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Caspe SG, Ewing DA, Livingstone M, Underwood C, Milne E, Sargison ND, Wattegedera SR, Longbottom D. The Immune Response in the Uteri and Placentae of Chlamydia abortus-Infected Ewes and Its Association with Pregnancy Outcomes. Pathogens 2023; 12:846. [PMID: 37375536 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzootic abortion of ewes, caused by the bacterium Chlamydia abortus (C. abortus), is one of the main causes of abortion in sheep. There are multiple contributory factors, including chlamydial growth, host immune response, and hormonal balance, that result in different pregnancy outcomes, such as abortion, the birth of weak lambs that may die, or healthy lambs. This study aimed to determine the relationship between phenotypical patterns of immune cell infiltration and different pregnancy outcomes in twin-bearing sheep (both lambs born dead; one alive and one dead; both alive) when experimentally infected with C. abortus. Both the sheep uteri and placentae were collected after parturition. All samples were analysed for specific immune cell features, including cell surface antigens and the T-regulatory (Treg) cell-associated transcription factor and cytokines, by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation. Some of these immunological antigens were evaluated in ovine reproductive tissues for the first time. Differential patterns of T helper/Treg cells revealed significant group effects in the placentae. It suggests the potential role that the balance of lymphocyte subsets may play in affecting different pregnancy outcomes in C. abortus-infected sheep. The present study provides novel detailed information about the immune responses observed at the maternofoetal interface in sheep at the time of pre-term abortion or lambing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Gaston Caspe
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK
- Estación Experimental Mercedes, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Corrientes W3400, Argentina
| | | | | | | | - Elspeth Milne
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Neil Donald Sargison
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK
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2
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Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems in Physiological and Pathological Pregnancy. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030402. [PMID: 36979094 PMCID: PMC10045867 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic immunological changes occurring throughout pregnancy are well-orchestrated and important for the success of the pregnancy. One of the key immune adaptations is the maternal immune tolerance towards the semi-allogeneic fetus. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of what is known about the innate and adaptive immunological changes in pregnancy and the role(s) of specific immune cells during physiological and pathological pregnancy. Alongside this, we provided details of remaining questions and challenges, as well as future perspectives for this growing field of research. Understanding the immunological changes that occur can inform potential strategies on treatments for the optimal health of the neonate and pregnant individual both during and after pregnancy.
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Accommodation in allogeneic and xenogeneic organ transplantation: Prevalence, impact, and implications for monitoring and for therapeutics. Hum Immunol 2023; 84:5-17. [PMID: 36244871 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Accommodation refers to acquired resistance of organs or tissues to immune or inflammatory reactions that might otherwise cause severe injury or rejection. As first observed in ABO-incompatible kidney transplants and heterotopic cardiac xenografts, accommodation was identified when organ transplants continued to function despite the presence of anti-graft antibodies and/or other reactants in the blood of recipients. Recent evidence suggests many and perhaps most organ transplants have accommodation, as most recipients mount B cell responses specific for the graft. Wide interest in the impact of graft-specific antibodies on the outcomes of transplants prompts questions about which mechanisms confer protection against such antibodies, how accommodation might be detected and whether and how rejection could be superimposed on accommodation. Xenotransplantation offers a unique opportunity to address these questions because immune responses to xenografts are easily detected and the pathogenic impact of immune responses is so severe. Xenotransplantation also provides a compelling need to apply these and other insights to decrease the intensity and toxicity of immunosuppression that otherwise could limit clinical application.
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4
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Madani J, Aghebati-Maleki L, Gharibeh N, Pourakbari R, Yousefi M. Fetus, as an allograft, evades the maternal immunity. Transpl Immunol 2022; 75:101728. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2022.101728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Durham T, Guo J, Cowell W, Riley KW, Wang S, Tang D, Perera F, Herbstman JB. Prenatal PM 2.5 Exposure in Relation to Maternal and Newborn Telomere Length at Delivery. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10010013. [PMID: 35051055 PMCID: PMC8780107 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5) is a ubiquitous air pollutant that is increasingly threatening the health of adults and children worldwide. One health impact of elevated PM2.5 exposure is alterations in telomere length (TL)-protective caps on chromosome ends that shorten with each cell division. Few analyses involve prenatal PM2.5 exposure, and paired maternal and cord TL measurements. Here, we analyzed the association between average and trimester-specific prenatal PM2.5 exposure, and maternal and newborn relative leukocyte TL measured at birth among 193 mothers and their newborns enrolled in a New-York-City-based birth cohort. Results indicated an overall negative relationship between prenatal PM2.5 and maternal TL at delivery, with a significant association observed in the second trimester (β = -0.039, 95% CI: -0.074, -0.003). PM2.5 exposure in trimester two was also inversely related to cord TL; however, this result did not reach statistical significance (β = -0.037, 95% CI: -0.114, 0.039), and no clear pattern emerged between PM2.5 and cord TL across the different exposure periods. Our analysis contributes to a limited body of research on ambient air pollution and human telomeres, and emphasizes the need for continued investigation into how PM2.5 exposure during pregnancy influences maternal and newborn health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Durham
- Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, New York, NY 10032, USA; (J.G.); (W.C.); (K.W.R.); (S.W.); (D.T.); (F.P.); (J.B.H.)
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Jia Guo
- Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, New York, NY 10032, USA; (J.G.); (W.C.); (K.W.R.); (S.W.); (D.T.); (F.P.); (J.B.H.)
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Whitney Cowell
- Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, New York, NY 10032, USA; (J.G.); (W.C.); (K.W.R.); (S.W.); (D.T.); (F.P.); (J.B.H.)
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10128, USA
| | - Kylie W. Riley
- Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, New York, NY 10032, USA; (J.G.); (W.C.); (K.W.R.); (S.W.); (D.T.); (F.P.); (J.B.H.)
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Shuang Wang
- Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, New York, NY 10032, USA; (J.G.); (W.C.); (K.W.R.); (S.W.); (D.T.); (F.P.); (J.B.H.)
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Deliang Tang
- Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, New York, NY 10032, USA; (J.G.); (W.C.); (K.W.R.); (S.W.); (D.T.); (F.P.); (J.B.H.)
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Frederica Perera
- Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, New York, NY 10032, USA; (J.G.); (W.C.); (K.W.R.); (S.W.); (D.T.); (F.P.); (J.B.H.)
