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Karageorgiou C, Gokcumen O, Dennis MY. Deciphering the role of structural variation in human evolution: a functional perspective. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2024; 88:102240. [PMID: 39121701 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2024.102240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Advances in sequencing technologies have enabled the comparison of high-quality genomes of diverse primate species, revealing vast amounts of divergence due to structural variation. Given their large size, structural variants (SVs) can simultaneously alter the function and regulation of multiple genes. Studies estimate that collectively more than 3.5% of the genome is divergent in humans versus other great apes, impacting thousands of genes. Functional genomics and gene-editing tools in various model systems recently emerged as an exciting frontier - investigating the wide-ranging impacts of SVs on molecular, cellular, and systems-level phenotypes. This review examines existing research and identifies future directions to broaden our understanding of the functional roles of SVs on phenotypic innovations and diversity impacting uniquely human features, ranging from cognition to metabolic adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charikleia Karageorgiou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, 109 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA. https://twitter.com/@evobioclio
| | - Omer Gokcumen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, 109 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Megan Y Dennis
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, Genome Center, and MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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2
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Luria V, Ma S, Shibata M, Pattabiraman K, Sestan N. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of human cortical connectivity. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 80:102699. [PMID: 36921362 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Comparative studies of the cerebral cortex have identified various human and primate-specific changes in both local and long-range connectivity, which are thought to underlie our advanced cognitive capabilities. These changes are likely mediated by the divergence of spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression, which is particularly prominent in the prenatal and early postnatal human and non-human primate cerebral cortex. In this review, we describe recent advances in characterizing human and primate genetic and cellular innovations including identification of novel species-specific, especially human-specific, genes, gene expression patterns, and cell types. Finally, we highlight three recent studies linking these molecular changes to reorganization of cortical connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Luria
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Shaojie Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Mikihito Shibata
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Kartik Pattabiraman
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA; Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA; Departments of Psychiatry, Genetics and Comparative Medicine, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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3
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Current advances in primate genomics: novel approaches for understanding evolution and disease. Nat Rev Genet 2023; 24:314-331. [PMID: 36599936 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-022-00554-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Primate genomics holds the key to understanding fundamental aspects of human evolution and disease. However, genetic diversity and functional genomics data sets are currently available for only a few of the more than 500 extant primate species. Concerted efforts are under way to characterize primate genomes, genetic polymorphism and divergence, and functional landscapes across the primate phylogeny. The resulting data sets will enable the connection of genotypes to phenotypes and provide new insight into aspects of the genetics of primate traits, including human diseases. In this Review, we describe the existing genome assemblies as well as genetic variation and functional genomic data sets. We highlight some of the challenges with sample acquisition. Finally, we explore how technological advances in single-cell functional genomics and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids will facilitate our understanding of the molecular foundations of primate biology.
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4
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Suzuki IK. Evolutionary innovations of human cerebral cortex viewed through the lens of high-throughput sequencing. Dev Neurobiol 2022; 82:476-494. [PMID: 35765158 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Humans had acquired a tremendously enlarged cerebral cortex containing a huge quantity and variety of cells during evolution. Such evolutionary uniqueness offers a neural basis of our cognitive innovation and human-specific features of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Since human brain is hardly examined in vivo with experimental approaches commonly applied on animal models, the recent advancement of sequencing technologies offers an indispensable viewpoint of human brain anatomy and development. This review introduces the recent findings on the unique features in the adult and the characteristic developmental processes of the human cerebral cortex, based on high throughput DNA sequencing technologies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo K Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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5
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Kaluthantrige Don F, Kalebic N. Forebrain Organoids to Model the Cell Biology of Basal Radial Glia in Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Brain Evolution. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:917166. [PMID: 35774229 PMCID: PMC9237216 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.917166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of higher intellectual abilities that distinguish humans from their closest relatives correlates greatly with the expansion of the cerebral cortex. This expansion is a consequence of an increase in neuronal cell production driven by the higher proliferative capacity of neural progenitor cells, in particular basal radial glia (bRG). Furthermore, when the proliferation of neural progenitor cells is impaired and the final neuronal output is altered, severe neurodevelopmental disorders can arise. To effectively study the cell biology of human bRG, genetically accessible human experimental models are needed. With the pioneering success to isolate and culture pluripotent stem cells in vitro, we can now routinely investigate the developing human cerebral cortex in a dish using three-dimensional multicellular structures called organoids. Here, we will review the molecular and cell biological features of bRG that have recently been elucidated using brain organoids. We will further focus on the application of this simple model system to study in a mechanistically actionable way the molecular and cellular events in bRG that can lead to the onset of various neurodevelopmental diseases.
