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Albarrán V, San Román M, Pozas J, Chamorro J, Rosero DI, Guerrero P, Calvo JC, González C, García de Quevedo C, Pérez de Aguado P, Moreno J, Cortés A, Soria A. Adoptive T cell therapy for solid tumors: current landscape and future challenges. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1352805. [PMID: 38550594 PMCID: PMC10972864 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1352805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) comprises different strategies to enhance the activity of T lymphocytes and other effector cells that orchestrate the antitumor immune response, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, T-cell receptor (TCR) gene-modified T cells, and therapy with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). The outstanding results of CAR-T cells in some hematologic malignancies have launched the investigation of ACT in patients with refractory solid malignancies. However, certain characteristics of solid tumors, such as their antigenic heterogeneity and immunosuppressive microenvironment, hamper the efficacy of antigen-targeted treatments. Other ACT modalities, such as TIL therapy, have emerged as promising new strategies. TIL therapy has shown safety and promising activity in certain immunogenic cancers, mainly advanced melanoma, with an exciting rationale for its combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, the implementation of TIL therapy in clinical practice is hindered by several biological, logistic, and economic challenges. In this review, we aim to summarize the current knowledge, available clinical results, and potential areas of future research regarding the use of T cell therapy in patients with solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Albarrán
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - María San Román
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Pozas
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jesús Chamorro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Isabel Rosero
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Guerrero
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Calvo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos González
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Jaime Moreno
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Cortés
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ainara Soria
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Lu Y, Zhang J, Chen Y, Kang Y, Liao Z, He Y, Zhang C. Novel Immunotherapies for Osteosarcoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:830546. [PMID: 35433427 PMCID: PMC9012135 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.830546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone sarcoma mainly affecting adolescents and young adults, which often progresses to pulmonary metastasis and leads to the death of OS patients. OS is characterized as a highly heterogeneous cancer type and the underlying pathologic mechanisms triggering tumor progress and metastasis are incompletely recognized. Surgery combined with neoadjuvant and postoperative chemotherapy has elevated 5-year survival to over 70% for patients with localized OS tumors, as opposed to only 20% of patients with recurrence and/or metastasis. Therefore, novel therapeutic strategies are needed to overcome the drawbacks of conventional treatments. Immunotherapy is gaining momentum for the treatment of OS with an increasing number of FDA-approved therapies for malignancies resistant to conventional therapies. Here, we review the OS tumor microenvironment and appraise the promising immunotherapies available in the management of OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubao Lu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahe Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yutong Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuchen Kang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhipeng Liao
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuanqi He
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Cangyu Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Cangyu Zhang,
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3
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Donia M, Fagone P, Nicoletti F, Andersen RS, Høgdall E, Straten PT, Andersen MH, Svane IM. BRAF inhibition improves tumor recognition by the immune system: Potential implications for combinatorial therapies against melanoma involving adoptive T-cell transfer. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:1476-1483. [PMID: 23264894 PMCID: PMC3525603 DOI: 10.4161/onci.21940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the fact that they occur at high rates, the clinical responses of BRAFV600 mutant metastatic melanoma to BRAF inhibitors are usually short-lasting, with most cases progressing within less than 8 mo. Immunomodulatory strategies initiated after progression have recently been reported to be poorly efficient. By characterizing the immunological interactions between T cells and cancer cells in clinical material as well as the influence of the FDA-approved BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib on the immune system, we aimed at unraveling new strategies to expand the efficacy of adoptive T-cell transfer, which represents one of the most promising approaches currently in clinical development for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Here we show that blocking the BRAF-MAPK pathway in BRAF signaling-addicted melanoma cells significantly increases the ability of T cells contained in clinical grade tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes to recognize autologous BRAFV600 mutant melanoma cell lines in vitro. Antitumor reactivity was improved regardless of the class of antigen recognized by tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. Microarray data suggests that improved tumor recognition is associated with modified expression of MHC Class I-associated proteins as well as of heat-shock proteins. In conclusion, our preclinical data suggest that an appropriately timed sequential treatment of BRAFV600 mutant melanoma with vemurafenib and adoptive T-cell transfer might result in synergistic antineoplastic effects owing to an increased immunogenicity of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Donia
