1
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Lepore T, Macrae AI, Cantón GJ, Cantile C, Martineau HM, Palarea-Albaladejo J, Cahalan S, Underwood C, Katzer F, Chianini F. Evaluation of species-specific polyclonal antibodies to detect and differentiate between Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024:10406387241234322. [PMID: 38420701 DOI: 10.1177/10406387241234322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Neosporosis and toxoplasmosis are major causes of abortion in livestock worldwide, leading to substantial economic losses. Detection tools are fundamental to the diagnosis and management of those diseases. Current immunohistochemistry (IHC) tests, using sera raised against whole parasite lysates, have not been able to distinguish between Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum. We used T. gondii and N. caninum recombinant proteins, expressed in Escherichia coli and purified using insoluble conditions, to produce specific polyclonal rabbit antisera. We aimed to develop species-specific sera that could be used in IHC on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections to improve the diagnosis of ruminant abortions caused by protozoa. Two polyclonal rabbit sera, raised against recombinant proteins, anti-Neospora-rNcSRS2 and anti-Toxoplasma-rTgSRS2, had specificity for the parasite they were raised against. We tested the specificity for each polyclonal serum using FFPE tissue sections known to be infected with T. gondii and N. caninum. The anti-Neospora-rNcSRS2 serum labeled specifically only N. caninum-infected tissue blocks, and the anti-Toxoplasma-rTgSRS2 serum was specific to only T. gondii-infected tissues. Moreover, tissues from 52 cattle and 19 sheep previously diagnosed by lesion profiles were tested using IHC with our polyclonal sera and PCR. The overall agreement between IHC and PCR was 90.1% for both polyclonal anti-rNcSRS2 and anti-rTgSRS2 sera. The polyclonal antisera were specific and allowed visual confirmation of protozoan parasites by IHC, but they were not as sensitive as PCR testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alastair I Macrae
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Scotland, UK
| | - Germán J Cantón
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Balcarce, Argentina
| | | | - Henny M Martineau
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | | | - Stephen Cahalan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
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2
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Caspe SG, Ewing DA, Livingstone M, Underwood C, Milne E, Sargison ND, Wattegedera SR, Longbottom D. The Immune Response in the Uteri and Placentae of Chlamydia abortus-Infected Ewes and Its Association with Pregnancy Outcomes. Pathogens 2023; 12:846. [PMID: 37375536 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzootic abortion of ewes, caused by the bacterium Chlamydia abortus (C. abortus), is one of the main causes of abortion in sheep. There are multiple contributory factors, including chlamydial growth, host immune response, and hormonal balance, that result in different pregnancy outcomes, such as abortion, the birth of weak lambs that may die, or healthy lambs. This study aimed to determine the relationship between phenotypical patterns of immune cell infiltration and different pregnancy outcomes in twin-bearing sheep (both lambs born dead; one alive and one dead; both alive) when experimentally infected with C. abortus. Both the sheep uteri and placentae were collected after parturition. All samples were analysed for specific immune cell features, including cell surface antigens and the T-regulatory (Treg) cell-associated transcription factor and cytokines, by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation. Some of these immunological antigens were evaluated in ovine reproductive tissues for the first time. Differential patterns of T helper/Treg cells revealed significant group effects in the placentae. It suggests the potential role that the balance of lymphocyte subsets may play in affecting different pregnancy outcomes in C. abortus-infected sheep. The present study provides novel detailed information about the immune responses observed at the maternofoetal interface in sheep at the time of pre-term abortion or lambing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Gaston Caspe
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK
- Estación Experimental Mercedes, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Corrientes W3400, Argentina
| | | | | | | | - Elspeth Milne
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Neil Donald Sargison
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK
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3
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Caspe SG, Livingstone M, Wattegedera S, Aitchison K, Underwood C, Milne E, Sargison N, Chianini F, Palarea-Albaladejo J, Longbottom D. Histopathological analysis of placental lesions caused by Chlamydia abortus 1B vaccine strain in vaccinated ewes. Access Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1099/acmi.ac2021.po0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Chlamydia abortus is one of the most diagnosed causes of infectious abortion in small ruminants. Infections can be controlled using the live, attenuated C. abortus strain 1B vaccine, which has been associated with infection and abortion in animals. This study aimed to compare the severity and the distribution of lesions caused by this vaccine strain (vt) with those resulting from a wild-type (wt) infection.
Methods
Two grossly affected and 1B-positive (by qPCR and RFLP analysis) placentas from a vaccinated sheep flock were analysed. Histopathological lesions and immunohistochemical labelling (IHC) were graded (increasing score from 0 to 5) according to their severity and distribution. Pathology in the vt infected placentas was compared with that in two wt infected placentas. Datasets generated for observed histological and pathological features were analysed using principal component analysis (PCA).
Results
Histopathologically, the lesions in both vt and wt-placentas presented as typical multifocal necrosuppurative placentitis, associated with vasculitis, mural necrosis, and thrombosis. IHC for C. abortus revealed intense staining with a multifocal distribution in most cotyledons in both vt and wt placentas. Comparison of the pathological lesions between vt and wt by PCA revealed a similar distribution and severity, revealing a strong association with features such as necrosis and inflammatory infiltration between vt and wt placentas. A weaker association with IHC was observed.