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Julie B. Herbstman
- Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, New York, NY 10032, USA; (J.G.); (W.C.); (K.W.R.); (S.W.); (D.T.); (F.P.); (J.B.H.)
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Spence T, Allsopp PJ, Yeates AJ, Mulhern MS, Strain JJ, McSorley EM. Maternal Serum Cytokine Concentrations in Healthy Pregnancy and Preeclampsia. J Pregnancy 2021; 2021:6649608. [PMID: 33680514 PMCID: PMC7925069 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6649608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The maternal immune response is essential for successful pregnancy, promoting immune tolerance to the fetus while maintaining innate and adaptive immunity. Uncontrolled, increased proinflammatory responses are a contributing factor to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. The Th1/Th2 cytokine shift theory, characterised by bias production of Th2 anti-inflammatory cytokine midgestation, was frequently used to reflect the maternal immune response in pregnancy. This theory is simplistic as it is based on limited information and does not consider the role of other T cell subsets, Th17 and Tregs. A range of maternal peripheral cytokines have been measured in pregnancy cohorts, albeit the changes in individual cytokine concentrations across gestation is not well summarised. Using available data, this review was aimed at summarising changes in individual maternal serum cytokine concentrations throughout healthy pregnancy and evaluating their association with preeclampsia. We report that TNF-α increases as pregnancy progresses, IL-8 decreases in the second trimester, and IL-4 concentrations remain consistent throughout gestation. Lower second trimester IL-10 concentrations may be an early predictor for developing preeclampsia. Proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-8, and IL-6) are significantly elevated in preeclampsia. More research is required to determine the usefulness of using cytokines, particularly IL-10, as early biomarkers of pregnancy health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Spence
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Philip J. Allsopp
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Alison J. Yeates
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Maria S. Mulhern
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - J. J. Strain
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Emeir M. McSorley
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
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Timganova VP, Zamorina SA, Litvinova LS, Todosenko NM, Bochkova MS, Khramtsov PV, Rayev MB. The effects of human pregnancy-specific β1-glycoprotein preparation on Th17 polarization of CD4 + cells and their cytokine profile. BMC Immunol 2020; 21:56. [PMID: 33126863 PMCID: PMC7602336 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-020-00385-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy-specific β1-glycoproteins are capable of regulating innate and adaptive immunity, exerting predominantly suppressive effects. In this regard, they are of interest in terms of their pharmacological potential for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and post-transplant complications. The effect of these proteins on the main pro-inflammatory subpopulation of T lymphocytes, IL-17-producing helper T cells (Th17), has not been comprehensively studied. Therefore, the effects of the native pregnancy-specific β1-glycoprotein on the proliferation, Th17 polarization and cytokine profile of human CD4+ cells were assessed. RESULTS Native human pregnancy-specific β1-glycoprotein (PSG) at а concentration of 100 μg/mL was shown to decrease the frequency of Th17 (RORγτ+) in CD4+ cell culture and to suppress the proliferation of these cells (RORγτ+Ki-67+), along with the proliferation of other cells (Ki-67+) (n = 11). A PSG concentration of 10 μg/mL showed similar effect, decreasing the frequency of Ki-67+ and RORγτ+Ki67+ cells. Using Luminex xMAP technology, it was shown that PSG decreased IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, MIP-1β, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α, G-CSF, and GM-CSF concentrations in Th17-polarized CD4+ cell cultures but did not affect IL-2, IL-7, and MCP-1 output. CONCLUSIONS In the experimental model used, PSG had а mainly suppressive effect on the Th17 polarization and cytokine profile of Th17-polarized CD4+ cell cultures. As Th17 activity and a pro-inflammatory cytokine background are unfavorable during pregnancy, the observed PSG effects may play a fetoprotective role in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria P Timganova
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences - branch of the Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Goleva str., 13, Perm, Russian Federation, 614081.
| | - Svetlana A Zamorina
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences - branch of the Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Goleva str., 13, Perm, Russian Federation, 614081
| | - Larisa S Litvinova
- Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, A. Nevsky str., 14, Kaliningrad, Russian Federation, 236016
| | - Natalia M Todosenko
- Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, A. Nevsky str., 14, Kaliningrad, Russian Federation, 236016
| | - Maria S Bochkova
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences - branch of the Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Goleva str., 13, Perm, Russian Federation, 614081
| | - Pavel V Khramtsov
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences - branch of the Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Goleva str., 13, Perm, Russian Federation, 614081.,Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, A. Nevsky str., 14, Kaliningrad, Russian Federation, 236016
| | - Mikhail B Rayev
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences - branch of the Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Goleva str., 13, Perm, Russian Federation, 614081
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8
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Difference of regulatory T cells, IL10, IL6, IFNγ, and IDO levels in female with high ASA and virgin: A research article. J Reprod Immunol 2020; 141:103156. [PMID: 32540614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2020.103156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The maternal immune system requires tolerance for conception to occur. It is not only the balance of Th 1/Th2 that plays a role in pregnancy, but also the regulatory T cells (Tregs) that regulate the important role in pregnancy. One cause of failure in pregnancy is due to immunological factors, including antisperm antibodies (ASA). About 10-30% of infertile couples are caused by ASA. Th1 secretes Interferon γ (IFNγ). IFNγ is also an inducer indoleamin 2,3 dioksigenase (IDO). Cooperation between Tregs and IDO will induce tolerance for pregnancy.Th2 secretes most ofinterleukin (IL)10. Increased IL10 and decreased IL6 occur during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to analyse difference of Tregs, IL10, IL6, IFNγ, and IDO levels in female with high ASA and virgin. METHODS Samples with high ASA were examined ASA titres using the husband's sperm auto-agglutination test (HSAaT) method.49 samples were analysed. Tregs were evaluated using flowcytometry with the human forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) staining kit of Biotech and Device.Level of IL10, IL6, and IFNγ was determined using an Abcam ELISA kit. Level of IDO was determined using an RnD ELISA kit. The data were analysed using the Mann-whitney tests. RESULTS There are differences in the Tregs population (p = 0.000<0.05) but there is no difference IL10, IL6, IFNγ, and IDO levels in female with high ASA and virgin (p 0.140 > 0.05, p 0.680 > 0.05, p 0.204 > 0.05, and p 0.362 > 0.05). CONCLUSION High ASA affects of the Tregs population but has no effect on cytokines IL10, IL6, IFNγ, and IDO.
