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Wilson KL, Flanagan KL, Prakash MD, Plebanski M. Malaria vaccines in the eradication era: current status and future perspectives. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:133-151. [PMID: 30601095 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1561289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The challenge to eradicate malaria is an enormous task that will not be achieved by current control measures, thus an efficacious and long-lasting malaria vaccine is required. The licensing of RTS, S/AS01 is a step forward in providing some protection, but a malaria vaccine that protects across multiple transmission seasons is still needed. To achieve this, inducing beneficial immune responses while minimising deleterious non-targeted effects will be essential. AREAS COVERED This article discusses the current challenges and advances in malaria vaccine development and reviews recent human clinical trials for each stage of infection. Pubmed and ScienceDirect were searched, focusing on cell mediated immunity and how T cell subsets might be targeted in future vaccines using novel adjuvants and emerging vaccine technologies. EXPERT COMMENTARY Despite decades of research there is no highly effective licensed malaria vaccine. However, there is cause for optimism as new adjuvants and vaccine systems emerge, and our understanding of correlates of protection increases, especially regarding cellular immunity. The new field of heterologous (non-specific) effects of vaccines also highlights the broader consequences of immunization. Importantly, the WHO led Malaria Vaccine Technology Roadmap illustrates that there is a political will among the global health community to make it happen.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Wilson
- a Department of Immunology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences , Monash University , Melbourne , Australia.,b School of Health and Biomedical Sciences , RMIT University , Bundoora , Australia
| | - K L Flanagan
- a Department of Immunology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences , Monash University , Melbourne , Australia.,b School of Health and Biomedical Sciences , RMIT University , Bundoora , Australia.,c School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Tasmania , Launceston , Australia
| | - M D Prakash
- b School of Health and Biomedical Sciences , RMIT University , Bundoora , Australia
| | - M Plebanski
- b School of Health and Biomedical Sciences , RMIT University , Bundoora , Australia
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Taniguchi T, Md Mannoor K, Nonaka D, Toma H, Li C, Narita M, Vanisaveth V, Kano S, Takahashi M, Watanabe H. A Unique Subset of γδ T Cells Expands and Produces IL-10 in Patients with Naturally Acquired Immunity against Falciparum Malaria. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1288. [PMID: 28769886 PMCID: PMC5515829 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although expansions in γδ T cell populations are known to occur in the peripheral blood of patients infected with Plasmodium falciparum, the role of these cells in people with naturally acquired immunity against P. falciparum who live in malaria-endemic areas is poorly understood. We used a cross-sectional survey to investigate the role of peripheral blood γδ T cells in people living in Lao People's Democratic Republic, a malaria-endemic area. We found that the proportion of non-Vγ9 γδ T cells was higher in non-hospitalized uncomplicated falciparum malaria patients (UMPs) from this region. Notably, we found that the non-Vγ9 γδ T cells in the peripheral blood of UMPs and negative controls from this region had the potential to expand and produce IL-10 and interferon-γ when cultured in the presence of IL-2 and/or crude P. falciparum antigens for 10 days. Furthermore, these cells were associated with plasma interleukin 10 (IL-10), which was elevated in UMPs. This is the first report demonstrating that, in UMPs living in a malaria-endemic area, a γδ T cell subset, the non-Vγ9 γδT cells, expands and produces IL-10. These results contribute to understanding of the mechanisms of naturally acquired immunity against P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyo Taniguchi
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma UniversityMaebashi, Japan
- Center for Medical Education, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma UniversityMaebashi, Japan
- Immunobiology Group, Center of Molecular Biosciences, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the RyukyusNishihara, Japan
| | - Kaiissar Md Mannoor
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, BaltimoreMD, United States
| | - Daisuke Nonaka
- Department of Parasitology and Immunopathoetiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the RyukyusNishihara, Japan
| | - Hiromu Toma
- Department of Parasitology and Immunopathoetiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the RyukyusNishihara, Japan
| | - Changchun Li
- Department of Health Sciences, Trans-disciplinary Research Organization for Subtropics and Island Studies, University of the RyukyusNishihara, Japan
| | - Miwako Narita
- Laboratory of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | | | - Shigeyuki Kano
- Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and MedicineTokyo, Japan
| | - Masuhiro Takahashi
- Laboratory of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Hisami Watanabe
- Immunobiology Group, Center of Molecular Biosciences, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the RyukyusNishihara, Japan
- Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar, Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
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Pinna RA, Silva-Dos-Santos D, Perce-da-Silva DS, Oliveira-Ferreira J, Villa-Verde DMS, De Luca PM, Banic DM. Malaria-Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Co-infection: Influence on Disease Outcomes and Immune Response. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:982. [PMID: 27446022 PMCID: PMC4921482 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) are co-endemic throughout large regions in tropical countries and co-infection may impact the evolution of host-parasite interactions. In the present study, we evaluate Malaria/Leishmaniasis disease outcome, Th1/Th2 cytokine levels and the CD4 and CD8 T-cell profiles in a co-infection murine model (BALB/c) of Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL (Py) and Leishmania amazonensis (La) or L. braziliensis (Lb). Malaria parasitaemia was assessed through blood strains stained with Giemsa. Leishmania lesions were monitored with a digital caliper and parasite loads determined by limiting-dilution assay. Serum levels of IFN-γ, TNF, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17 were determined using multiplexed bead assay and expression of CD3, CD4, and CD8 T-cells markers were determined by Flow Cytometry in the thymus, spleens and lymph nodes. Parasitaemia in Lb+Py co-infected group was lower than in Py single-infected group, suggesting a protective effect of Lb co-infection in Malaria progression. In