Conclusion
This study shows that the C. abortus attenuated 1B vaccine strain presents no significant differences in severity and distribution of pathological lesions from those typically observed following a wt infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Gastón Caspe
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria, Argentina
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Moredun Research Institute, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Elspeth Milne
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Sargison
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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4
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Feichtinger I, Adnet S, Cuny G, Guinot G, Kriwet J, Neubauer TA, Pollerspöck J, Shimada K, Straube N, Underwood C, Vullo R, Harzhauser M. Comment on "An early Miocene extinction in pelagic sharks". Science 2021; 374:eabk0632. [PMID: 34882475 DOI: 10.1126/science.abk0632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- I Feichtinger
- Geological-Palaeontological Department, Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - S Adnet
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - G Cuny
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - G Guinot
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - J Kriwet
- Department of Paleontology, University of Vienna, Geozentrum, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - T A Neubauer
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany.,Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 CR Leiden, Netherlands
| | - J Pollerspöck
- Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, 81247 Munich, Germany
| | - K Shimada
- Department of Environmental Science and Studies and Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.,Sternberg Museum of Natural History, Fort Hays State University, Hays, KS 67601, USA
| | - N Straube
- University Museum Bergen, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - C Underwood
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck College, London, UK
| | - R Vullo
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118, Rennes, France
| | - M Harzhauser
- Geological-Palaeontological Department, Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
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5
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Caspe SG, Palarea-Albaladejo J, Underwood C, Livingstone M, Wattegedera SR, Milne E, Sargison ND, Chianini F, Longbottom D. Distribution and Severity of Placental Lesions Caused by the Chlamydia abortus 1B Vaccine Strain in Vaccinated Ewes. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050543. [PMID: 33946380 PMCID: PMC8147122 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia abortus infects livestock species worldwide and is the cause of enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE). In Europe, control of the disease is achieved using a live vaccine based on C. abortus 1B strain. Although the vaccine has been useful for controlling disease outbreaks, abortion events due to the vaccine have been reported. Recently, placental pathology resulting from a vaccine type strain (vt) infection has been reported and shown to be similar to that resulting from a natural wild-type (wt) infection. The aim of this study was to extend these observations by comparing the distribution and severity of the lesions, the composition of the predominating cell infiltrate, the amount of bacteria present and the role of the blood supply in infection. A novel system for grading the histological and pathological features present was developed and the resulting multi-parameter data were statistically transformed for exploration and visualisation through a tailored principal component analysis (PCA) to evaluate the difference between them. The analysis provided no evidence of meaningful differences between vt and wt strains in terms of the measured pathological parameters. The study also contributes a novel methodology for analysing the progression of infection in the placenta for other abortifacient pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Gastón Caspe
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, UK; (C.U.); (M.L.); (S.R.W.); (F.C.); (D.L.)
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (E.M.); (N.D.S.)
- Estación Experimental Mercedes, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Mercedes CP 3470, Argentina
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-131-445-5111
| | | | - Clare Underwood
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, UK; (C.U.); (M.L.); (S.R.W.); (F.C.); (D.L.)
| | - Morag Livingstone
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, UK; (C.U.); (M.L.); (S.R.W.); (F.C.); (D.L.)
| | - Sean Ranjan Wattegedera
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, UK; (C.U.); (M.L.); (S.R.W.); (F.C.); (D.L.)
| | - Elspeth Milne
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (E.M.); (N.D.S.)
| | - Neil Donald Sargison
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (E.M.); (N.D.S.)
| | - Francesca Chianini
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, UK; (C.U.); (M.L.); (S.R.W.); (F.C.); (D.L.)
| | - David Longbottom
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, UK; (C.U.); (M.L.); (S.R.W.); (F.C.); (D.L.)
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Navas de Solis C, Bevevino K, Doering A, O'Gan D, Teller L, Underwood C. Real‐time telehealth using ultrasonography is feasible in equine practice. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Navas de Solis
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences Texas A&M College Station TexasUSA
- University of Pennsylvania New Bolton Center Hospital for Large Animals Kennett Square PennsylvaniaUSA
| | - K. Bevevino
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences Texas A&M College Station TexasUSA
| | - A. Doering
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences Texas A&M College Station TexasUSA
| | | | - L. Teller
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences Texas A&M College Station Texas USA
| | - C. Underwood
- University of Pennsylvania New Bolton Center Hospital for Large Animals Kennett Square PennsylvaniaUSA
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7
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Khan A, Hallowell GD, Underwood C, van Eps AW. Continuous fluid infusion per rectum compared with intravenous and nasogastric fluid administration in horses. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:767-773. [PMID: 30900297 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rectal fluid administration may offer a simple, safe and inexpensive alternative to intravenous or nasogastric fluid therapy in equine clinical cases. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the tolerance and effects of rectally administered fluid and compare the measurements of haemodilution and intravascular volume with those during nasogastric and intravenous fluid administration. STUDY DESIGN Randomised controlled experimental trial. METHODS Six clinically normal Standardbred geldings were used in a 4-way crossover study: each received three different fluid treatments (intravenous, nasogastric and rectal) at 5 mL/kg/h for 6 h and underwent a control (no treatment) with water and feed withheld. Bodyweight was measured at baseline and 6 h. Packed cell volume (PCV), total solids (TS), albumin, electrolytes, lactate, urine specific gravity, vital parameters, gastrointestinal borborygmi and central venous pressure were measured every 2 h. RESULTS Rectal fluid administration with plain water was well tolerated and caused clinical chemistry changes consistent with haemodilution, indicating absorption. Mean (95% confidence interval) PCV decreased from 40% [40-42] at 0 h to 35% [34-36] at 6 h during rectal fluid treatment (P<0.001), similar to decreases in PCV occurring also with i.v. and nasogastric (NGT) treatment (P<0.001). The TS also decreased with i.v. and rectal fluid (P<0.001). There was a decrease in bodyweight in the control (P<0.001) but not with any of the fluid treatments. MAIN LIMITATIONS A small sample size of healthy, euhydrated horses and a relatively short duration of fluid administration was used. CONCLUSIONS Rectal fluid administration requires clinical evaluation, but may offer an inexpensive, safe alternative or adjunct to i.v. fluid administration, particularly when administration via NGT is not possible or contraindicated. The Summary is available in Portuguese - see Supporting Information.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khan
- School of Veterinary Science, the University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - G D Hallowell
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, the University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
| | - C Underwood
- School of Veterinary Science, the University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - A W van Eps
- School of Veterinary Science, the University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
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8
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Smith HL, Underwood C, Schaffer‐White A, Eps AW. Thymic hyperplasia causing right ventricular outflow tract compression following treatment for oesophageal rupture in an Arabian colt. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. L. Smith
- School of Veterinary Science Equine Specialist Hospital The University of Queensland Gatton Queensland Australia
