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Engelhart MJ, Glowacki RWP, Till JM, Harding CV, Martens EC, Ahern PP. The NQR Complex Regulates the Immunomodulatory Function of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:767-781. [PMID: 37486212 PMCID: PMC10527448 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome and intestinal immune system are engaged in a dynamic interplay that provides myriad benefits to host health. However, the microbiome can also elicit damaging inflammatory responses, and thus establishing harmonious immune-microbiome interactions is essential to maintain homeostasis. Gut microbes actively coordinate the induction of anti-inflammatory responses that establish these mutualistic interactions. Despite this, the microbial pathways that govern this dialogue remain poorly understood. We investigated the mechanisms through which the gut symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron exerts its immunomodulatory functions on murine- and human-derived cells. Our data reveal that B. thetaiotaomicron stimulates production of the cytokine IL-10 via secreted factors that are packaged into outer membrane vesicles, in a TLR2- and MyD88-dependent manner. Using a transposon mutagenesis-based screen, we identified a key role for the B. thetaiotaomicron-encoded NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (NQR) complex, which regenerates NAD+ during respiration, in this process. Finally, we found that disruption of NQR reduces the capacity of B. thetaiotaomicron to induce IL-10 by impairing biogenesis of outer membrane vesicles. These data identify a microbial pathway with a previously unappreciated role in gut microbe-mediated immunomodulation that may be targeted to manipulate the capacity of the microbiome to shape host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan J. Engelhart
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Robert W. P. Glowacki
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jessica M. Till
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Clifford V. Harding
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Eric C. Martens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Philip P. Ahern
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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2
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Roe JM, Seely K, Bussard CJ, Eischen Martin E, Mouw EG, Bayles KW, Hollingsworth MA, Brooks AE, Dailey KM. Hacking the Immune Response to Solid Tumors: Harnessing the Anti-Cancer Capacities of Oncolytic Bacteria. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2004. [PMID: 37514190 PMCID: PMC10384176 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15072004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic bacteria are a classification of bacteria with a natural ability to specifically target solid tumors and, in the process, stimulate a potent immune response. Currently, these include species of Klebsiella, Listeria, Mycobacteria, Streptococcus/Serratia (Coley's Toxin), Proteus, Salmonella, and Clostridium. Advancements in techniques and methodology, including genetic engineering, create opportunities to "hijack" typical host-pathogen interactions and subsequently harness oncolytic capacities. Engineering, sometimes termed "domestication", of oncolytic bacterial species is especially beneficial when solid tumors are inaccessible or metastasize early in development. This review examines reported oncolytic bacteria-host immune interactions and details the known mechanisms of these interactions to the protein level. A synopsis of the presented membrane surface molecules that elicit particularly promising oncolytic capacities is paired with the stimulated localized and systemic immunogenic effects. In addition, oncolytic bacterial progression toward clinical translation through engineering efforts are discussed, with thorough attention given to strains that have accomplished Phase III clinical trial initiation. In addition to therapeutic mitigation after the tumor has formed, some bacterial species, referred to as "prophylactic", may even be able to prevent or "derail" tumor formation through anti-inflammatory capabilities. These promising species and their particularly favorable characteristics are summarized as well. A complete understanding of the bacteria-host interaction will likely be necessary to assess anti-cancer capacities and unlock the full cancer therapeutic potential of oncolytic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Roe
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA
| | - Kevin Seely
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA
| | - Caleb J Bussard
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Parker, CO 80130, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth G Mouw
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA
| | - Kenneth W Bayles
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Michael A Hollingsworth
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Amanda E Brooks
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Parker, CO 80130, USA
- Office of Research & Scholarly Activity, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA
| | - Kaitlin M Dailey