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy; Department of Haematology; Copenhagen University Hospital at Herlev; Herlev, Denmark ; Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Catania; Catania, Italy
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4
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Han J, Lotze MT. The Adaptome as Biomarker for Assessing Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2055:369-397. [PMID: 31502161 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9773-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In terms of diagnosing and treating diseases, our adaptive immune system is the "best doctor." It carries out these tasks with unmatched precision, with the help of both T and B cell receptors, our most diverse set of genes, distinguishing one individual from another. It does this by generating autologous extraordinary diversity in the receptors, ranging from 1015 to 1025 for each chain of the rearranged receptors. By combining multiplex PCR and next-generation sequencing (NGS), we have developed high throughput methods to study adaptive immunity. The adaptome is the sum-total of expressed T and B cell receptor genes in a sample, composed of seven chains, including the alpha/beta and gamma/delta chains for T cells, and heavy/lambda or kappa chains for B cells. Immune repertoire is the sum-total of the individual clonotypes within one chain, including individual complementarity-determining regions (CDR) 3 sequences. In order to reflect the breadth and depth of the true adaptome, the following criteria assessing any method needs to be ascertained: (1) Methods need to be inclusive and quantitative; (2) Analysis should consider what questions need to be addressed and whether bulk or single cell sequencing provide the best tools for assessing the underlying biology and addressing important questions; (3) Measures of clonal diversity are key to understand the underlying structure and providence of the repertoire; and (4) Convergent evolution may allow a surprising degree of homologous or identical CDR3s associated with individual disease entities, creating hope for novel diagnostics and/or disease burden assessments. Integrating studies of the peripheral blood, lymph nodes, and tumor allows dynamic interrogation of the alterations occurring with age, treatment, and response to emergent and established therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Han
- iRepertoire, Inc., Huntsville, AL, USA.,Hudson Alpha Institute, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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5
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Bae J, Hideshima T, Zhang GL, Zhou J, Keskin DB, Munshi NC, Anderson KC. Identification and characterization of HLA-A24-specific XBP1, CD138 (Syndecan-1) and CS1 (SLAMF7) peptides inducing antigens-specific memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes targeting multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2018; 32:752-764. [PMID: 29089645 PMCID: PMC5953209 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), CD138 (Syndecan-1) and CS1 (SLAMF7) are highly expressed antigens in cancers including multiple myeloma (MM). Here, we identify and characterize immunogenic HLA-A24 peptides derived from these antigens for potential vaccination therapy of HLA-A24+ patients with MM. The identified immunogenic HLA-A24-specific XBP1 unspliced (UN)185-193 (I S P W I L A V L), XBP1 spliced (SP)223-231 (V Y P E G P S S L), CD138265-273 (I F A V C L V G F) and CS1240-248 (L F V L G L F L W) peptides induced antigen-specific CTL with anti-MM activity in an HLA-A24 restricted manner. Furthermore, a cocktail containing the four HLA-A24 peptides evoked MM-specific CTL with distinct phenotypic profiles (CD28, CD40L, 41BB, CD38, CD69) and anti-tumor activities, evidenced by perforin upregulation, CD107a degranulation (cytotoxicity) and Th1-type cytokines (IFN-γ/IL-2/TNF-α) production in response to HLA-A24+ MM cells. The multipeptide-specific CTL included antigen-specific memory CD8+ T cells expressing both T-cell activation (CD38, CD69) and immune checkpoints antigens (CTLA, PD-1, LAG-3, TIM-3). These results provide the framework for a multipeptide vaccination therapy to induce tumor-specific CTL in HLA-A24-positive patients with myeloma and other cancers expressing these antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooeun Bae
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Teru Hideshima
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jun Zhou
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Derin B. Keskin
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nikhil C. Munshi
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kenneth C. Anderson
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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6