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6
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Buisan R, Moriano J, Andirkó A, Boeckx C. A Brain Region-Specific Expression Profile for Genes Within Large Introgression Deserts and Under Positive Selection in Homo sapiens. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:824740. [PMID: 35557944 PMCID: PMC9086289 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.824740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyses of ancient DNA from extinct hominins have provided unique insights into the complex evolutionary history of Homo sapiens, intricately related to that of the Neanderthals and the Denisovans as revealed by several instances of admixture events. These analyses have also allowed the identification of introgression deserts: genomic regions in our species that are depleted of "archaic" haplotypes. The presence of genes like FOXP2 in these deserts has been taken to be suggestive of brain-related functional differences between Homo species. Here, we seek a deeper characterization of these regions and the specific expression trajectories of genes within them, taking into account signals of positive selection in our lineage. Analyzing publicly available transcriptomic data from the human brain at different developmental stages, we found that structures outside the cerebral neocortex, in particular the cerebellum, the striatum and the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus show the most divergent transcriptomic profiles when considering genes within large introgression deserts and under positive selection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Moriano
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Andirkó
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cedric Boeckx
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Evolutionary Changes in Pathways and Networks of Genes Expressed in the Brains of Humans and Macaques. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:1825-1837. [PMID: 34191269 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01874-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
As the key organ that separates humans from nonhuman primates, the brain has continuously evolved to adapt to environmental and climatic changes. Although humans share most genetic, molecular, and cellular features with other primates such as macaques, there are significant differences in the structure and function of the brain between humans and these species. Thus, exploring the differences between the brains of human and nonhuman primates in the context of evolution will provide insights into the development, functionality, and diseases of the human central nervous system (CNS). Since the genes involved in many aspects of the human brain are under common pressures of natural selection, their evolutionary features can be analyzed collectively at the pathway level. In this study, the molecular mechanisms underlying human brain capabilities were explored by comparing the evolution features of pathways enriched in genes expressed in the human brain and the macaque brain. We identified 31 pathways with differential evolutionary properties, including those related to neurological diseases, signal transduction, immunological response, and metabolic processes. By analyzing genes differentially expressed in brain regions or development stages between humans and macaques, 9 and 4 pathways with differential evolutionary properties were detected, respectively. We further performed crosstalk analysis on the pathways to obtain an intuitive correlation between the pathways, which is helpful in understanding the mechanisms of interaction between pathways. Our results provide on a comprehensive view of the evolutionary pathways of the human CNS and can serve as a reference for the study of human brain development.
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8
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Chan WK, Fetit R, Griffiths R, Marshall H, Mason JO, Price DJ. Using organoids to study human brain development and evolution. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:608-622. [PMID: 33773072 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in methods for making cerebral organoids have opened a window of opportunity to directly study human brain development and disease, countering limitations inherent in non-human-based approaches. Whether freely patterned, guided into a region-specific fate or fused into assembloids, organoids have successfully recapitulated key features of in vivo neurodevelopment, allowing its examination from early to late stages. Although organoids have enormous potential, their effective use relies on understanding the extent of their limitations in accurately reproducing specific processes and components in the developing human brain. Here we review the potential of cerebral organoids to model and study human brain development and evolution and discuss the progress and current challenges in their use for reproducing specific human neurodevelopmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Kit Chan
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rana Fetit
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rosie Griffiths
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Helen Marshall
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John O Mason
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J Price
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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9
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Agoglia RM, Sun D, Birey F, Yoon SJ, Miura Y, Sabatini K, Pașca SP, Fraser HB. Primate cell fusion disentangles gene regulatory divergence in neurodevelopment. Nature 2021; 592:421-427. [PMID: 33731928 PMCID: PMC8719633 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03343-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Among primates, humans display a unique trajectory of development that is responsible for the many traits specific to our species. However, the inaccessibility of primary human and chimpanzee tissues has limited our ability to study human evolution. Comparative in vitro approaches using primate-derived induced pluripotent stem cells have begun to reveal species differences on the cellular and molecular levels1,2. In particular, brain organoids have emerged as a promising platform to study primate neural development in vitro3-5, although cross-species comparisons of organoids are complicated by differences in developmental timing and variability of differentiation6,7. Here we develop a new platform to address these limitations by fusing human and chimpanzee induced pluripotent stem cells to generate a panel of tetraploid hybrid stem cells. We applied this approach to study species divergence in cerebral cortical development by differentiating these cells into neural organoids. We found that hybrid organoids provide a controlled system for disentangling cis- and trans-acting gene-expression divergence across cell types and developmental stages, revealing a signature of selection on astrocyte-related genes. In addition, we identified an upregulation of the human somatostatin receptor 2 gene (SSTR2), which regulates neuronal calcium signalling and is associated with neuropsychiatric disorders8,9. We reveal a human-specific response to modulation of SSTR2 function in cortical neurons, underscoring the potential of this platform for elucidating the molecular basis of human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Agoglia