| | - C. Underwood
- School of Veterinary Science Equine Specialist Hospital The University of Queensland Gatton Queensland Australia
| | - A. Schaffer‐White
- School of Veterinary Science Equine Specialist Hospital The University of Queensland Gatton Queensland Australia
| | - A. W. Eps
- School of Veterinary Science Equine Specialist Hospital The University of Queensland Gatton Queensland Australia
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9
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Durham AE, Hall YS, Kulp L, Underwood C. A study of the environmental survival of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:861-864. [PMID: 29654609 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus equi represents a common hazard to equids worldwide. Environmental contamination with bacteria shed from an infected horse may represent a significant source of contagion and further knowledge of ex vivo bacterial survival under different conditions is important for disinfection and isolation protocols. OBJECTIVES To determine the potential duration of survival and vigour of growth of S. equi inoculated onto surfaces relevant to equine veterinary practice and stabling in summer and winter. STUDY DESIGN Repeat sampling of environmental inocula of S. equi. METHODS Cultures of S. equi were inoculated onto wood, a shoe sole, cotton overalls, inside a nasogastric tube, inside a dental rasp, in a wet plastic bucket and onto a fence post both in the summer and winter seasons. Frequent resampling and culture from the inoculated sites was conducted until no viable bacteria were found. Bacterial viability was determined by both duration (time to first negative culture) and vigour of growth (growth score over the first 3 days of culture) and compared between inoculated sites and times of year. RESULTS Bacterial viability was enhanced by a wet local environment and by the winter season. Survival tended to be short in the summer (up to 9 days in wet sites and up to 2 days in dry sites) but much longer in the winter (up to 34 days in wet sites and up to 13 days in dry sites). Vigour of bacterial growth was also greater in the winter than in the summer as judged by 3-day-growth scores. MAIN LIMITATIONS Direct comparison with the variable size and nature of naturally shed infectious material is difficult. CONCLUSIONS Veterinarians and personnel handling horses should be aware that S. equi may survive in an equine environment for longer than previously found, especially when protected by wet and cold conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Durham
- Liphook Equine Hospital, Liphook, Hampshire, UK
| | - Y S Hall
- Liphook Equine Hospital, Liphook, Hampshire, UK
| | - L Kulp
- The Village Animal Hospital, Caterham, Surrey, UK
| | - C Underwood
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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10
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Adjaye-Gbewonyo D, Rebok G, Gallo J, Gross A, Ahmed S, Underwood C. URBANICITY OF RESIDENCE AND DEPRESSION AMONG OLDER ADULTS IN GHANA AND SOUTH AFRICA. Innov Aging 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igx004.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - G. Rebok
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - J.J. Gallo
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - A. Gross
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - S. Ahmed
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - C. Underwood
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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11
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Sykes BW, Kathawala K, Song Y, Garg S, Page SW, Underwood C, Mills PC. Preliminary investigations into a novel, long-acting, injectable, intramuscular formulation of omeprazole in the horse. Equine Vet J 2017; 49:795-801. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. W. Sykes
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Queensland; Gatton Queensland Australia
- Luoda Pharma Pty Ltd; Caringbah New South Wales Australia
| | - K. Kathawala
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation and Development; University of South Australia; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Y. Song
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation and Development; University of South Australia; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - S. Garg
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation and Development; University of South Australia; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - S. W. Page
- Luoda Pharma Pty Ltd; Caringbah New South Wales Australia
| | - C. Underwood
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Queensland; Gatton Queensland Australia
| | - P. C. Mills
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Queensland; Gatton Queensland Australia
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12
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Sykes BW, Underwood C, Mills PC. The effects of dose and diet on the pharmacodynamics of esomeprazole in the horse. Equine Vet J 2017; 49:637-642. [PMID: 28117490 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esomeprazole warrants further investigation as a treatment for equine gastric ulcer syndrome. OBJECTIVES To investigate the duration of intraday acid suppression achieved with two doses of esomeprazole under two dietary conditions. STUDY DESIGN A four way crossover design. METHODS Six adult Thoroughbreds instrumented with percutaneous gastrotomy tubes were used. Intragastric pH was measured for continuous 23 h periods (08.00-07.00 h) for 6 consecutive days (Days 0-5). Baseline data was recorded on Day 0 and esomeprazole was administered on Days 1-5. Two doses (0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg bwt/day per os once daily) and two diets (a high grain/low fibre (HG/LF) and ad libitum hay (HAY) diet) were studied. Data for the percentage of time pH was above 4 (%tpH>4) and median intraday pH was reported for two measurement points and analysed using generalised estimating equations. RESULTS An inconsistent effect of both diet and dose was evident with mean %tpH>4 and mean of the median intraday pHs typically higher at the 2.0 mg/kg bwt dose and in HG/LF diet. A cumulative effect of dosing was present with the magnitude of acid suppression observed on Day 5 consistently higher than that observed on Day 1. The magnitude of acid suppression, at measurement point 1, compared favourably with previous reports on omeprazole and exceeded human therapeutic breakpoints for the 0.5 mg/kg bwt dose in the HG/LF diet and 2.0 mg/kg bwt dose in the HAY diet. MAIN LIMITATIONS Instrumentation may have modified gastric function and horses were not fasted or exercised. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study suggested that both dose and diet affect the response to esomeprazole in the horse and that a cumulative effect is present over the first 5 days of treatment. Further investigation into the clinical efficacy of esomeprazole and trials directly comparing esomeprazole and omeprazole appear to be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Sykes
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.,Bova Compounding, Caringbah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Underwood
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - P C Mills
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
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13
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Sykes BW, Underwood C, Greer R, McGowan CM, Mills PC. The effects of dose and diet on the pharmacodynamics of omeprazole in the horse. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:525-531. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. W. Sykes
- School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Australia
| | - C. Underwood
- School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Australia
| | - R. Greer
- School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Australia
| | - C. M. McGowan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - P. C. Mills
- School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Australia
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14
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Sykes BW, Underwood C, McGowan CM, Mills PC. The effects of dose and diet on the pharmacokinetics of omeprazole in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 40:172-178. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. W. Sykes
- School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
| | - C. Underwood
- School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
| | - C. M. McGowan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - P. C. Mills
- School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
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15
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Medina-Torres CE, Underwood C, Pollitt CC, Castro-Olivera EM, Hodson MP, Richardson DW, van Eps AW. Microdialysis measurements of equine lamellar perfusion and energy metabolism in response to physical and pharmacological manipulations of blood flow. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:756-764. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. E. Medina-Torres
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit; School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Australia
| | - C. Underwood