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Ramello MC, Haura EB, Abate-Daga D. CAR-T cells and combination therapies: What's next in the immunotherapy revolution? Pharmacol Res 2017; 129:194-203. [PMID: 29203440 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies are dramatically reshaping the clinical management of oncologic patients. For many of these therapies, the guidelines for administration, monitoring, and management of associated toxicities are still being established. This is especially relevant for adoptively transferred, genetically-modified T cells, which have unique pharmacokinetic properties, due to their ability to replicate and persist long-term, following a single administration. Furthermore, in the case of CAR-T cells, the use of synthetic immune receptors may impact signaling pathways involved in T cell function and survival in unexpected ways. We, herein, comment on the most salient aspects of CAR-T cell design and clinical experience in the treatment of solid tumors. In addition, we discuss different possible scenarios for combinations of CAR-T cells and other treatment modalities, with a special emphasis on kinase inhibitors, elaborating on the strategies to maximize synergism. Finally, we discuss some of the technologies that are available to explore the molecular events governing the success of these therapies. The young fields of synthetic and systems biology are likely to be major players in the advancement of CAR-T cell therapies, providing the tools and the knowledge to engineer patients' T lymphocytes into intelligent cancer-fighting micromachines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Ramello
- Dept. of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute. Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Eric B Haura
- Dept. of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, United States
| | - Daniel Abate-Daga
- Dept. of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute. Tampa, FL, United States; Dept. of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, United States; Dept. of Oncological Sciences, Morsani School of Medicine, University of South Florida, United States
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7
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Lechner A, Schlößer H, Rothschild SI, Thelen M, Reuter S, Zentis P, Shimabukuro-Vornhagen A, Theurich S, Wennhold K, Garcia-Marquez M, Tharun L, Quaas A, Schauss A, Isensee J, Hucho T, Huebbers C, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Beutner D. Characterization of tumor-associated T-lymphocyte subsets and immune checkpoint molecules in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:44418-44433. [PMID: 28574843 PMCID: PMC5546490 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) reflects biology and immunogenicity of cancer. Here, we characterize T-cell subsets and expression of immune checkpoint molecules in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). We analyzed TIL subsets in primary tumors (n = 34), blood (peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC); n = 34) and non-cancerous mucosa (n = 7) of 34 treatment-naïve HNSCC patients and PBMC of 15 healthy controls. Flow cytometry analyses revealed a highly variable T-cell infiltration mainly of an effector memory phenotype (CD45RA-/CCR7-). Naïve T cells (CD45RA+/CCR7+) were decreased in the microenvironment compared to PBMC of patients, while regulatory T cells (CD4+/CD25+/CD127low and CD4+/CD39+) were elevated. Furthermore, we performed digital image analyses of entire cross sections of HNSCC to define the 'Immunoscore' (CD3+ and CD8+ cell infiltration in tumor core and invasive margin) and quantified MHC class I expression on tumor cells by immunohistochemistry. Immune checkpoint molecules cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) were increased in TILs compared to peripheral T cells in flow-cytometric analysis. Human papillomavirus (HPV) positive tumors showed higher numbers of TILs, but a similar composition of T-cell subsets and checkpoint molecule expression compared to HPV negative tumors. Taken together, the tumor microenvironment of HNSCC is characterized by a strong infiltration of regulatory T cells and high checkpoint molecule expression on T-cell subsets. In view of increasingly used immunotherapies, a detailed knowledge of TILs and checkpoint molecule expression on TILs is of high translational relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Lechner
- Cologne Interventional Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Schlößer
- Cologne Interventional Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sacha I. Rothschild
- Cologne Interventional Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- University Hospital Basel, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Thelen
- Cologne Interventional Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sabrina Reuter
- Cologne Interventional Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Zentis
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Shimabukuro-Vornhagen
- Cologne Interventional Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Theurich
- Cologne Interventional Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wennhold
- Cologne Interventional Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria Garcia-Marquez
- Cologne Interventional Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lars Tharun
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Quaas
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Astrid Schauss
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg Isensee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Experimental Anesthesiology and Pain Research, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Hucho
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Experimental Anesthesiology and Pain Research, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Huebbers
- Jean-Uhrmacher Institute for Clinical ENT Research, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael von Bergwelt-Baildon
- Cologne Interventional Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dirk Beutner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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8
