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Zhao J, Hu J, Zhang R, Deng J. CEBPD REGULATES OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES IN HYPERTENSIVE CARDIAC REMODELING. Shock 2023; 60:713-723. [PMID: 37752084 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hypertension seems to inevitably cause cardiac remodeling, increasing the mortality of patients. This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanism of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein delta (CEBPD)-mediated oxidative stress and inflammation in hypertensive cardiac remodeling. The hypertensive murine model was established through angiotensin-II injection, and hypertensive mice underwent overexpressed CEBPD vector injection, cardiac function evaluation, and observation of histological changes. The cell model was established by angiotensin-II treatment and transfected with overexpressed CEBPD vector. Cell viability and surface area and oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species/superoxide dismutase/lactate dehydrogenase/malondialdehyde) were assessed, and inflammatory factors (TNF-α/IL-1β/IL-6/IL-10) were determined both in vivo and in vitro . The levels of CEBPD, miR-96-5p, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 1 (IP3R), natriuretic peptide B, and natriuretic peptide A, collagen I, and collagen III in tissues and cells were determined. The binding relationships of CEBPD/miR-96-5p/IP3R 3' untranslated region were validated. CEBPD was reduced in cardiac tissue of hypertensive mice, and CEBPD upregulation improved cardiac function and attenuated fibrosis and hypertrophy, along with reductions of reactive oxygen species/lactate dehydrogenase/malondialdehyde/TNF-α/IL-1β/IL-6 and increases in superoxide dismutase/IL-10. CEBPD enriched on the miR-96-5p promoter to promote miR-96-5p expression, whereas CEBPD and miR-96-5p negatively regulated IP3R. miR-96-5p silencing/IP3R overexpression reversed the alleviative role of CEBPD overexpression in hypertensive mice. In summary, CEBPD promoted miR-96-5p to negatively regulate IP3R expression to inhibit oxidative stress and inflammation, thereby alleviating hypertensive cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghong Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
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2
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Pérez-Hernández EG, De la Puente-Díaz de León V, Luna-Reyes I, Delgado-Coello B, Sifuentes-Osornio J, Mas-Oliva J. The cholesteryl-ester transfer protein isoform (CETPI) and derived peptides: new targets in the study of Gram-negative sepsis. Mol Med 2022; 28:157. [PMID: 36536294 PMCID: PMC9764724 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00585-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a syndrome where the dysregulated host response to infection threatens the life of the patient. The isoform of the cholesteryl-ester transfer protein (CETPI) is synthesized in the small intestine, and it is present in human plasma. CETPI and peptides derived from its C-terminal sequence present the ability to bind and deactivate bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The present study establishes the relationship between the plasma levels of CETPI and disease severity of sepsis due to Gram-negative bacteria. METHODS Plasma samples from healthy subjects and patients with positive blood culture for Gram-negative bacteria were collected at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of INCMNSZ (Mexico City). 47 healthy subjects, 50 patients with infection, and 55 patients with sepsis and septic shock, were enrolled in this study. CETPI plasma levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and its expression confirmed by Western Blot analysis. Plasma cytokines (IL-1β, TNFα, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p70, IFNγ, and IL-10) were measured in both, healthy subjects, and patients, and directly correlated with their CETPI plasma levels and severity of clinical parameters. Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores were evaluated at ICU admission and within 24 h of admission. Plasma LPS and CETPI levels were also measured and studied in patients with liver dysfunction. RESULTS The level of CETPI in plasma was found to be higher in patients with positive blood culture for Gram-negative bacteria that in control subjects, showing a direct correlation with their SOFA values. Accordingly, septic shock patients showing a high CETPI plasma concentration, presented a negative correlation with cytokines IL-8, IL-1β, and IL-10. Also, in patients with liver dysfunction, since higher CETPI levels correlated with a high plasma LPS concentration, LPS neutralization carried out by CETPI might be considered a physiological response that will have to be studied in detail. CONCLUSIONS Elevated levels of plasma CETPI were associated with disease severity and organ failure in patients with Gram-negative bacteraemia, defining CETPI as a protein implicated in the systemic response to LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eréndira G. Pérez-Hernández
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Víctor De la Puente-Díaz de León
- grid.416850.e0000 0001 0698 4037Departamento de Medicina Interna, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, 14080 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Ismael Luna-Reyes
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Blanca Delgado-Coello
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - José Sifuentes-Osornio
- grid.416850.e0000 0001 0698 4037Dirección de Medicina, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, 14080 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Jaime Mas-Oliva
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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3
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Pentraxin 3 Facilitates Shrimp-Allergic Responses in IgE-Activated Mast Cells. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:8953235. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8953235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Since food avoidance is currently the only way to prevent allergic reactions to shrimp, a better understanding of molecular events in the induction and progression of allergy, including food allergy, is needed for developing strategies to inhibit allergic responses. Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is rapidly produced directly from inflammatory or damaged tissues and is involved in acute immunoinflammatory responses. However, the role of PTX3 in the development of immediate IgE-mediated shrimp allergy remains unknown. Methods. Wild-type BALB/c mice were immunized intraperitoneally and were challenged with shrimp extract. Serum IgE and PTX3 levels were analyzed. RBL-2H3 cells were stimulated with either dinitrophenyl (DNP) or serum of shrimp-allergic mice, and markers of degranulation, proinflammatory mediators, and phosphorylation of signal proteins were analyzed. We further examined the effect of PTX3 in shrimp extract-induced allergic responses in vitro and in vivo. Results. Mice with shrimp allergy had increased PTX3 levels in the serum and small intestine compared with healthy mice. PTX3 augmented degranulation, the production of proinflammatory mediators, and activation of the Akt and MAPK signaling pathways in mast cells upon DNP stimulation. Furthermore, the expression of transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein delta (CEBPD) was elevated in PTX3-mediated mast cell activation. Finally, the PTX3 inhibitor RI37 could attenuate PTX3-induced degranulation, proinflammatory mediator expression, and phosphorylation of the Akt and MAPK signaling. Conclusions. The results suggested that PTX3 can facilitate allergic responses. Our data provide new insight to demonstrate that PTX3 is a cause of allergic inflammation and that RI37 can serve as a therapeutic agent in shrimp allergy.