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit; School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Australia
| | - C. C. Pollitt
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit; School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Australia
| | - E. M. Castro-Olivera
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit; School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Australia
| | - M. P. Hodson
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN); The University of Queensland; Brisbane St Lucia Australia
- Metabolomics Australia - Queensland Node; AIBN; The University of Queensland; Brisbane St Lucia Australia
| | - D. W. Richardson
- New Bolton Center; Department of Clinical Studies; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Kennett Square USA
| | - A. W. van Eps
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit; School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Australia
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Sykes BW, Underwood C, Greer R, McGowan CM, Mills PC. Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence testing of five commercial formulations of omeprazole in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015; 39:78-83. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. W. Sykes
- School of Veterinary Sciences; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
| | - C. Underwood
- School of Veterinary Sciences; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
| | - R. Greer
- School of Veterinary Sciences; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
| | - C. M. McGowan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - P. C. Mills
- School of Veterinary Sciences; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
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Medina-Torres CE, Underwood C, Pollitt CC, Castro-Olivera EM, Hodson MP, Richardson DW, van Eps AW. Microdialysis measurements of lamellar perfusion and energy metabolism during the development of laminitis in the oligofructose model. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:246-52. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. E. Medina-Torres
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Queensland Australia
| | - C. Underwood
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Queensland Australia
| | - C. C. Pollitt
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Queensland Australia
| | - E. M. Castro-Olivera
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Queensland Australia
| | - M. P. Hodson
- Metabolomics Australia - Queensland Node, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; The University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - D. W. Richardson
- New Bolton Center, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Kennett Square Philadelphia USA
| | - A. W. van Eps
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Queensland Australia
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18
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Sykes BW, Underwood C, McGowan CM, Mills PC. The effect of feeding on the pharmacokinetic variables of two commercially available formulations of omeprazole. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015; 38:500-3. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. W. Sykes
- School of Veterinary Sciences; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
| | - C. Underwood
- School of Veterinary Sciences; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
| | - C. M. McGowan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - P. C. Mills
- School of Veterinary Sciences; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
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Underwood C, Collins SN, Mills PC, Van Eps AW, Allavena RE, Medina Torres CE, Pollitt CC. Regional intravenous limb perfusion compared to systemic intravenous administration for marimastat delivery to equine lamellar tissue. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015; 38:392-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Underwood
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit; School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
| | - S. N. Collins
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit; School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
| | - P. C. Mills
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit; School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
| | - A. W. Van Eps
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit; School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
| | - R. E. Allavena
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit; School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
| | - C. E. Medina Torres
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit; School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
| | - C. C Pollitt
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit; School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
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20
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Medina-Torres CE, Underwood C, Pollitt CC, Castro-Olivera EM, Hodson MP, Richardson DW, van Eps AW. The effect of weightbearing and limb load cycling on equine lamellar perfusion and energy metabolism measured using tissue microdialysis. Equine Vet J 2014; 48:114-9. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. E. Medina-Torres
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit; School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Australia
| | - C. Underwood
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit; School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Australia
| | - C. C. Pollitt
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit; School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Australia
| | - E. M. Castro-Olivera
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit; School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Australia
| | - M. P. Hodson
- Metabolomics Australia; Queensland Node; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; The University of Queensland; St Lucia Australia
| | - D. W. Richardson
- Department of Clinical Studies; New Bolton Center; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Kennett Square USA
| | - A. W. van Eps
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit; School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Australia
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Sykes BW, Underwood C, McGowan CM, Mills PC. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous, plain oral and enteric-coated oral omeprazole in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 38:130-6. [PMID: 25271390 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The objectives were to document the pharmacokinetics of intravenous, enteric-coated oral and plain oral omeprazole in fasted horses and to investigate the impact of feeding on the bioavailability of an enteric-coated omeprazole. Twelve horses received four treatments: intravenous omeprazole (0.5 mg/kg) in the fasted state (IV-Fasted), enteric-coated omeprazole (4 mg/kg) orally in the fasted state (ECO-Fasted), enteric-coated omeprazole (4 mg/kg) orally in the fed state (ECO-Fed) and plain omeprazole (4 mg/kg) orally in the fasted state (PL-Fasted). Plasma omeprazole concentrations were determined by UHPLC-MS. Bioavailability was higher (P = 0.038) in the ECO-Fasted group (21.5 [9.0-27.7]%) than the PL-Fasted group (10.1 [7.7-13.3]%). Similarly, AUC0-∞ was higher in the ECO-Fasted group than the PL-Fasted group (P = 0.027). No significant differences were present between the ECO-Fasted and ECO-Fed groups with regards to bioavailability, Cmax , Tmax or AUC0-∞ . When the half-life data from the oral formulations was pooled, it was longer than that observed in the IV-Fasted group (100 [73-118] min) and 35 [34-39] min, respectively; P < 0.0001). Bioavailability of enteric-coated omeprazole was higher than previously reported and feeding had minimal impact. Bioavailability of plain omeprazole was approximately half that of enteric-coated omeprazole. The longer half-life observed following oral administration was consistent with the flip-flop effect and has not previously been described for omeprazole in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Sykes
- School of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, Australia
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22
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Sykes B, Underwood C, Mills P. Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalance of Five Commercially Available Formulations of Omeprazole: A Preliminary Report. Equine Vet J 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12323_50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B.W. Sykes
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Queensland; Gatton 4343 Queensland Australia
| | - C. Underwood
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Queensland; Gatton 4343 Queensland Australia
| | - P.C. Mills
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Queensland; Gatton 4343 Queensland Australia
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23