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Wang Z, Li B, Ren Y, Ye Z. T-Cell-Based Immunotherapy for Osteosarcoma: Challenges and Opportunities. Front Immunol 2016; 7:353. [PMID: 27683579 PMCID: PMC5021687 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though combining surgery with chemotherapy has significantly improved the prognosis of osteosarcoma patients, advanced, metastatic, or recurrent osteosarcomas are often non-responsive to chemotherapy, making development of novel efficient therapeutic methods an urgent need. Adoptive immunotherapy has the potential to be a useful non-surgical modality for treatment of osteosarcoma. Recently, alternative strategies, including immunotherapies using naturally occurring or genetically modified T cells, have been found to hold promise in the treatment of hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. In this review, we will discuss possible T-cell-based therapies against osteosarcoma with a special emphasis on combination strategies to improve the effectiveness of adoptive T cell transfer and, thus, to provide a rationale for the clinical development of immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Centre for Orthopaedic Research, Orthopaedics Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
| | - Binghao Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Centre for Orthopaedic Research, Orthopaedics Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
| | - Yingqing Ren
- Department of Orthopaedics, Centre for Orthopaedic Research, Orthopaedics Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
| | - Zhaoming Ye
- Department of Orthopaedics, Centre for Orthopaedic Research, Orthopaedics Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
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9
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Abstract
Tumor is one of the most common lethal diseases in the world. Current progress of therapy remains insufficient survival benefit. Tumor immunotherapies have been proposed for more than a century. With the improvement in the understanding of the role of the immune system in the tumorigenesis and immune response to tumor, immunotherapy has obtained a rapid development and plays the significant role in tumor therapy nowadays. This review designs to provide a general overview of immunotherapy in tumors. We will introduce the landmark events in the past research of immunotherapy and elaborate a range of strategies using different immune response mechanism, which have been demonstrated successfully and even some of them have been approved by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to certain tumor therapy. Finally, we will discuss the future direction of immunotherapy so that we can predict the possible and valuable strategies for future tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
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10
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Carlson LM, De Geer A, Sveinbjørnsson B, Orrego A, Martinsson T, Kogner P, Levitskaya J. The microenvironment of human neuroblastoma supports the activation of tumor-associated T lymphocytes. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e23618. [PMID: 23802089 PMCID: PMC3661174 DOI: 10.4161/onci.23618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor infiltration by lymphocytes has been linked to improved clinical outcome in children with neuroblastoma (NB) but T-cell activation has never been demonstrated to occur within the NB microenvironment. Here we show that tumor-associated lymphocytes (TALs) obtained from lesions representing all genetic subsets of NB and autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) analyzed on the day of tumor excision differed in composition, phenotype and functional characteristics. The NB microenvironment appeared to promote the accumulation of CD3+CD8+ T cells and contained a larger proportion of T cells expressing the interleukin-2 receptor α chain (CD25) and manifesting an effector memory (CCR7−CD45RA−) phenotype. Accordingly, the stimulation of PBLs with autologous tumor cells in short-term cultures increased the proportion of effector memory T cells, upregulated CD25, stimulated the expression of the TH1 cytokines interferon γ and tumor necrosis factor α, and reduced the expression of transforming growth factor β. In situ proliferation as well as a characteristic pattern of T-cell receptor aggregation at the contact sites with malignant cells was revealed by the immunohistochemical staining of TALs in primary tumors, indicating that the NB milieu is compatible with the activation of the immune system. Our results are compatible with the hypothesis that CD8+ T cells are specifically activated within the NB microenvironment, which appears to be permissive for effector memory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena-Maria Carlson
- Cancer Center Karolinska; Department of Oncology-Pathology; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm, Sweden ; Childhood Cancer Research Unit; Department of Women's and Children's Health; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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The immune system and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: from carcinogenesis to new therapeutic opportunities. Immunol Res 2014; 57:52-69. [PMID: 24218361 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-013-8462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) exhibit complex interactions with the host immune system that may simultaneously explain resistance to various therapeutic modalities and that may also provide opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Discoveries in immunologic research over the last decade have led to an increased understanding of these interactions as well as the development of a multitude of investigational immunotherapies. Here, we describe the interaction between HNSCC and the immune system, including a discussion of immune cells involved with tumor carcinogenesis and the role of immune-modulating factors derived from tumors. We also describe the current immunotherapeutic approaches being investigated for HNSCC, including a discussion of the successes and limitations. With this review, we hope to present HNSCC as a model to guide future research in cancer immunology.
