypothesis that alternative splicing is likely used to diversify and expand rhomboid protein functionality, and this potentially occurred across the various motifs or regions of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Powles
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kenton Ko
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
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Glaeser K, Urban M, Fenech E, Voloshanenko O, Kranz D, Lari F, Christianson JC, Boutros M. ERAD-dependent control of the Wnt secretory factor Evi. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201797311. [PMID: 29378775 PMCID: PMC5813261 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Active regulation of protein abundance is an essential strategy to modulate cellular signaling pathways. Within the Wnt signaling cascade, regulated degradation of β-catenin by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) affects the outcome of canonical Wnt signaling. Here, we found that abundance of the Wnt cargo receptor Evi (Wls/GPR177), which is required for Wnt protein secretion, is also regulated by the UPS through endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD). In the absence of Wnt ligands, Evi is ubiquitinated and targeted for ERAD in a VCP-dependent manner. Ubiquitination of Evi involves the E2-conjugating enzyme UBE2J2 and the E3-ligase CGRRF1. Furthermore, we show that a triaging complex of Porcn and VCP determines whether Evi enters the secretory or the ERAD pathway. In this way, ERAD-dependent control of Evi availability impacts the scale of Wnt protein secretion by adjusting the amount of Evi to meet the requirement of Wnt protein export. As Wnt and Evi protein levels are often dysregulated in cancer, targeting regulatory ERAD components might be a useful approach for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Glaeser
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuela Urban
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Emma Fenech
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Oksana Voloshanenko
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominique Kranz
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Federica Lari
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Michael Boutros
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Liu S, Ye L, Tao J, Ge C, Huang L, Yu J. Total flavones of Abelmoschus manihot improve diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting the iRhom2/TACE signalling pathway activity in rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 56:1-11. [PMID: 29221422 PMCID: PMC6130561 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1412467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Total flavones extracted from Abelmoschus manihot L. (Malvaceae) medic (TFA) have been proven clinically effective at improving renal inflammation and glomerular injury in chronic kidney disease (CKD). OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the function of TFA as an inhibitor of iRhom2/TACE (tumour necrosis factor-α converting enzyme) signalling and investigated its anti-DN (diabetic nephropathy) effects in a DN rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro, cells were treated with 200 μg/mL advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and then co-cultured with 20 μg/mL TFA for 24 h. Real time PCR, western blotting and co-immunoprecipitation assays were performed. In vivo, DN was induced in 8 week old male Sprague-Dawley rats via unilateral nephrectomy and intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin, then TFA were administered to rats by gavage for 12 weeks at three different doses (300, 135 and 75 mg/kg/d). 4-Phenylbutanoic acid (2.5 mg/kg/d) was used as a positive control. RESULTS IC50 of TFA is 35.6 μM in HK2 and 39.6 μM in HRMC. TFA treatment (20 μM) inhibited the activation of iRhom2/TACE signalling in cultured cells induced by AGEs. LD50>26 g/kg and ED50=67 mg/kg of TFA in rat by gavage, TFA dose-dependently downregulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and exerted anti-inflammatory effects significantly though inhibiting the activation of iRhom2/TACE signalling. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our results show that TFA could dose-dependently ameliorate renal inflammation by inhibiting the activation of iRhom2/TACE signalling and attenuating ER stress. These results suggest that TFA has potential therapeutic value for the treatment of DN in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hosipital of TCM, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lifang Ye
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hosipital of TCM, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Tao
- Department of Nephrology, Jiangsu Province Hosipital of TCM, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Ge
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jiangsu Province Hosipital of TCM, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Liji Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hosipital of TCM, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiangyi Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hosipital of TCM, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- CONTACT Jiangyi YuDepartment of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hosipital of TCM, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Luo WW, Li S, Li C, Zheng ZQ, Cao P, Tong Z, Lian H, Wang SY, Shu HB, Wang YY. iRhom2 is essential for innate immunity to RNA virus by antagonizing ER- and mitochondria-associated degradation of VISA. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006693. [PMID: 29155878 PMCID: PMC5722342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
VISA (also known as MAVS, IPS-1 and Cardif) is an essential adaptor protein in innate immune response to RNA virus. The protein level of VISA is delicately regulated before and after viral infection to ensure the optimal activation and timely termination of innate antiviral response. It has been reported that several E3 ubiquitin ligases can mediate the degradation of VISA, but how the stability of VISA is maintained before and after viral infection remains enigmatic. In this study, we found that the ER-associated inactive rhomboid protein 2 (iRhom2) plays an essential role in mounting an efficient innate immune response to RNA virus by maintaining the stability of VISA through distinct mechanisms. In un-infected and early infected cells, iRhom2 mediates auto-ubiquitination and degradation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF5 and impairs the assembly of VISA-RNF5-GP78 complexes, thereby antagonizes ER-associated degradation (ERAD) of VISA. In the late phase of viral infection, iRhom2 mediates proteasome-dependent degradation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCH5 and impairs mitochondria-associated degradation (MAD) of VISA. Maintenance of VISA stability by iRhom2 ensures efficient innate antiviral response at the early phase of viral infection and ready for next round of response. Our findings suggest that iRhom2 acts as a checkpoint for the ERAD/MAD of VISA, which ensures proper innate immune response to RNA virus. VISA is a central adaptor in innate immune response to RNA virus, which is down-regulated by multiple ubiquitination-dependent mechanisms. In this study, we found that the ER-associated protein iRhom2 promotes VISA stability by suppressing ER- and mitochondria-associated degradation pathways in early- and late-infected cells respectively, thereby plays an essential role in efficient innate immune response to RNA virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Medical Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu Li
