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Carslake HB, Pinchbeck GL, Argo CM, Dugdale AHA, McGowan CM. Investigation of glucagon-like peptide-1 response to six oral carbohydrates in ponies. Vet J 2024; 305:106110. [PMID: 38604332 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), the principal incretin in horses, may play a role in the pathophysiology of insulin dysregulation (ID). This study aimed to describe its concentration in response to three preserved forages and four dynamic tests for ID in ponies. Twelve adult ponies of mixed ID status were given a meal of hay, soaked hay or haylage, an in-feed oral glucose test (OGT), oral sugar test (OST), an oral test using a proprietary breakfast cereal (WEET) or a combined glucose-insulin tolerance test (CGIT) weekly in a randomised cross-over study. Glucose, insulin and GLP-1 concentrations were measured before and following each intervention. Ponies were designated ID or non-ID and insulin resistant (IR) or non-IR according to OGT and CGIT results, respectively. All interventions apart from the CGIT provoked a GLP-1 response within 30 min. The OGT and WEET interventions, (containing the greatest dose of non-structural carbohydrate, 1.06 and 1 g/kg BW, respectively), resulted in a greater area under the curve (AUC) for GLP-1 compared to all other interventions (P < 0.001). No difference in GLP-1 response was detected according to ID or IR status, despite there being strong positive correlations (rs [95 % CI]) between GLP-1 and insulin concentrations measured at individual time points (0.67 [0.62 - 0.71]; P < 0.001) and as AUC (0.66 [0.49-0.79], P < 0.001). These data do not support of the use of GLP-1 as an adjunctive diagnostic test for ID or IR, as defined by conventional intravenous or oral dynamic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Carslake
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - G L Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst CH64 7TE, UK
| | - C M Argo
- Scotland's Rural College, Aberdeen, Scotland AB21 9YA, UK
| | | | - C M McGowan
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst CH64 7TE, UK
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2
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Carslake HB, Pinchbeck GL, Argo CM, Dugdale AHA, McGowan CM. Comparison of one novel and four established diagnostic tests for insulin dysregulation in ponies. Vet J 2024; 303:106059. [PMID: 38103885 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Several tests have been advocated for diagnosis of insulin dysregulation (ID). Tests using simple sugars may not reflect the response to naturally ingested carbohydrates. This study aimed to evaluate agreement between the oral glucose test (OGT), the oral sugar test (OST), a novel oral test using a proprietary cereal (WEET), the IV combined glucose-insulin tolerance test (CGIT) and fasted basal insulin (FI) for diagnosis of ID. Each of the five tests above was performed on a group of six normal and six insulin dysregulated mixed-breed ponies in a randomised crossover study. Area under the curve (AUC) and maximum concentration of insulin from OGT, OST and WEET showed strong to very strong bivariate correlations (r = 0.85-0.94, and r = 0.87-0.92, respectively; P ≤ 0.001) and were significantly different between tests (associated with dose of carbohydrate) and between CGIT-positive and -negative ponies. Dichotomous results showed substantial agreement between OST and both WEET (κ = 0.65; P = 0.02) and OGT (κ = 0.67; P = 0.01) and between CGIT and both OST (κ = 0.63; P = 0.03) and OGT (κ = 0.67; P = 0.01), and no agreement between FI, which had low sensitivity, and all other tests (κ = 0.15 - 0.31; P > 0. 05). Palatability of WEET was variable, resulting in one pony being excluded for analysis of WEET data. Further work on development of an oral test using a more palatable feedstuff and appropriate cut-offs or diagnostic thresholds for tests of ID is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Carslake
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, UK CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - G L Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, UK CH64 7TE, UK
| | - C M Argo
- Scotland's Rural College, Aberdeen, Scotland AB21 9YA, UK
| | - A H A Dugdale
- Paragon Veterinary referrals, Wakefield UK WF1 2DF, UK
| | - C M McGowan
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, UK CH64 7TE, UK
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3
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Steel NL, Ireland JL, McGowan CM. Management of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in practice: A clinical audit. Vet J 2022; 289:105899. [PMID: 36162625 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In horses/ponies with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID), pergolide mesylate treatment, with monitoring of therapeutic response, is recommended by contemporaneous literature and equine endocrinologists. However, it is unknown whether these recommendations are adhered to in private practice. This clinical audit aimed to compare treatment and monitoring of PPID cases in veterinary practice against available recommendations. Case data and basal plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentrations from all equids tested for PPID between 2012 and 2016 from a single veterinary practice in the UK were obtained. Records were reviewed and information on treatment and monitoring over the subsequent 2-6 years was extracted and compared with published recommendations. After exclusions, the audit population was 480 animals (median age, 20 years). The most common presenting signs were laminitis and/or historical laminitis (51.2%) and hypertrichosis and/or delayed coat shedding (24.5%). Based on seasonally adjusted reference intervals for basal ACTH concentration, 51.7% (n = 248) of animals were classified as positive, 37.1% (n = 178) as negative and 11.3% (n = 54) as equivocal for PPID. Records were available for 459 animals; of which pergolide treatment was initiated in 78.7% (n = 185/235) of positive cases, 19.2% (n = 10/52) of equivocal cases and 6.4% (n = 11/172) of cases classified as negative. Overall, 87.2% (n = 129/148) of cases commenced treatment as per recommendations. Only 77.7% (n = 160/206) of pergolide-treated animals had documented PPID monitoring and of these, only 48.1% (n = 77/160) had follow-up basal ACTH testing in the first 1-3 months following diagnosis. The findings confirm that management of PPID in veterinary practice fell below contemporaneous recommendations, especially for monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Steel
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst, CH64 7TE Cheshire, UK
| | - J L Ireland
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst, CH64 7TE Cheshire, UK
| | - C M McGowan
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst, CH64 7TE Cheshire, UK.
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4
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O'Sullivan S, McGowan CM, Junnila J, Hyytiäinen HK. The effect of manually facilitated flexion of the thoracic spine on the interspinous space among horses with impinging dorsal spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae. Vet J 2022; 289:105909. [PMID: 36182065 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Impinging dorsal spinous processes (IDSP) are typically diagnosed and graded using radiography, during which the effect of the horses' thoracolumbar posture on the interspinous spaces is not commonly considered. Posture can be altered from a spontaneous, relatively extended, or lordotic, position by manual facilitation of thoracic flexion ('thoracic lift'). This study aimed to ascertain if the thoracic vertebral interspinous space distances were increased by using facilitated thoracic flexion to alter the posture in horses diagnosed with IDSP. Seven horses of mixed breed and sex, median age 9.1 years (interquartile range, 7.2-12.4 years), with a diagnosis of thoracic IDSP with no history of spinal surgery, were included in the study. Two sets of radiographs were obtained. The initial set was taken in the horses' spontaneous posture and the second in the manually facilitated flexed posture. Each image was anonymised allowing blinded measurement of the interspinous spaces. Analysis was performed using Hodges-Lehmann median differences estimates. An increase in the median interspinous space distance was achieved after manual facilitation of thoracic flexion at every thoracic intervertebral space (5th-18th thoracic [T] vertebra). The greatest median increase was seen between T7-T8 and T12-T13 (3.1 mm and 3.0 mm, respectively) whereas the lowest median increase was seen between T17-T18 (0.7 mm). In this study, thoracic interspinous space distances could be increased by using manual facilitation to alter the thoracic posture in horses with IDSP, which could affect grading and decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O'Sullivan
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
| | - C M McGowan
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
| | - J Junnila
- EstiMates OY, Tykistökatu 4, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - H K Hyytiäinen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Viikintie 49 (P.O. Box 57), 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Rumfola E, He B, Atkins M, McGowan CM, Ireland JL. Approaches to endocrinopathic laminitis in the field: Results of a survey of veterinary practitioners in North America. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 110:103856. [PMID: 34958881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Endocrinopathic laminitis is the most common cause of laminitis in the field. Insulin has recently been implicated as a key factor in development of endocrinopathic laminitis; however, it is unclear whether diagnostic and treatment approaches reflect insights derived from recent research. This study sought to evaluate North American veterinary practitioners' approach to endocrinopathic laminitis in the field. Demographic information, approach to diagnosis, management, and prognosis of endocrinopathic laminitis, as well as factors influencing changes in approach to laminitis were collected. To compare regional differences in approach to laminitis, results were compared to a recently published study from the United Kingdom. Findings of the present study suggest that North American practitioners have changed their approach to laminitis to more readily incorporate diagnostic testing for endocrine disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rumfola
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States 70803
| | - Banse He
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States 70803.
