1
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Noh SS, Shin HJ. Role of Virus-Induced EGFR Trafficking in Proviral Functions. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1766. [PMID: 38136637 PMCID: PMC10741569 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery in the early 1980s, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has emerged as a pivotal and multifaceted player in elucidating the intricate mechanisms underlying various human diseases and their associations with cell survival, proliferation, and cellular homeostasis. Recent advancements in research have underscored the profound and multifaceted role of EGFR in viral infections, highlighting its involvement in viral entry, replication, and the subversion of host immune responses. In this regard, the importance of EGFR trafficking has also been highlighted in recent studies. The dynamic relocation of EGFR to diverse intracellular organelles, including endosomes, lysosomes, mitochondria, and even the nucleus, is a central feature of its functionality in diverse contexts. This dynamic intracellular trafficking is not merely a passive process but an orchestrated symphony, facilitating EGFR involvement in various cellular pathways and interactions with viral components. Furthermore, EGFR, which is initially anchored on the plasma membrane, serves as a linchpin orchestrating viral entry processes, a crucial early step in the viral life cycle. The role of EGFR in this context is highly context-dependent and varies among viruses. Here, we present a comprehensive summary of the current state of knowledge regarding the intricate interactions between EGFR and viruses. These interactions are fundamental for successful propagation of a wide array of viral species and affect viral pathogenesis and host responses. Understanding EGFR significance in both normal cellular processes and viral infections may not only help develop innovative antiviral therapies but also provide a deeper understanding of the intricate roles of EGFR signaling in infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Sil Noh
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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2
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Liu Z, Liu G, Ha DP, Wang J, Xiong M, Lee AS. ER chaperone GRP78/BiP translocates to the nucleus under stress and acts as a transcriptional regulator. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303448120. [PMID: 37487081 PMCID: PMC10400976 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303448120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are commonly subjected to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. To gain survival advantage, cancer cells exploit the adaptive aspects of the unfolded protein response such as upregulation of the ER luminal chaperone GRP78. The finding that when overexpressed, GRP78 can escape to other cellular compartments to gain new functions regulating homeostasis and tumorigenesis represents a paradigm shift. Here, toward deciphering the mechanisms whereby GRP78 knockdown suppresses EGFR transcription, we find that nuclear GRP78 is prominent in cancer and stressed cells and uncover a nuclear localization signal critical for its translocation and nuclear activity. Furthermore, nuclear GRP78 can regulate expression of genes and pathways, notably those important for cell migration and invasion, by interacting with and inhibiting the activity of the transcriptional repressor ID2. Our study reveals a mechanism for cancer cells to respond to ER stress via transcriptional regulation mediated by nuclear GRP78 to adopt an invasive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA90033
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90033
| | - Guanlin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA90033
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90033
| | - Dat P. Ha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA90033
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90033
| | - Justin Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Min Xiong
- Department of System Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA91010
| | - Amy S. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA90033
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90033
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3
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Yi M, Cai J, Li J, Chen S, Zeng Z, Peng Q, Ban Y, Zhou Y, Li X, Xiong W, Li G, Xiang B. Rediscovery of NF-κB signaling in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: How genetic defects of NF-κB pathway interplay with EBV in driving oncogenesis? J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:5537-5549. [PMID: 29266238 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a unique EBV-associated subtype of head and neck cancer, which has the highest incidence in Southern China and eastern South Asia. The interaction between genetic risk factors and environmental challenge, have been considered to contribute to the development of nasopharyngeal carcinogenesis. Constitutive activation of NF-κB signaling has been seen in NPC tissues and is associated with unfavorable prognosis. Recently, several whole exome sequencing study consistently revealed that high frequency mutations of NF-κB pathway negative regulators is common in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, which reinforce the importance of NF-κB driving oncogenesis. This review focuses on the current state of research in role of NF-κB in NPC carcinogenesis. We summarized the newly identified loss of function (LOF) mutations on NF-κB negative regulators leading to it's activation bypass LMP-1 stimulation. We discussed the critical role of NF-κB activation in immortalization and transformation of nasopharygeal epithelium. We also depicted how NF-κB signaling mediated chronic inflammation contribute to persistent EBV infection, immune evasion of EBV infected cells, metabolic reprogramming, and cancer stem cells (CSCs) formation in NPC. Lastly, we discussed the clinical resonance of targeting NF-κB for NPC precise therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yi