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12
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Bae J, Prabhala R, Voskertchian A, Brown A, Maguire C, Richardson P, Dranoff G, Anderson KC, Munshi NC. A multiepitope of XBP1, CD138 and CS1 peptides induces myeloma-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in T cells of smoldering myeloma patients. Leukemia 2014; 29:218-29. [PMID: 24935722 PMCID: PMC4237716 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated a cocktail of HLA-A2-specific peptides including heteroclitic XBP1 US184-192 (YISPWILAV), heteroclitic XBP1 SP367-375 (YLFPQLISV), native CD138260-268 (GLVGLIFAV) and native CS1239-247 (SLFVLGLFL), for their ability to elicit multipeptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (MP-CTLs) using T cells from smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) patients. Our results demonstrate that MP-CTLs generated from SMM patients' T cells show effective anti-MM responses including CD137 (4-1BB) upregulation, CTL proliferation, interferon-γ production and degranulation (CD107a) in an HLA-A2-restricted and peptide-specific manner. Phenotypically, we observed increased total CD3(+)CD8(+) T cells (>80%) and cellular activation (CD69(+)) within the memory SMM MP-CTL (CD45RO(+)/CD3(+)CD8(+)) subset after repeated multipeptide stimulation. Importantly, SMM patients could be categorized into distinct groups by their level of MP-CTL expansion and antitumor activity. In high responders, the effector memory (CCR7(-)CD45RO(+)/CD3(+)CD8(+)) T-cell subset was enriched, whereas the remaining responders' CTL contained a higher frequency of the terminal effector (CCR7(-)CD45RO(-)/CD3(+)CD8(+)) subset. These results suggest that this multipeptide cocktail has the potential to induce effective and durable memory MP-CTL in SMM patients. Therefore, our findings provide the rationale for clinical evaluation of a therapeutic vaccine to prevent or delay progression of SMM to active disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bae
- 1] Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Prabhala
- 1] Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [3] VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Voskertchian
- Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Brown
- 1] Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Maguire
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P Richardson
- 1] Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G Dranoff
- 1] Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K C Anderson
- 1] Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - N C Munshi
- 1] Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [3] VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
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13
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Raaijmakers MIG, Rozati S, Goldinger SM, Widmer DS, Dummer R, Levesque MP. Melanoma immunotherapy: historical precedents, recent successes and future prospects. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:169-82. [PMID: 23413908 DOI: 10.2217/imt.12.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The idea of cancer immunotherapy has been around for more than a century; however, the first immunotherapeutic ipilimumab, an anti-CTLA-4 antibody, has only recently been approved by the US FDA for melanoma. With an increasing understanding of the immune response, it is expected that more therapies will follow. This review aims to provide a general overview of immunotherapy in melanoma. We first explain the development of cancer immunotherapy more than a century ago and the general opinions about it over time. This is followed by a general overview of the immune reaction in order to give insight into the possible targets for therapy. Finally, we will discuss the current therapies for melanoma, their shortcomings and why it is important to develop patient stratification criteria. We conclude with an overview of recent discoveries and possible future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke I G Raaijmakers
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Graner MW, Romanoski A, Katsanis E. The 'peptidome' of tumour-derived chaperone-rich cell lysate anti-cancer vaccines reveals potential tumour antigens that stimulate tumour immunity. Int J Hyperthermia 2013; 29:380-9. [PMID: 23725202 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2013.793406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour-derived chaperone-rich cell lysate (CRCL) when isolated from tumour tissue or when embedded with peptide antigens is a potent anti-cancer vaccine consisting of numerous chaperone/heat shock proteins, including the highly immunogenic Hsp70, Hsp90, glucose regulated protein 94, and calreticulin. We have previously documented that CRCL provides both a source of tumour antigens and