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van Eps AW, Pollitt CC, Underwood C, Medina-Torres CE, Goodwin WA, Belknap JK. Continuous digital hypothermia initiated after the onset of lameness prevents lamellar failure in the oligofructose laminitis model. Equine Vet J 2013; 46:625-30. [PMID: 24004323 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Prophylactic digital hypothermia reduces the severity of acute laminitis experimentally but there is no evidence for its efficacy as a treatment once lameness has already developed. OBJECTIVES To investigate the therapeutic effects of digital hypothermia, applied after the onset of lameness, in an experimental acute laminitis model. STUDY DESIGN Randomised, controlled (within subject), blinded, experimental trial. METHODS Eight Standardbred horses underwent laminitis induction using the oligofructose model. Once lameness was detected at the walk, one forelimb was continuously cooled (CRYO), with the other forelimb maintained at ambient temperature (NON-RX). Dorsal lamellar sections (proximal, middle and distal) harvested 36 h after the onset of lameness/initiation of cryotherapy were analysed by 2 blinded observers: laminitis pathology was scored (0 [normal] to 4 [severe]) and morphometric analyses performed. RESULTS Median (interquartile range) histological scores were greater (P<0.05) in NON-RX (proximal 2.8 [2.5-4]; middle 3.5 [2-4]; distal 2.5 [2-3.8]) compared with CRYO limbs (proximal 0.5 [0.5-1.4]; middle 1 [0.6-1]; distal 0.75 [0.5-1]). There was complete physical separation of lamellar dermis from epidermis (score of 4) in 4 of the NON-RX feet at one or more section level(s), which was not observed in any CRYO sections. Histomorphometry was thus limited to sections that remained intact; there was a trend of increased total (TELL) and secondary (SELL) epidermal lamellar length and decreased secondary epidermal lamellar width (SELW) in NON-RX limbs compared with CRYO at all 3 levels; differences were significant (P<0.05) for SELL and SELW in the distal sections. CONCLUSIONS Digital hypothermia reduced the severity of lamellar injury and prevented lamellar structural failure (complete dermoepidermal separation) when initiated at the detection of lameness in an acute laminitis model. This study provides the first evidence to support the use of therapeutic digital hypothermia as a treatment for acute laminitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W van Eps
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
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24
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Medina-Torres C, Collins S, Pollitt C, Richardson D, Castro-Olivera E, Underwood C, van Eps A. Examining the contribution of lamellar perfusion and energy failure in supporting limb laminitis. J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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van Eps A, Pollitt C, Underwood C, Medina-Torres C, Goodwin W, Belknap J. The effect of continuous digital hypothermia (cryotherapy) applied after the onset of lameness in the oligofructose laminitis model. J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Baily JL, Morrison LR, Patterson IA, Underwood C, Dagleish MP. Primitive neuroectodermal tumour in a striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) with features of ependymoma and neural tube differentiation (Medulloepithelioma). J Comp Pathol 2013; 149:514-9. [PMID: 24011906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary brain tumours in cetaceans are rare with only four reported cases of intracranial tumours in the scientific literature. A juvenile female, striped dolphin live-stranded at Whitepark Bay, Co Antrim, Northern Ireland, UK, and died after an unsuccessful attempt at refloatation. Necropsy examination revealed a large, soft, non-encapsulated friable mass, which expanded and replaced the frontal lobes, corpus callosum and caudate nucleus of the brain and extended into the lateral ventricles, displacing the thalamus caudally. Microscopically, this comprised moderately pleomorphic neoplastic cells arranged variably in dense monotonous sheets, irregular streams, ependymal rosettes, 'ependymoblastomatous rosettes' and multilayered to pseudostratified tubules. Liquefactive necrosis, palisading glial cells, haemorrhage and mineralization were also observed. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells expressed vimentin but not S100, glial fibrillary acidic protein, cytokeratin, neuron-specific enolase or synaptophysin. Based on these findings a diagnosis of primitive neuroectodermal tumour was made. Monitoring and recording such cases is crucial as neoplasia may be related to viral, carcinogenic or immunosuppressive chemical exposure and can ultimately contribute to assessing the ocean health.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Baily
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Near Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, Northern Ireland, UK.
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27
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Martineau HM, Dagleish MP, Cousens C, Underwood C, Forbes V, Palmarini M, Griffiths DJ. Cellular differentiation and proliferation in the ovine lung during gestation and early postnatal development. J Comp Pathol 2013; 149:255-67. [PMID: 23356932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.11.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates epithelial cell differentiation and proliferation in specific anatomical regions of the ovine lung during prenatal and postnatal development. Immunohistochemistry was used to identify ciliated epithelial cells, Clara cells, neuroepithelial bodies and type II pneumocytes in the lungs of preterm (67, 127 and 140 days of gestation), full-term (147 days) and postnatal (9, 16 and 91 days old) lambs. Differentiation of ciliated epithelial cells was seen at 67 days of gestation and at term for Clara cells. Neuroepithelial bodies were first detected at 127 days of gestation. From 16 to 91 days of age there was a significant (P <0.05) increase in beta-tubulin (present in ciliated epithelial cells) and Clara cell protein (present in Clara cells) in multiple regions of the lung. Detection of Ki67, a marker of proliferation, in preterm lambs showed a reduction in proliferation index in multiple anatomical regions of the lung between 70 days of gestation and term. Cell proliferation increased following parturition, and then decreased between 16 and 91 days of age, with the largest reduction occurring in the alveolar compartment. Knowledge of which cells are present at specific times of lung development provides valuable information on the anatomy of the ovine lung, improving its use as a model for ovine and human neonatal disease. In addition, the antibodies used here will be valuable for future studies requiring the identification and quantification of respiratory epithelial cell phenotypes in the sheep lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Martineau
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK
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Underwood C, van Eps AW, Ross MW, Laverman P, van Bloois L, Storm G, Schaer TP. Intravenous technetium-99m labelled PEG-liposomes in horses: a safety and biodistribution study. Equine Vet J 2011; 44:196-202. [PMID: 21696436 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Liposomes are phospholipid nanoparticles that extravasate at sites of increased vascular permeability. They have potential in equine medicine for targeted drug delivery and diagnostic imaging of infectious, inflammatory and neoplastic lesions. OBJECTIVES This study evaluates the safety and biodistribution of i.v. polyethyleneglycol(PEG) liposomes in normal horses. METHODS PEG-liposomes were prepared by the film hydration method and labelled using (99m) Tc-hexamethyl-propylene-amine-oxime. A single dose of 0.24 µmol/kg bwt (99m) Tc-PEG-liposomes and 2.4 µmol/kg bwt unlabelled PEG-liposomes was administered to 10 conscious horses via i.v. infusion at a rate of 6 µmol/min for the first 15 min and 60 µmol/min thereafter. Clinical parameters, haematology, plasma biochemistry and serum complement activity were monitored serially. Scintigraphic imaging was performed at 1, 12 and 21 h post infusion (PI). Six horses were subjected to euthanasia at 24 h PI. The percentage injected dose per kilogram of tissue was calculated for multiple organs. Results were analysed using repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS Horses did not demonstrate adverse reactions during or after liposome infusion. There was a significant elevation in heart rate and respiratory rate at 20 and 25 min PI. No significant complement consumption was detected, although a trend for decreased total haemolytic complement values at 20 min PI was present. Scintigraphic studies revealed a prolonged vascular phase that lasted to 21 h PI, with a reproducible pattern of organ distribution. Biodistribution studies revealed the highest concentrations of radiopharmaceutical within the lung, kidney, liver and spleen. CONCLUSIONS Intravenous liposome administration appears to be safe in horses. When administered in combination with PEG-liposomes, (99m) Tc-PEG-liposomes have long circulating characteristics and a reproducible pattern of organ distribution in horses. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Radiolabelled liposomes may be useful for detecting infection, inflammation and neoplasia in the horse. Liposomes have significant potential for targeted drug delivery in the horse. This study establishes the scintigraphic findings and tissue distribution of 99mTc-PEG-liposomes after i.v. administration in healthy horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Underwood
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, PA, USA.