| | - M Atkins
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Department of Equine Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - C M McGowan
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Department of Equine Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - J L Ireland
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Department of Equine Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
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Tatum RC, McGowan CM, Ireland JL. Efficacy of pergolide for the management of equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: A systematic review. Vet J 2020; 266:105562. [PMID: 33323174 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pergolide, a dopamine agonist, is commonly administered to manage pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID), a progressive neurodegenerative disease prevalent in aged horses. However, available evidence regarding pergolide's efficacy in improving clinical and endocrine parameters is limited. The aim of this systematic review was to assess published literature and evaluate evidence regarding whether pergolide treatment results in improvement of clinical signs and/or adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) concentration compared to no treatment or other unlicensed treatments. Systematic searches of electronic databases were undertaken in April 2019, repeated in August and October 2019, and updated in July 2020. English language publications published prior to these dates were included. Screening, data extraction and quality assessment of publications was undertaken individually by the authors using predefined criteria and subsequently cross-checked. Modified critically appraised topic data collection forms were used to extract data. Due to marked between-study variations, meta-analysis was not undertaken. After removal of duplicate records; 612 publications were identified, of which 129 abstracts were screened for eligibility and 28 publications met criteria for inclusion in the review. Most studies were descriptive case series, cohort studies or non-randomised, uncontrolled field trials. Despite marked variation in study populations, case selection, diagnostic protocols, pergolide dose, follow-up period and outcome measures, in the vast majority of the included studies, pergolide was reported to provide overall clinical improvement in >75% of cases. However, reported improvements in individual clinical signs varied widely. A reduction in plasma ACTH concentrations was reported in 44-74% of cases, while normalisation to within reported reference intervals occurred in 28-74% of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Tatum
- Institute of Aging and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - C M McGowan
- Institute of Aging and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK; Institute of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - J L Ireland
- Institute of Aging and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK; Institute of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK.
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7
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Olley RB, Piercy RJ, Leeming G, McGowan CM. Unusual pathophysiological mechanisms of ptyalism in two horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. B. Olley
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital Department of Equine Clinical Science Institute of Veterinary Science University of Liverpool Leahurst UK
| | - R. J. Piercy
- Comparative Neuromuscular Disease Laboratory Clinical Science and Services The Royal Veterinary College North Mymms UK
| | - G. Leeming
- Department of Veterinary Pathology Institute of Veterinary Science University of Liverpool LeahurstUK
| | - C. M. McGowan
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital Department of Equine Clinical Science Institute of Veterinary Science University of Liverpool Leahurst UK
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8
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Olley RB, Carslake HB, Ireland JL, McGowan CM. Comparison of fasted basal insulin with the combined glucose-insulin test in horses and ponies with suspected insulin dysregulation. Vet J 2019; 252:105351. [PMID: 31554591 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Fasting horses for measurement of basal serum insulin concentration (fasting insulin; FI) has been recommended to standardise testing for insulin dysregulation (ID), yet limited data exist comparing it to dynamic tests. This study aimed to compare FI with the combined glucose-insulin test (CGIT) in horses suspect for ID. We hypothesised that FI would have poor sensitivity for detecting ID compared to CGIT using conventional cut-offs. Records were retrieved from CGITs performed in horses fasted for approximately 8h. Serum insulin and glucose concentrations were measured before and for 150min following an IV bolus of glucose followed by insulin. Correlations between FI and CGIT values were assessed. Youden's index analysis was used to determine the optimal cut-off for FI. Logistic regression and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to determine factors affecting the results. CGITs (n=130) from 62 horses were evaluated. Compared to CGIT, sensitivity and specificity of FI for diagnosis of ID were 14.6% and 100% at a cut-off of 20μIU/mL and 63.4% and 87.2% at a cut-off of 5.2μIU/mL, respectively. FI was significantly correlated with insulin at 45min (rs=0.66) and 75min (rs=0.72); area under the curve for insulin (AUCinsulin; rs=0.67); glucose at 45min (rs=0.53); and AUCglucose (rs=0.50). Obesity was significantly associated with increased odds of a positive CGIT and horses with a positive CGIT were significantly older (P<0.05). In conclusion, FI correlated well with CGIT results and had adequate sensitivity and specificity at lower cut-offs, despite poor sensitivity at conventional cut-off values. Further research to derive cut-off values relevant to the fasting period is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Olley
- Institute of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - H B Carslake
- Institute of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - J L Ireland
- Institute of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - C M McGowan
- Institute of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK.
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9
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Malalana F, McGowan TW, Ireland JL, Pinchbeck GL, McGowan CM. Prevalence of owner-reported ocular problems and veterinary ocular findings in a population of horses aged ≥15 years. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:212-217. [PMID: 30080275 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest that ocular disease is common among aged horses but owners may fail to identify or underestimate their clinical relevance. OBJECTIVES To document the prevalence of owner-reported ocular disease in horses aged ≥15 years. In a subset of these horses, to document ophthalmic findings from veterinary examination and compare with owner-reported ocular disease, and to determine risk factors for veterinary ophthalmic findings. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Owners of aged horses completed a survey on management, clinical signs and medical history. Risk factors for the presence of ocular disease as reported by the owner were determined. A subset of these horses underwent an ophthalmological examination. Risk factors for the presence of ocular disease detected during this examination were determined. Agreement between owner-reported data and veterinary ophthalmic findings was assessed. RESULTS Abnormal ocular findings were detected in 287/327 horses aged ≥15 years that underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, whereas the presence of ocular disease as reported by the horse-owners was only 3.3%. Agreement between owner-reported ocular disease and results of the veterinary examination was low for all categories analysed. An owner-reported history of ocular discharge was associated with increased odds of veterinary-reported diminished vision. Increasing age was associated with increased odds of the presence of an eye abnormality (any) and cataracts. Appaloosa horses had increased odds of cataract compared with other breeds. Horses in work were less likely to have an eye abnormality. MAIN LIMITATIONS Volunteer bias may have influenced our results with owners of sick horses or those more concerned about their horses more likely to volunteer at the initial recruitment phase. CONCLUSIONS This study showed a high prevalence of ocular lesions in aged horses which was not reflected in owner-reported disease. This has highlighted problems in obtaining information on ocular conditions from horse-owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Malalana
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, UK
| | - T W McGowan
- Faculty of Natural Resources, Agriculture and Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - J L Ireland
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, UK
| | - G L Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, UK
| | - C M McGowan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, UK
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10
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Ireland JL, McGowan CM. Epidemiology of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: A systematic literature review of clinical presentation, disease prevalence and risk factors. Vet J 2018; 235:22-33. [PMID: 29704935 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is caused by an age-related degenerative disease of dopaminergic neurones. Despite its importance in equine practice, available information regarding its epidemiology is limited. This systematic review aimed to assess published literature to evaluate available evidence regarding the clinical presentation, prevalence and risk factors for PPID in horses and ponies. Electronic database searches were undertaken using a range of terms, and English language publications published prior to August 2016 were included. Both authors independently reviewed screened papers for inclusion, extracted data, and assessed the quality of reporting using predefined criteria. Data were extracted using modified critically appraised topic data collection forms. Meta-analysis was not undertaken due to marked between-study variations. Following removal of duplicate records, of 358 published papers yielded by the search, 97 abstracts were screened for eligibility and 29 publications meeting inclusion criteria were included in the review. Most studies reviewed were case series or cross-sectional studies, with considerable variation in study populations and PPID case definition. Hypertrichosis and/or other hair coat abnormalities, laminitis and epaxial muscle wastage or muscle atrophy are the most frequently reported clinical signs, with prevalence of these signs increasing with increasing horse age. The most robust prevalence estimates for PPID were 21.2% in horses and ponies aged ≥15 years and 2.9% amongst the general equine population. Findings regarding breed and sex predispositions were equivocal and only increasing age has been identified as a significant risk factor for PPID.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ireland
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, The University of Liverpool, Wirral, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - C M McGowan
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, The University of Liverpool, Wirral, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom.