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Shirazi S, Ravindran S, Cooper LF. Topography-mediated immunomodulation in osseointegration; Ally or Enemy. Biomaterials 2022; 291:121903. [PMID: 36410109 PMCID: PMC10148651 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteoimmunology is at full display during endosseous implant osseointegration. Bone formation, maintenance and resorption at the implant surface is a result of bidirectional and dynamic reciprocal communication between the bone and immune cells that extends beyond the well-defined osteoblast-osteoclast signaling. Implant surface topography informs adherent progenitor and immune cell function and their cross-talk to modulate the process of bone accrual. Integrating titanium surface engineering with the principles of immunology is utilized to harness the power of immune system to improve osseointegration in healthy and diseased microenvironments. This review summarizes current information regarding immune cell-titanium implant surface interactions and places these events in the context of surface-mediated immunomodulation and bone regeneration. A mechanistic approach is directed in demonstrating the central role of osteoimmunology in the process of osseointegration and exploring how regulation of immune cell function at the implant-bone interface may be used in future control of clinical therapies. The process of peri-implant bone loss is also informed by immunomodulation at the implant surface. How surface topography is exploited to prevent osteoclastogenesis is considered herein with respect to peri-implant inflammation, osteoclastic precursor-surface interactions, and the upstream/downstream effects of surface topography on immune and progenitor cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Shirazi
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Sriram Ravindran
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lyndon F Cooper
- School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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5
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Yamashita M, Niisato M, Kawasaki Y, Karaman S, Robciuc MR, Shibata Y, Ishida Y, Nishio R, Masuda T, Sugai T, Ono M, Tuder RM, Alitalo K, Yamauchi K. VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 signaling in macrophages ameliorates acute lung injury. Eur Respir J 2021; 59:13993003.00880-2021. [PMID: 34446463 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00880-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Successful recovery from acute lung injury requires inhibition of neutrophil influx and clearance of apoptotic neutrophils. However, the mechanisms underlying recovery remain unclear. OBJECTIVES We investigated the ameliorative effects of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3)/VEGF-C signaling in macrophages in lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury. METHODS Lipopolysaccharides were intranasally injected into wild-type and transgenic mice. Gain- and loss- of VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 signaling function experiments employed adenovirus-mediated intranasal delivery of VEGF-C (Ad-VEGF-C vector) and soluble VEGFR-3, or, anti-VEGFR-3 blocking antibodies and mice with a deletion of VEGFR-3 in myeloid cells. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The early phase of lung injury was significantly alleviated by the overexpression of VEGF-C with increased levels of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) interleukin (IL)-10, but worsened in the later phase by VEGFR-3 inhibition upon administration of Ad-sVEGFR-3 vector. Injection of anti-VEGFR-3 antibodies to the mice in the resolution phase inhibited recovery from lung injury. The VEGFR-3 deleted mice had a shorter survival time than littermates and more severe lung injury in the resolution phase. Alveolar macrophages in the resolution phase digested most of extrinsic apoptotic neutrophils, and VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 signaling increased efferocytosis via upregulation of integrin alpha v in the macrophages. We also found that incubation with BALF from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients, but not from controls, decreases VEGFR-3 expression and the efficiency of IL-10 expression and efferocytosis in human monocyte-derived macrophages. CONCLUSIONS VEGFR-3/VEGF-C signaling in macrophages ameliorates experimental lung injury. This mechanism may provide an explanation also for ARDS resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yamashita
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Immunological Diseases, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Japan
| | - Miyuki Niisato
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Immunological Diseases, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kawasaki
- Department of Health Chemistry, Iwate Medical University School of Pharmacology, Shiwa, Japan
| | - Sinem Karaman
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Medicine Program, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marius R Robciuc
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Medicine Program, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yuji Shibata
- Department of Pathology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoji Ishida
- Department of Hematology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | - Tomoyuki Masuda
- Department of Pathology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Sugai
- Department of Pathology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masao Ono
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Rubin M Tuder
- Program in Translational Lung Research, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, CO, USA
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Medicine Program, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kohei Yamauchi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Immunological Diseases, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Japan
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6
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Ehlting C, Wolf SD, Bode JG. Acute-phase protein synthesis: a key feature of innate immune functions of the liver. Biol Chem 2021; 402:1129-1145. [PMID: 34323429 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The expression of acute-phase proteins (APP's) maintains homeostasis and tissue repair, but also represents a central component of the organism's defense strategy, especially in the context of innate immunity. Accordingly, an inflammatory response is accompanied by significant changes in the serum protein composition, an aspect that is also used diagnostically. As the main site of APP synthesis the liver is constantly exposed to antigens or pathogens via blood flow, but also to systemic inflammatory signals originating either from the splanchnic area or from the circulation. Under both homeostatic and acute-phase response (APR) conditions the composition of APP's is determined by the pattern of regulatory mediators derived from the systemic circulation or from local cell populations, especially liver macrophages. The key regulators mentioned here most frequently are IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. In addition to a variety of molecular mediators described mainly on the basis of in vitro studies, recent data emphasize the in vivo relevance of cellular key effectors as well as molecular key mediators and protein modifications for the regulation and function of APP's. These are aspects, on which the present review is primarily focused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ehlting
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephanie D Wolf
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes G Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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7
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Yamamoto M, Nagasawa Y, Fujimori K. Glycyrrhizic acid suppresses early stage of adipogenesis through repression of MEK/ERK-mediated C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ expression in 3T3-L1 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 346:109595. [PMID: 34302803 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), a major constituent of the root of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), and has various biological activities, including anti-obesity property. However, the molecular mechanism of anti-adipogenic effect of GA is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the anti-adipogenic effects of GA in mouse adipocytic 3T3-L1 cells and elucidated its underlying molecular mechanism. GA decreased the intracellular triglyceride level. The expression levels of the adipogenic and lipogenic genes were lowered by treatment with GA in a concertation-dependent manner. In contrast, GA did not affect the lipolytic gene expression and the released glycerol level. GA suppressed the early stage of adipogenesis when it was added for 0-3 h after initiation of adipogenesis. Moreover, GA reduced the mRNA levels of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) β and C/EBPδ, both of which activate the early stage of adipogenesis. Furthermore, GA decreased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase [ERK: p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)] in the early stage of adipogenesis. In addition, a MAPK kinase (MEK) inhibitor, PD98059 reduced the C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ gene expression. These results indicate that GA suppressed the early stage of adipogenesis through repressing the MEK/ERK-mediated C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ expression in 3T3-L1 cells. Thus, GA has an anti-adipogenic ability and a possible agent for treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Yasuna Nagasawa
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Ko Fujimori
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan.