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Norton J, Nolen-Walston R, Underwood C, Boston R, Slack J, Dallap B. Repeatability, Reproducibility, and Effect of Head Position on Central Venous Pressure Measurement in Standing Adult Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:575-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Norton JL, Nolen-Walston RD, Underwood C, Slack J, Boston R, Dallap BL. Comparison of water manometry to 2 commercial electronic pressure monitors for central venous pressure measurement in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:303-6. [PMID: 21281354 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central venous pressure (CVP) customarily has been measured in veterinary patients with water manometry. However, many institutions are now using stallside electronic monitors in both anesthesia and intensive care units for many aspects of patient monitoring. HYPOTHESIS Electronic stall side monitoring devices will agree with water manometry for measurement of CVP in horses. ANIMALS Ten healthy adult horses from the university research herd. METHODS Central venous catheters were placed routinely, and measurements were obtained in triplicate with each of the 3 methods every 12 hours for 3 days. Data were analyzed by a Lin concordance correlation coefficient and modified Bland-Altman limits of agreement, with all devices compared pairwise. RESULTS Compared with water manometry, agreement (bias) of the Passport was -1.94 cmH₂O (95% limits of agreement, -8.54 to 4.66 cmH₂O) and of the Medtronic was -1.83 cmH₂O (95% limits of agreement, -8.60 to 4.94 cmH₂O). When compared with the Passport, agreement of the data obtained with the Medtronic was 0.27 cmH₂O (95% limits of agreement, -4.39 to 4.93 cmH₂O). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE These data show that both electronic monitors systematically provide measurements that are approximately 2 cmH₂O lower than water manometry, but differences between the 2 electronic devices are small enough (< 0.5 cmH₂O) to be considered clinically unimportant. This discrepancy should be taken into account when interpreting data obtained with these monitoring devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Norton
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA
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31
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Nolen-Walston RD, Norton JL, Navas de Solis C, Underwood C, Boston R, Slack J, Dallap BL. The effects of hypohydration on central venous pressure and splenic volume in adult horses. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 25:570-4. [PMID: 21092009 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central venous pressure (CVP) is used in many species to monitor right-sided intravascular volume status, especially in critical care medicine. HYPOTHESIS That hypohydration in adult horses is associated with a proportional reduction in CVP. ANIMALS Ten healthy adult horses from the university teaching herd. METHODS In this experimental study, horses underwent central venous catheter placement and CVP readings were obtained by water manometry. The horses were then deprived of water and administered furosemide (1 mg/kg IV q6h) for up to 36 hours. Weight, CVP, vital signs, PCV, total protein (TP), and serum lactate were monitored at baseline and every 6 hours until a target of 5% decrease in body weight loss was achieved. The spleen volume was estimated sonographically at baseline and peak volume depletion. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the association of CVP and other clinical parameters with degree of body weight loss over time. RESULTS There was a significant association between CVP and decline in body weight (P < .001), with a decrease in CVP of 2.2 cmH(2)O for every percentage point decrease in body weight. Other significant associations between volume depletion and parameters measured included increased TP (P = .007), increased serum lactate concentration (P = .048), and decreased splenic volume (P = .046). There was no significant association between CVP and vital signs or PCV. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE These findings suggest that CVP monitoring might be a useful addition to the clinical evaluation of hydration status in adult horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Nolen-Walston
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
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32
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Underwood C, Norton J, Nolen-Walston R, Dallap-Schaer B, Boston R, Slack J. Echocardiographic Changes in Heart Size in Hypohydrated Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 25:563-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Roberts GP, Houghton SL, Underwood C, Papanikolaou I, Cowie PA, van Calsteren P, Wigley T, Cooper FJ, McArthur JM. Localization of Quaternary slip rates in an active rift in 105years: An example from central Greece constrained by234U-230Th coral dates from uplifted paleoshorelines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb005818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Rodger SM, Murray J, Underwood C, Buxton D. Microscopical Lesions and Antigen Distribution in Bovine Fetal Tissues and Placentae Following Experimental Infection with Bovine Herpesvirus-1 during Pregnancy. J Comp Pathol 2007; 137:94-101. [PMID: 17645893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
As part of a larger investigation, gross and histopathological examinations were carried out on six aborted and one non-viable calf born to heifers inoculated with bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) early in the third trimester of pregnancy. Antibody titres in sera collected from the dams confirmed seroconversion following inoculation. Samples of liver, lung, kidney, brain, heart, spleen, hepatic lymph node and placenta were subjected to histopathological examination. Immunohistochemistry for the detection of BHV-1 antigen was performed on liver and placenta from each calf, and on the full range of tissue from three of the six calves. Six dams aborted between 15 and 50 days post-inoculation (dpi) whilst one produced a live but non-viable calf at 51dpi. Consistent microscopical findings in tissues from the six aborted calves were multifocal coagulative necrosis in the liver and necrotic placentitis. The latter was characterized by villous necrosis, necrosis of vascular endothelium and infiltration of necrotic villi by mixed inflammatory cells. Other findings included multifocal necrosis in kidney, spleen and hepatic lymph node as well as haemorrhage in the lung and kidney. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of BHV-1 antigen in association with these lesions and also revealed focal labelling of the endothelium of small blood vessels and surrounding glial processes in the brains of three calves. Virus isolation confirmed the presence of BHV-1 in the placentae from the six aborted calves and in pooled tissues of three of the fetuses. It is concluded that the pathogenesis of BHV-1 abortion involves infection of vascular endothelial cells in multiple tissues including placenta and brain. Furthermore, histopathological examination in suspected cases of BHV-1 abortion should include placenta as well as fetal viscera, and immunohistochemistry is a valuable tool for confirming a diagnosis of infection with the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rodger
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ UK