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11
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Patterson-Kane JC, Karikoski NP, McGowan CM. Paradigm shifts in understanding equine laminitis. Vet J 2017; 231:33-40. [PMID: 29429485 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Laminitis, one of the most debilitating conditions of all equids, is now known to be the result of several systemic disease entities. This finding, together with other recent developments in the field of laminitis research, have provoked a rethink of our clinical and research strategies for this condition. First, laminitis is now considered to be a clinical syndrome associated with systemic disease (endocrine disease, sepsis or systemic inflammatory response syndrome, SIRS) or altered weight bearing rather than being a discrete disease entity. Next, laminitis associated with endocrine disease (endocrinopathic laminitis) is now believed to be the predominant form in animals presenting (primarily) for lameness. Third, the designation of laminitis as a primary and severe basement membrane pathology now requires revision. Instead, current data now proposes a variable subclinical phase associated with gross changes in the hoof capsule, with stretching and elongation of the lamellar cells an early and key event in the pathophysiology. These findings have fuelled new mechanistic hypotheses and research directions that will be discussed, together with their implications for future clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N P Karikoski
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Viikintie49, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - C M McGowan
- Institutes of Veterinary Science and Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst CH64 7TE, UK.
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12
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Mackenzie CJ, McGowan CM, Pinchbeck G, Carslake HB. Comparison of two blood sampling techniques for the determination of coagulation parameters in the horse: Jugular venipuncture and indwelling intravenous catheter. Equine Vet J 2017; 50:333-338. [PMID: 28976034 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluation of coagulation status is an important component of critical care. Ongoing monitoring of coagulation status in hospitalised horses has previously been via serial venipuncture due to concerns that sampling directly from the intravenous catheter (IVC) may alter the accuracy of the results. Adverse effects such as patient anxiety and trauma to the sampled vessel could be avoided by the use of an indwelling IVC for repeat blood sampling. OBJECTIVES To compare coagulation parameters from blood obtained by jugular venipuncture with IVC sampling in critically ill horses. STUDY DESIGN Prospective observational study. METHODS A single set of paired blood samples were obtained from horses (n = 55) admitted to an intensive care unit by direct jugular venipuncture and, following removal of a presample, via an indwelling IVC. The following coagulation parameters were measured on venipuncture and IVC samples: whole blood prothrombin time (PT), fresh plasma PT and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and stored plasma antithrombin activity (AT) and fibrinogen concentration. D-dimer concentration was also measured in some horses (n = 22). Comparison of venipuncture and IVC results was performed using Lin's concordance correlation coefficient. Agreement between paired results was assessed using Bland Altman analysis. RESULTS Correlation was substantial and agreement was good between sample methods for all parameters except AT and D-dimers. MAIN LIMITATIONS Each coagulation parameter was tested using only one assay. Sampling was limited to a convenience sample and timing of sample collection was not standardised in relation to when the catheter was flushed with heparinised saline. CONCLUSIONS With the exception of AT and D-dimers, coagulation parameters measured on blood samples obtained via an IVC have clinically equivalent values to those obtained by jugular venipuncture.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Mackenzie
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Institute of Veterinary Science, Neston, Cheshire, UK
| | - C M McGowan
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Institute of Veterinary Science, Neston, Cheshire, UK
| | - G Pinchbeck
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Liverpool, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Neston, Cheshire, UK
| | - H B Carslake
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Institute of Veterinary Science, Neston, Cheshire, UK
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Carslake HB, Pinchbeck GL, McGowan CM. Evaluation of a Chemiluminescent Immunoassay for Measurement of Equine Insulin. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:568-574. [PMID: 28124389 PMCID: PMC5354037 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many diagnostic tests for insulin dysregulation use reference intervals established with an insulin radioimmunoassay (RIA) that is no longer available. A chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) is commonly used for the measurement of serum insulin concentration in clinical practice but requires further validation, especially at clinically relevant reference intervals. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the CLIA for measurement of equine insulin and compare it to the previously validated, but now unavailable RIA. SAMPLES Equine serum samples (n = 78) from clinical and experimental studies. METHODS In this experimental study, performance of the CLIA was evaluated using standard variables, including comparison with the RIA. Continuous and binary outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS The CLIA showed good intra-assay (coefficient of variation [CV], 1.8-2.4%) and interassay (CV, 3-7.1%) precision. Acceptable recovery on dilution (100 ± 10%) was achieved only at dilutions <1:1. Recovery on addition was acceptable. Comparison of the CLIA and RIA showed strong positive correlation (r = 0.91-0.98), with fixed and proportional bias. At 3 diagnostic cutoffs, sensitivity of CLIA compared with RIA ranged from 67 to 100% and specificity from 96 to 100%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The CLIA is a highly repeatable assay which is suitable for within- and between-horse comparisons. Dilution of high concentration samples should be performed with charcoal-stripped serum (CSS) and at the lowest dilution factor possible. At concentrations commonly used for diagnosis of insulin dysregulation (≤100 μIU/mL), results from the CLIA tend to be lower than from the RIA and should be interpreted accordingly. Further standardization of equine insulin assays is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Carslake
- Institute of Aging and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, UK
| | - G L Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, UK
| | - C M McGowan
- Institute of Aging and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, UK
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Sykes BW, Underwood C, Greer R, McGowan CM, Mills PC. The effects of dose and diet on the pharmacodynamics of omeprazole in the horse. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:525-531. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. W. Sykes
- School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Australia
| | - C. Underwood
- School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Australia
| | - R. Greer
- School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Australia
| | - C. M. McGowan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - P. C. Mills
- School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Australia
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Sykes BW, Underwood C, McGowan CM, Mills PC. The effects of dose and diet on the pharmacokinetics of omeprazole in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 40:172-178. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. W. Sykes
- School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
| | - C. Underwood
- School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
| | - C. M. McGowan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - P. C. Mills
- School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
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Sykes BW, McGowan CM, Mills PC. Placement of an indwelling percutaneous gastrotomy (PEG) tube for the measurement of intra-gastric pH in two horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. W. Sykes
- School of Veterinary Sciences; The University of Queensland; Gatton Queensland Australia
| | - C. M. McGowan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease; University of Liverpool; Liverpool Neston UK
| | - P. C. Mills
- School of Veterinary Sciences; The University of Queensland; Gatton Queensland Australia
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Morgan RA, Keen JA, McGowan CM. Treatment of equine metabolic syndrome: A clinical case series. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:422-6. [PMID: 25808563 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Treatment of equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is essential to improve insulin sensitivity and reduce the risk of laminitis. Calorie restriction and increased exercise are the mainstays of treatment but there is potential for poor owner compliance. OBJECTIVES To determine whether significant weight loss accompanied by improvements in measures of insulin sensitivity can be achieved in horses and ponies with EMS managed by their owners in their normal environment under veterinary guidance. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective clinical case series. METHODS Horses and ponies attending 2 university hospitals for investigation and treatment of suspected EMS were eligible for inclusion in the study. Animals underwent a clinical examination, basal and dynamic endocrine testing; those with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) were excluded. Owners were given individually tailored diet and exercise programmes to follow for between 3 and 6 months. After the treatment period, clinical examination and endocrine tests were repeated and results compared to the initial assessment. RESULTS Nineteen animals were recruited to the study, 17 with a history of laminitis. All animals showed a reduction in body condition score (P<0.001) and 18/19 had a reduction in bodyweight (P<0.001) between assessments. There were significant (P<0.05) reductions in basal insulin, insulin at 45 min during a combined glucose insulin tolerance test (CGIT), time for blood glucose concentration to return to baseline during a CGIT and mean area under the glucose curve. CONCLUSIONS A diet and exercise programme tailored to the needs of the individual animal and implemented by the owner results in weight loss accompanied by improvements in insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Morgan