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8
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Hong X, Ajat M, Fakurazi S, Noor AM, Ismail IS. Anti-inflammatory evaluation of Scurrula ferruginea (jack) danser parasitizing on Tecoma stans (L.) H.B.K. in LPS/IFN-γ-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 268:113647. [PMID: 33271242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Scurrula ferruginea (Jack) Danser (locally known as 'Dedalu' or 'dian nan ji sheng' in Malaysia and China) is a hemi-parasitic shrub that is widely used as herbal medicine to treat inflammation, rheumatism, and stroke. However, the scientific basis of its anti-inflammatory function and mechanism remain to be proven. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity as well as the preliminary mechanism of S. ferruginea parasitizing on Tecoma stans. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-inflammatory capability of freeze-dried stem aqueous extract was assessed via inhibition of inflammatory cytokines interleukin- (IL-) 1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The underlying anti-inflammatory mechanism was deciphered through reverse transcriptase and real time quantitative polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR and qPCR) for inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), IL-1β, and TNF-α mRNA expression. RESULTS The results exhibited that aqueous extract of freeze-dried S. ferruginea stem sample concentration-dependently inhibited IL-1β protein production along with the down regulation of iNOS and IL-1β mRNA expression. Moreover, it significantly suppressed the protein release of IL-6 and IL-10 in a concentration-dependent manner. However, it slightly reduced TNF-α at higher sample concentration (250 μg/mL) without affecting the mRNA expression levels of COX-2 and TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that S. ferruginea parasitizing on Tecoma stans exerted anti-inflammatory capability attributed to inhibition of iNOS and IL-1β mRNA expression, NO creation, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α protein production, indicating this plant might be a useful plant-derived candidate against inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Hong
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Hebei Key Laboratory of Research and Development for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical University, 067000, Chengde, Hebei, PR China
| | - Mokrish Ajat
- Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Sharida Fakurazi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Akmal Mohd Noor
- Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Intan Safinar Ismail
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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9
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Ullmann T, Luckhardt S, Wolf M, Parnham MJ, Resch E. High-Throughput Screening for CEBPD-Modulating Compounds in THP-1-Derived Reporter Macrophages Identifies Anti-Inflammatory HDAC and BET Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063022. [PMID: 33809617 PMCID: PMC8002291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify alternative anti-inflammatory compounds that modulate the activity of a relevant transcription factor, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein delta (C/EBPδ). C/EBPδ is a master regulator of inflammatory responses in macrophages (Mϕ) and is mainly regulated at the level of CEBPD gene transcription initiation. To screen for CEBPD-modulating compounds, we generated a THP-1-derived reporter cell line stably expressing secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) under control of the defined CEBPD promoter (CEBPD::SEAP). A high-throughput screening of LOPAC®1280 and ENZO®774 libraries on LPS- and IFN-γ-activated THP-1 reporter Mϕ identified four epigenetically active hits: two bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) inhibitors, I-BET151 and Ro 11-1464, as well as two histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, SAHA and TSA. All four hits markedly and reproducibly upregulated SEAP secretion and CEBPD::SEAP mRNA expression, confirming screening assay reliability. Whereas BET inhibitors also upregulated the mRNA expression of the endogenous CEBPD, HDAC inhibitors completely abolished it. All hits displayed anti-inflammatory activity through the suppression of IL-6 and CCL2 gene expression. However, I-BET151 and HDAC inhibitors simultaneously upregulated the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory IL-1ß. The modulation of CEBPD gene expression shown in this study contributes to our understanding of inflammatory responses in Mϕ and may offer an approach to therapy for inflammation-driven disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Ullmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.L.); (M.J.P.); (E.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sonja Luckhardt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.L.); (M.J.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Markus Wolf
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Schnackenburgallee 114, 22525 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Michael J. Parnham
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.L.); (M.J.P.); (E.R.)
- EpiEndo Pharmaceuticals ehf, Eiðistorg 13-15, 170 Seltjarnarnes, Iceland
| | - Eduard Resch
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.L.); (M.J.P.); (E.R.)