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9
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Costa MFH, Torres LC, Matta MCD, Araújo ADS, Souza AI. Interleukin-6 in pregnancy with sickle cell disease. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther 2019; 41:298-302. [PMID: 31133499 PMCID: PMC6978540 DOI: 10.1016/j.htct.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite advances in health care for sickle cell disease patients, as well as in the improvement in reproductive issues mainly in women with the disease, pregnancy is still a challenge, both for the mother and the child, with high rates of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Besides their chronic hemolytic status and vaso-occlusive events that confer systemic complications, pregnant women also have higher rates of pain episodes, infections, abortion, intrauterine growth retardation, pre-term births, eclampsia, stillbirth and the hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets syndrome. The physiologic mechanisms of the disease in pregnancy are still unknown and chronic inflammatory responses may interfere in the adverse outcomes. The cytokine and chemokine profiles in pregnancy with sickle cell disease remain unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytokine profile of the inflammatory response of pregnant women with sickle cell disease. METHOD Blood samples from 20 pregnant women with sickle cell disease, 24 women with sickle cell disease in steady state, 16 healthy pregnant women and a control group with 9 women at childbearing age were assayed for interleukin-6. MAIN RESULTS Pregnant women with sickle cell disease presented high serum levels of interleukin-6, compared to healthy pregnant women (p=0.0115). CONCLUSION These data suggest that the increased production of interleukin-6 may occur during pregnancy with sickle cell disease and that the role of this cytokine in the sickle cell disease pathophysiology and pregnancy complications should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ariani Impieri Souza
- Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando (IMIP), Recife, PE, Brazil; Faculdade Pernambucana de Saúde (FPS), Recife, PE, Brazil
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10
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Zöllner J, Howe LG, Edey LF, O'Dea KP, Takata M, Gordon F, Leiper J, Johnson MR. The response of the innate immune and cardiovascular systems to LPS in pregnant and nonpregnant mice. Biol Reprod 2018; 97:258-272. [PMID: 29044422 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/iox076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is the leading cause of direct maternal mortality, but there are no data directly comparing the response to sepsis in pregnant and nonpregnant (NP) individuals. This study uses a mouse model of sepsis to test the hypothesis that the cardiovascular response to sepsis is more marked during pregnancy. Female CD1 mice had radiotelemetry probes implanted and were time mated. NP and day 16 pregnant CD-1 mice received intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 10 μg, serotype 0111: B4). In a separate study, tissue and serum (for RNA, protein and flow cytometry studies), aorta and uterine vessels (for wire myography) were collected after LPS or vehicle control administration. Administration of LPS resulted in a greater fall in blood pressure in pregnant mice compared to NP mice. This occurred with similar changes in the circulating levels of cytokines, vasoactive factors, and circulating leukocytes, but with a greater monocyte and lesser neutrophil margination in the lungs of pregnant mice. Baseline markers of cardiac dysfunction and apoptosis as well as cytokine expression were higher in pregnant mice, but the response to LPS was similar in both groups as was the ex vivo assessment of vascular function. In pregnant mice, nonfatal sepsis is associated with a more marked hypotensive response but not a greater immune response. We conclude that endotoxemia induces a more marked hypotensive response in pregnant compared to NP mice. These changes were not associated with a more marked systemic inflammatory response in pregnant mice, although monocyte lung margination was greater. The more marked hypotensive response to LPS may explain the greater vulnerability to some infections exhibited by pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Zöllner
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, UK.,Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital Campus DuCane Road, London, UK.,MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, DuCane Road, London, UK
| | - Laura G Howe
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, UK.,Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital Campus DuCane Road, London, UK.,MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, DuCane Road, London, UK
| | - Lydia F Edey
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, UK.,Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital Campus DuCane Road, London, UK
| | - Kieran P O'Dea
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine, and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Masao Takata
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine, and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Fabiana Gordon
- Statistical Advisory Service, School Of Public Health, UG15, Ground Floor (Mezzanine), Medical School, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, UK
| | - James Leiper
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, DuCane Road, London, UK
| | - Mark R Johnson
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, UK.,Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital Campus DuCane Road, London, UK
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11
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Sampaio AS, Vasconcelos ALRD, Morais CNLD, Diniz GTN, Figueiredo ALDC, Montenegro SML. Social conditions and immune response in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive pregnant women: a cross-sectional study in Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2018. [PMID: 29513838 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0107-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The functioning of the immune system during pregnancy is altered in both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and uninfected women. Unfavorable socioeconomic conditions have been indicative of higher morbidity and mortality and worsening of the immune system. The aim of this study was to correlate social status with levels of interleukin (IL)-10 (non-inflammatory) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ; inflammatory) cytokines. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted with three groups of women: 33 pregnant HIV-infected (G1); 40 non-pregnant, HIV-infected (G2); and 35 pregnant, HIV-uninfected. To measure the social status, a compound indicator called the social status index (SSI), was established using sociodemographic variables (i.e., education level, housing conditions, per capita income, and habitation and sanitary conditions). RESULTS The HIV-infected women had a higher proportion of unfavorable SSI (73% and 75% of G1 and G2, respectively). There were significantly lower IL-10 levels in the G1 group with both unfavorable and favorable SSI than in the other groups. No significant difference in IFN-γ levels was observed among groups. However, the G1 group had higher IFN-γ values among both favorable and unfavorable SSI groups. CONCLUSIONS Higher rates of unfavorable conditions, including lower education levels, IL-10 levels, and a trend for higher IFN-γ levels, were identified among HIV-infected women, pregnant and non-pregnant. These factors may interfere in health care and lead to poor outcomes during pregnancy. Therefore, we suggest that health policies could be created to specifically address these factors in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aletheia Soares Sampaio
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, PE, Brasil.,Serviço de Atendimento Especializado em HIV/AIDS, Centro Integrado de Saúde Amaury de Medeiros, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | | | | | - George Tadeu Nunes Diniz
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Anna Lígia de Castro Figueiredo
- Serviço de Atendimento Especializado em HIV/AIDS, Centro Integrado de Saúde Amaury de Medeiros, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Sílvia Maria Lucena Montenegro
- Departamento de Imunologia e Imunopatologia Celular, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, PE, Brasil
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12
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Iwahashi N, Yamamoto M, Nanjo S, Toujima S, Minami S, Ino K. Downregulation of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase expression in the villous stromal endothelial cells of placentas with preeclampsia. J Reprod Immunol 2017; 119:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Maternal HIV infection alters the immune balance in the mother and fetus; implications for pregnancy outcome and infant health. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2016; 11:138-45. [PMID: 26679415 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW With the rapid roll-out of combination antiretroviral therapy to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV, there is an annual increase in the number of uninfected infants born to HIV-infected women. Although the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy has vastly improved pregnancy outcome and the health of infants born to HIV-infected women, concerns remain regarding the impact the maternal HIV infection on the pregnancy outcome and the health of HIV-exposed uninfected infants. RECENT FINDINGS Maternal HIV infection is associated with negative pregnancy outcomes such as low birth weight. In addition, an increased susceptibility to infections is reported in HIV-exposed uninfected infants compared with infants born to uninfected women. Studies have shown that HIV-exposure affects the maternal/fetal unit, with increase of proinflammatory cytokine produced by placental cells, as well as altered infant immune responses. These changes could provide the underlying conditions for negative pregnancy outcomes and facilitate mother-to-child transmission of HIV in the infant. Further studies are required to understand the underlying mechanisms and investigate whether these altered infant immune responses persist and have clinical consequences beyond childhood. SUMMARY HIV infection in pregnant women is associated with altered immune responses in HIV-infected women and their offspring with clinical consequences for pregnancy outcome and the HIV-exposed uninfected infant. Further studies are required to address the origin and long-term consequences of prenatal HIV-exposure and subsequent immune activation for infant health.