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junjun Li
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shengnan Chen
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Peng
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ban
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Xiang
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
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4
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Mei S, Zhang K. Computational discovery of Epstein-Barr virus targeted human genes and signalling pathways. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30612. [PMID: 27470517 PMCID: PMC4965740 DOI: 10.1038/srep30612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) plays important roles in the origin and the progression of human carcinomas, e.g. diffuse large B cell tumors, T cell lymphomas, etc. Discovering EBV targeted human genes and signaling pathways is vital to understand EBV tumorigenesis. In this study we propose a noise-tolerant homolog knowledge transfer method to reconstruct functional protein-protein interactions (PPI) networks between Epstein-Barr virus and Homo sapiens. The training set is augmented via homolog instances and the homolog noise is counteracted by support vector machine (SVM). Additionally we propose two methods to define subcellular co-localization (i.e. stringent and relaxed), based on which to further derive physical PPI networks. Computational results show that the proposed method achieves sound performance of cross validation and independent test. In the space of 648,672 EBV-human protein pairs, we obtain 51,485 functional interactions (7.94%), 869 stringent physical PPIs and 46,050 relaxed physical PPIs. Fifty-eight evidences are found from the latest database and recent literature to validate the model. This study reveals that Epstein-Barr virus interferes with normal human cell life, such as cholesterol homeostasis, blood coagulation, EGFR binding, p53 binding, Notch signaling, Hedgehog signaling, etc. The proteome-wide predictions are provided in the supplementary file for further biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyu Mei
- Software College, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, 110034, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
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5
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Cheung AKL, Ip JCY, Chu ACH, Cheng Y, Leong MML, Ko JMY, Shuen WH, Lung HL, Lung ML. PTPRG suppresses tumor growth and invasion via inhibition of Akt signaling in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:13434-47. [PMID: 25970784 PMCID: PMC4537025 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Receptor Type G (PTPRG) was identified as a candidate tumor suppressor gene in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). PTPRG induces significant in vivo tumor suppression in NPC. We identified EGFR as a PTPRG potential interacting partner and examined this interaction. Dephosphorylation of EGFR at EGFR-Y1068 and -Y1086 sites inactivated the PI3K/Akt signaling cascade and subsequent down-regulation of downstream pro-angiogenic and -invasive proteins (VEGF, IL6, and IL8) and suppressed tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and invasion. The effect of Akt inhibition in NPC cells was further validated by Akt knockdown experiments in the PTPRG-down-regulated NPC cell lines. Our results suggested that inhibition of Akt in NPC cells induces tumor suppression at both the in vitro and in vivo levels, and also importantly, in vivo metastasis. In conclusion, we confirmed the vital role of PTPRG in inhibiting Akt signaling with the resultant suppression of in vivo tumorigenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Kwok Leung Cheung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China.,Centre for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Joseph Chok Yan Ip
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Adrian Chi Hang Chu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Cheng
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China.,Centre for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Merrin Man Long Leong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Josephine Mun Yee Ko
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Wai Ho Shuen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China.,Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - Hong Lok Lung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China.,Centre for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Maria Li Lung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China.,Centre for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China.,Centre for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
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6
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Abstract
Gene-silencing strategies based on catalytic nucleic acids have been rapidly developed in the past decades. Ribozymes, antisense oligonucleotides and RNA interference have been actively pursued for years due to their potential application in gene inactivation. Pioneered by Joyce et al., a new class of catalytic nucleic acid composed of deoxyribonucleotides has emerged via an in vitro selection system. The therapeutic potential of these RNA-cleaving DNAzymes have been shown both in vitro and in vivo. Although they rival the activity and stability of synthetic ribozymes, they are limited by inefficient delivery to the intracellular targets. Recent successes in clinical testing of the DNAzymes in cancer patients have revitalized the potential clinical utility of DNAzymes.