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK.,Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - J A Keen
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - C M McGowan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, UK
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Karikoski NP, Patterson-Kane JC, Singer ER, McFarlane D, McGowan CM. Lamellar pathology in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:472-8. [PMID: 25869529 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Hoof lamellar pathology in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) has not been described previously. OBJECTIVES To describe the histomorphometry and pathological lesions in hoof lamellar tissue of animals that had PPID with or without concurrent laminitis, with reference to age-matched controls. We hypothesised that lamellar lesions consistent with laminitis would be associated with PPID, even in animals without current or historical laminitis. STUDY DESIGN Prospective case-control study. METHODS Mid-dorsal hoof histological sections were obtained post mortem from the forelimbs of 16 PPID-affected animals either with (n = 6) or without laminitis (n = 10) and 10 age- and breed-matched controls. Sections were examined by a blinded veterinary pathologist. The length and width of 10 primary epidermal lamellae were measured using image analysis software. The morphology and pathology of primary and secondary epidermal lamellae were then typed or graded in axial, middle and abaxial regions. Fasting serum insulin, plasma adrenocorticotropin and blood glucose concentration were measured from blood samples taken prior to euthanasia. RESULTS All animals with PPID and laminitis had fasting hyperinsulinaemia (median 74.1 miu/l, interquartile range 49.9-349.5 miu/l) whereas PPID animals without laminitis had serum insulin concentrations below the upper limit of the reference range (<20 miu/l). Lamellar pathology in PPID animals with laminitis was variable in severity and unrelated to the reported duration of laminitis (range 2 months-5 years). Most lesions were located abaxially within the lamellar tissue and included increased length and width of the lamellae, chronic abnormal keratinisation, interlamellar epidermal bridging and cell death with more acute lamellar tearing in some cases. The lamellae of PPID animals without laminitis were normal referent to the relevant control group. CONCLUSIONS Whether PPID and hyperinsulinaemia have a causal inter-relationship or not, it may only be the hyperinsulinaemia that is associated with lamellar morphological alteration and pathology consistent with laminitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Karikoski
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J C Patterson-Kane
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - E R Singer
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - D McFarlane
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - C M McGowan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Sykes BW, Underwood C, Greer R, McGowan CM, Mills PC. Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence testing of five commercial formulations of omeprazole in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015; 39:78-83. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. W. Sykes
- School of Veterinary Sciences; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
| | - C. Underwood
- School of Veterinary Sciences; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
| | - R. Greer
- School of Veterinary Sciences; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
| | - C. M. McGowan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - P. C. Mills
- School of Veterinary Sciences; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
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20
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Sykes BW, Underwood C, McGowan CM, Mills PC. The effect of feeding on the pharmacokinetic variables of two commercially available formulations of omeprazole. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015; 38:500-3. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. W. Sykes
- School of Veterinary Sciences; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
| | - C. Underwood
- School of Veterinary Sciences; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
| | - C. M. McGowan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - P. C. Mills
- School of Veterinary Sciences; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
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Sykes BW, Underwood C, McGowan CM, Mills PC. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous, plain oral and enteric-coated oral omeprazole in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 38:130-6. [PMID: 25271390 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The objectives were to document the pharmacokinetics of intravenous, enteric-coated oral and plain oral omeprazole in fasted horses and to investigate the impact of feeding on the bioavailability of an enteric-coated omeprazole. Twelve horses received four treatments: intravenous omeprazole (0.5 mg/kg) in the fasted state (IV-Fasted), enteric-coated omeprazole (4 mg/kg) orally in the fasted state (ECO-Fasted), enteric-coated omeprazole (4 mg/kg) orally in the fed state (ECO-Fed) and plain omeprazole (4 mg/kg) orally in the fasted state (PL-Fasted). Plasma omeprazole concentrations were determined by UHPLC-MS. Bioavailability was higher (P = 0.038) in the ECO-Fasted group (21.5 [9.0-27.7]%) than the PL-Fasted group (10.1 [7.7-13.3]%). Similarly, AUC0-∞ was higher in the ECO-Fasted group than the PL-Fasted group (P = 0.027). No significant differences were present between the ECO-Fasted and ECO-Fed groups with regards to bioavailability, Cmax , Tmax or AUC0-∞ . When the half-life data from the oral formulations was pooled, it was longer than that observed in the IV-Fasted group (100 [73-118] min) and 35 [34-39] min, respectively; P < 0.0001). Bioavailability of enteric-coated omeprazole was higher than previously reported and feeding had minimal impact. Bioavailability of plain omeprazole was approximately half that of enteric-coated omeprazole. The longer half-life observed following oral administration was consistent with the flip-flop effect and has not previously been described for omeprazole in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Sykes
- School of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, Australia
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22
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Karikoski NP, McGowan CM, Singer ER, Asplin KE, Tulamo RM, Patterson-Kane JC. Pathology of Natural Cases of Equine Endocrinopathic Laminitis Associated With Hyperinsulinemia. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:945-56. [PMID: 25232034 DOI: 10.1177/0300985814549212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Laminitis in equids is a clinical syndrome usually associated with systemic disease. Endocrinopathies recently have been recognized as the most common cause of laminitis, with hyperinsulinemia playing a key role. Descriptions of laminitis-associated lesions have been confusing due to the wide range of experimental models used, failure of adequate clinical documentation for naturally occurring cases, lack of separate analysis of inflammatory and endocrinopathic laminitis, and uncertainty regarding normal morphological variation of lamellae. In this study, lamellar morphology and pathology were described in 14 laminitic horses and ponies that had hyperinsulinemia (>20 mIU/l), with reference to 25 age- and breed-matched controls. The type and severity of lesions noted had no correlation with reported clinical duration and in at least some cases must have preceded it. Lesions were largely localized abaxially within the lamellar tissue and included apoptotic cell death, as well as lamellar fusion, hyperplasia, and partial replacement with aberrant keratin containing nucleated debris and proteinaceous lakes. The lesions resulted in irregular margins between the inner horn and the lamellar tissue. Acute separation originated from the abaxial region, with minimal associated inflammation. Axially, epidermal lamellar tapering was the most frequent morphological observation. The lesions in these chronic cases of laminitis were similar to those described in some inflammatory laminitis models and contained features seen in developmental phases of hyperinsulinemic models. These findings support the theory that repeated episodes of subclinical laminitis occur prior to clinical presentation. In addition, the pathology does not include extensive basement membrane failure seen in some inflammatory models.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Karikoski
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - C M McGowan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - E R Singer
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - K E Asplin
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - R-M Tulamo
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J C Patterson-Kane
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
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de Laat MA, Clement CK, Sillence MN, McGowan CM, Pollitt CC, Lacombe VA. The impact of prolonged hyperinsulinaemia on glucose transport in equine skeletal muscle and digital lamellae. Equine Vet J 2014; 47:494-501. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. de Laat
- Department of Physiological Sciences; Center for Veterinary Health Sciences; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater USA
| | - C. K. Clement
- Department of Physiological Sciences; Center for Veterinary Health Sciences; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater USA
| | - M. N. Sillence
- Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Australia
| | - C. M. McGowan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences; University of Liverpool; Neston UK
| | - C. C. Pollitt
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit; School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Australia
| | - V. A. Lacombe
- Department of Physiological Sciences; Center for Veterinary Health Sciences; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater USA