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Altfeld M, Bunders MJ. Impact of HIV-1 infection on the feto-maternal crosstalk and consequences for pregnancy outcome and infant health. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:727-738. [PMID: 27392971 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0578-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adaptation of the maternal immune system to establish maternal/fetal equilibrium is required for a successful pregnancy. Viral infections, including HIV-1 infection, can alter this maternal/fetal equilibrium, with significant consequences for pregnancy outcome, including miscarriages, impaired fetal growth, and premature delivery. Furthermore, maternal HIV-1 infection has been shown to have a long-term impact on the developing fetal immune system also when the infant is not infected with the virus. In this review, we discuss the consequences of maternal HIV-1 infection and antiretroviral therapy on pregnancy outcome and the health of the uninfected HIV-1-exposed infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Altfeld
- Department of Virus Immunology, Heinrich-Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Madeleine J Bunders
- Department of Virus Immunology, Heinrich-Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany. .,Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam (UvA), Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Emma Childrens Hospital,UvA, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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15
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Romero R, Chaemsaithong P, Docheva N, Korzeniewski SJ, Tarca AL, Bhatti G, Xu Z, Kusanovic JP, Dong Z, Yoon BH, Hassan SS, Chaiworapongsa T, Yeo L, Kim YM, Kim YM. Clinical chorioamnionitis at term V: umbilical cord plasma cytokine profile in the context of a systemic maternal inflammatory response. J Perinat Med 2016; 44:53-76. [PMID: 26360486 PMCID: PMC5625297 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2015-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Microbial invasion of the fetus due to intra-amniotic infection can lead to a systemic inflammatory response characterized by elevated concentrations of cytokines in the umbilical cord plasma/serum. Clinical chorioamnionitis represents the maternal syndrome often associated with intra-amniotic infection, although other causes of this syndrome have been recently described. The objective of this study was to characterize the umbilical cord plasma cytokine profile in neonates born to mothers with clinical chorioamnionitis at term, according to the presence or absence of bacteria and/or intra-amniotic inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted, including patients with clinical chorioamnionitis at term (n=38; cases) and those with spontaneous term labor without clinical chorioamnionitis (n=77; controls). Women with clinical chorioamnionitis were classified according to the results of amniotic fluid culture, broad-range polymerase chain reaction coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (PCR/ESI-MS) and amniotic fluid interleukin (IL)-6 concentration into three groups: 1) no intra-amniotic inflammation; 2) intra-amniotic inflammation without detectable microorganisms; or 3) microbial-associated intra-amniotic inflammation. A fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS) was defined as an umbilical cord plasma IL-6 concentration >11 pg/mL. The umbilical cord plasma concentrations of 29 cytokines were determined with sensitive and specific V-PLEX immunoassays. Nonparametric statistical methods were used for analysis, adjusting for a false discovery rate of 5%. RESULTS 1) Neonates born to mothers with clinical chorioamnionitis at term (considered in toto) had significantly higher median umbilical cord plasma concentrations of IL-6, IL-12p70, IL-16, IL-13, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-8, but significantly lower interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF)-α concentrations than neonates born to mothers with spontaneous term labor without clinical chorioamnionitis; 2) neonates born to mothers with clinical chorioamnionitis at term but without intra-amniotic inflammation had higher concentrations of IL-6, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-8, but lower IFN-γ, than neonates not exposed to clinical chorioamnionitis, suggesting that maternal fever in the absence of intra-amniotic inflammation leads to a change in the fetal cytokine network; 3) there were significant, positive correlations between maternal and umbilical cord plasma IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations (IL-6: Spearman correlation=0.53; P<0.001; IL-8: Spearman correlation=0.42; P<0.001), consistent with placental transfer of cytokines; 4) an elevated fetal plasma IL-6 (>11 pg/mL), the diagnostic criterion for FIRS, was present in 21% of cases (8/38), and all these neonates were born to mothers with proven intra-amniotic infection; and 5) FIRS was associated with a high concentration of umbilical cord plasma IL-8, IL-10 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1. CONCLUSIONS Neonates born to mothers with clinical chorioamnionitis at term had higher concentrations of umbilical cord plasma cytokines than those born to mothers without clinical chorioamnionitis. Even neonates exposed to clinical chorioamnionitis but not to intra-amniotic inflammation had elevated concentrations of multiple cytokines, suggesting that intrapartum fever alters the fetal immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA,Department of Molecular Obstetrics and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Piya Chaemsaithong
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nikolina Docheva
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Steven J. Korzeniewski
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Adi L. Tarca
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Gaurav Bhatti
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Zhonghui Xu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Juan P. Kusanovic
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Center for Research and Innovation in Maternal-Fetal Medicine (CIMAF). Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sótero del Río Hospital, Santiago, Chile,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Zhong Dong
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Bo Hyun Yoon
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sonia S. Hassan
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Lami Yeo
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yeon Mee Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Pathology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan Korea
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Leshansky L, Aberdam D, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Berrih-Aknin S. Human embryonic stem cells prevent T-cell activation by suppressing dendritic cells function via TGF-beta signaling pathway. Stem Cells 2015; 32:3137-49. [PMID: 25186014 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) represent a potential source of transplantable cells for regenerative medicine, but development of teratoma even in syngenic recipients represents a critical obstacle to safe stem cell-based therapies. We hypothesized that hESCs escape the immune surveillance by regulating the environmental immune system. Using cocultures of hESCs with allogenic peripheral blood mononuclear cells, we demonstrated that hESCs prevent proliferation and activation of human CD4+ T lymphocytes, an effect dependent upon monocytes. Altered expression of key signaling molecules responsible for the crosstalk of monocytes with T cells was detected in the presence of hESCs. Analyzing the mechanism of action, we demonstrated that hESCs were able to downregulate intracellular glutathione levels in both monocytes and CD4+ cells by suppressing glutamate cysteine ligase expression and to alter MHCII and CD80 expression in monocytes. These effects were achieved at least partially via TGF-beta signaling, and both monocyte phenotype and GCLC expression were affected by Caspase-3 proteolytic activity. Altogether, our results demonstrate a novel immune-suppressive mechanism used by hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Leshansky