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7
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Astsaturov I, Cohen RB, Harari P. Targeting epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in the treatment of head and neck cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 6:1179-93. [PMID: 17020453 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.6.9.1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this review, key aspects of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) biology and the fruitful translation of these fundamental findings into recent treatment advances in head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) are highlighted. In contrast to a number of contemporary reviews of the EGFR, many of which focus on colorectal and nonsmall cell lung cancer, this review discusses the EGFR as a validated therapeutic target in HNSCC. Recent data confirm a survival advantage for the addition of the anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody cetuximab to definitive radiation therapy in locoregionally advanced HNSCC patients, as well as palliative benefits for patients with incurable recurrent and metastatic HNSCC. Small-molecule EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors also show considerable promise in this disease, both alone and in combination with radiation and chemotherapy. Both classes of anti-EGFR agent are generally well tolerated, with side effects (notably skin rash) that are distinct from the toxicities of conventional chemotherapy. Ongoing clinical trials will more clearly define the role for EGFR inhibitors in all treatment phases of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Astsaturov
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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8
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Xu Y, Shi Y, Yuan Q, Liu X, Yan B, Chen L, Tao Y, Cao Y. Epstein-Barr Virus encoded LMP1 regulates cyclin D1 promoter activity by nuclear EGFR and STAT3 in CNE1 cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2013; 32:90. [PMID: 24499623 PMCID: PMC3843577 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-32-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The principal Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) oncoprotein, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is strongly associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a prevalent cancer in China. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is important in carcinogenesis, as it is a ubiquitously expressed receptor tyrosine kinase. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a master transcriptional regulator in proliferation and apoptosis. Our previous study demonstrated that the nuclear EGFR could bind to the cyclin D1 promoter directly in the presence of LMP1, and the correlation between EGFR and STAT3 in NPC remains to be further explored. Here, we have shown that the interaction of EGFR and STAT3 increased in the nucleus in the presence of LMP1. LMP1 promoted both EGFR and STAT3 binding to the promoter region of cyclin D1, in turn, enhancing the promoter activity of cyclin D1. Furthermore, we demonstrated that both transcriptional activity and mRNA levels of cyclin D1 were decreased by small molecule interference of EGFR and STAT3 activity. These findings may provide a novel linkage between the EGFR and STAT3 signaling pathways and the activation of cyclin D1 by LMP1 in the carcinogenesis of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yongguang Tao
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
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9
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MA XIAOQIAN, XU ZHIJIE, YANG LIFANG, XIAO LANBO, TANG MIN, LU JINGCHEN, XU SAN, TANG YIPING, WEN XINXIAN, DENG XINGMING, SUN LUNQUAN, CAO YA. EBV-LMP1-targeted DNAzyme induces DNA damage and causes cell cycle arrest in LMP1-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:1541-8. [PMID: 24042231 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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10
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Xu J, Deng X, Tang M, Li L, Xiao L, Yang L, Zhong J, Bode AM, Dong Z, Tao Y, Cao Y. Tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase-1 and tyrosine sulfation of chemokine receptor 4 are induced by Epstein-Barr virus encoded latent membrane protein 1 and associated with the metastatic potential of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56114. [PMID: 23472069 PMCID: PMC3589389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), which is encoded by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), is an important oncogenic protein that is closely related to carcinogenesis and metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a prevalent cancer in China. We previously reported that the expression of the functional chemokine receptor CXCR4 is associated with human NPC metastasis. In this study, we show that LMP1 induces tyrosine sulfation of CXCR4 through tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase-1 (TPST-1), an enzyme that is responsible for catalysis of tyrosine sulfation in vivo, which is likely to contribute to the highly metastatic character of NPC. LMP1 could induce tyrosine sulfation of CXCR4 and its associated cell motility and invasiveness in a NPC cell culture model. In contrast, the expression of TPST-1 small interfering RNA reversed LMP1-induced tyrosine sulfation of CXCR4. LMP1 conveys signals through the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway, and EGFR-targeted siRNA inhibited the induction of TPST-1 by LMP1. We used a ChIP assay to show that EGFR could bind to the TPST-1 promoter in vivo under the control of LMP1. A reporter gene assay indicated that the activity of the TPST-1 promoter could be suppressed by deleting the binding site between EGFR and TPST-1. Finally, in human NPC tissues, the expression of TPST-1 and LMP1 was directly correlated and clinically, the expression of TPST-1 was associated with metastasis. These results suggest the up-regulation of TPST-1 and tyrosine sulfation of CXCR4 by LMP1 might be a potential mechanism contributing to NPC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xu