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Fernández-Arjona MDM, León-Rodríguez A, Grondona JM, López-Ávalos MD. Microbial neuraminidase induces TLR4-dependent long-term immune priming in the brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:945229. [PMID: 35966200 PMCID: PMC9366060 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.945229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune memory explains the plasticity of immune responses after repeated immune stimulation, leading to either enhanced or suppressed immune responses. This process has been extensively reported in peripheral immune cells and also, although modestly, in the brain. Here we explored two relevant aspects of brain immune priming: its persistence over time and its dependence on TLR receptors. For this purpose, we used an experimental paradigm consisting in applying two inflammatory stimuli three months apart. Wild type, toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TLR2 mutant strains were used. The priming stimulus was the intracerebroventricular injection of neuraminidase (an enzyme that is present in various pathogens able to provoke brain infections), which triggers an acute inflammatory process in the brain. The second stimulus was the intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (a TLR4 ligand) or Pam3CSK4 (a TLR2 ligand). One day after the second inflammatory challenge the immune response in the brain was examined. In wild type mice, microglial and astroglial density, as well as the expression of 4 out of 5 pro-inflammatory genes studied (TNFα, IL1β, Gal-3, and NLRP3), were increased in mice that received the double stimulus compared to those exposed only to the second one, which were initially injected with saline instead of neuraminidase. Such enhanced response suggests immune training in the brain, which lasts at least 3 months. On the other hand, TLR2 mutants under the same experimental design displayed an enhanced immune response quite similar to that of wild type mice. However, in TLR4 mutant mice the response after the second immune challenge was largely dampened, indicating the pivotal role of this receptor in the establishment of immune priming. Our results demonstrate that neuraminidase-induced inflammation primes an enhanced immune response in the brain to a subsequent immune challenge, immune training that endures and that is largely dependent on TLR4 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Mar Fernández-Arjona
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Grupo de investigación en Neuropsicofarmacología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana León-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jesús M. Grondona
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - María Dolores López-Ávalos
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- *Correspondence: María Dolores López-Ávalos
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4
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Rehman MSU, Rehman SU, Yousaf W, Hassan FU, Ahmad W, Liu Q, Pan H. The Potential of Toll-Like Receptors to Modulate Avian Immune System: Exploring the Effects of Genetic Variants and Phytonutrients. Front Genet 2021; 12:671235. [PMID: 34512716 PMCID: PMC8427530 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.671235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pathogen recognition receptors, and primitive sources of innate immune response that also play key roles in the defense mechanism against infectious diseases. About 10 different TLRs have been discovered in chicken that recognize ligands and participate in TLR signaling pathways. Research findings related to TLRs revealed new approaches to understand the fundamental mechanisms of the immune system, patterns of resistance against diseases, and the role of TLR-specific pathways in nutrient metabolism in chicken. In particular, the uses of specific feed ingredients encourage molecular biologists to exploit the relationship between nutrients (including different phytochemicals) and TLRs to modulate immunity in chicken. Phytonutrients and prebiotics are noteworthy dietary components to promote immunity and the production of disease-resistant chicken. Supplementations of yeast-derived products have also been extensively studied to enhance innate immunity during the last decade. Such interventions pave the way to explore nutrigenomic approaches for healthy and profitable chicken production. Additionally, single-nucleotide polymorphisms in TLRs have shown potential association with few disease outbreaks in chickens. This review aimed to provide insights into the key roles of TLRs in the immune response and discuss the potential applications of these TLRs for genomic and nutritional interventions to improve health, and resistance against different fatal diseases in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saif-ur Rehman
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Saif ur Rehman
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Wasim Yousaf
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Faiz-ul Hassan
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Waqas Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Pakistan
| | - Qingyou Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Hongping Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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5