- INSERTECH Stem Cell Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel; Stem Cell Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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Morrot A. The sterile and tolerogenic fetal niche does not restrict the generation of CD4 T memory cells. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015; 3:64. [PMID: 25992363 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.02.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
T-cell activation requires a sequence of signals derived from co-stimulatory receptors and from immunogens that may or may not be of infectious origin. This scenario provides the threshold of inflammatory stimulus needed for the induction of antigen-specific T cell responses. One of the dogmas of immunology stipulates that the activation of T lymphocytes is prevented in immunosuppressed or tolerogenic environments. However, it was shown recently that a healthy uterine environment that is considered sterile, therefore not exposed to infection, is capable of generating T memory cells with the capacity to differentiate lineage-specific inflammatory effector T-cell responses. The implications of this finding are discussed in this editorial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Morrot
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21.941-590, Brazil
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Gulic T, Laskarin G, Redzovic A, Eminović S, Haller H, Rukavina D. The significance of heat-shock protein gp96 and its receptors' CD91 and Toll-like receptor 4 expression at the maternal foetal interface. Am J Reprod Immunol 2013; 70:10-23. [PMID: 23755898 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Differences in the expression of gp96 and its receptors were analysed in normal and pathological human pregnancy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Immunohistology and immunofluorescence of sections from decidual part of term placenta, first trimester normal decidua, missed abortion and blighted ovum decidua were performed together with reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry. RESULTS In missed abortion, gp96 was intensively stained, when compared to normal early pregnancy. The intensity of CD91 and TLR4 was higher in the first trimester pregnancy and blighted ovum, when compared to missed abortion. Decidual part of the term placenta is invaded with gp96⁺ , CD91⁺ and TLR4+ trophoblast. Progesterone-induced blocking factor (PIBF) decreased the frequency of TLR4⁺ T lymphocytes, CD91⁺ T, natural killer (NK) and mature dendritic cells after an 18-h culture. Decidual mononuclear cells (DMCs) treated with PIBF down-regulated CD91, TLR4 and gp96 gene expression. CONCLUSION The presence of gp96, CD91 and TLR4 at the maternal-foetal interface provides a molecular basis for their interaction, particularly in the absence of PIBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Gulic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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19
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Xu Y, Tarquini F, Romero R, Kim CJ, Tarca AL, Bhatti G, Lee J, Sundell IB, Mittal P, Kusanovic JP, Hassan SS, Kim JS. Peripheral CD300a+CD8+ T lymphocytes with a distinct cytotoxic molecular signature increase in pregnant women with chronic chorioamnionitis. Am J Reprod Immunol 2012; 67:184-97. [PMID: 22077960 PMCID: PMC3479405 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.01088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM CD300a is an immunomodulatory molecule of the immunoglobulin receptor superfamily expressed in the leukocytes of myeloid and lymphoid lineages. However, its biological function on CD8+ T lymphocytes remains largely unknown. This study was conducted to assess the biological significance of CD300a expression in T lymphocytes and to determine whether its expression in peripheral T lymphocytes changes in pregnant women presenting with antifetal rejection. METHODS OF STUDY Microarray analysis was performed using total RNA isolated from peripheral CD300a+ and CD300a- T lymphocytes. Flow cytometric analysis of the peripheral blood samples of pregnant women and pathologic examination of the placentas were conducted. RESULTS A large number of genes (N = 1245) were differentially expressed between CD300a- and CD300a+ subsets of CD8+ T lymphocytes, which included CCR7, CD244, CX3CR1, GLNY, GZMB, GZMK, IL15, ITGB1, KLRG1, PRF1, and SLAMF7. Gene ontology analysis of differentially expressed genes demonstrated enrichment of biological processes such as immune response, cell death, and signal transduction. CD300a expression in CD8+ T lymphocytes was coupled to a more cytotoxic molecular signature. Of note, the proportion of CD300a+CD8+ T lymphocytes increased in pregnant women with chronic chorioamnionitis (antifetal rejection of the chorioamniotic membranes; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The findings of this study strongly suggest an increase in systemic T-lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity in pregnant women with chronic chorioamnionitis as a manifestation of maternal antifetal rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Federica Tarquini
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Chong Jai Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Adi L. Tarca
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Gaurav Bhatti
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - JoonHo Lee
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - I. Birgitta Sundell
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Pooja Mittal
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Juan Pedro Kusanovic
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Sonia S. Hassan
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jung-Sun Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Calleja-Agius J, Jauniaux E, Muttukrishna S. Placental villous expression of TNFα and IL-10 and effect of oxygen tension in euploid early pregnancy failure. Am J Reprod Immunol 2012; 67:515-25. [PMID: 22243719 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2012.01104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM The objective was to investigate placental inflammation in chromosomally normal miscarriages in vivo and in vitro. METHOD OF STUDY Chorionic villous tissue was collected from missed miscarriages and normal gestation-matched controls and cultured at 6 and 20% O(2) concentrations. Tissue was karyotyped. Flowcytometric bead arrays and real-time PCR were carried out for protein and gene expression studies. RESULTS The levels of TNFα and IL-10 were significantly (P < 0.005 and P < 0.05) higher, and the levels of TNF-R1 and TNF-R2 were significantly (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05) lower in culture conditioned medium of villous explants of miscarriages compared to control group. Villous tissue homogenates from miscarriages contained significantly (P < 0.005) lower levels of TNF-R1. There was a significant O(2) -dependent increase in the secretion of IL-10 (P < 0.01) and decrease in TNFα/IL-10 ratio (P < 0.005) in the culture medium in both groups. CONCLUSION Increased levels of TNFα and decreased levels of receptors in miscarriage villous tissue confirm an excessive placental inflammation in miscarriage patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Calleja-Agius
- UCL Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health, University College London, UK.