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10
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Saraiva M, Vieira P, O'Garra A. Biology and therapeutic potential of interleukin-10. J Exp Med 2020; 217:jem.20190418. [PMID: 31611251 PMCID: PMC7037253 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors review the molecular mechanisms regulating IL-10 production and response and describe classic and novel functions of IL-10 in immune and non-immune cells. They further discuss the therapeutic potential of IL-10 in different diseases and the outstanding questions underlying an effective application of IL-10 in clinical settings. The cytokine IL-10 is a key anti-inflammatory mediator ensuring protection of a host from over-exuberant responses to pathogens and microbiota, while playing important roles in other settings as sterile wound healing, autoimmunity, cancer, and homeostasis. Here we discuss our current understanding of the regulation of IL-10 production and of the molecular pathways associated with IL-10 responses. In addition to IL-10’s classic inhibitory effects on myeloid cells, we also describe the nonclassic roles attributed to this pleiotropic cytokine, including how IL-10 regulates basic processes of neural and adipose cells and how it promotes CD8 T cell activation, as well as epithelial repair. We further discuss its therapeutic potential in the context of different diseases and the outstanding questions that may help develop an effective application of IL-10 in diverse clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Saraiva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Vieira
- Department of Immunology, Unité Lymphopoièse, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1223, Paris, France
| | - Anne O'Garra
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
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11
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Kumar S, Fritz Z, Sulakhiya K, Theis T, Berthiaume F. Transcriptional Factors and Protein Biomarkers as Target Therapeutics in Traumatic Spinal Cord and Brain Injury. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:1092-1105. [PMID: 32442086 PMCID: PMC7709155 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200522203542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injury to the spinal cord (SCI) and brain (TBI) are serious health problems and affect many people every year throughout the world. These devastating injuries are affecting not only patients but also their families socially as well as financially. SCI and TBI lead to neurological dysfunction besides continuous inflammation, ischemia, and necrosis followed by progressive neurodegeneration. There are well-established changes in several other processes such as gene expression as well as protein levels that are the important key factors to control the progression of these diseases. We are not yet able to collect enough knowledge on the underlying mechanisms leading to the altered gene expression profiles and protein levels in SCI and TBI. Cell loss is hastened by the induction or imbalance of pro- or anti-inflammatory expression profiles and transcription factors for cell survival after or during trauma. There is a sequence of events of dysregulation of these factors from early to late stages of trauma that opens a therapeutic window for new interventions to prevent/restrict the progression of these diseases. There has been increasing interest in the modulation of these factors for improving the patient’s quality of life by targeting both SCI and TBI. Here, we review some of the recent transcriptional factors and protein biomarkers that have been developed and discovered in the last decade in the context of targeted therapeutics for SCI and TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneel Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Zachary Fritz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kunjbihari Sulakhiya
- Department of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University (IGNTU), Amarkantak, India
| | - Thomas Theis
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The
State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Francois Berthiaume
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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12
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Asa'ad F, Monje A, Larsson L. Role of epigenetics in alveolar bone resorption and regeneration around periodontal and peri‐implant tissues. Eur J Oral Sci 2019; 127:477-493. [DOI: 10.1111/eos.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farah Asa'ad
- Institute of Odontology The Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Göteborg Sweden
| | - Alberto Monje
- Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology ZMK School of Dentistry Bern Switzerland
- Department of Periodontology Universitat Internacional de Catalunya Barcelona Spain
| | - Lena Larsson
- Department of Periodontology Institute of Odontology University of Gothenburg Göteborg Sweden
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13
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Ciesielska A, Hromada-Judycka A, Ziemlińska E, Kwiatkowska K. Lysophosphatidic acid up-regulates IL-10 production to inhibit TNF-α synthesis in Mϕs stimulated with LPS. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:1285-1301. [PMID: 31335985 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2a0918-368rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial LPS strongly induces pro-inflammatory responses of Mϕs after binding to CD14 protein and the TLR4/MD-2 receptor complex. The LPS-triggered signaling can be modulated by extracellular lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which is of substantial importance for Mϕ functioning under specific pathophysiological conditions, such as atherosclerosis. The molecular mechanisms of the crosstalk between the LPS- and LPA-induced signaling, and the LPA receptors involved, are poorly known. In this report, we show that LPA strongly inhibits the LPS-induced TNF-α production at the mRNA and protein levels in primary Mϕs and Mϕ-like J774 cells. The decreased TNF-α production in LPA/LPS-stimulated cells is to high extent independent of NF-κB but is preceded by enhanced expression and secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The IL-10 elevation and TNF-α reduction are both abrogated upon depletion of the LPA5 and LPA6 receptors in J774 cells and can be linked with LPA-mediated activation of p38. We propose that the binding of LPA to LPA5 and LPA6 fine-tunes the LPS-induced inflammatory response by activating p38, and up-regulating IL-10 and down-regulating TNF-α production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ciesielska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aneta Hromada-Judycka
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Ziemlińska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kwiatkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Komegae EN, Fonseca MT, da Silveira Cruz-Machado S, Turato WM, Filgueiras LR, Markus RP, Steiner AA. Site-Specific Reprogramming of Macrophage Responsiveness to Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide in Obesity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1496. [PMID: 31316525 PMCID: PMC6611339 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which obesity may alter immune responses to pathogens are poorly understood. The present study assessed whether the intrinsic responsiveness of resident macrophages to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is reprogrammed in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. Macrophages from adipose tissue, lung alveoli, and the peritoneal cavity were extracted from obese rats on a HFD or from their lean counterparts, and subsequently studied in culture under identical conditions. CD45+/CD68+ cells (macrophages) were abundant in all cultures, and became the main producers of TNF-α upon LPS stimulation. But although all macrophage subpopulations responded to LPS with an M1-like profile of cytokine secretion, the TNF-α/IL-10 ratio was the lowest in adipose tissue macrophages, the highest in alveolar macrophages, and intermediary in peritoneal macrophages. What is more, diet exerted qualitatively distinct effects on the cytokine responses to LPS, with obesity switching adipose tissue macrophages to a more pro-inflammatory program and peritoneal macrophages to a less pro-inflammatory program, while not affecting alveolar macrophages. Such reprogramming was not associated with changes in the inflammasome-dependent secretion of IL-1β. The study further shows that the effects of diet on TNF-α/IL-10 ratios were linked to distinct patterns of NF-κB accumulation in the nucleus: while RelA was the NF-κB subunit most impacted by obesity in adipose tissue macrophages, cRel was the subunit affected in peritoneal macrophages. It is concluded that obesity causes dissimilar, site-specific changes in the responsiveness of resident macrophages to bacterial LPS. Such plasticity opens new avenues of investigation into the mechanisms linking obesity to pathogen-induced immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evilin N Komegae
- Neuroimmunology of Sepsis Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monique T Fonseca
- Neuroimmunology of Sepsis Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Walter M Turato
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano R Filgueiras
- Neuroimmunology of Sepsis Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regina P Markus
- Laboratory of Chronopharmacology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A Steiner
- Neuroimmunology of Sepsis Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Cheng CY, Yeh CC. Adaptive immunoregulation of luteolin and chlorogenic acid in lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-10 expression. Tzu Chi Med J 2019; 32:186-192. [PMID: 32269953 PMCID: PMC7137375 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_23_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the mechanism of the adaptive effect of two compounds in Lonicerae japonica flos (LJF), luteolin (LUT) and chlorogenic acid (CGA), on the expression of interleukin (IL) IL-10 and IL-6. Materials and Methods: RAW264.7 cells receiving lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were pretreated with CGA and LJF. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and IL-10 was evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Moreover, the concentrations of IL-10 and IL-6 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the culture medium obtained 24 h after LPS treatment. Nuclear extracts of RAW264.7 cells, pretreated with CGA or LUT and LPS, were prepared after 6 h, and C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ were measured by Western blotting. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity was measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The phosphorylated form of IκB, ERK1/2, p38, JNK, and IκB, ERK2, p38, or JNK were also measured by Western blotting. Results: CGA enhanced the LPS-induced expression of IL-10 and IL-6, and increased NF-κB, Sp1, C/EBPβ and δ. The effect of CGA is interfered with Lut by suppressing the phosphorylation of IκB and p38, and NF-κB activity. In the event, IL-6 was suppressed and IL-10 was not influenced. Conclusion: LUT and CGA, which are abundant in LJF that is one of the ingredients in Gingyo-san, have adaptive immunoregulative effect on the expression of IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Yen Cheng
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chou Yeh
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.,School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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16
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-10 is an essential anti-inflammatory cytokine that plays important roles as a negative regulator of immune responses to microbial antigens. Loss of IL-10 results in the spontaneous development of inflammatory bowel disease as a consequence of an excessive immune response to the gut microbiota. IL-10 also functions to prevent excessive inflammation during the course of infection. IL-10 can be produced in response to pro-inflammatory signals by virtually all immune cells, including T cells, B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Given its function in maintaining the delicate balance between effective immunity and tissue protection, it is evident that IL-10 expression is highly dynamic and needs to be tightly regulated. The transcriptional regulation of IL-10 production in myeloid cells and T cells is the topic of this review. Drivers of IL-10 expression as well as their downstream signaling pathways and transcription factors will be discussed. We will examine in more detail how various signals in CD4+ T cells converge on common transcriptional circuits, which fine-tune IL-10 expression in a context-dependent manner.