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Jallali N, Ridha H, Thrasivoulou C, Underwood C, Butler PEM, Cowen T. Vulnerability to ROS-induced cell death in ageing articular cartilage: the role of antioxidant enzyme activity. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2005; 13:614-22. [PMID: 15979014 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2005.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2004] [Accepted: 02/12/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that age-related loss of chondrocytes in cartilage is associated with impaired reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis resulting from reduced antioxidant defence. METHODS Cell numbers: The total number of chondrocytes in the articular cartilage of the femoral head of young, mature and old rats was estimated using an unbiased stereological method. ROS quantification: Fluorescence intensity in chondrocytes was quantified using the oxygen free radical sensing probe dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123), confocal laser scanning microscopy and densitometric image analysis. In order to delineate the reactive species, explants were pre-treated with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) prior to ROS quantification. Induction of intracellular ROS: Explants were incubated in the redox-cycling drug menadione after which they underwent ROS quantification and cell-viability assay. Antioxidant enzyme activity: The activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) was measured. RESULTS Chondrocyte numbers: A significant and progressive loss of chondrocytes was observed with ageing. Cellular ROS levels: A significant age-related increase in cellular ROS-induced fluorescence was demonstrated. NAC significantly reduced ROS levels in old chondrocytes only. Induction of intracellular ROS: Menadione increased cellular ROS levels dose-dependently in young and old chondrocytes, with a greater effect in the latter. Old chondrocytes were more vulnerable to menadione-induced cytotoxicity. Antioxidant enzymes: Catalase activity declined significantly in aged cartilage whilst SOD and GPX activities were unaltered. CONCLUSIONS Substantial loss of chondrocytes occurs in rat articular cartilage which may result from increased vulnerability to elevated intracellular ROS levels, consequent upon a decline in antioxidant defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jallali
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London, NW3 2QG, UK
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Gatzinsky KP, Thrasivoulou C, Campioni-Noack M, Underwood C, Cowen T. The role of NGF uptake in selective vulnerability to cell death in ageing sympathetic neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2005; 20:2848-56. [PMID: 15579138 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the hypothesis that differences in nerve growth factor (NGF) uptake and transport determine vulnerability to age-related neurodegeneration. Neurons projecting to cerebral blood vessels (CV) in aged rats are more vulnerable to age-related degeneration than those projecting to the iris. Uptake of NGF was therefore examined in sympathetic neurons projecting from the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) to CV and iris in young and old rats by treating the peripheral processes of these neurons with different doses of I125-NGF. Total uptake of I125-NGF was reduced in old CV-projecting, but not iris-projecting, neurons. Numbers of radiolabelled neurons projecting to each target were counted in sectioned ganglia. The data showed age-related reductions in numbers of labelled neurons projecting to CV, but no change in numbers of neurons projecting to the iris. Calculation of uptake of I125-NGF per neuron unexpectedly showed no major age-related differences in either of the two neuron populations. However, uptake per neuron was considerably lower for young and old CV-projecting, compared to iris-projecting, SCG neurons. We hypothesized that variations in NGF uptake might affect neuronal survival in old age. Counts of SCG neurons using a physical disector following retrograde tracing with Fluorogold confirmed the selective vulnerability of CV-projecting neurons by showing a significant 37% loss of these neurons in the period between 15 and 24 months. In contrast, there was no significant loss of iris-projecting neurons. We conclude that vulnerability to, or protection from, age-related neurodegeneration and neuronal cell death are associated with life-long low, or high, levels of NGF uptake, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kliment P Gatzinsky
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Göteborg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Many patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) have symptoms that are consistent with an underlying viral or toxic illness. Because increased neutrophil apoptosis occurs in patients with infection, this study examined whether this phenomenon also occurs in patients with CFS. METHODS Apoptosis was assessed in patients with CFS in conjunction with concentrations of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1). RESULTS The 47 patients with CFS had higher numbers of apoptotic neutrophils, lower numbers of viable neutrophils, increased annexin V binding, and increased expression of the death receptor, tumour necrosis factor receptor-I, on their neutrophils than did the 34 healthy controls. Patients with CFS also had raised concentrations of active TGFbeta1 (p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS These findings provide new evidence that patients with CFS have an underlying detectable abnormality in their immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kennedy
- Vascular Diseases Research Unit, University Department of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
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Al-Shawi R, Ashton SV, Underwood C, Simons JP. Expression of the Ror1 and Ror2 receptor tyrosine kinase genes during mouse development. Dev Genes Evol 2001; 211:161-71. [PMID: 11455430 DOI: 10.1007/s004270100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2000] [Accepted: 12/18/2000] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ror1 and Ror2 are orphan receptor tyrosine kinases that are most closely related to MuSK and the Trk family of neurotrophin receptors. We report the results of an extensive in situ hybridisation survey of the expression of these genes during mouse development. Expression of Ror1 and Ror2 differs markedly at early stages (E8.5--E9.5). At these times, Ror2 is expressed much more widely than Ror1, expression of which is largely restricted to head mesenchyme. At later stages of development (E12.5--E14.5), Ror1 expression expands and Ror2 expression becomes more restricted than at earlier times, although expression of Ror1 continues to be more restricted than that of Ror2. These changes result in overlapping expression domains but with major differences remaining. In many cases Ror1 is expressed in a sub-set of Ror2-expressing tissues; in others, there is complementary expression of Ror1 and Ror2. Ror1 and Ror2 are both expressed in derivatives of all three germ layers and in most organ systems, including the nervous, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, urogenital and skeletal systems. Conspicuous themes are the expression in major sense organs, and in neural crest and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Al-Shawi
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
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Dyer CS, Truscott PR, Peerless CL, Watson CJ, Evans HE, Knight P, Cosby M, Underwood C, Cousins T, Noulty R, Maag C. Implications for space radiation environment models from CREAM & CREDO measurements over half a solar cycle. RADIAT MEAS 1999; 30:569-78. [PMID: 11542668 DOI: 10.1016/s1350-4487(99)00236-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Flight data obtained between 1990 and 1997 from the Cosmic Radiation Environment Monitors CREAM & CREDO carried on UoSAT-3, Space Shuttle, STRV-1a (Space Technology Research Vehicle) and APEX (Advanced Photovoltaic and Electronics Experiment Spacecraft) provide coverage over half a solar cycle. The modulation of cosmic rays and evolution of the South Atlantic Anomaly are observed, the former comprising a factor of three increase at high latitudes and the latter a general increase accompanied by a north-westward drift. Comparison of particle fluxes and linear energy transfer (LET) spectra is made with improved environment & radiation transport calculations which account for shield distributions and secondary particles. While there is an encouraging convergence between predictions and observations, significant improvements are still required, particularly in the treatment of locally produced secondary particles. Solar-particle events during this time period have LET spectra significantly below the October 1989 event which has been proposed as a worst case model.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Dyer
- Space Department, DERA Farnborough, UK