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Inflammatory cytokines in maternal circulation and placenta of chromosomally abnormal first trimester miscarriages. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2012:175041. [PMID: 21977049 PMCID: PMC3184430 DOI: 10.1155/2012/175041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The impact of abnormal placental karyotype on the inflammatory response within the villous tissue and peripheral circulation of women with miscarriage was evaluated. Villous (n = 38) and venous blood samples (n = 26) were obtained from women with missed miscarriage. Tissue chromosome analysis indicated 23 abnormal and 15 normal karyotypes. Concentration of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), TNF-R1 and TNF-R2, and interleukin (IL)-10 were measured using flowcytometric bead array in fresh villous homogenate, cultured villous extracts, culture medium, maternal whole blood, and plasma. Plasma TNFα/IL-10 ratios were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in miscarriages with abnormal karyotype. In the abnormal karyotype group, there were significantly higher levels of TNFα (P < 0.01), IL-10 (P < 0.01), TNF-R1 (P < 0.001), and TNF-R2 (P < 0.001) in the villous extracts and culture-conditioned medium compared to normal karyotype group. In miscarriage with abnormal karyotype, there is an exacerbated placental inflammatory response, in contrast to miscarriage of normal karyotype where maternal systemic response is increased.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review current prenatal diagnosis and management of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections with emphasis on maternal screening and available interventions. RECENT FINDINGS Recent findings include an enhanced understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of CMV infections; a knowledge of high-risk women particularly those with chronic exposure to a young child in the home; the availability of accurate methods for the serologic diagnosis of a primary CMV infection using either single or serial blood samples; accurate methods for the diagnosis of fetal infection via amniotic fluid; sensitive fetal and placental indicators for neonatal outcomes, and the availability of potentially effective interventions such as hygienic intervention and CMV hyperimmune globulin. SUMMARY These findings suggest that serologic testing for CMV during pregnancy may be appropriate either using one-time testing or serial serologic testing throughout the first two trimesters of pregnancy and that education of pregnant women about CMV is necessary so that they can asses their risk and make informed choices about serologic screening.
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23
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Blaschitz A, Gauster M, Fuchs D, Lang I, Maschke P, Ulrich D, Karpf E, Takikawa O, Schimek MG, Dohr G, Sedlmayr P. Vascular endothelial expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 forms a positive gradient towards the feto-maternal interface. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21774. [PMID: 21755000 PMCID: PMC3130744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the distribution of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) in vascular endothelium of human first-trimester and term placenta. Expression of IDO1 protein on the fetal side of the interface extended from almost exclusively sub-trophoblastic capillaries in first-trimester placenta to a nearly general presence on villous vascular endothelia at term, including also most bigger vessels such as villous arteries and veins of stem villi and vessels of the chorionic plate. Umbilical cord vessels were generally negative for IDO1 protein. In the fetal part of the placenta positivity for IDO1 was restricted to vascular endothelium, which did not co-express HLA-DR. This finding paralleled detectability of IDO1 mRNA in first trimester and term tissue and a high increase in the kynurenine to tryptophan ratio in chorionic villous tissue from first trimester to term placenta. Endothelial cells isolated from the chorionic plate of term placenta expressed IDO1 mRNA in contrast to endothelial cells originating from human umbilical vein, iliac vein or aorta. In first trimester decidua we found endothelium of arteries rather than veins expressing IDO1, which was complementory to expression of HLA-DR. An estimation of IDO activity on the basis of the ratio of kynurenine and tryptophan in blood taken from vessels of the chorionic plate of term placenta indicated far higher values than those found in the peripheral blood of adults. Thus, a gradient of vascular endothelial IDO1 expression is present at both sides of the feto-maternal interface.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Separation
- Chorion/cytology
- Chorion/enzymology
- Decidua/cytology
- Decidua/enzymology
- Endothelial Cells/cytology
- Endothelial Cells/enzymology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Epitopes/immunology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- HLA-DR Antigens
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Maternal-Fetal Exchange
- Paraffin Embedding
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Trimester, First/metabolism
- Protein Transport
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Tryptophan/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Blaschitz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Gauster
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ingrid Lang
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Petra Maschke
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Daniela Ulrich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Karpf
- Institute of Pathology, Center for Applied Biomedicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Osamu Takikawa
- Laboratory of Radiation Safety, National Institute of Longevity Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu City, Japan
| | - Michael G. Schimek
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gottfried Dohr
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Sedlmayr
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Calleja-Agius J, Muttukrishna S, Pizzey AR, Jauniaux E. Pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines in threatened miscarriages. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 205:83.e8-16. [PMID: 21514552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate circulating and intracellular levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in women with threatened miscarriage (TM) and subsequent outcome. STUDY DESIGN Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-receptors 1 and 2, TNFα, interferon gamma (IFNγ), and interleukins (IL) -6 and -10 were measured by flow cytometric bead assays in 80 women with TM: 53 women with normal outcome and 27 women who miscarried. Fluorescent antibody labeling was also performed on whole blood in a subgroup of 27 women of TM: 16 women with normal outcome and 11 women who miscarried. RESULTS Monocyte expression of TNFα and circulating levels of TNFα, IFNγ, IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-R1 were significantly lower, whereas circulating levels of TNFα/IL-10, IFNγ/IL-10, and TNFα/IL-6 ratios were significantly higher, in women with TM who subsequently miscarried, compared with the women with normal outcome. CONCLUSION An increased Th1 type of immune response, which was similar to that observed in preterm delivery, was found in TM cases that were complicated by a subsequent miscarriage.