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17
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Wang L, Yang M, Jin M, Wu Y, Zheng T, Gu S, Hua X. Transplant of insulin-like growth factor-1 expressing bone marrow stem cells improves functional regeneration of injured rat uterus by NF-κB pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2018. [PMID: 29516621 PMCID: PMC5908117 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the potential beneficial effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in BMSC transplantation therapy of uterus injury and the underlying molecular mechanisms, rat BMSCs were isolated and cultured. The relative expressions of IGF-1 and IL-10 were determined by RT-PCR and immunoblotting. The secretory IL-10 and released E2 were measured using ELISA kits. The relative vWF and α-SMA expressions were determined by immunohistochemistry. The direct binding of NF-κB subunit p50 with IL-10 promoter was analysed by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. The regulation of IL-10 expression by p50 was interrogated by luciferase reporter assay. Our data demonstrated that IGF-1 expression in BMSCs induced IL-10 expression and secretion, which was further enhanced by E2-PLGA. IGF-1 overexpression improved BMSCs transplantation therapy in rat uterus injury. We further demonstrated that both inhibition and knockdown of p50 abolished IGF-1-induced expression and secretion of IL-10 in BMSCs, which consequently compromised the IGF-1 conferred therapeutic benefits against uterus injury. Furthermore, we elucidated that p50 regulated IL-10 expression via direct association with its promoter. Our data suggested that transplantation of IGF-1 overexpressing BMSCs improved functional regeneration of injured uterus by inducing IL-10 expression and secretion via activation of NF-κB signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengnan Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Minfei Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuelin Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengyi Gu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolin Hua
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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18
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Sutavani RV, Phair IR, Barker R, McFarlane A, Shpiro N, Lang S, Woodland A, Arthur JSC. Differential control of Toll-like receptor 4-induced interleukin-10 induction in macrophages and B cells reveals a role for p90 ribosomal S6 kinases. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:2302-2317. [PMID: 29229781 PMCID: PMC5818195 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.805424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has linked dysregulated interleukin (IL)-10 production by IL-10+ve B cells to autoimmunity, highlighting the importance of improving the understanding of the regulation of IL-10 production in these cells. In both B cells and myeloid cells, IL-10 can be produced in response to Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. In macrophages, previous studies have established that mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinases (MSKs) regulate IL-10 production via the phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding (CREB) protein on the IL-10 promoter. We found here that although MSKs are activated in peritoneal B cells in response to TLR4 agonists, neither MSKs nor CREB are required for IL-10 production in these cells. Using a combination of chemical inhibitors and knockout mice, we found that IL-10 induction in B cells was regulated by an ERK1/2- and p90 ribosomal S6 kinase-dependent mechanism, unlike in macrophages in which p90 ribosomal S6 kinase was not required. This observation highlights fundamental differences in the signaling controlling IL-10 production in B cells and macrophages, even though these two cell types respond to a common TLR stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iain R Phair
- From the Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology
| | | | | | - Natalia Shpiro
- the MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, and
| | - Stuart Lang
- the Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Woodland
- the Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
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19
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Chiang CY, Lee CC, Fan CK, Huang HM, Chiang BL, Lee YL. Osthole treatment ameliorates Th2-mediated allergic asthma and exerts immunomodulatory effects on dendritic cell maturation and function. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:cmi201771. [PMID: 28782757 PMCID: PMC5675958 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osthole, an active component of Chinese herbal medicines, reportedly possesses various pharmacological properties and has potential therapeutic applications. This study explored the anti-allergic effects of osthole in asthmatic mice and investigated the immunomodulatory actions of osthole on dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells. Herein, we show that oral administration of osthole to BALB/c mice after ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization ameliorated all of the cardinal features of T helper 2 (Th2)-mediated allergic asthma; namely, the production of OVA-specific immunoglobulin E, airway hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation and the production of Th2-type cytokines including interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13. Surprisingly, IL-10 production was not inhibited and was even enhanced by osthole treatment. We observed a significant increase in the percentages of IL-10-producing DCs and forkhead box P3-positive regulatory T (Treg) cells in osthole-treated asthmatic mice. Additionally, in vitro analyses revealed that osthole-treated bone-marrow-derived DCs had a partial maturation phenotype, secreting large amounts of IL-10 and low levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-12, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, and displaying reduced levels of MHC class II surface molecules. These DCs displayed immunosuppressive capacity by directly inhibiting effector T-cell responses or inducing Treg cells. In addition, osthole directly inhibited the activated CD4+ T-cell proliferation and Th1/Th2-type cytokine production in this system. Collectively, these results suggest that DCs and T cells are potential target cells responsible for the action of osthole against allergic asthma.Cellular &Molecular Immunology advance online publication, 7 August 2017; doi:10.1038/cmi.2017.71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yuan Chiang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, China
| | - Chen-Chen Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, China
| | - Chia-Kwung Fan
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, China
| | - Huei-Mei Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, China
| | - Bor-Luen Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10048, Taiwan, China
| | - Yueh-Lun Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, China
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20
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Zinc Modulates Endotoxin-Induced Human Macrophage Inflammation through ZIP8 Induction and C/EBPβ Inhibition. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169531. [PMID: 28056086 PMCID: PMC5215883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Two vital functions of the innate immune system are to initiate inflammation and redistribute micronutrients in favor of the host. Zinc is an essential micronutrient used in host defense. The zinc importer ZIP8 is uniquely induced through stimulation of the NF-κB pathway by LPS in monocytes and functions to regulate inflammation in a zinc-dependent manner. Herein we determined the impact of zinc metabolism following LPS-induced inflammation in human macrophages. We observed that ZIP8 is constitutively expressed in resting macrophages and strikingly elevated following LPS exposure, a response that is unique compared to the 13 other known zinc import proteins. During LPS exposure, extracellular zinc concentrations within the physiological range markedly reduced IL-10 mRNA expression and protein release but increased mRNA expression of TNFα, IL-8, and IL-6. ZIP8 knockdown inhibited LPS-driven cellular accumulation of zinc and prevented zinc-dependent reduction of IL-10 release. Further, zinc supplementation reduced nuclear localization and activity of C/EBPβ, a transcription factor known to drive IL-10 expression. These studies demonstrate for the first time that zinc regulates LPS-mediated immune activation of human macrophages in a ZIP8-dependent manner, reducing IL-10. Based on these findings we predict that macrophage zinc metabolism is important in host defense against pathogens.