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Banete A, Gee K, Basta S. Sustained IL-4 priming of macrophages enhances the inflammatory response to TLR7/8 ligand R848. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:401-413. [PMID: 34013552 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0520-293rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (Mϕ) are highly plastic, and can acquire a variety of functional phenotypes depending on the presence of different stimuli in their local environment. Mφ stimulated by interleukin (IL)-4 induce an alternative activation state and function as anti-inflammatory cells and promote tissue repair. However, there is overwhelming evidence that IL-4 can play a role in promoting inflammation. In asthma and allergic inflammation, IL-4 mediates proinflammatory responses that lead to tissue damage. Thus the effect of IL-4 on the outcome of the immune responses is greatly influenced by other cofactors and cytokines present in the microenvironment. R848 (resiquimod), a TLR7/8 agonist is a novel vaccine adjuvant, triggering a strong Th1-skewed response but its efficacy as a vaccine adjuvant shows variable results. It is not currently known whether the presence of IL-4 can dampen or enhance immunity in response to TLR7 agonists. In the present study, we sought to investigate the impact of IL-4-induced Mφ polarization on the outcome of R848 stimulation. The activation marker expression and production of cytokines were measured in murine spleen-derived Mφ. Protein expression levels of innate recognition molecules and transcription factors involved, including retinoic-acid inducible gene I, mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein, stimulator of interferon genes (STING), and IFN regulatory factors were evaluated in activated Mφ. These play a crucial role in the control of viral replication and optimal CD8+ T cell priming. We report that sustained priming with IL-4 alone promotes an antiviral response in Mφ, and enhances proinflammatory responses to R848 treatment. This highlights the need for better understanding of IL-4 proinflammatory functions and its potential use as a broad-acting antiviral in combination with R848 may be used in combination with other therapies to target the innate arm of immunity against emerging infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra Banete
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katrina Gee
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sameh Basta
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Im J, Baik JE, Lee D, Park OJ, Park DH, Yun CH, Han SH. Bacterial Lipoproteins Induce BAFF Production via TLR2/MyD88/JNK Signaling Pathways in Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:564699. [PMID: 33123136 PMCID: PMC7566273 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.564699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell activating factor (BAFF) plays a crucial role in survival, differentiation, and antibody secretion of B cells. Microbial products with B-cell mitogenic properties can indirectly promote expansion and activation of B cells by stimulating accessory cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs), to induce BAFF. Although bacterial lipoproteins are potent B-cell mitogen like lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), it is uncertain whether they can stimulate DCs to induce BAFF expression. Here, we evaluated the effect of bacterial lipoproteins on BAFF expression in mouse bone marrow-derived DCs. Lipoprotein-deficient Staphylococcus aureus mutant induced relatively low expression level of membrane-bound BAFF (mBAFF) and the mRNA compared with its wild-type strain, implying that bacterial lipoproteins can positively regulate BAFF induction. The synthetic lipopeptides Pam2CSK4 and Pam3CSK4, which mimic bacterial lipoproteins, dose-dependently induced BAFF expression, and their BAFF-inducing capacities were comparable to those of LPS in DCs. Induction of BAFF by the lipopeptide was higher than the induction by other microbe-associated molecular patterns, including peptidoglycan, flagellin, zymosan, lipoteichoic acid, and poly(I:C). Pam3CSK4 induced both mBAFF and soluble BAFF expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner. BAFF expression by Pam3CSK4 was completely absent in DCs from TLR2- or MyD88-deficient mice. Among various MAP kinase inhibitors, only JNK inhibitors blocked Pam3CSK4-induced BAFF mRNA expression, while inhibitors blocking ERK or p38 kinase had no such effect. Furthermore, Pam3CSK4 increased the DNA-binding activities of NF-κB and Sp1, but not that of C/EBP. Pam3CSK4-induced BAFF promoter activity via TLR2/1 was blocked by NF-κB or Sp1 inhibitor. Collectively, these results suggest that bacterial lipoproteins induce expression of BAFF through TLR2/MyD88/JNK signaling pathways leading to NF-κB and Sp1 activation in DCs, and BAFF derived from bacterial lipoprotein-stimulated DCs induces B-cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintaek Im
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Eun Baik