danger signals triggering antigen presenting cell activation. In this report we describe the 'peptidome' of potential antigens extracted from CRCL prepared from a murine tumour. Using mass spectrometry techniques we identify almost 60 different proteins of origin for the CRCL peptides; we determine that the parental proteins come from essentially all parts of the cell, and are involved in a broad range of functions. Further in silico analysis demonstrates that the parental proteins are components of major signalling networks of vital importance for cancer cell survival, proliferation, and migration. In many instances the peptides identified possess amino acid sequences that would allow their putative binding and display by murine major histocompatibility complex class I and II molecules, and there are also predicted binding motifs for Hsp70-type chaperones. By mixing fractionated pools of peptides with antigen-free (normal liver) CRCL, we were able to reconstitute effective anti-tumour activity of the vaccine, showing that the peptides are indeed the major purveyors of CRCL vaccines' efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Graner
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80045, USA.
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15
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Green VL, Michno A, Stafford ND, Greenman J. Increased prevalence of tumour infiltrating immune cells in oropharyngeal tumours in comparison to other subsites: relationship to peripheral immunity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:863-73. [PMID: 23359088 PMCID: PMC11028989 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nature of the tumour microenvironment immune response in head and neck cancer patients has an important role in tumour development and metastasis, but it is unknown if this differs between cancer subsites or whether it is related to the peripheral immune response. METHODS Immune cells (CD4, CD8, Foxp3) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tissue (HNSCC; n = 66), detected by immunohistochemistry, have been correlated with tumour subsite and immune cells in the peripheral circulation (CD4(+)CD25(High)Foxp3(+) Treg and CD4(+) T cells), identified using flow cytometry. RESULTS Oropharyngeal tumours had a greater number of infiltrating immune cells in both tumour and stroma compared with other subsites, but no difference was observed in the circulating levels. Immune cells in the stroma were positively related to those in the tumour with consistently higher levels in stroma. A strong relationship was found between the number of CD4(+) and Foxp3(+) cells but not between the number of CD8(+) and Foxp3(+) cells in the tumour. The number of Foxp3(+) cells within the tumour was positively correlated with the percentage of circulating CD4(+)CD25(High) cells positive for Foxp3. Late stage laryngeal tumours showed a higher number of Foxp3(+) lymphocytes compared with early stage malignancies, and oropharyngeal tumours had more CD4(+) cells in node negative tumours compared with node positive ones. CONCLUSION The level of immune cell infiltration in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma appears to be subsite dependent residing primarily in the stroma and is likely to be dependent on the peripheral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
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16
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Schuler PJ, Hoffmann TK, Gauler TC, Bergmann C, Brandau S, Lang S. [Immunotherapy of head and neck cancer. Current developments]. HNO 2012; 61:559-72. [PMID: 23247754 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-012-2635-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve the prognosis for patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) the introduction of new therapeutic strategies is necessary. The concept of immunotherapy has been applied and improved for several years and recent studies have used tumor-specific antigens which facilitates targeted oncologic therapy. However, immunotherapy is hampered by the fact that immunosuppressive mechanisms are pronounced and relevant effector cells are suppressed, especially in patients with HNSCC. Successful immunotherapy could induce an antitumor immune response by restitution of these cell populations. Current anti-tumor immunotherapy includes unspecific immune stimulation, genetic modification of tumor and immune cells, the use of monoclonal antibodies, e.g. cetuximab, adoptive cell transfer and tumor vaccination. In the future, these biologic therapies alone or in combination with conventional therapeutic regimens could present a valuable therapeutic option for HNSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Schuler
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenkrankheiten, Universität Duisburg-Essen.