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Durham AE, Geor RJ, Ireland JL, McGowan CM, Schott HC. Science-in-brief: Report from the second [corrected] European Equine Endocrinology symposium. Equine Vet J 2014; 46:525-8. [PMID: 25099187 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- S. J. Mack
- The Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital; School of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; Neston Wirral CH64 7TE UK
| | - A. H. Dugdale
- The Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital; School of Veterinary Science; The University of Liverpool; Leahurst Campus Neston Wirral CH64 7TE UK
| | - C. McG. Argo
- Department of Obesity and Endocrinology; Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease; The University of Liverpool; Leahurst Campus Neston Wirral CH64 7TE UK
| | - R. A. Morgan
- The Queen's Medical Research Institute; University of Edinburgh; 47 Little France Cresent Edinburgh Scotland EH16 4TJ UK
| | - C. M. McGowan
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology; Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease; The University of Liverpool; Leahurst Campus Neston Wirral CH64 7TE UK
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26
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Morgan RA, McGowan TW, McGowan CM. Prevalence and risk factors for hyperinsulinaemia in ponies in Queensland, Australia. Aust Vet J 2014; 92:101-6. [PMID: 24673135 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- RA Morgan
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital; University of Liverpool; Leahurst Campus Neston CH64 7TE United Kingdom
| | - TW McGowan
- Acorn Veterinary Clinic; Willows Veterinary Group; West Kirby UK
| | - CM McGowan
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital; University of Liverpool; Leahurst Campus Neston CH64 7TE United Kingdom
- Institute of Aging and Chronic Disease; University of Liverpool; Neston UK
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - K. Fey
- Justus-Liebig-Universität; Gießen Germany
| | - Y. Tamzali
- INP-Ecole Vétérinaire de Toulouse; France
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Mack SJ, Kirkby K, Malalana F, McGowan CM. Elevations in serum muscle enzyme activities in racehorses due to unaccustomed exercise and training. Vet Rec 2014; 174:145. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. J. Mack
- The Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital; The University of Liverpool; Leahurst Campus Neston Wirral CH64 7TE UK
| | - K. Kirkby
- The Setters Physiotherapy Practice; 13 Church Road, Long Hanborough Witney Oxfordshire OX29 8JE UK
| | - F. Malalana
- The Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital; The University of Liverpool; Leahurst Campus Neston Wirral CH64 7TE UK
| | - C. M. McGowan
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology; Institute of Ageing and Chronic disease; The University of Liverpool; Leahurst Campus Neston Wirral CH64 7TE UK
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29
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de Laat MA, Clement CK, McGowan CM, Sillence MN, Pollitt CC, Lacombe VA. Toll-like receptor and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression during prolonged hyperinsulinaemia in horses: implications for laminitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 157:78-86. [PMID: 24246153 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Equine laminitis, a disease of the lamellar structure of the horse's hoof, can be incited by numerous factors that include inflammatory and metabolic aetiologies. However, the role of inflammation in hyperinsulinaemic laminitis has not been adequately defined. Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation results in up-regulation of inflammatory pathways and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and may be a pathogenic factor in laminitis. The aim of this study was to determine whether TLR4 expression and subsequent pro-inflammatory cytokine production is increased in lamellae and skeletal muscle during equine hyperinsulinaemia. Standardbred horses were treated with either a prolonged, euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp (p-EHC) or a prolonged, glucose infusion (p-GI), which induced marked and moderate hyperinsulinaemia, respectively. Age-matched control horses were treated simultaneously with a balanced electrolyte solution. Treated horses developed clinical (p-EHC) or subclinical (p-GI) laminitis, whereas controls did not. Skeletal muscle and lamellar protein extracts were analysed by Western blotting for TLR4, IL-6, TNF-α and suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3) expression. Lamellar protein expression of TLR4 and TNF-α, but not IL-6, was increased by the p-EHC, compared to control horses. A significant positive correlation was found between lamellar TLR4 and SOCS3. Skeletal muscle protein expression of TLR4 signalling parameters did not differ between control and p-EHC-treated horses. Similarly, the p-GI did not result in up-regulation of lamellar protein expression of any parameter. The results suggest that insulin-sensitive tissues may not accurately reflect lamellar pathology during hyperinsulinaemia. While TLR4 is present in the lamellae, its activation appears unlikely to contribute significantly to the developmental pathogenesis of hyperinsulinaemic laminitis. However, inflammation may have a role to play in the later stages (e.g., repair or remodelling) of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A de Laat
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - C K Clement
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - C M McGowan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - M N Sillence
- Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4001, Australia
| | - C C Pollitt
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - V A Lacombe
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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McGowan CM, Dugdale AH, Pinchbeck GL, Argo CM. Dietary restriction in combination with a nutraceutical supplement for the management of equine metabolic syndrome in horses. Vet J 2012; 196:153-9. [PMID: 23141962 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have examined the effect of dietary restriction in horses with equine metabolic syndrome (EMS). This study aimed to determine improvements in insulin sensitivity following dietary restriction for 6 weeks, and to determine if the improvement would be greater in horses receiving short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (sc-FOS). Dietary management involved feeding grass hay, restricted to 1.25% of body mass (BM) as daily dry matter intake and soaked in cold water prior to feeding, with the addition of a vitamin and mineral nutraceutical supplement with or without the addition of sc-FOS (10 g/100 kg). Soaking the hay resulted in a significant reduction in non-structural carbohydrates (38%, P = 0.01), digestible energy (6.78%, P = 0.01) and water soluble minerals. Following 6 weeks of dietary restriction with soaked grass hay and nutraceutical supplement, horses lost an average of 6.8% BM and showed reductions in body condition score (BCS) and belly circumference. Sensitivity to insulin improved overall, as determined by the total insulin response during the combined glucose insulin test. The magnitude of improvement in insulin sensitivity was associated with the degree of insulin resistance recorded at outset, and the extent of overall losses in BM and BCS, but was independent of the addition of sc-FOS. The nutraceutical supplement was highly palatable and no adverse effects were noted. From the findings of this study a strict dietary program in combination with a specifically designed vitamin and mineral nutraceutical supplement can be recommended to obtain rapid improvements in BM, BCS and insulin sensitivity of animals presenting with EMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M McGowan
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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de Laat MA, Kyaw-Tanner MT, Sillence MN, McGowan CM, Pollitt CC. Advanced glycation endproducts in horses with insulin-induced laminitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 145:395-401. [PMID: 22240145 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer, inflammatory conditions and diabetic complications. An interaction of AGEs with their receptor (RAGE) results in increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing damage to susceptible tissues. Laminitis, a debilitating foot condition of horses, occurs in association with endocrine dysfunction and the potential involvement of AGE and RAGE in the pathogenesis of the disease has not been previously investigated. Glucose transport in lamellar tissue is thought to be largely insulin-independent (GLUT-1), which may make the lamellae susceptible to protein glycosylation and oxidative stress during periods of increased glucose metabolism. Archived lamellar tissue from horses with insulin-induced laminitis (n=4), normal control horses (n=4) and horses in the developmental stages (6h, 12h and 24h) of the disease (n=12) was assessed for AGE accumulation and the presence of oxidative protein damage and cellular lipid peroxidation. The equine-specific RAGE gene was identified in lamellar tissue, sequenced and is now available on GenBank. Lamellar glucose transporter (GLUT-1 and GLUT-4) gene expression was assessed quantitatively with qRT-PCR in laminitic and control horses and horses in the mid-developmental time-point (24 h) of the disease. Significant AGE accumulation had occurred by the onset of insulin-induced laminitis (48 h) but not at earlier time-points, or in control horses. Evidence of oxidative stress was not found in any group. The equine-specific RAGE gene was not expressed differently in treated and control animals, nor was the insulin-dependent glucose transporter GLUT-4. However, the glucose transporter GLUT-1 was increased in lamellar tissue in the developmental stages of insulin-induced laminitis compared to control horses and the insulin-independent nature of the lamellae may facilitate AGE formation. However, due to the lack of AGE accumulation during disease development and a failure to detect an increase in ROS or upregulation of RAGE, it appears unlikely that oxidative stress and protein glycosylation play a central role in the pathogenesis of acute, insulin-induced laminitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A de Laat
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia.