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dongwook Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ok-Jin Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Cromarty R, Sigal A, Liebenberg LJ, Mckinnon LR, Abdool Karim SS, Passmore JAS, Archary D. Betamethasone induces potent immunosuppression and reduces HIV infection in a PBMC in vitro model. J Investig Med 2020; 69:28-40. [PMID: 33004468 PMCID: PMC7803916 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2020-001424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Genital inflammation is an established risk factor for increased HIV acquisition risk. Certain HIV-exposed seronegative populations, who are naturally resistant to HIV infection, have an immune quiescent phenotype defined by reduced immune activation and inflammatory cytokines at the genital tract. Therefore, the aim of this study was to create an immune quiescent environment using immunomodulatory drugs to mitigate HIV infection. Using an in vitro peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) model, we found that inflammation was induced using phytohemagglutinin and Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists Pam3CSK4 (TLR1/2), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (TLR4) and R848 (TLR7/8). After treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs, ibuprofen (IBF) and betamethasone (BMS), PBMCs were exposed to HIV NL4-3 AD8. Multiplexed ELISA was used to measure 28 cytokines to assess inflammation. Flow cytometry was used to measure immune activation (CD38, HLA-DR and CCR5) and HIV infection (p24 production) of CD4+ T cells. BMS potently suppressed inflammation (soluble cytokines, p<0.05) and immune activation (CD4+ T cells, p<0.05). BMS significantly reduced HIV infection of CD4+ T cells only in the LPS (0.98%) and unstimulated (1.7%) conditions (p<0.02). In contrast, IBF had minimal anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive but no anti-HIV effects. BMS demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory effects, regardless of stimulation condition. Despite uniform immunosuppression, BMS differentially affected HIV infection according to the stimulation conditions, highlighting the complex nature of these interactions. Together, these data underscore the importance of interrogating inflammatory signaling pathways to identify novel drug targets to mitigate HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Cromarty
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, CAPRISA, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Alexander Sigal
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lenine Julie Liebenberg
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, CAPRISA, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Lyle Robert Mckinnon
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, CAPRISA, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Salim Safurdeen Abdool Karim
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, CAPRISA, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jo-Ann Shelly Passmore
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, CAPRISA, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Derseree Archary
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, CAPRISA, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
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PAM3 protects against DSS-induced colitis by altering the M2:M1 ratio. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6078. [PMID: 32269253 PMCID: PMC7142137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63143-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract contributes to the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Human IBD is modeled by administering dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to mice. In humans and mice, inflammatory M1 macrophages contribute to the progression of IBD whereas immunosuppressive M2 macrophages protect against colitis. The TLR2/1 agonist PAM3CSK4 (PAM3) induces human and murine monocytes to differentiate into immunosuppressive M2 macrophages, suggesting that PAM3 might be of benefit in the prevention/treatment of colitis. PAM3 was therefore administered to mice treated with DSS. As hypothesized, the number of M2 macrophages rose and disease severity decreased. The critical role of M2 macrophages in this process was established by transferring purified M2 macrophages from PAM3 treated control donors into DSS recipients and reducing colitis. These findings suggest that PAM3 may represent a novel approach to the treatment of human IBD.
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9
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Cromarty R, Sigal A, Liebenberg LJP, McKinnon LR, Abdool Karim SS, Passmore JAS, Archary D. Diminished HIV Infection of Target CD4+ T Cells in a Toll-Like Receptor 4 Stimulated in vitro Model. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1705. [PMID: 31396221 PMCID: PMC6664077 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genital inflammation is associated with increased HIV acquisition risk. Induction of an inflammatory response can occur through the recognition of pathogenic or commensal microbes by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on various immune cells. We used a in vitro peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) system to understand the contribution of TLR stimulation in inducing inflammation and the activation of target T cells, and its effect on HIV susceptibility. PBMCs were stimulated with TLR agonists LPS (TLR4), R848 (TLR7/8), and Pam3CSK4 (TLR1/2), and then infected with HIV NL4-3 AD8. Multiplexed ELISA was used to measure 28 cytokines in cell culture supernatants. Flow cytometry was used to measure the activation state (CD38 and HLA-DR), and CCR5 expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Although TLR agonists induced higher cytokine and chemokine secretion, they did not significantly activate CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and showed decreased CCR5 expression relative to the unstimulated control. Despite several classes of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines being upregulated by TLR agonists, CD4+ T cells were significantly less infectable by HIV after TLR4-stimulation than the unstimulated control. These data demonstrate that the inflammatory effects that occur in the presence TLR agonist stimulations do not necessarily translate to the activation of T cells. Most importantly, the finding that TLR4-stimulation reduces rather than increases susceptibility of CD4+ T cells to HIV infection in this in vitro system strongly suggests that the increased chemokine and possible antiviral factor expression induced by these TLR agonists play a powerful although complex role in determining HIV infection risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Cromarty
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Alex Sigal
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lenine J P Liebenberg
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Lyle R McKinnon
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Salim S Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jo-Ann S Passmore
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Medical School, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Derseree Archary
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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10
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Che Mat NF, Siddiqui S, Mehta D, Seaver K, Banete A, Alothaimeen T, Gee K, Basta S. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection of dendritic cells interferes with TLR-induced IL-12/IL-23 cytokine production in an IL-10 independent manner. Cytokine 2018; 108:105-114. [PMID: 29602153 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells produce IL-12 and IL-23 in response to viral and bacterial infection and these cytokines are responsible for successful pathogen clearance. How sequential viral and bacterial infections affect the production of IL-12 and IL-23 is currently not known. Our study demonstrates that in dendritic cells infected with Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), TLR activation with bacterial PAMPs resulted in reduced IL-12 and IL-23 expression compared to non-infected cells. Furthermore, expression of other proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-6, were not inhibited under these conditions. We discovered that TLR-induced phosphorylation of p38 was significantly inhibited in LCMV-infected cells. We detected enhanced expression of suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS)-3 and IL-10. Yet, neutralizing IL-10 did not restore IL-12/IL-23 expression. Taken together, these results show that virus infection interferes with the magnitude of TLR-mediated inflammatory responses by repressing specific cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Fazila Che Mat
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Sarah Siddiqui
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Divya Mehta
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Kyle Seaver
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Andra Banete
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Torki Alothaimeen
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Katrina Gee
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada.
| | - Sameh Basta
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada.
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11
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Nguyen TTN, Seo E, Choi J, Le OTT, Kim JY, Jou I, Lee SY. Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase α contributes to Toll-like receptor 2-mediated immune responses in microglial cells stimulated with lipoteichoic acid. Cell Signal 2017; 38:159-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Weinstock A, Pevsner-Fischer M, Porat Z, Selitrennik M, Zipori D. Cultured Mesenchymal Stem Cells Stimulate an Immune Response by Providing Immune Cells with Toll-Like Receptor 2 Ligand. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2016; 11:826-40. [PMID: 26250539 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-015-9614-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) serve as supporting and regulatory cells, by providing tissues with multiple factors and are also known for their immunosuppressive capabilities. Our laboratory had previously shown that MSCs expressed toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and are activated by its ligand Pam3Cys. TLR2 is an important component of the innate immune system, as it recognizes bacterial lipopeptides, thus priming a pro-inflammatory immune response. This study showed that Pam3Cys attached extensively to cells of both wild-type and TLR2 deficient cultured MSCs, thus, independently of TLR2. The TLR2 independent binding occurred through the adsorption of the palmitoyl moieties of Pam3Cys. It was further showed that Pam3Cys was transferred from cultured MSCs to immune cells. Moreover, Pam3Cys provided to the immune cells induced a pro-inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo. Overall, it is demonstrated herein that a TLR2 ligand bound to MSCs also through a TLR2 independent mechanism. Furthermore, the ligand incorporated by MSCs is subsequently released to stimulate an immune response both in vitro and in vivo. It is thus suggested that during bacterial infection, stromal cells may retain a reservoir of the TLR2 ligands, in a long-term manner, and release them slowly to maintain an immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Weinstock