contrast, La+Py co-infection increased parasitaemia, patent infection and induced mortality in non-lethal Malaria infection. Regarding Leishmaniasis, Lb+Py co-infected group presented smaller lesions and less ulceration than Lb single-infected animals. In contrast, La+Py co-infected group presented only a transitory delay on the development of lesions when compared to La single-infected mice. Decreased levels of IFN-γ, TNF, IL-6, and IL-10 were observed in the serum of co-infected groups, demonstrating a modulation of Malaria immune response by Leishmania co-infections. We observed an intense thymic atrophy in Py single-infected and co-infected groups, which recovered earlier in co-infected animals. The CD4 and CD8 T cell profiles in thymus, spleens and lymph nodes did not differ between Py single and co-infected groups, except for a decrease in CD4+CD8+ T cells which also increased faster in co-infected mice. Our results suggest that Py and Leishmania co-infection may change disease outcome. Interestingly Malaria outcome can be altered according to the Leishmania specie involved. Alternatively Malaria infection reduced the severity or delayed the onset of leishmanial lesions. These alterations in Malaria and CL development seem to be closely related with changes in the immune response as demonstrated by alteration in serum cytokine levels and thymus/spleens T cell phenotypes dynamics during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel A Pinna
- Laboratory of Simulids, Onchocerciasis and Sympatric Diseases: Mansonelliasis and Malaria, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Danielle Silva-Dos-Santos
- Laboratory of Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daiana S Perce-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Simulids, Onchocerciasis and Sympatric Diseases: Mansonelliasis and Malaria, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joseli Oliveira-Ferreira
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dea M S Villa-Verde
- Laboratory of Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula M De Luca
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dalma M Banic
- Laboratory of Simulids, Onchocerciasis and Sympatric Diseases: Mansonelliasis and Malaria, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Edelblum KL, Singh G, Odenwald MA, Lingaraju A, El Bissati K, McLeod R, Sperling AI, Turner JR. γδ Intraepithelial Lymphocyte Migration Limits Transepithelial Pathogen Invasion and Systemic Disease in Mice. Gastroenterology 2015; 148:1417-26. [PMID: 25747597 PMCID: PMC4685713 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Intraepithelial lymphocytes that express the γδ T-cell receptor (γδ IELs) limit pathogen translocation across the intestinal epithelium by unknown mechanisms. We investigated whether γδ IEL migration and interaction with epithelial cells promote mucosal barrier maintenance during enteric infection. METHODS Salmonella typhimurium or Toxoplasma gondii were administered to knockout (KO) mice lacking either the T cell receptor δ chain (Tcrd) or CD103, or control TcrdEGFP C57BL/6 reporter mice. Intravital microscopy was used to visualize migration of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged γδ T cells within the small intestinal mucosa of mice infected with DsRed-labeled S typhimurium. Mixed bone marrow chimeras were generated to assess the effects of γδ IEL migration on early pathogen invasion and chronic systemic infection. RESULTS Morphometric analyses of intravital video microscopy data showed that γδ IELs rapidly localized to and remained near epithelial cells in direct contact with bacteria. Within 1 hour, greater numbers of T gondii or S typhimurium were present within mucosae of mice with migration-defective occludin KO γδ T cells, compared with controls. Pathogen invasion in Tcrd KO mice was quantitatively similar to that in mice with occludin-deficient γδ T cells, whereas invasion in CD103 KO mice, which have increased migration of γδ T cells into the lateral intercellular space, was reduced by 63%. Consistent with a role of γδ T-cell migration in early host defense, systemic salmonellosis developed more rapidly and with greater severity in mice with occludin-deficient γδ IELs, relative to those with wild-type or CD103 KO γδ IELs. CONCLUSIONS In mice, intraepithelial migration to epithelial cells in contact with pathogens is essential to γδ IEL surveillance and immediate host defense. γδ IEL occludin is required for early surveillance that limits systemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kamal El Bissati
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago
| | - Rima McLeod
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago
| | - Anne I. Sperling
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago,Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, The University of Chicago
| | - Jerrold R. Turner
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago,Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago
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Abstract
The development of a highly effective malaria vaccine remains a key goal to aid in the control and eventual eradication of this devastating parasitic disease. The field has made huge strides in recent years, with the first-generation vaccine RTS,S showing modest efficacy in a Phase III clinical trial. The updated 2030 Malaria Vaccine Technology Roadmap calls for a second generation vaccine to achieve 75% efficacy over two years for both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, and for a vaccine that can prevent malaria transmission. Whole-parasite immunisation approaches and combinations of pre-erythrocytic subunit vaccines are now reporting high-level efficacy, whilst exciting new approaches to the development of blood-stage and transmission-blocking vaccine subunit components are entering clinical development. The development of a highly effective multi-component multi-stage subunit vaccine now appears to be a realistic ambition. This review will cover these recent developments in malaria vaccinology.
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Abstract
γδ T cells, αβ T cells, and B cells are present together in all but the most primitive vertebrates, suggesting that each population contributes to host immune competence uniquely and that all three are necessary for maintaining immune competence. Functional and molecular analyses indicate that in infections, γδ T cells respond earlier than αβ T cells do and that they emerge late after pathogen numbers start to decline. Thus, these cells may be involved in both establishing and regulating the inflammatory response. Moreover, γδ T cells and αβ T cells are clearly distinct in their antigen recognition and activation requirements as well as in the development of their antigen-specific repertoire and effector function. These aspects allow γδ T cells to occupy unique temporal and functional niches in host immune defense. We review these and other advances in γδ T cell biology in the context of their being the major initial IL-17 producers in acute infection.
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