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Abstract
A 2-week-old Estonian Draft foal presented with signs of severe generalised tetanus, recumbency and inability to drink. The suspected source of infection was the umbilicus. Medical treatment was administered, including tetanus antitoxin, antimicrobial therapy and phenobarbital to control tetanic spasms. In addition, an intensive physiotherapy program was carried out during the recovery period. Techniques designed for syndromes involving upper motor neuron spasticity in humans were applied. Exercises aimed at weight-bearing and mobility were executed with the help of a walking-frame. The foal made a complete recovery. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the use of physiotherapy in the treatment of tetanus in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Mykkänen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Karikoski NP, Horn I, McGowan TW, McGowan CM. The prevalence of endocrinopathic laminitis among horses presented for laminitis at a first-opinion/referral equine hospital. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2011; 41:111-7. [PMID: 21696910 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Endocrinopathic causes of laminitis may be a common underlying causative pathogenesis in first-opinion or field cases presenting with laminitis, as opposed to laminitis produced in inflammatory research models. This study aimed to determine whether evidence of an underlying endocrinopathy was present in horses presented for laminitis to a first-opinion/referral veterinary teaching hospital. A second aim was to compare the signalment of horses and ponies with laminitis with the equine hospital population during the same period. All horses presenting for laminitis at Helsinki University Equine Teaching Hospital, Finland, over a 16-month period were examined for an underlying endocrinopathy. Horses presenting for laminitis were compared with the hospitalized population over the same period. There were 36 horses presented for laminitis, and evidence of endocrinopathy was present in 89%. Of the horses showing an underlying endocrinopathy, one-third had a diagnosis of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, and two-thirds showed basal hyperinsulinemia indicative of insulin resistance, without evidence of hirsutism. Phenotypic indicators of obesity were present in 95% of horses with basal hyperinsulinemia without hirsutism. Compared with the hospital population during the same period, horses with laminitis associated with an underlying endocrinopathy were significantly older and more likely to be pony breeds. Our data support that endocrine testing should be performed on all cases of laminitis that do not have a clear inflammatory or gastrointestinal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Karikoski
- Equine Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Several conditions associated with laminitis in horses are also associated with insulin resistance, which represents the failure of glucose uptake via the insulin-responsive glucose transport proteins in certain tissues. Glucose starvation is a possible mechanism of laminitis, but glucose uptake mechanisms in the hoof are not well understood. OBJECTIVES To determine whether glucose uptake in equine lamellae is dependent on insulin, to characterise the glucose transport mechanism in lamellae from healthy horses and ponies, and to compare this with ponies with laminitis. METHODS Study 1 investigated the effects of insulin (300 µU/ml; acute and 24 h) and various concentrations of glucose up to 24 mmol/l, on 2-deoxy-D-[2,6-(3)H] glucose uptake in hoof lamellar explants in vitro. Study 2 measured the mRNA expression of GLUT1 and GLUT4 transport proteins by PCR analysis in coronary band and lamellar tissue from healthy horses and ponies, ponies with insulin-induced laminitis, and ponies suffering from chronic laminitis as a result of equine Cushing's syndrome. RESULTS Glucose uptake was not affected by insulin. Furthermore, the relationship between glucose concentration and glucose uptake was consistent with an insulin-independent glucose transport system. GLUT1 mRNA expression was strong in brain, coronary band and lamellar tissue, but was weak in skeletal muscle. Expression of GLUT4 mRNA was strong in skeletal muscle, but was either absent or barely detectable in coronary band and lamellar tissue. CONCLUSIONS The results do not support a glucose deprivation model for laminitis, in which glucose uptake in the hoof is impaired by reduced insulin sensitivity. Hoof lamellae rely on a GLUT1-mediated glucose transport system, and it is unlikely that GLUT4 proteins play a substantial role in this tissue. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Laminitis associated with insulin resistance is unlikely to be due to impaired glucose uptake and subsequent glucose deprivation in lamellae.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Asplin
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Australia.
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Ireland JL, Clegg PD, McGowan CM, McKane SA, Chandler KJ, Pinchbeck GL. Comparison of owner-reported health problems with veterinary assessment of geriatric horses in the United Kingdom. Equine Vet J 2011; 44:94-100. [PMID: 21696434 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Previous studies suggest that owners underestimate or incorrectly recognise or report health problems in geriatric horses. However, few studies have directly compared owner-reported and veterinary assessed disease. OBJECTIVES To compare the findings of veterinary clinical examination of geriatric horses with owner-reported clinical signs and disease. METHODS A total of 200 horses aged ≥ 15 years were randomly selected to receive a veterinary examination, from responses to a cross-sectional postal questionnaire survey. Veterinary examinations were performed within 2 months of questionnaire return, and agreement between owner-reported data and veterinary clinical findings was assessed. RESULTS Owners under-reported many clinical signs and disease conditions detected on veterinary clinical examination. For example, dental abnormalities (detected in 95.4% of horses, reported by 24.5% of owners); cardiac murmurs (detected in 20% of horses, reported by 0.5% of owners); lameness (present in 50% of horses, reported by 23% of owners) and hoof abnormalities (detected in 80% of horses, reported by 27% of owners). Agreement between owner-reported and veterinary assessed respiratory disease (Kappa 0.02-0.2), body condition score (Kappa 0.24) and coat abnormalities (Kappa 0.42) was poor, fair and moderate, respectively. Range of motion (ROM) of the tarsal and metacarpophalangeal joints was lower in horses with owner-reported osteoarthritis (P = 0.005 and <0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE The low prevalence and relatively poor agreement of owner-reported disease compared to that detected on veterinary examination suggests inaccurate or under-recognition, or inaccurate reporting of health problems by owners of geriatric horses, which could lead to a delay in presentation for veterinary treatment. Increased veterinary involvement and improved owner education in the care of geriatric horses should facilitate earlier identification of disease, particularly that which is not readily detectable by owners, and aid management of health and welfare problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ireland
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, UK.