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Lee CL, Chiu PC, Pang PC, Chu IK, Lee KF, Koistinen R, Koistinen H, Seppälä M, Morris HR, Tissot B, Panico M, Dell A, Yeung WS. Glycosylation failure extends to glycoproteins in gestational diabetes mellitus: evidence from reduced α2-6 sialylation and impaired immunomodulatory activities of pregnancy-related glycodelin-A. Diabetes 2011; 60:909-17. [PMID: 21300843 PMCID: PMC3046852 DOI: 10.2337/db10-1186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common metabolic disorder of pregnancy. Patients with GDM are at risk for high fetal mortality and gestational complications associated with reduced immune tolerance and abnormal carbohydrate metabolism. Glycodelin-A (GdA) is an abundant decidual glycoprotein with glycosylation-dependent immunomodulatory activities. We hypothesized that aberrant carbohydrate metabolism in GDM was associated with changes in glycosylation of GdA, leading to defective immunomodulatory activities. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS GdA in the amniotic fluid from women with normal (NGdA) and GDM (DGdA) pregnancies was purified by affinity chromatography. Structural analysis of protein glycosylation was preformed by lectin-binding assay and mass spectrometry. Cytotoxicity, cell death, cytokine secretion, and GdA binding of the GdA-treated lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells were determined. The sialidase activity in the placental tissue from normal and GDM patients was measured. RESULTS GDM affected the glycosylation but not the protein core of GdA. Specifically, DGdA had a lower abundance of α2-6-sialylated and high-mannose glycans and a higher abundance of glycans with Sda (NeuAcα2-3[GalNAcβ1-4]Gal) epitopes compared with NGdA. DGdA had reduced immuosuppressive activities in terms of cytotoxicity on lymphocytes, inhibitory activities on interleukin (IL)-2 secretion by lymphocytes, stimulatory activities on IL-6 secretion by NK cells, and binding to these cells. Desialylation abolished the immunomodulation and binding of NGdA. Placental sialidase activity was increased in GDM patients, which may account for the reduced sialic acid content of DGdA. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, this study provides the first direct evidence for altered enzymatic glycosylation and impaired bioactivity of GdA in GDM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheuk-Lun Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Reproduction, Development, and Growth, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Philip C.N. Chiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Reproduction, Development, and Growth, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Corresponding author: Philip C.N. Chiu,
| | - Poh-Choo Pang
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Ivan K. Chu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kai-Fai Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Reproduction, Development, and Growth, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Riitta Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Seppälä
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Howard R. Morris
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Bérangère Tissot
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Maria Panico
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Anne Dell
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - William S.B. Yeung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Reproduction, Development, and Growth, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND About 10% of women in childbearing age are positive for thyroid antibodies. The presence of such antibodies has been associated with adverse obstetrical outcomes, in particular miscarriage and pre-term delivery, even though the strength of these associations varies widely from one study to another. AIM To evaluate from the available data of the literature, the association between thyroid autoimmunity and pre-term delivery. MATERIALS AND METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library search from 1990 to 2010. A combination of key words was used to generate 2 subset of citations, one indexing thyroid antibodies and the other indexing pre-term delivery as adverse outcome. RESULTS Seven studies, collecting about 23,000 patients were selected. Meta-analysis of the studies showed an association between thyroid autoimmunity and pre-term delivery [odds ratio =1.67 (confidence interval: 1.44- 1.94; p<0.001)]. CONCLUSIONS The results of the meta-analysis confirmed the association between thyroid autoimmunity and pre-term delivery. A cause-effect relationship has to be still clarified and interventional studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Negro
- Division of Endocrinology, V. Fazzi Hospital, Piazza F. Muratore 73100, Lecce, Italy.
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Mackroth MS, Malhotra I, Mungai P, Koech D, Muchiri E, King CL. Human cord blood CD4+CD25hi regulatory T cells suppress prenatally acquired T cell responses to Plasmodium falciparum antigens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:2780-91. [PMID: 21278348 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In malaria endemic regions, a fetus is often exposed in utero to Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage Ags. In some newborns, this can result in the induction of immune suppression. We have previously shown these modulated immune responses to persist postnatally, with a subsequent increase in a child's susceptibility to infection. To test the hypothesis that this immune suppression is partially mediated by malaria-specific regulatory T cells (T(regs)) in utero, cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC) were obtained from 44 Kenyan newborns of women with and without malaria at delivery. CD4(+)CD25(lo) T cells and CD4(+)CD25(hi) FOXP3(+) cells (T(regs)) were enriched from CBMC. T(reg) frequency and HLA-DR expression on T(regs) were significantly greater for Kenyan as compared with North American CBMC (p < 0.01). CBMC/CD4(+) T cells cultured with P. falciparum blood-stage Ags induced production of IFN-γ, IL-13, IL-10, and/or IL-5 in 50% of samples. Partial depletion of CD25(hi) cells augmented the Ag-driven IFN-γ production in 69% of subjects with malaria-specific responses and revealed additional Ag-reactive lymphocytes in previously unresponsive individuals (n = 3). Addition of T(regs) to CD4(+)CD25(lo) cells suppressed spontaneous and malaria Ag-driven production of IFN-γ in a dose-dependent fashion, until production was completely inhibited in most subjects. In contrast, T(regs) only partially suppressed malaria-induced Th2 cytokines. IL-10 or TGF-β did not mediate this suppression. Thus, prenatal exposure to malaria blood-stage Ags induces T(regs) that primarily suppress Th1-type recall responses to P. falciparum blood-stage Ags. Persistence of these T(regs) postnatally could modify a child's susceptibility to malaria infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Mackroth
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Glycodelin-A modulates the homeostasis of human T-helper cell: Possible involvement in the maternal-fetal tolerogenic environment. J Reprod Immunol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2010.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Jones LA, Kreem S, Shweash M, Paul A, Alexander J, Roberts CW. Differential modulation of TLR3- and TLR4-mediated dendritic cell maturation and function by progesterone. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:4525-34. [PMID: 20844199 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of progesterone in modulating dendritic cell (DC) function following stimulation of different TLRs is relatively unknown. We compared the ability of progesterone to modulate murine bone marrow-derived DC cytokine production (IL-6 and IL-12) and costimulatory molecule expression (CD40, CD80, and CD86) induced by either TLR3 or TLR4 ligation and determined whether activity was via the progesterone receptor (PR) or glucocorticoid receptor (GR) by comparative studies with the PR-specific agonist norgestrel and the GR agonist dexamethasone. Progesterone was found to downregulate, albeit with different sensitivities, both TLR3- and TLR4-induced IL-6 production entirely via the GR, but IL-12p40 production via either the GR or PR. Of particular significance was that progesterone was able to significantly inhibit TLR3- but not TLR4-induced CD40 expression in bone marrow-derived DCs. Stimulation of the PR (with progesterone and norgestrel) by pretreatment of DCs was found to sustain IFN regulatory factor-3 phosphorylation following TLR3 ligation, but not TLR4 ligation. Overall, these studies demonstrate that progesterone can differentially regulate the signaling pathways employed by TLR3 and TLR4 agonists to affect costimulatory molecule expression and cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A Jones