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Heath, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiyun Deng
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Heath, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Min Tang
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Heath, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lili Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lanbo Xiao
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Heath, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lifang Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Heath, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Molecular Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juanfang Zhong
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Heath, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ann M. Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Yongguang Tao
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Heath, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- * E-mail: (YT); (YC)
| | - Ya Cao
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Heath, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Molecular Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- * E-mail: (YT); (YC)
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11
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Zhang L, Yang L, Li JJ, Sun L. Potential use of nucleic acid-based agents in the sensitization of nasopharyngeal carcinoma to radiotherapy. Cancer Lett 2012; 323:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Kim JH, Kim WS, Park C. Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein-1 protects B-cell lymphoma from rituximab-induced apoptosis through miR-155-mediated Akt activation and up-regulation of Mcl-1. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 53:1586-91. [PMID: 22268450 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.659736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rituximab is a CD20-targeted monoclonal antibody widely used in the treatment of B-cell lymphoma. Previously, we have shown that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1) increases chemoresistance in malignant cancer cells. In this study we examined the effects of LMP1 on the response of B-cell lymphoma cell lines to rituximab. Here we show for the first time that LMP1 activates the Akt pathway and up-regulates Mcl-1 through miR-155 expression, which contributes to the survival of rituximab-treated B-cell lymphoma cells. Furthermore, Akt inhibition or knockdown of Mcl-1 and miR-155 was found to be an efficient strategy to overcome rituximab resistance caused by LMP1 expression. Thus, we propose Akt and Mcl-1 and miR-155 as molecular targets for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of EBV-associated B-cell lymphoma with rituximab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hyun Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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13
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Hannigan A, Qureshi AM, Nixon C, Tsimbouri PM, Jones S, Philbey AW, Wilson JB. Lymphocyte deficiency limits Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 induced chronic inflammation and carcinogenic pathology in vivo. Mol Cancer 2011; 10:11. [PMID: 21291541 PMCID: PMC3041781 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of the malignant cell environment to its growth and survival is becoming increasingly apparent, with dynamic cross talk between the neoplastic cell, the leukocyte infiltrate and the stroma. Most cancers are accompanied by leukocyte infiltration which, contrary to an anticipated immuno-protective role, could be contributing to tumour development and cancer progression. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) associated cancers, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Hodgkin's Disease, show a considerable leukocyte infiltration which surrounds the neoplastic cells, raising the questions as to what role these cells play in either restricting or supporting the tumour and what draws the cells into the tumour. In order to begin to address this we have studied a transgenic model of multistage carcinogenesis with epithelial expression of the EBV primary oncoprotein, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1). LMP1 is expressed particularly in the skin, which develops a hyperplastic pathology soon after birth. RESULTS The pathology advances with time leading to erosive dermatitis which is inflamed with a mixed infiltrate involving activated CD8+ T-cells, CD4+ T-cells including CD4+/CD25+/FoxP3+ Treg cells, mast cells and neutrophils. Also significant dermal deposition of immunoglobulin-G (IgG) is observed as the pathology advances. Along with NF-kappaB activation, STAT3, a central factor in inflammation regulation, is activated in the transgenic tissue. Several inflammatory factors are subsequently upregulated, notably CD30 and its ligand CD153, also leukocyte trafficking factors including CXCL10, CXCL13, L-selectin and TGFβ1, and inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-3 and the murine IL-8 analogues CXCL1, CXCL2 and CXCL5-6, amongst others. The crucial role of mature T- and/or B-lymphocytes in the advancing pathology is demonstrated by their elimination, which precludes mast cell infiltration and limits the pathology to an early, benign stage. CONCLUSIONS LMP1 can lead to the activation of several key factors mediating proliferation, angiogenesis and inflammation in vivo. With the initiation of an inflammatory programme, leukocyte recruitment follows which then itself contributes to the progressing pathology in these transgenic mice, with a pivotal role for B-and/or T-cells in the process. The model suggests a basis for the leukocyte infiltrate observed in EBV-associated cancer and its supporting role, as well as potential points for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Hannigan