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de Laat MA, Kyaw-Tanner MT, Nourian AR, McGowan CM, Sillence MN, Pollitt CC. The developmental and acute phases of insulin-induced laminitis involve minimal metalloproteinase activity. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 140:275-81. [PMID: 21333362 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metalloproteinases have been implicated in the pathogenesis of equine laminitis and other inflammatory conditions, through their role in the degradation and remodelling of the extracellular matrix environment. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors are present in normal equine lamellae, with increased secretion and activation of some metalloproteinases reported in horses with laminitis associated with systemic inflammation. It is unknown whether these enzymes are involved in insulin-induced laminitis, which occurs without overt systemic inflammation. In this study, gene expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, MT1-MMP, ADAMTS-4 and TIMP-3 was determined in the lamellar tissue of normal control horses (n=4) and horses that developed laminitis after 48 h of induced hyperinsulinaemia (n=4), using quantitative Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). Protein concentrations of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were also examined using gelatin zymography in horses subject to prolonged hyperinsulinaemia for 6h (n=4), 12h (n=4), 24h (n=4) and 48 h (n=4), and in normal control horses (n=4). The only change in gene expression observed was an upregulation of MMP-9 (p<0.05) in horses that developed insulin-induced laminitis (48 h). Zymographical analysis showed an increase (p<0.05) in pro MMP-9 during the acute phase of laminitis (48 h), whereas pro MMP-2 was present in similar concentration in the tissue of all horses. Thus, MMP-2, MT1-MMP, TIMP-3 and ADAMTS-4 do not appear to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of insulin-induced laminitis. The increased expression of MMP-9 may be associated with the infiltration of inflammatory leukocytes, or may be a direct result of hyperinsulinaemia. The exact role of MMP-9 in basement membrane degradation in laminitis is uncertain as it appears to be present largely in the inactive form.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A de Laat
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia.
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McGowan TW, Pinchbeck G, Phillips CJC, Perkins N, Hodgson DR, McGowan CM. A survey of aged horses in Queensland, Australia. Part 2: clinical signs and owners' perceptions of health and welfare. Aust Vet J 2010; 88:465-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2010.00638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mykkänen AK, Koho NM, Reeben M, McGowan CM, Pösö AR. MCT1, MCT4 and CD147 gene polymorphisms in healthy horses and horses with myopathy. Res Vet Sci 2010; 91:473-7. [PMID: 21036377 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in human lactate transporter proteins (monocarboxylate transporters; MCTs), especially the MCT1 isoform, can affect lactate transport activity and cause signs of exercise-induced myopathy. Muscles express MCT1, MCT4 and CD147, an ancillary protein, indispensable for the activity of MCT1 and MCT4. We sequenced the coding sequence (cDNA) of horse MCT4 for the first time and examined polymorphisms in the cDNA of MCT1, MCT4 and CD147 of 16 healthy horses. To study whether signs of myopathy are linked to the polymorphisms, biopsy samples were taken from 26 horses with exercise-induced recurrent myopathy. Two polymorphisms that cause a change in amino acid sequence were found in MCT1 (Val(432)Ile and Lys(457)Gln) and one in CD147 (Met(125)Val). All polymorphisms in MCT4 were silent. Mutations in MCT1 or CD147 in equine muscle were not associated with myopathy. In the future, a functional study design is needed to evaluate the physiological role of the polymorphisms found.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Mykkänen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, P.O. Box 66, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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McGowan TW, Pinchbeck G, Phillips CJC, Perkins N, Hodgson DR, McGowan CM. A survey of aged horses in Queensland, Australia. Part 1: management and preventive health care. Aust Vet J 2010; 88:420-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2010.00637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Sacroiliac disease (SID) is an important cause of loss of performance in horses, yet little is known about the biomechanics of movement of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ). OBJECTIVES (a) To document the presence of equine SIJ motion by measuring the change in cross-sectional area (CSA) of the dorsal portion of the dorsal sacroiliac ligament (DSIL) during application of manual forces to the pelvis, and to ascertain if this varied between horses with SID and normal horses; (b) To determine the amount and direction of motion available at the equine SIJ using 3-D orientation sensors, and how motion is limited by the DSIL and sacrotuberous ligament. METHODS Study 1: CSA obtained ultrasonographically was compared before and during manual force application to the ilium, on a group of 10 horses, 5 with SID and 5 clinically normal. Study 2: direction and degrees of motion between sacrum and ilium were measured in 8 cadaveric SIJs. 3D orientation sensors were mounted to the fixated sacrum and the moveable ilium, and relative motion recorded between the 2 bones when manual forces were applied to the ilium. RESULTS Study 1 showed a significant decrease in the CSA of the equine DSIL during application of manual forces to both tuber coxae (TC) (P<0.001) and tuber sacrale (TS) (P<0.001) when compared to at rest. Study 2 described range of motion to be greatest in the transverse or coronal plane, when lateral and oblique forces were applied to the pelvis, and recorded significant increases (P<0.05) in range of motion in the sagittal plane following resection of both the DSIL and sacrotuberous ligament. CONCLUSION AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE The change in DSIL CSA with application of manual force may be due to a lengthening of the ligament, reflecting equine SIJ motion in vivo. The motion recorded between ilium and sacrum in vitro suggests that greatest sacroiliac motion may occur in the transverse plane. Increases in range of motion following resection of ligaments give some indication of the role of each ligament.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Goff
- Faculty of Natural Resources, Agriculture and Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
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Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Research in spinal biomechanics and functional anatomy has advanced back pain research in man. Yet, despite the performance limiting nature of back pain in horses, there are few data for the equine spine. OBJECTIVES To describe aspects of functional anatomy of the equine thoracolumbar and lumbosacral (LS) spine and potential effects on performance. METHODS The first study investigated variations in LS vertebral formula by post mortem examination of 120 horses. Midline vertebral transection was carried out on 65 Thoroughbred (TB), 24 Standardbred (SB) and 31 other breeds. The second study investigated morphology and biomechanics of the deep stabilising epaxial muscles of 13 horses using MRI (n = 3), anatomical dissection (n = 11) and biomechanical analysis (n = 6). The spinous process angular orientation relative to the vertebral body, was analysed at vertebrae T13, T18, L3, L5, L6 and S1. RESULTS LS variations were found in 33.3% of the total group, 40.0% TB and 45.2% others, but 0% SB. Sacralisation of lumbar vertebra (L) 6 with LS motion between L5 and L6 occurred in 32.3% TB and 29.0% others. Five segmental multifidus fascicles were identified originating from spinous processes and vertebral laminae running craniocaudally onto the mammillary processes and lateral border of the sacrum, crossing between 1-5 intervertebral discs. Sacrocaudalis dorsalis (SCD) lateralis muscle was an extension of multifidus from L4, L5 and L6 depending on the vertebral formula whereas SCD medialis mm originated from S3. Both inserted on caudal vertebrae. Based on the location and direction of fibres, the principal action of the deep epaxial muscles was dorsoventral sagittal rotation. This action was dependent on vertebral spinous process/body orientation. We hypothesise that equine multifidus and SCD lateralis muscles act as caudal sagittal rotators of their vertebra of origin, as is the case in man, allowing dynamic stabilisation during dorsoventral motion. CONCLUSION Equine multifidus anatomy and function are comparable to that of man. The high prevalence of anatomical variations in the LS spine may affect maximal dorsoventral motion, the stability of the LS joint and, therefore, have consequences for athletic performance. Further studies of these structures are warranted in appropriately selected poorly performing horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Stubbs
- The University of Queensland, Australia, University of Sydney, Australia