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Meirav Pevsner-Fischer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Ziv Porat
- FACS Unit, Biological Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Michael Selitrennik
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Dov Zipori
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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13
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Udgata A, Qureshi R, Mukhopadhyay S. Transduction of Functionally Contrasting Signals by Two Mycobacterial PPE Proteins Downstream of TLR2 Receptors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1776-87. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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14
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Protective Effect of an Antibody against Specific Extracellular Domain of TLR2 on Agonists-Driven Inflammatory and Allergic Response. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9803846. [PMID: 27213155 PMCID: PMC4860216 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9803846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Specific blocking strategies of TLR2-mediated inflammatory signaling and hypersensitivity reactions may offer novel therapeutic strategies to prevent a variety of diseases. In this study, we investigated the blocking effects of a new anti-TLR2 antibody anti-T20 against a 20 mer peptide T20 located in the extracellular specific domain of mouse TLR2. In addition, the effects of the anti-T20 in vitro, measuring the inhibition of the IL-6 and TNF-α production in response to PGN, LTA, and Pam3CSK4-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, were determined. In vivo, the effects of anti-T20 on a lethal anaphylaxis model using PGN-challenged OVA allergic mice, including the rectal temperature and mortality, and serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and LTC4 were assayed. The results showed that anti-T20 specifically bound to TLR2 and significantly inhibited PGN, LTA, and Pam3CSK4-driven TNF-α and IL-6 production by RAW264.7 cells. Also, anti-T20 protected OVA allergic mice from PGN-induced lethal anaphylaxis, and the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and LTC4 of anti-T20 treated PGN-challenged OVA allergic mice were decreased as compared to isotype control of anti-T20 treated mice. In summary, this study produced a new antibody against the specific extracellular domain of TLR2 which has protective effect on TLR2 agonists-driven inflammatory and allergic response.
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15
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Antibodies elicited by yeast glycoproteins recognize HIV-1 virions and potently neutralize virions with high mannose N-glycans. Vaccine 2015; 33:5140-7. [PMID: 26277072 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The glycan shield on the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) envelope (Env) glycoprotein has drawn attention as a target for HIV-1 vaccine design given that an increasing number of potent and broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) recognize epitopes entirely or partially comprised of high mannose type N-linked glycans. In an attempt to generate immunogens that target the glycan shield of HIV-1, we previously engineered a triple mutant (TM) strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that results in exclusive presentation of high mannose type N-glycans, and identified five TM yeast glycoproteins that support strong binding of 2G12, a bNAb that targets a cluster of high mannose glycans on the gp120 subunit of Env. Here, we further analyzed the antigenicity and immunogenicity of these proteins in inducing anti-HIV responses. Our study demonstrated that the 2G12-reactive TM yeast glycoproteins efficiently bound to recently identified bNAbs including PGT125-130 and PGT135 that recognize high mannose glycan-dependent epitopes. Immunization of rabbits with a single TM yeast glycoprotein (Gp38 or Pst1), when conjugated to a promiscuous T-cell epitope peptide and coadministered with a Toll-like receptor 2 agonist, induced glycan-specific HIV-1 Env cross-reactive antibodies. The immune sera bound to both synthetic mannose oligosaccharides and gp120 proteins from a broad range of HIV-1 strains. The purified antibodies recognized and captured virions that contain both complex- and high mannose-type of N-glycans, and potently neutralized virions from different HIV-1 clades but only when the virions were enforced to retain high mannose N-glycans. This study provides insights into the elicitation of anti-carbohydrate, HIV-1 Env-cross reactive antibodies with a heterologous glycoprotein and may have applications in the design and administration of immunogens that target the viral glycan shield for development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine.