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17
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Methods to improve adoptive T-cell therapy for melanoma: IFN-γ enhances anticancer responses of cell products for infusion. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 133:545-52. [PMID: 23014345 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Further development of adoptive T-cell therapy (ACT) with autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) has the potential to markedly change the long-term prognosis of patients with metastatic melanoma, and modifications of the original protocol that can improve its clinical efficacy are highly desirable. In this study, we demonstrated that a high in vitro tumor reactivity of infusion products was associated with clinical responses upon adoptive transfer. In addition, we systematically characterized the responses of a series of TIL products to relevant autologous short term-cultured melanoma cell lines from 12 patients. We provide evidence that antitumor reactivity of both CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells could be enhanced in most TIL products by autologous melanoma sensitization by pretreatment with low-dose IFN-γ. IFN-γ selectively enhanced responses to tumor-associated antigens other than melanoma differentiation antigens. In addition, IFN-γ treatment was invariably associated with restored/increased cancer immunogenicity as demonstrated by upregulation of major histocompatibility complex molecules. These findings suggest a potential synergism between IFN-γ and ACT, and have important implications for clinical development of combination strategies for the treatment of metastatic melanoma.
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18
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Ellebaek E, Iversen TZ, Junker N, Donia M, Engell-Noerregaard L, Met Ö, Hölmich LR, Andersen RS, Hadrup SR, Andersen MH, thor Straten P, Svane IM. Adoptive cell therapy with autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and low-dose Interleukin-2 in metastatic melanoma patients. J Transl Med 2012; 10:169. [PMID: 22909342 PMCID: PMC3514199 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adoptive cell therapy may be based on isolation of tumor-specific T cells, e.g. autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), in vitro activation and expansion and the reinfusion of these cells into patients upon chemotherapy induced lymphodepletion. Together with high-dose interleukin (IL)-2 this treatment has been given to patients with advanced malignant melanoma and impressive response rates but also significant IL-2 associated toxicity have been observed. Here we present data from a feasibility study at a Danish Translational Research Center using TIL adoptive transfer in combination with low-dose subcutaneous IL-2 injections. METHODS This is a pilot trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00937625) including patients with metastatic melanoma, PS ≤1, age <70, measurable and progressive disease and no involvement of the central nervous system. Six patients were treated with lymphodepleting chemotherapy, TIL infusion, and 14 days of subcutaneous low-dose IL-2 injections, 2 MIU/day. RESULTS Low-dose IL-2 considerably decreased the treatment related toxicity with no grade 3-4 IL-2 related adverse events. Objective clinical responses were seen in 2 of 6 treated patients with ongoing complete responses (30+ and 10+ months), 2 patients had stable disease (4 and 5 months) and 2 patients progressed shortly after treatment. Tumor-reactivity of the infused cells and peripheral lymphocytes before and after therapy were analyzed. Absolute number of tumor specific T cells in the infusion product tended to correlate with clinical response and also, an induction of peripheral tumor reactive T cells was observed for 1 patient in complete remission. CONCLUSION Complete and durable responses were induced after treatment with adoptive cell therapy in combination with low-dose IL-2 which significantly decreased toxicity of this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ellebaek
- CCIT, Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
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