- Medical Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Li
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhou-Qin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Pan Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Tong
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Lian
- Medical Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Su-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- Medical Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Yang X, Wang J, Wang R, Qian X, Zhang W, Xiao W. Uev1A-Ubc13 catalyzes K63-linked ubiquitination of RHBDF2 to promote TACE maturation. Cell Signal 2017; 42:155-164. [PMID: 29069608 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The TNFα-induced NF-κB signaling pathway plays critical roles in multiple biological processes. Extensive studies have explored the mechanisms regulating this signaling cascade, and identified an E2 complex, Uev1A-Ubc13, that mediates K63-linked poly-Ub chain formation and thus recruits NEMO to activate the signaling transduction. In this study, we demonstrate that the Uev1A-Ubc13 complex simultaneously serves as a repressor of the NF-κB pathway. It was found that cells overexpressing UEV1A silence the signal cascade earlier than control cells. Importantly, UEV1A overexpression enhances TACE maturation to shed the TNFα receptor. The Uev1A-Ubc13 complex interacts with RHBDF2, a key factor promoting TACE maturation, and inhibition of the Uev1A-Ubc13 activity interferes with RHBDF2-promoted TACE maturation. Furthermore, upon TNFα stimulation, the Uev1A-Ubc13 complex cooperates with CHIP to promote K63-linked ubiquitination of RHBDF2, enhancing its activity toward TACE maturation and subsequently blocking TNFα-induced NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Responses and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yadan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Responses and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiaoran Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Responses and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Juanjuan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Responses and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ruifeng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Responses and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xianghao Qian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Responses and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Responses and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Responses and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada.
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Luo WW, Shu HB. Emerging roles of rhomboid-like pseudoproteases in inflammatory and innate immune responses. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3182-3189. [PMID: 28815577 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rhomboid-like pseudoproteases are a conserved superfamily of proteins related to the rhomboid intramembrane serine proteases that lack key catalytic residues. iRhom2, a member of the rhomboid-like pseudoprotease superfamily, regulates the maturation and trafficking of ADAM17 and is associated with inflammatory arthritis. Recent studies demonstrate that iRhom2 is also involved in innate immunity by regulating the trafficking and stability of MITA (also called STING), which is a central adaptor in innate antiviral signalling pathways. Here, we summarize recent progress on the roles and mechanisms of iRhom2 and its homologues in innate immunity and also discuss the links between the physiological functions of iRhoms and immunological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Luo
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, China
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43
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Buck TM, Jordahl AS, Yates ME, Preston GM, Cook E, Kleyman TR, Brodsky JL. Interactions between intersubunit transmembrane domains regulate the chaperone-dependent degradation of an oligomeric membrane protein. Biochem J 2017; 474:357-376. [PMID: 27903760 PMCID: PMC5423784 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the kidney, the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) regulates blood pressure through control of sodium and volume homeostasis, and in the lung, ENaC regulates the volume of airway and alveolar fluids. ENaC is a heterotrimer of homologous α-, β- and γ-subunits, and assembles in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) before it traffics to and functions at the plasma membrane. Improperly folded or orphaned ENaC subunits are subject to ER quality control and targeted for ER-associated degradation (ERAD). We previously established that a conserved, ER lumenal, molecular chaperone, Lhs1/GRP170, selects αENaC, but not β- or γ-ENaC, for degradation when the ENaC subunits were individually expressed. We now find that when all three subunits are co-expressed, Lhs1-facilitated ERAD was blocked. To determine which domain-domain interactions between the ENaC subunits are critical for chaperone-dependent quality control, we employed a yeast model and expressed chimeric α/βENaC constructs in the context of the ENaC heterotrimer. We discovered that the βENaC transmembrane domain was sufficient to prevent the Lhs1-dependent degradation of the α-subunit in the context of the ENaC heterotrimer. Our work also found that Lhs1 delivers αENaC for proteasome-mediated degradation after the protein has become polyubiquitinated. These data indicate that the Lhs1 chaperone selectively recognizes an immature form of αENaC, one which has failed to correctly assemble with the other channel subunits via its transmembrane domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Buck
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