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Crook TC, Cruickshank SE, McGowan CM, Stubbs N, Wilson AM, Hodson-Tole E, Payne RC. A comparison of the moment arms of pelvic limb muscles in horses bred for acceleration (Quarter Horse) and endurance (Arab). J Anat 2010; 217:26-37. [PMID: 20492428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01241.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective breeding for performance has resulted in distinct breeds of horse, such as the Quarter Horse (bred for acceleration) and the Arab (bred for endurance). Rapid acceleration, seen during Quarter Horse racing, requires fast powerful muscular contraction and the generation of large joint torques, particularly by the hind limb muscles. This study compared hind limb moment arm lengths in the Quarter Horse and Arab. We hypothesized that Quarter Horse hind limb extensor muscles would have longer moment arms when compared to the Arab, conferring a greater potential for torque generation at the hip, stifle and tarsus during limb extension. Six Quarter Horse and six Arab hind limbs were dissected to determine muscle moment arm lengths for the following muscles: gluteus medius, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius (medialis and lateralis) and tibialis cranialis. The moment arms of biceps femoris (acting at the hip) and gastrocnemius lateralis (acting at the stifle) were significantly longer in the Quarter Horse, although the length of the remaining muscle moment arms were similar in both breeds of horse. All the Quarter Horse muscles were capable of generating greater muscle moments owing to their greater physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) and therefore greater isometric force potential, which suggests that PCSA is a better determinant of muscle torque than moment arm length in these two breeds of horse. With the exception of gastrocnemius and tibialis cranialis, the observed muscle fascicle length to moment arm ratio (MFL : MA ratio) was greater for the Arab horse muscles. It appears that the Arab muscles have the potential to operate at slower velocities of contraction and hence generate greater force outputs when compared to the Quarter Horse muscles working over a similar range of joint motion; this would indicate that Arab hind limb muscles are optimized to function at maximum economy rather than maximum power output.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Crook
- Structure and Motion Lab, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M McGowan
- Faculty of Natural Resources, Agriculture and Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Australia
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Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Despite the prevalence of orthopaedic injuries to horses, there is no objective means of quantifying the intensity of musculoskeletal pain. HYPOTHESES Mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MNT) can be measured repeatably by pressure algometry in horses and MNTs are correlated with both severity of clinical signs and subjective scores of muscle pain on palpation in horses with suspected sacroiliac dysfunction (SID). METHODS The technique of pressure algometry and its repeatability was tested at 4 anatomical sites on either side of the thoracolumbar and pelvic region in 12 Thoroughbreds in training. In a second series of 15 racing Thoroughbreds, using a different set of landmarks, pain on palpation was assessed by pressure algometry. Horses were grouped based on clinical scores of SID as normal (n = 5), mild (n = 5), moderate (n = 4) and severe (n = 1) suspected SID and scored for muscle pain response by manual palpation. RESULTS Pressure algometry was shown to be a repeatable measure of MNTs. Horses with suspected SID had significantly lower mean MNT when sites and horses were pooled and showed greater differences in mean algometer measurements between left and right sides, compared to control horses. A significant correlation was found between mean pressure algometry measurements and both suspected SID grade and muscle pain response on palpation. CONCLUSION AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Horses with suspected SID displayed lower MNTs compared to control horses, especially in the pelvic region. This supports a potential role for pressure algometry in providing an objective means of quantifying musculoskeletal pain reflected as a reduced MNT associated with SID and its response to physiotherapy or other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Varcoe-Cocks
- Faculty of Natural Resources, Agriculture and Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland
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Andrews FM, Buchanan BR, Elliott SB, Al Jassim RAM, McGowan CM, Saxton AM. In vitro effects of hydrochloric and lactic acids on bioelectric properties of equine gastric squamous mucosa. Equine Vet J 2008; 40:301-5. [PMID: 18321809 DOI: 10.2746/042516408x293565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Volatile fatty acids, byproducts of carbohydrate fermentation by resident bacteria, have been implicated in causing nonglandular (NG) gastric ulcers. Lactic acid (LA), also produced by stomach bacteria, may cause gastric ulcers when exposed to the equine NG mucosa. OBJECTIVES To investigate the in vitro effects of LA on equine NG mucosa bioelectric properties, sodium transport and tissue resistance. METHODS Gastric tissues obtained from 13 mature horses were studied in Ussing chambers. Short-circuit current (Isc) and potential difference (PD) were measured, and electrical resistance (R) and conductance (G) calculated for tissues after addition of HCl and LA (5, 10, 20 and 40 mmol/l) in normal Ringer's solution (NRS). RESULTS Mucosa exposed to HCl or LA (5, 10 and 20 mmol/l) in NRS (pH 1.5 and to a lesser extent pH 4.0) had a significant decrease in Isc and PD. Mucosa exposed to a high concentration of LA (40 mmol/l) in NRS (LRS) at pH 1.5 showed an increased G, but this increase was not significant. Values returned to baseline after solutions were returned to pH 7.0. Histological changes were consistent with HCl-induced (pH <4.0) acid damage. CONCLUSIONS HCl induced alteration in bioelectric properties of equine NG mucosa whereas addition of LRS did not, other than those changes seen with HCl alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Andrews
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Crook TC, Cruickshank SE, McGowan CM, Stubbs N, Wakeling JM, Wilson AM, Payne RC. Comparative anatomy and muscle architecture of selected hind limb muscles in the Quarter Horse and Arab. J Anat 2008; 212:144-52. [PMID: 18194205 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00848.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Quarter Horse (bred for acceleration) and the Arab (bred for endurance) are situated at either end of the equine athletic spectrum. Studies into the form and function of the leg muscles in human sprint and endurance runners have demonstrated that differences exist in their muscle architecture. It is not known whether similar differences exist in the horse. Six Quarter Horse and six Arab fresh hind limb cadavers were dissected to gain information on the muscle mass and architecture of the following muscles: gluteus medius; biceps femoris; semitendinosus; vastus lateralis; gastrocnemius; tibialis cranialis and extensor digitorum longus. Specifically, muscle mass, fascicle length and pennation angle were quantified and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) and maximum isometric force were estimated. The hind limb muscles of the Quarter Horse were of a significantly greater mass, but had similar fascicle lengths and pennation angles when compared with those of the Arab; this resulted in the Quarter Horse hind limb muscles having greater PCSAs and hence greater isometric force potential. This study suggests that Quarter Horses as a breed inherently possess large strong hind limb muscles, with the potential to accelerate their body mass more rapidly than those of the Arab.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Crook
- Structure and Motion Lab, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the ranges of normal pelvic limb range of motion in adult Greyhound dogs, and to explore which factors influence hip range of motion in a population bred to meet the specific demands of racing. Design A cross-sectional study design. METHOD Thirty-two dogs (17 male and 15 female) 13 to 81 months old were randomly selected from a local pool of 160 Greyhounds. Goniometric measurements of hip, stifle and hock range of motion were recorded in triplicate. Signalment information collected included sex, weight and age of each Greyhound. The outcome factors for the study were range of hip flexion and hip extension. The theorised exposures, age, sex, weight, racing history and hock and stifle range of motion, were modelled against the outcome variables by linear regression analysis. RESULTS Male dogs were significantly heavier (P < 0.001) and older (P < 0.002) than female dogs. Mean hip flexion was 71.75 degrees and mean hip extension 128.10 degrees. The determinants of hip flexion were sex (P = 0.008) and range of stifle flexion (P = 0.002). Race training did not influence the range of hip flexion in the sample. Determinants of hip extension included range of stifle extension (P = 0.015), history of race training (P = 0.004) and hock flexion. The mean hip extension of raced Greyhounds was 134.95 degrees compared with 121.25 degrees for unraced Greyhounds (mean difference -13.70, 95% confidence interval -18.12, -9.29; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study has reported isolated pelvic limb joint range of motion in the racing Greyhound. Hip range of motion was affected by stifle range of motion, sex and race training. Dogs that had received race training had greater flexibility, possibly due to training having an active stretching role on muscles, tendons and other structures limiting the hip range of motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Nicholson
- School of Animal Studies, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343.
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