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16
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Papanikolaou IC, Boki KA, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Kotsaki A, Kagouridis K, Karagiannidis N, Polychronopoulos VS. Innate immunity alterations in idiopathic interstitial pneumonias and rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung diseases. Immunol Lett 2014; 163:179-86. [PMID: 25540922 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This is a prospective cohort study elucidating innate immunity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP), rheumatoid arthritis-associated usual interstitial pneumonia (RA-UIP) and RA-associated non specific interstitial pneumonia (RA-NSIP). METHODS 23 IPF subjects, 9 COP subjects, 5 RA-UIP subjects, 8 RA-NSIP subjects were enrolled. 10 subjects were excluded. 19 healthy subjects served as controls. Blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were obtained. Natural killer (NK) and NKT cells, NK cells apoptosis and the expression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells type 1 (TREM-1) were assessed. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production was measured in cell cultures after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS) and Pam3CysSK3, and in BAL. Surface expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4 on peripheral blood monocytes (PBMC's) and circulating NK cells was also assessed. RESULTS RA-NSIP had low blood NKs, marginally insignificant (p=0.07). These NKs poorly produced TNF-α after LPS stimulation. TLR's expression on NK cells was similar throughout disease groups and controls. PBMC's mainly from IPF patients exhibited low TNF-α production after LPS stimulation but not after Pam3CysSK3 stimulation, while TLR4 expression on PBMC's was found normal in all study groups. TLR2 expression on PBMC's was increased in IPF, but mainly in COP, RA-UIP and RA-NSIP (p=0.015). TREM-1 expression was significant on COP monocytes and on COP neutrophils versus controls. RA-NSIP monocytes also exhibited TREM-1 expression (p=0.07). Decreased TNF-α concentration in BAL was finally observed in IPF and RA-UIP. CONCLUSIONS Innate immunity in the lungs and the peripheral circulation in IPF and RA-UIP are similar and more fibrotic than in RA-NSIP which is characterized by NK cell depletion and dysfunction. TREM-1 and TLR's likely affect patterns of inflammation in various interstitial lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias C Papanikolaou
- 3rd Pulmonary Department, Sismanoglion General Hospital, Sismanogliou 1, 15126 Attica, Greece.
| | - Kyriaki A Boki
- Rheumatology Department, Sismanoglion General Hospital, Sismanogliou 1, 15126 Attica, Greece.
| | | | - Antigoni Kotsaki
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, ATTIKON University General Hospital, Rimini 1, 12462 Attica, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Kagouridis
- 3rd Pulmonary Department, Sismanoglion General Hospital, Sismanogliou 1, 15126 Attica, Greece.
| | - Napoleon Karagiannidis
- 3rd Pulmonary Department, Sismanoglion General Hospital, Sismanogliou 1, 15126 Attica, Greece.
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Mulder R, Banete A, Basta S. Spleen-derived macrophages are readily polarized into classically activated (M1) or alternatively activated (M2) states. Immunobiology 2014; 219:737-45. [PMID: 24954891 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow derived macrophages (BM-MΦ) that differentiate from precursor cells can be polarized into classically activated pro-inflammatory (M1) or alternatively activated (M2) states depending upon the cytokine microenvironment. We questioned whether tissue MΦ, such as spleen-derived MΦ (Sp-MΦ), have the ability to differentiate into M1 or M2 cells. We show in response to activation with IFN-gamma (IFN-γ) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), that the Sp-MΦ readily acquired an M1 status indicated by up-regulation of iNOS mRNA, nitric oxide (NO) production, and the co-stimulatory molecule CD86. Conversely, Sp-MΦ exposed to IL-4 exhibited increased levels of mannose receptor (CD 206), arginase-1 (Arg)-1 mRNA expression, and significant urea production typical of M2 cells. At this stage of differentiation, the M2 Sp-MΦ were more efficient at phagocytosis of cell-associated antigens than their M1 counterparts. This polarization was not indefinite as the cells could revert back to their original state upon the removal of stimuli and exhibited flexibility to convert from M2 to M1. Remarkably, both M1 and M2 Sp-MΦ induced more CD4 expression on their cells surface after stimulation. We also demonstrate that adherent macrophages cultured for a short term in IL-4 enhances ARG-1 and YM-1 mRNA along with increasing urea producing capacity: traits indicative of an M2 phenotype. Moreover, in response to in vivo virus infection, the adherent macrophages obtained from spleens rapidly express iNOS. These results provide new evidence for the polarization capabilities of Sp-MΦ when exposed to pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rylend Mulder
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andra Banete
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sameh Basta
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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18
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Chandel HS, Pandey SP, Roy S, Doyen N, Saha B. TLR-CD40 Cross-Talk in Anti-Leishmanial Immune Response. Front Immunol 2014; 5:220. [PMID: 24904575 PMCID: PMC4032977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sayoni Roy
- National Centre for Cell Science , Pune , India
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