| | - Alexa S Jordahl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
| | - Megan E Yates
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
| | - G Michael Preston
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
| | - Emily Cook
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
| | - Thomas R Kleyman
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
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44
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Lu XL, Zhao CH, Zhang H, Yao XL. iRhom2 is involved in lipopolysaccharide-induced cardiac injury in vivo and in vitro through regulating inflammation response. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 86:645-653. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Abstract
Seven ligands bind to and activate the mammalian epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR/ERBB1/HER1): EGF, transforming growth factor-alpha (TGFA), heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HBEGF), betacellulin (BTC), amphiregulin (AREG), epiregulin (EREG), and epigen (EPGN). Of these, EGF, TGFA, HBEGF, and BTC are thought to be high-affinity ligands, whereas AREG, EREG, and EPGN constitute low-affinity ligands. This focused review is meant to highlight recent studies related to actions of the individual EGFR ligands, the interesting biology that has been uncovered, and relevant advances related to ligand interactions with the EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuminder Singh
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Graham Carpenter
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Robert J Coffey
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Veterans Health Administration, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- a German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases ; München , Germany.,b Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology ; München , Germany.,c Neuroproteomics; Klinikum rechts der Isar ; Munich , Germany.,d Institute for Advanced Study; Technische Universität München ; Munich , Germany
| | - Bruce F O'Hara
- e Department of Biology ; University of Kentucky ; Lexington , KY USA
| | - Carl P Blobel
- d Institute for Advanced Study; Technische Universität München ; Munich , Germany.,f Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program; Hospital for Special Surgery ; New York , NY USA.,g Department of Physiology ; Biophysics and Systems Biology; Weill Cornell University ; New York , NY USA
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47
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Paschkowsky S, Hamzé M, Oestereich F, Munter LM. Alternative Processing of the Amyloid Precursor Protein Family by Rhomboid Protease RHBDL4. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:21903-21912. [PMID: 27563067 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.753582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is an ubiquitously expressed cell surface protein and a key molecule in the etiology of Alzheimer disease. Amyloidogenic processing of APP through secretases leads to the generation of toxic amyloid β (Aβ) peptides, which are regarded as the molecular cause of the disease. We report here an alternative processing pathway of APP through the mammalian intramembrane rhomboid protease RHBDL4. RHBDL4 efficiently cleaves APP inside the cell, thus bypassing APP from amyloidogenic processing, leading to reduced Aβ levels. RHBDL4 cleaves APP multiple times in the ectodomain, resulting in several N- and C-terminal fragments that are not further degraded by classical APP secretases. Knockdown of endogenous RHBDL4 results in decreased levels of C-terminal fragments derived from endogenous APP. Similarly, we found the APP family members APLP1 and APLP2 to be substrates of RHBDL4. We conclude that RHBDL4-mediated APP processing provides insight into APP and rhomboid physiology and qualifies for further investigations to elaborate its impact on Alzheimer disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehdi Hamzé
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
| | - Felix Oestereich
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
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48
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Substrates and physiological functions of secretase rhomboid proteases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 60:10-18. [PMID: 27497690 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Rhomboids are conserved intramembrane serine proteases with widespread functions. They were the earliest discovered members of the wider rhomboid-like superfamily of proteases and pseudoproteases. The secretase class of rhomboid proteases, distributed through the secretory pathway, are the most numerous in eukaryotes, but our knowledge of them is limited. Here we aim to summarise all that has been published on secretase rhomboids in a concise encyclopaedia of the enzymes, their substrates, and their biological roles. We also discuss emerging themes of how these important enzymes are regulated.
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49
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Shilo BZ. Developmental roles of Rhomboid proteases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 60:5-9. [PMID: 27423914 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rhomboid proteins have emerged as one of the most tantalizing and diverse families of proteases. Gene duplication events and structural alterations have sculpted the varied roles of this protein family, maintaining a conserved structural core throughout the bacterial, plant and animal kingdoms. Unresolved questions pop up at many junctions. This review will focus on a distinct class of Rhomboid proteins that plays an essential role in development. It will outline the diverse mechanisms by which these proteins are regulated, and the implications on the biological processes they control. While most of the review will deal with Rhomboids in Drosophila, a system that has been studied in the greatest detail, it will also explore parallels and differences in the function of Rhomboids in the flour beetle T. casteneum and the worm C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Zion Shilo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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50
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Yang L, Li W, Liu B, Wang S, Zeng L, Zhang C, Li Y. iRhom2 Uncv mutation blocks bulge stem cells assuming the fate of hair follicle. Arch Dermatol Res 2016; 308:503-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-016-1663-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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