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Dyer CS, Truscott PR, Peerless CL, Watson CJ, Evans HE, Knight P, Cosby M, Underwood C, Cousins T, Noulty R. Updated measurements from CREAM & CREDO & implications for environment & shielding models. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1998; 45:1584-1589. [PMID: 11542404 DOI: 10.1109/23.685244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Flight data obtained between 1995 and 1997 from the Cosmic Radiation Environment Monitors CREAM & CREDO carried on UoSat-3, Space Shuttle, STRV-1a (Space Technology Research Vehicle) and APEX (Advanced Photovoltaic and Electronics Experiment Spacecraft) have been added to the dataset affording coverage since 1990. The modulation of cosmic rays and evolution of the South Atlantic Anomaly are observed, the former comprising a factor three increase at high latitudes and the latter a general increase accompanied by a westward drift. Comparison of particle fluxes and linear energy transfer spectra is made with improved environment & radiation transport calculations which account for shield distributions and secondary particles. While there is an encouraging convergence between predictions and observations, significant improvements are still required, particularly in the treatrnent of locally produced secondary particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Dyer
- Space Department, DERA Farnborough, England
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Kjellgren O, Motarjeme A, Feld S, Mishkel DC, Underwood C, Kirkeeide RL, Smalling RW. Rotational atherectomy with a new device: initial clinical experience. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1996; 37:459-66. [PMID: 8721707 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0304(199604)37:4<459::aid-ccd20>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The Bard Atherectomy Catheter is a new rotational atherectomy device that consists of a flexible, hollow, thin-walled cutting catheter that, while rotated at 1,500 revolutions per minute, is advanced across the lesion over a special spiral guidewire system. We report the initial clinical experience with this device in 20 peripheral lesions in ten patients. The majority of patients were treated for limb salvage. All lesions were successfully intervened on by atherectomy followed by adjunctive balloon angioplasty. A reduction to less than 50% stenosis was achieved in 13 of the 20 lesions (65%) after atherectomy but in all 20 lesions (100%) after adjunctive angioplasty for all lesions and stenting for dissections in two. Baseline minimal lesion lumen diameter was 0.8 +/- 0.7 mm with a reference vessel diameter of 4.2 +/- 1.7 mm (75 +/- 21% stenosis). The lumen improved to 2.0 +/- 0.8 mm (45 +/- 19% stenosis) (P < 0.001) following atherectomy and to 3.9 +/- 1.9 mm (13 +/- 16% stenosis) (P < 0.001) after adjunctive angioplasty. The average weight of removed atheroma was 45 +/- 58 mg. All ten patients had initial improvement in symptoms. At 6 months follow-up there was persistent improvement in eight patients and two subjects had undergone amputations. Our early clinical experience with this low profile, flexible atherectomy device, that enables extraction of a large amount of atheroma, suggests that it will become a valuable addition to current atherectomy technologies in small- and medium-sized vessels. The value of this device in coronary vessels is under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kjellgren
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School, Houston 77030, USA
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Dyer CS, Sims AJ, Truscott PR, Peerless C, Underwood C. Temporal variation in the new proton belt created in March 1991 observed using the CREAM & CREDO experiments. Adv Space Res 1996; 17:159-162. [PMID: 11540363 DOI: 10.1016/0273-1177(95)00528-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The Cosmic Radiation Environment & Activation Monitor (CREAM) was carried in high inclination (57.1 degrees) orbits on Shuttle missions STS-48 in September 1991 (altitude 570 km) and STS-53 (altitude 325 to 385 km) in December 1992. On both occasions the instrument observed an excess of counts due to protons of greater than 30 MeV in energy in the region off of South Africa where field lines of L=2.5 intersect low earth orbit. Meanwhile the Cosmic Radiation Environment and Dosimetry Experiment (CREDO) carried to 840 km, 98.7 degrees orbit on UOSAT-3 has continued to sample the high field portions of the L-shells around L = 2.5 from April 1990 until the present time. When careful subtraction of cosmic-ray contributions is made it can be seen that the March 91 enhancement persisted for approximately 8 months and explains the STS-48 observation. There would appear to have been a further increase produced by the 31 October 1992 flare event and seen by STS-53.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Dyer
- Space and Communications Department, Defence Research Agency, Farnborough, UK
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Underwood C. Refinancing to manage costs. A critical strategy for surviving in today's transitional healthcare marketplace. Adm Radiol 1994; 13:36-8. [PMID: 10132929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Abstract
Defining dysphoria as subclinical depression, we explored the extent to which maternal dysphoria influences the quality of relationships within the family and evaluated whether the effect of dysphoria on family relationships is selective or general and whether dysphoric effects on maternal behavior are similar or different when ratings of maternal behaviors are made by mothers versus observers. We expected that dysphoria would have general rather than selective effects on family relations rated by mothers and observers. In a sample of 40 American families at risk of child abuse or neglect, we found that maternal dysphoria did have significantly negative effects on mother-to-child and mother-to-parenting-partner relations, suggesting that maternal dysphoria has general rather than selective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Taylor
- Department of Black Community Education Research and Development, University of Pittsburgh
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Underwood C. Day hospitals for the elderly. Nursing 1990; 4:12-5. [PMID: 2381578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Channon B, Underwood C. Managing for competitive advantage in price-driven markets. Top Health Care Financ 1984; 11:72-78. [PMID: 6440317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Abstract
Reports the continued development of a multivariate theory of personality styles and a scale, the Multivariate Personality Inventory, designed to measure these styles in both pathological and normal populations. In a sample of college women, theory-generated predictions of the manifest needs of each personality style were examined with the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. Results supported the validity of the Multivariate Personality Inventory in regard to the need profile of each personality style group. To examine the relationship between the personality styles and behavior, a series of time estimation measures also were employed.
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Underwood C, Gould JM. Proton efflux through the chloroplast ATP synthase (CF0 . CF1) in the presence of sulfhydryl-modifying agents. Biochim Biophys Acta 1980; 589:287-98. [PMID: 6243967 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(80)90045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The rate of photosynthetic electron transport measured in the absence of ADP and Pi is stimulated by low levels of Hg2+ or Ag+ (50% stimulation approximately or equal to 3 Hg2+ or 6 Ag+/100 chlorophyll) to a plateau equal to the transport rate under normal phosphorylating conditions (i.e. +ADP, +Pi). Chloroplasts pretreated in the light under energizing conditions with N-ethylmaleimide show a similar stimulation of non-phosphorylating electron transport. The stimulations of non-phosphorylating electron transport by Hg2+, Ag+ and N-ethylmaleimide are reversed by the CF1 inhibitor phlorizin, the CF0 inhibitor triphenyltin chloride, and can be further stimulated by uncouplers such as methylamine. The Hg2+ and N-ethylmalemide stimulations, but not the Ag+ stimulation, are completely reversed by low levels of ADP (2 microM), ATP (2 microM), AND Pi (400 microM). Ag+, which is a potent inhibitor of ATP synthesis, has little or no effect upon phosphorylating electron transport (+ADP, +Pi). Concomitant with the stimulations of non-phosphorylating electron transport by Hg2+, Ag+ and ADP + Pi, there is a decrease in the level of membrane energization (as measured by atebrin fluorescence quenching) which is reversed when the CF0 channel is blocked by triphenyltin. These results suggest that modification of critical CF1 sulfhydryl residues by Hg2+, Ag+ or N-ethylmalemide leads to the loss of intra-enzyme coupling between the transmembrane proton-transferring and the ATP synthesis activities of the CF0-CF1 ATP synthase complex.
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