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Noronha LE, Antczak DF. Maternal immune responses to trophoblast: the contribution of the horse to pregnancy immunology. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 64:231-44. [PMID: 20618178 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00895.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The horse has proven to be a distinctively informative species in the study of pregnancy immunology for several reasons. First, unique aspects of the anatomy and physiology of the equine conceptus facilitate approaches that are not possible in other model organisms, such as non-surgical recovery of early stage embryos and conceptuses and isolation of pure trophoblast cell populations. Second, pregnant mares make strong cytotoxic antibody responses to paternal major histocompatibility complex class I antigens expressed by the chorionic girdle cells, permitting detailed evaluation of the antigenicity of these invasive trophoblasts and how they affect the maternal immune system. Third, there is abundant evidence for local maternal cellular immune responses to the invading trophoblasts in the pregnant mare. The survival of the equine fetus in the face of strong maternal immune responses highlights the complex immunoregulatory mechanisms that result in materno-fetal tolerance. Finally, the parallels between human and horse trophoblast cell types, their gene expression, and function make the study of equine pregnancy highly relevant to human health. Here, we review the most pertinent aspects of equine reproductive immunology and how studies of the pregnant mare have contributed to our understanding of maternal acceptance of the allogeneic fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leela E Noronha
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Weghofer A, Klein K, Stammler-Safar M, Worda C, Barad DH, Husslein P, Gleicher N. The impact of fetal gender on prematurity in dichorionic twin gestations after in vitro fertilization. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2010; 8:57. [PMID: 20534177 PMCID: PMC2904336 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-8-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impact of fetal gender on prematurity has been primarily investigated in singleton pregnancies. In an attempt to understand better how fetal gender may affect gestational length in twin gestations after in vitro fertilization, same-sex twins and opposite twins were compared for pregnancy duration. METHODS This study evaluated 113 women at ages 20 to 39 years with consecutive dichorionic-diamniotic twin gestations after assisted reproduction. All pregnancies were results of fresh in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles with use of autologous oocytes and sperm and were delivered at up to 37 weeks of gestation at a University-based high-risk, maternal-fetal medicine unit. RESULTS Both groups did not differ in baseline characteristics, such as maternal ages, indications for fertility treatments, number of previous IVF attempts, body mass index and parity. Opposite sex- twins, however, presented with significantly shorter gestational age at birth (32.9 +/- 3.4 weeks) than same-sex twins (34.3 +/- 2.5 weeks), (p < 0.05). Younger maternal age was also associated with shorter pregnancy duration (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Fetal gender mix serves as risk factor for more significant prematurity in dichorionic-diamniotic twins after assisted reproduction with opposite sex twins at higher risk than same sex-twins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Weghofer
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- The Center for Human Reproduction and The Foundation for Reproductive Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Katharina Klein
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Stammler-Safar
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christof Worda
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David H Barad
- The Center for Human Reproduction and The Foundation for Reproductive Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peter Husslein
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Norbert Gleicher
- The Center for Human Reproduction and The Foundation for Reproductive Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Unusual interleukin-1 and -6 expression in fetal cartilage is associated with placental abnormalities. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2010; 48:30-6. [DOI: 10.2478/v10042-008-0097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Cockrill T, del Junco DJ, Arnett FC, Assassi S, Tan FK, McNearney T, Fischbach M, Perry M, Mayes MD. Separate influences of birth order and gravidity/parity on the development of systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2010; 62:418-24. [PMID: 20391489 DOI: 10.1002/acr.20096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Birth order has been valuable in revealing the role of environmental influences on the risk of developing certain diseases such as allergy and atopy. In addition, pregnancy has profound effects on the immune system such as short-term effects that permit fetal survival as well as longer-term effects that could influence late-onset diseases. In order to better evaluate these influences, we studied the association of birth order and gravidity/parity as risk factors for systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma). METHODS Data regarding SSc cases and their unaffected sibling controls were obtained from the Scleroderma Family Registry and DNA Repository. The case-sibling design was used to minimize confounding due to differences in age, race, ethnicity, or calendar time. The gravidity/parity analysis was based on sibships with at least one SSc-affected and one unaffected sister. RESULTS Birth order was examined in 974 sibships, comparing SSc cases (n = 987) with their unaffected siblings (n = 3,088). The risk of scleroderma increased with increasing birth order (odds ratio [OR] 1.25, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.06-1.50 for birth order 2-5; OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.57-3.15 for birth order 6-9; and OR 3.53, 95% CI 1.68-7.45 for birth order 10-15). Gravidity/parity was analyzed in 168 sibships (256 unaffected sisters, 172 SSc cases). We found an association between a history of one or more pregnancies and SSc (OR 2.8). CONCLUSION Birth order and pregnancy were independently associated with a higher risk of developing SSc. These findings suggest that immune development in early childhood and/or pregnancy-associated events, including but not limited to microchimerism, plays a role in SSc susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonya Cockrill
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Gleicher N. Does the Immune System Induce Labor? Lessons from Preterm Deliveries in Women with Autoimmune Diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2009; 39:194-206. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-009-8180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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