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21
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Lin SR, Yeh HC, Wang WJ, Ke HL, Lin HH, Hsu WC, Chao SY, Hour TC, Wu WJ, Pu YS, Huang AM. MiR-193b Mediates CEBPD-Induced Cisplatin Sensitization Through Targeting ETS1 and Cyclin D1 in Human Urothelial Carcinoma Cells. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:1563-1573. [PMID: 27918099 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein delta (CEBPD) plays multiple roles in tumor progression. Studies have demonstrated that cisplatin (CDDP) induced CEBPD expression and had led to chemotherapeutic drug resistance. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of CDDP-regulated CEBPD expression and its relevant roles in CDDP responses remain elusive. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression in a sequence-specific manner. Abnormal miRNAs expression is associated with tumor progression. In current study, a large-scale PCR-based miRNA screening was performed to identify CEBPD-associated miRNAs in urothelial carcinoma cell line NTUB1. Eleven miRNAs were selected with more than twofold changes. MiR-193b-3p, a known tumor suppressor, down-regulated proto-oncogenes Cyclin D1, and ETS1 expression and led to cell cycle arrest, cell invasion, and migration inhibition. The expression of miR-193b-3p was associated with the DNA binding ability of CEBPD in CDDP response. CEBPD knocking-down approach provided a strong evidence of the positive correlation between CEBPD and miR-193b-3p. CDDP-induced CEBPD trans-activated miR-193b-3p expression and it directly targeted the 3'-UTR of Cyclin D1 and ETS1 mRNA, and silenced the protein expression. In addition, miR-193b-3p also inhibited cell migration activity, arrested cell at G1 phase, and sensitized NTUB1 to CDDP treatment. In conclusion, this study indicates that CEBPD exhibits an anti-tumorigenic function through transcriptionally activating miR-193b-3p expression upon CDDP treatment. This study provides a new direction for managing human urothelial carcinoma. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1563-1573, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siao-Ren Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chih Yeh
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jan Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Lung Ke
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Hui Lin
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chi Hsu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yi Chao
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chien Hsin University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tzyh-Chyuan Hour
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jeng Wu
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yeong-Shiau Pu
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - A-Mei Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Ph. D. Program in Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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22
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Hussain T, Shah SZA, Zhao D, Sreevatsan S, Zhou X. The role of IL-10 in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection. Cell Commun Signal 2016; 14:29. [PMID: 27905994 PMCID: PMC5131435 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-016-0152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is an intracellular pathogen and is the causative agent of Johne's disease of domestic and wild ruminants. Johne's disease is characterized by chronic granulomatous enteritis leading to substantial economic losses to the livestock sector across the world. MAP persistently survives in phagocytic cells, most commonly in macrophages by disrupting its early antibacterial activity. MAP triggers several signaling pathways after attachment to pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) of phagocytic cells. MAP adopts a survival strategy to escape the host defence mechanisms via the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. The signaling mechanism initiated through toll like receptor 2 (TLR2) activates MAPK-p38 results in up-regulation of interleukin-10 (IL-10), and subsequent repression of inflammatory cytokines. The anti-inflammatory response of IL-10 is mediated through membrane-bound IL-10 receptors, leading to trans-phosphorylation and activation of Janus Kinase (JAK) family receptor-associated tyrosine kinases (TyKs), that promotes the activation of latent transcription factors, signal transducer and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3). IL-10 is an important inhibitory cytokine playing its role in blocking phagosome maturation and apoptosis. In the current review, we describe the importance of IL-10 in early phases of the MAP infection and regulatory mechanisms of the IL-10 dependent pathways in paratuberculosis. We also highlight the strategies to target IL-10, MAPK and STAT3 in other infections caused by intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Hussain
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and key Laboratory of Animal and Zoonosis of Ministry Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Syed Zahid Ali Shah
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and key Laboratory of Animal and Zoonosis of Ministry Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Deming Zhao
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and key Laboratory of Animal and Zoonosis of Ministry Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN USA
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and key Laboratory of Animal and Zoonosis of Ministry Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
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23
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Teixeira D, Marques C, Pestana D, Faria A, Norberto S, Calhau C, Monteiro R. Effects of xenoestrogens in human M1 and M2 macrophage migration, cytokine release, and estrogen-related signaling pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:1496-1509. [PMID: 26011183 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and di(n-butyl)phthalate (DBP) are environmental estrogens that have been associated with a wide range of adverse health outcomes for which inflammation has also been hypothesized as a potentially involved mechanism and where macrophages play a central role. This study was carried out to evaluate if xenoestrogen (XE) treatment of classically (M1) or alternatively (M2) activated macrophages could affect their behavior. For this purpose, human peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages either unstimulated or activated with lipopolysaccharide (100 ng/mL, M1) or with interleukin (IL) 4 (15 ng/mL, M2) were treated with 17β-estradiol (E2 ), BPA, DEHP and DBP alone or in combination with selective ERα or ERβ antagonists. Migratory capability, cytokine release, and estrogen-associated signaling pathways were evaluated to assess macrophage function. All tested XEs had a tendency to stimulate M2 migration, an effect that followed the same direction than E2 . Moreover, all XEs significantly induced IL10 in M1 and decreased IL6 and globally decreased IL10, IL6, TNFα, and IL1β release by M2 macrophages. However, DEHP and DBP significantly increased IL1β release in M1 and M2 macrophages, respectively. Some of the effects described above were shown to be mediated by either ERα or ERβ and were simultaneous to modulation of NF-κB, AP1, JNK, or ERK signaling pathways. We provide new evidence of the effect of XE on macrophage behavior and their mechanisms with relevance to the understanding of the action of environmental chemicals on the immune system and inflammation-associated diseases. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1496-1509, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Teixeira
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, University of Porto, Centro De Investigação Médica, Porto, 4200-319, Portugal.