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Danqiong Sun
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fikri Birey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Se-Jin Yoon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuki Miura
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Karen Sabatini
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sergiu P Pașca
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Hunter B Fraser
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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10
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Pembroke WG, Hartl CL, Geschwind DH. Evolutionary conservation and divergence of the human brain transcriptome. Genome Biol 2021; 22:52. [PMID: 33514394 PMCID: PMC7844938 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02257-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mouse models have allowed for the direct interrogation of genetic effects on molecular, physiological, and behavioral brain phenotypes. However, it is unknown to what extent neurological or psychiatric traits may be human- or primate-specific and therefore which components can be faithfully recapitulated in mouse models. Results We compare conservation of co-expression in 116 independent data sets derived from human, mouse, and non-human primate representing more than 15,000 total samples. We observe greater changes occurring on the human lineage than mouse, and substantial regional variation that highlights cerebral cortex as the most diverged region. Glia, notably microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes are the most divergent cell type, three times more on average than neurons. We show that cis-regulatory sequence divergence explains a significant fraction of co-expression divergence. Moreover, protein coding sequence constraint parallels co-expression conservation, such that genes with loss of function intolerance are enriched in neuronal, rather than glial modules. We identify dozens of human neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disease risk genes, such as COMT, PSEN-1, LRRK2, SHANK3, and SNCA, with highly divergent co-expression between mouse and human and show that 3D human brain organoids recapitulate in vivo co-expression modules representing several human cell types. Conclusions We identify robust co-expression modules reflecting whole-brain and regional patterns of gene expression. Compared with those that represent basic metabolic processes, cell-type-specific modules, most prominently glial modules, are the most divergent between species. These data and analyses serve as a foundational resource to guide human disease modeling and its interpretation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13059-020-02257-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Pembroke
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher L Hartl
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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11
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Soto-Perez J, Baumgartner M, Kanadia RN. Role of NDE1 in the Development and Evolution of the Gyrified Cortex. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:617513. [PMID: 33390896 PMCID: PMC7775536 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.617513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An expanded cortex is a hallmark of human neurodevelopment and endows increased cognitive capabilities. Recent work has shown that the cell cycle-related gene NDE1 is essential for proper cortical development. Patients who have mutations in NDE1 exhibit congenital microcephaly as a primary phenotype. At the cellular level, NDE1 is essential for interkinetic nuclear migration and mitosis of radial glial cells, which translates to an indispensable role in neurodevelopment. The nuclear migration function of NDE1 is well conserved across Opisthokonta. In mammals, multiple isoforms containing alternate terminal exons, which influence the functionality of NDE1, have been reported. It has been noted that the pattern of terminal exon usage mirrors patterns of cortical complexity in mammals. To provide context to these findings, here, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature regarding NDE1, its molecular biology and physiological relevance at the cellular and organismal levels. In particular, we outline the potential roles of NDE1 in progenitor cell behavior and explore the spectrum of NDE1 pathogenic variants. Moreover, we assessed the evolutionary conservation of NDE1 and interrogated whether the usage of alternative terminal exons is characteristic of species with gyrencephalic cortices. We found that gyrencephalic species are more likely to express transcripts that use the human-associated terminal exon, whereas lissencephalic species tend to express transcripts that use the mouse-associated terminal exon. Among gyrencephalic species, the human-associated terminal exon was preferentially expressed by those with a high order of gyrification. These findings underscore phylogenetic relationships between the preferential usage of NDE1 terminal exon and high-order gyrification, which provide insight into cortical evolution underlying high-order brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaseph Soto-Perez
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | | | - Rahul N. Kanadia
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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12
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Albanese A, Swaney JM, Yun DH, Evans NB, Antonucci JM, Velasco S, Sohn CH, Arlotta P, Gehrke L, Chung K. Multiscale 3D phenotyping of human cerebral organoids. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21487. [PMID: 33293587 PMCID: PMC7723053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain organoids grown from human pluripotent stem cells self-organize into cytoarchitectures resembling the developing human brain. These three-dimensional models offer an unprecedented opportunity to study human brain development and dysfunction. Characterization currently sacrifices spatial information for single-cell or histological analysis leaving whole-tissue analysis mostly unexplored. Here, we present the SCOUT pipeline for automated multiscale comparative analysis of intact cerebral organoids. Our integrated technology platform can rapidly clear, label, and image intact organoids. Algorithmic- and convolutional neural network-based image analysis extract hundreds of features characterizing molecular, cellular, spatial, cytoarchitectural, and organoid-wide properties from fluorescence microscopy datasets. Comprehensive analysis of 46 intact organoids and ~ 100 million cells reveals quantitative multiscale "phenotypes" for organoid development, culture protocols and Zika virus infection. SCOUT provides a much-needed framework for comparative analysis of emerging 3D in vitro models using fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Albanese
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Dae Hee Yun