- College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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14
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Kim JH, Kim WS, Yun Y, Park C. Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 increases chemo-resistance of cancer cells via cytoplasmic sequestration of Pim-1. Cell Signal 2010; 22:1858-63. [PMID: 20670681 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Improved treatment of EBV positive lymphoma depends on the identification of molecular mechanism underlying chemo-resistance. LMP1 is an essential transmembrane protein for EBV-induced immortalization of hematopoietic cells. Herein, we show that an oncogenic Pim-1 is translocated to the cytoplasm by LMP1. Three lines of evidence indicate that cytoplasmic sequestration of Pim-1 may be required for LMP1-induced cancer cell survival. First, Pim-1 enhanced the survival of LMP1-overexpressing cells treated with doxorubicin. Second, nuclear export of Pim-1 was sufficient to increase the survival. Third, knockdown of Pim-1 effectively suppressed LMP-1-induced survival of cancer cells. Collectively, these data suggest that Pim-1 is a downstream target of LMP1, and that it contributes to the chemo-resistance of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hyun Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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15
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Tang CE, Guan YJ, Yi B, Li XH, Liang K, Zou HY, Yi H, Li MY, Zhang PF, Li C, Peng F, Chen ZC, Yao KT, Xiao ZQ. Identification of the amyloid β-protein precursor and cystatin C as novel epidermal growth factor receptor regulated secretory proteins in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by proteomics. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:6101-11. [PMID: 20882990 DOI: 10.1021/pr100663p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is usually overexpressed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and is associated with pathogenesis of NPC. However, while EGFR-modulated intracellular proteins have been extensively studied, little is known concerning their extracellular counterparts. To identify EGFR-regulated secreted proteins in NPC, we compared the secretome profiles of TGF-α-stimulated and unstimulated NPC cell line CNE-2. CNE-2 cells were cultured in the absence or presence of TGF-α for 24 h, and secreted proteins were obtained from conditioned serum-free media and enriched by ultrafiltration centrifugation. Using 2-DE and subsequent mass spectrometry, we identified 16 differential secreted proteins, among which the amyloid β-protein precursor (APP) was up-regulated and cystatin C was down-regulated after TGF-α stimulation. We further showed that the secretory changes of APP and cystatin C in CNE-2 after TGF-α stimulation could be abrogated by pretreatment of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor PD153035 and PI3 kinase inhibitor Wortmannin, validating that APP and cystatin C are EGFR-regulated secreted proteins in NPC cells. Immunohistochemistry showed that the expression level of EGFR was positively correlated with the expression level of APP and negatively correlated with the expression level of cystatin C in NPC tissues, indicating that EGFR also regulates expression of APP and cystatin C in clinical NPC tissues. Furthermore, functional analysis showed that the growth and migration of CNE-2 cells decreased after neutralization of secretory APP in the medium using the anti-APP antibody. Our data provide substantial evidence that APP and cystatin C are target secreted proteins of EGFR in NPC, and upregulation of secretory APP by EGFR may be involved in the pathogenesis of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can-E Tang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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16
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Li G, Han C, Xu L, Lim K, Isse K, Wu T. Cyclooxygenase-2 prevents fas-induced liver injury through up-regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor. Hepatology 2009; 50:834-43. [PMID: 19585617 PMCID: PMC2758493 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-derived prostaglandins participate in a number of pathophysiological responses such as inflammation, carcinogenesis, and modulation of cell growth and survival. This study used complementary approaches of COX-2 transgenic (Tg) and knockout (KO) mouse models to evaluate the mechanism of COX-2 in Fas-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and liver failure in vivo. We generated Tg mice with targeted expression of COX-2 in the liver by using the albumin promoter-enhancer-driven vector. The COX-2 Tg, COX-2 KO, and wild-type mice were treated with the anti-Fas antibody Jo2 (0.5 microg/g of body weight) for 4 to 6 hours, and the extent of liver injury was assessed by histopathology, serum aminotransferases, TUNEL staining, and caspase activation. The COX-2 Tg mice showed resistance to Fas-induced liver injury in comparison with the wild-type mice; this was reflected by the lower alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, less liver damage, and less hepatocyte apoptosis (P < 0.01). In contrast, the COX-2 KO mice showed significantly higher serum ALT and AST levels, more prominent hepatocyte apoptosis, and higher levels of caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3 activity than the wild-type mice (P < 0.01). The COX-2 Tg livers expressed higher levels of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) than the wild-type controls; the COX-2 KO livers expressed the lowest levels of EGFR. Pretreatment with a COX-2 inhibitor (NS-398) or an EGFR inhibitor (AG1478) exacerbated Jo2-mediated liver injury and hepatocyte apoptosis. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that COX-2 prevents Fas-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and liver failure at least in part through up-regulation of EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiying Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Chang Han
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Lihong Xu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Kyu Lim
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213,Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Korea
| | - Kumiko Isse
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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17
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Hsieh HL, Sun CC, Wu CB, Wu CY, Tung WH, Wang HH, Yang CM. Sphingosine 1-phosphate induces EGFR expression via Akt/NF-kappaB and ERK/AP-1 pathways in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J Cell Biochem 2008; 103:1732-46. [PMID: 17902169 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) has been shown to regulate expression of several genes in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and contributes to arteriosclerosis. However, the mechanisms regulating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression by S1P in aortic VSMCs remain unclear. Western blotting and RT-PCR analyses showed that S1P induced EGFR mRNA and protein expression in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, which was attenuated by inhibitors of MEK1/2 (U0126) and phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K; wortmannin), and transfection with dominant negative mutants of ERK and Akt, respectively. These results suggested that S1P-induced EGFR expression was mediated through p42/p44 MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways in VSMCs. In accordance with these findings, S1P stimulated phosphorylation of p42/p44 MAPK and Akt which was attenuated by U0126 and wortmannin, respectively. Furthermore, S1P-induced EGFR upregulation was blocked by a selective NF-kappaB inhibitor helenalin. Immunofluorescent staining and reporter gene assay revealed that S1P-induced activation of NF-kappaB was blocked by wortmannin, but not by U0126, suggesting that activation of NF-kappaB was mediated through PI3K/Akt. Moreover, S1P-induced EGFR expression was inhibited by an AP-1 inhibitor curcumin and tanshinone IIA. S1P-stimulated AP-1 subunits (c-Jun and c-Fos mRNA) expression was attenuated by U0126 and wortmannin, suggesting that MEK and PI3K/ERK cascade linking to AP-1 was involved in EGFR expression. Upregulation of EGFR by S1P may exert a phenotype modulation of VSMCs. This hypothesis was supported by pretreatment with AG1478 or transfection with shRNA of EGFR that attenuated EGF-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs pretreated with S1P, determined by XTT assay. These results demonstrated that in VSMCs, activation of Akt/NF-kappaB and ERK/AP-1 pathways independently regulated S1P-induced EGFR expression in VSMCs. Understanding the mechanisms involved in S1P-induced EGFR expression on VSMCs may provide potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of arteriosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Lung Hsieh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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18
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DNAzymes targeted to EBV-encoded latent membrane protein-1 induce apoptosis and enhance radiosensitivity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2008; 265:226-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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RIP1 links inflammatory and growth factor signaling pathways by regulating expression of the EGFR. Cell Death Differ 2007; 15:344-53. [PMID: 18007664 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable interest in understanding how inflammatory responses influence cell proliferation and cancer. In this study, we show that the receptor-interacting protein (RIP1), a critical mediator of inflammation and stress-induced NF-kappaB activation, regulates the expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from RIP1 knockout mice express very high levels of the EGFR. Reconstitution of RIP1(-/-) MEFs with RIP1 results in a lowering of EGFR levels. RIP1 influences EGFR at the mRNA level by regulating the EGFR promoter. Expression of RIP1 inhibits the EGFR promoter. RIP1 downregulates EGFR expression by interfering with the function of Sp1, which is a key activator of EGFR transcription. RIP1 suppresses Sp1 activity and overexpression of Sp1 reverses RIP1-mediated repression of the EGFR promoter. RIP1 is present both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. RIP1 coimmunoprecipitates with Sp1 in vivo and binds directly to Sp1 in vitro. A RIP1 mutant lacking the death domain fails to suppress Sp1 activity and the EGFR promoter, suggesting a critical role for the RIP1 death domain in EGFR regulation. Thus, our study identifies a new link between inflammatory and growth factor signaling pathways mediated by RIP1 and provides insight into the mechanism used by RIP1 to regulate EGFR levels.