| | - Cláudia Marques
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, University of Porto, Centro De Investigação Médica, Porto, 4200-319, Portugal
- CINTESIS-Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, Porto, 4200-450, Portugal
| | - Diogo Pestana
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, University of Porto, Centro De Investigação Médica, Porto, 4200-319, Portugal
- CINTESIS-Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, Porto, 4200-450, Portugal
| | - Ana Faria
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, University of Porto, Centro De Investigação Médica, Porto, 4200-319, Portugal
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório Associado Em Química Verde, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, 4179-007, Portugal
| | - Sónia Norberto
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, University of Porto, Centro De Investigação Médica, Porto, 4200-319, Portugal
| | - Conceição Calhau
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, University of Porto, Centro De Investigação Médica, Porto, 4200-319, Portugal
- CINTESIS-Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, Porto, 4200-450, Portugal
| | - Rosário Monteiro
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, University of Porto, Centro De Investigação Médica, Porto, 4200-319, Portugal
- Instituto De Investigação E Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Yan W, Ding A, Kim HJ, Zheng H, Wei F, Ma X. Progranulin Controls Sepsis via C/EBPα-Regulated Il10 Transcription and Ubiquitin Ligase/Proteasome-Mediated Protein Degradation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3393-3405. [PMID: 27619993 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a widely expressed, pleiotropic protein that is involved in diverse biological processes, including cellular proliferation, neuron development, and wound healing. However, the role of PGRN in the regulation of pathogen-induced systemic inflammation and the mechanisms involved have not been established. In this study, we show that PGRN-deficient mice display heightened mortality in models of polymicrobial sepsis and endotoxinemia, with increased tissue levels of inflammatory cytokines and reduced IL-10 production. Conversely, administration of rPGRN decreases the susceptibility of PGRN-deficient mice to LPS-induced endotoxemic shock and augments IL-10 production by LPS-activated macrophages in a TNFR-dependent manner. Molecular analysis reveals a direct role of the transcription factor C/EBPα in PGRN-regulated IL-10 expression. C/EBPα-deficient macrophages produce less IL-10 in response to LPS. Furthermore, mice deficient in C/EBPα in hematopoietic cells are highly vulnerable to LPS-induced septic shock. Lastly, the defective IL-10 production by PGRN-deficient cells is primarily due to reduced C/EBPα protein stability via the E3 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E6AP and proteasome-mediated degradation. To our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence that PGRN is a nonredundant regulator of systemic inflammation via modulating the levels and activity of C/EBPα, IL-10, and the ubiquitin-proteasome proteolysis pathway. The results bear strong and profound implications for PGRN insufficiency and its mutation-associated systemic and organ-specific inflammatory human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Aihao Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065; and
| | - Ha-Jeong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Hua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Fang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065; and
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25
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Ma X, Yan W, Zheng H, Du Q, Zhang L, Ban Y, Li N, Wei F. Regulation of IL-10 and IL-12 production and function in macrophages and dendritic cells. F1000Res 2015; 4. [PMID: 26918147 PMCID: PMC4754024 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.7010.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-10 and Interleukin-12 are produced primarily by pathogen-activated antigen-presenting cells, particularly macrophages and dendritic cells. IL-10 and IL-12 play very important immunoregulatory roles in host defense and immune homeostasis. Being anti- and pro-inflammatory in nature, respectively, their functions are antagonistically opposing. A comprehensive and in-depth understanding of their immunological properties and signaling mechanisms will help develop better clinical intervention strategies in therapy for a wide range of human disorders. Here, we provide an update on some emerging concepts, controversies, unanswered questions, and opinions regarding the immune signaling of IL-10 and IL-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wenjun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, USA
| | - Hua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, USA
| | - Qinglin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, USA
| | - Lixing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, USA
| | - Yi Ban
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, USA
| | - Fang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, USA
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Astrocytic CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Protein Delta Contributes to Glial Scar Formation and Impairs Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:5912-5927. [PMID: 26510742 PMCID: PMC5085997 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9486-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
After spinal cord injury, inflammatory reaction induces the aggregation of astrocytes to form a glial scar that eventually blocks axonal regeneration. Transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein delta (C/EBPδ) is a regulatory protein of genes responsive to inflammatory factors, but its role in glial scar formation after spinal cord injury remains unknown. By using a model of moderate spinal cord contusion injury at the mid-thoracic level, we found that C/EBPδ was expressed mostly in the reactive astrocytes bordering the lesion in wild-type mice from 7 days after the injury. C/EBPδ-deficient mice showed reduced glial scar formation, more residual white matter, and better motor function recovery compared with wild-type mice 28 days after the injury. Upon interleukin (IL)-1β stimulation in vitro, the increased expression of C/EBPδ in reactive astrocytes inhibited RhoA expression and, subsequently, the ability of astrocyte migration. However, these reactive astrocytes also produced an increased amount of matrix metalloproteinase-3, which promoted the migration of non-IL-1β-treated, inactive astrocytes. Although the involvement of other non-astroglial C/EBPδ cannot be entirely excluded, our studies suggest that astrocytic C/EBPδ is integral to the inflammatory cascades leading to glial scar formation after spinal cord injury.