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas B Evans
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jenna M Antonucci
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Silvia Velasco
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chang Ho Sohn
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paola Arlotta
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lee Gehrke
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kwanghun Chung
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Yonsei-IBS Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Lin Y, Yang J, Shen Z, Ma J, Simons BD, Shi SH. Behavior and lineage progression of neural progenitors in the mammalian cortex. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 66:144-157. [PMID: 33227588 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is a central structure in the mammalian brain that enables higher cognitive functions and intellectual skills. It is the hallmark of the mammalian nervous system with enormous complexity, consisting of a large number of neurons and glia that are diverse in morphology, molecular expression, biophysical properties, circuit connectivity and physiological function. Cortical neurons and glia are generated by neural progenitor cells during development. Ensuring the correct cell cycle kinetics, fate behavior and lineage progression of neural progenitor cells is essential to determine the number and types of neurons and glia in the cerebral cortex, which together constitute neural circuits for brain function. In this review, we discuss recent findings on mammalian cortical progenitor cell types and their lineage behaviors in generating neurons and glia, cortical evolution and expansion, and advances in brain organoid technology that allow the modeling of human cortical development under normal and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lin
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center of Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiajun Yang
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center of Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhongfu Shen
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center of Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jian Ma
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center of Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Benjamin D Simons
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
| | - Song-Hai Shi
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center of Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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14
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Pasqualini C, Kozaki T, Bruschi M, Nguyen THH, Minard-Colin V, Castel D, Grill J, Ginhoux F. Modeling the Interaction between the Microenvironment and Tumor Cells in Brain Tumors. Neuron 2020; 108:1025-1044. [PMID: 33065047 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite considerable recent advances in understanding and treating many other cancers, malignant brain tumors remain associated with low survival or severe long-term sequelae. Limited progress, including development of immunotherapies, relates in part to difficulties in accurately reproducing brain microenvironment with current preclinical models. The cellular interactions among resident microglia, recruited tumor-associated macrophages, stromal cells, glial cells, neurons, and cancer cells and how they affect tumor growth or behavior are emerging, yet many questions remain. The role of the blood-brain barrier, extracellular matrix components, and heterogeneity among tumor types and within different regions of a single tumor further complicate the matter. Here, we focus on brain microenvironment features impacted by tumor biology. We also discuss limits of current preclinical models and how complementary models, such as humanized animals and organoids, will allow deeper mechanistic insights on cancer biology, allowing for more efficient testing of therapeutic strategies, including immunotherapy, for brain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pasqualini
- Children and Adolescent Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy, Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Tatsuya Kozaki
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marco Bruschi
- Genomics & Oncogenesis of Pediatric Brain Tumors, INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Thi Hai Hoa Nguyen
- Genomics & Oncogenesis of Pediatric Brain Tumors, INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Véronique Minard-Colin
- Children and Adolescent Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy, Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France; INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy, Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - David Castel
- Genomics & Oncogenesis of Pediatric Brain Tumors, INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Jacques Grill
- Children and Adolescent Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy, Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France; Genomics & Oncogenesis of Pediatric Brain Tumors, INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France.
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore; Shanghai Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
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Robertson GL, Romero-Morales AI, Lippmann ES, Gama V. Uncovering cell biology in the third dimension. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:319-323. [PMID: 32105584 PMCID: PMC7183789 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-04-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental biology has long benefited from studies of classic model organisms. These model systems have provided the fundamental understanding of general principles of development, as well as insight into genes and signaling pathways that control unique aspects of cell fate specification and tissue morphogenesis. Because human brain development cannot be studied in vivo, scientists have relied on these model systems to study basic principles underlying the development of this complex organ as many of these genes and signaling pathways play conserved roles in human development. However, recent studies have shown species-specific signatures in neurodevelopment such as the transcriptome of outer-radial glia, suggesting use of a human-derived model remains imperative. Over the past decade, human stem cell-derived brain organoids have emerged as a biologically relevant model system to study normal human brain development and neurological diseases. Here, we provide a historical perspective of this emerging model system, discuss current systems and limitations, and propose that new mechanistic insight into cell biology can be revealed using these three-dimensional brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ethan S. Lippmann
- Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, and
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Vivian Gama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology
- Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, and
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
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