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20
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Kim JH, Kim WS, Kang JH, Lim HY, Ko YH, Park C. Egr-1, a new downstream molecule of Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:623-8. [PMID: 17257596 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) on human cancer cells, we sought to identify and analyze potential target genes that were differentially expressed in the presence and absence of LMP1. Our cDNA microarray analysis revealed that expression of early growth response gene-1 (Egr-1) was increased by LMP1 expression in MCF7 and Jurkat cells. An NFkappaB inhibitor (SN50) antagonized LMP1-induced enhancement of Egr-1 expression, indicating that LMP1 induced Egr-1 via NFkappaB. Furthermore, three lines of evidence indicated that Egr-1 was required for LMP1-induced cancer cell survival. First, Egr-1 expression enhanced the survival of doxorubicin-treated MCF7 cells. Second, inhibition of Egr-1 expression by siRNA (siEgr-1) effectively suppressed LMP-1-induced survival of MCF7 cells. Third, Egr-1 knockdown decreased LMP1-induced expression of Bfl-1. Similar relationships among EBV infection, Egr-1 and drug resistance were also observed in tissues of peripheral T-cell lymphoma-unspecified (PTCL-u) patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hyun Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, 50 Irwon-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea
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21
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Liu HD, Zheng H, Li M, Hu DS, Tang M, Cao Y. Upregulated expression of kappa light chain by Epstein-Barr virus encoded latent membrane protein 1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells via NF-kappaB and AP-1 pathways. Cell Signal 2006; 19:419-27. [PMID: 16979873 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2006.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/24/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes are generally considered to be the only source of immunoglobulins. However, increasing evidence revealed that some human epithelial cancer cell lines, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines, expressed immunoglobulins. Moreover, we previously found that expression of kappa light chain in NPC cells could be upregulated by EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1). Here, Western blot and flow cytometric analysis of intracellular kappa staining indicated that upregulation of the expression of kappa was inhibited by using LMP1-targeted DNAzyme and that Bay11-7082 and SP600125, inhibitors of JNK and NF-kappaB, respectively, inhibited LMP1-augmented kappa light chain expression in NPC cells. LMP1-positive NPC cells expressing the dominant-negative mutant of IkappaBalpha (DNMIkappaBalpha) or of c-Jun (TAM67) exhibited significantly decreasing kappa production compared with their parental cells. These results suggest that LMP1 elevated kappa light chain through activation of the NF-kappaB and AP-1 signaling pathways. The present study provided some hints of possible mechanisms by which human cancer cells of epithelial origin produced immunoglobulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-dan Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Xiangya Road #110, Changsha, Hunan 410078, PR China
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22
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Brinkmann MM, Schulz TF. Regulation of intracellular signalling by the terminal membrane proteins of members of the Gammaherpesvirinae. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:1047-1074. [PMID: 16603506 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81598-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gamma(1)-herpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and the gamma(2)-herpesviruses Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), rhesus rhadinovirus (RRV), herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) and herpesvirus ateles (HVA) all contain genes located adjacent to the terminal-repeat region of their genomes, encoding membrane proteins involved in signal transduction. Designated 'terminal membrane proteins' (TMPs) because of their localization in the viral genome, they interact with a variety of cellular signalling molecules, such as non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases, tumour-necrosis factor receptor-associated factors, Ras and Janus kinase (JAK), thereby initiating further downstream signalling cascades, such as the MAPK, PI3K/Akt, NF-kappaB and JAK/STAT pathways. In the case of TMPs expressed during latent persistence of EBV and HVS (LMP1, LMP2A, Stp and Tip), their modulation of intracellular signalling pathways has been linked to the provision of survival signals to latently infected cells and, hence, a contribution to occasional cellular transformation. In contrast, activation of similar pathways by TMPs of KSHV (K1 and K15) and RRV (R1), expressed during lytic replication, may extend the lifespan of virus-producing cells, alter their migration and/or modulate antiviral immune responses. Whether R1 and K1 contribute to the oncogenic properties of KSHV and RRV has not been established satisfactorily, despite their transforming qualities in experimental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M Brinkmann
- Institut für Virologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas F Schulz
- Institut für Virologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
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23
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Krishna SM, James S, Balaram P. Expression of VEGF as prognosticator in primary nasopharyngeal cancer and its relation to EBV status. Virus Res 2005; 115:85-90. [PMID: 16139912 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2004] [Revised: 07/14/2005] [Accepted: 07/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Treatment failure in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is mainly due to local and regional recurrence and at present lacks a marker to identify such cases. VEGF, a potent endothelial cell mitogen and vascular permeability-inducing agent, plays a critical role in tumor growth and neo-vascularisation. VEGF expression was assessed in 103 NPC and 26 benign adenoid lesions by immunohistochemistry and Epstein Bar Virus (EBV) presence by PCR using primers directed against EBNA-1 gene. The localization of the virus to the tumour cells was confirmed by in situ hybridization using EBER in situ hybridization. Over expression of VEGF was seen in 67% of NPC cases. Higher expression of VEGF in EBV positive tumours was related to higher rate of recurrence, nodal positivity and lower survival. This is the first report evaluating the correlation between VEGF expression levels, EBV status and recurrence in Indian NPC. The results point towards the potential of the expression pattern of VEGF as a tumor marker for the early diagnosis of metastastic NPC and also show that presence of EBV is related to up regulation of VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti M Krishna
- Division Of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Medical College. P.O, Trivandrum 695011, Kerala, India
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