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Kao ST, Liu CJ, Yeh CC. Protective and immunomodulatory effect of flos Lonicerae japonicae by augmenting IL-10 expression in a murine model of acute lung inflammation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 168:108-15. [PMID: 25819615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Lonicerae japonicae has shown antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antioxidant, antiviral, and protective effects in animal models of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the effects of Flos L. japonicae (FLJ), a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, on acute lung inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in vivo, using a murine model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty 6-week-old female BALB/c mice were challenged with intratracheal LPS before treatment with FLJ or vehicle. FLJ was examined for its capacity to influence an LPS-induced increase in IL-10 and decrease in TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 as measured in murine bronchoalveolar lavage (BALF). RESULTS FLJ increased nuclear Sp1 binding activity thereby enhancing the expression of IL-10 and decreased nuclear NF-κB binding activities thereby inhibiting the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in the lung. The up-regulation of Sp1 activity by FLJ was through incremental phosphorylation of ERK. By contrast, the down-regulation of NF-κB activity by FLJ was through suppression of the phosphorylation of IκB, p38, and JNK. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated FLJ has protective activity against LPS-induced lung inflammatory cytokine release. Anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, may prove beneficial in the treatment of endotoxin-associated lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shung-Te Kao
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ju Liu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chou Yeh
- School of Post-baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Department of Chinese Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.
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28
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Toll-like receptor 2-dependent extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages drives anti-inflammatory responses and inhibits Th1 polarization of responding T cells. Infect Immun 2015; 83:2242-54. [PMID: 25776754 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00135-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis survives within macrophages and employs immune evasion mechanisms to persist in the host. Protective T helper type 1 (Th1) responses are induced, and the immune response in most individuals is sufficient to restrict M. tuberculosis to latent infection, but most infections are not completely resolved. As T cells and macrophages respond, a balance is established between protective Th1-associated and other proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-12 (IL-12), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor alpha, and anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10. The mechanisms by which M. tuberculosis modulates host responses to promote its survival remain unclear. In these studies, we demonstrate that M. tuberculosis induction of IL-10, suppression of IL-12, and inhibition of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC-II) molecules in infected macrophages are all driven by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-dependent activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK). Elimination of ERK signaling downstream of TLR2 by pharmacologic inhibition with U0126 or genetic deletion of Tpl2 blocks IL-10 secretion and enhances IL-12 p70 secretion. We demonstrate that M. tuberculosis regulation of these pathways in macrophages affects T cell responses to infected macrophages. Thus, genetic blockade of the ERK pathway in Tpl2(-/-) macrophages enhances Th1 polarization and IFN-γ production by antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells responding to M. tuberculosis infection. These data indicate that M. tuberculosis and its potent TLR2 ligands activate ERK signaling in macrophages to promote anti-inflammatory macrophage responses and blunt Th1 responses against the pathogen.
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29
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Ko CY, Chang WC, Wang JM. Biological roles of CCAAT/Enhancer-binding protein delta during inflammation. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:6. [PMID: 25591788 PMCID: PMC4318212 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-014-0110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein delta (CEBPD) belongs to the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein family, and these proteins function as transcription factors in many biological processes, including cell differentiation, motility, growth arrest, proliferation, cell death, metabolism and immune responses. The functional diversity of CEBPD depends, in part, on the cell type and cellular context, which indicates that CEBPD could interpret a variety of cues to adjust cellular responses in specific situations. Here, we review the regulation of the CEBPD gene and its function in response to inflammatory stimuli. We also address its effects in inflammation-related diseases through a discussion of its recently discovered downstream targets. Regarding to the previous discoveries and new insights in inflammation-associated diseases, suggesting CEBPD could also be a central gene in inflammation. Importantly, the results of this study indicate that the investigation of CEBPD could open a new avenue to help better understand the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Yuan Ko
- Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan. .,Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Chang Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Ju-Ming Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan. .,Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan. .,Infectious Disease and Signaling Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan. .,Center of Molecular Inflammation, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
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30
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Piliation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG promotes adhesion, phagocytosis, and cytokine modulation in macrophages. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:2050-62. [PMID: 25576613 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03949-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, spaCBA-encoded pili on the cell surface of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG were identified to be key molecules for binding to human intestinal mucus and Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells. Here, we investigated the role of the SpaCBA pilus of L. rhamnosus GG in the interaction with macrophages in vitro by comparing the wild type with surface mutants. Our results show that SpaCBA pili play a significant role in the capacity for adhesion to macrophages and also promote bacterial uptake by these phagocytic cells. Interestingly, our data suggest that SpaCBA pili also mediate anti-inflammatory effects by induction of interleukin-10 (IL-10) mRNA and reduction of interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA in a murine RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. These pili appear to mediate these effects indirectly by promoting close contact with the macrophages, facilitating the exertion of anti-inflammatory effects by other surface molecules via yet unknown mechanisms. Blockage of complement receptor 3 (CR3), previously identified to be a receptor for streptococcal pili, significantly decreased the uptake of pilus-expressing strains in RAW 264.7 cells, while the expression of IL-10 and IL-6 mRNA by these macrophages was not affected by this blocking. On the other hand, blockage of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) significantly reduced the expression of IL-6 mRNA irrespective of the presence of pili.
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31
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Larsson L, Castilho RM, Giannobile WV. Epigenetics and its role in periodontal diseases: a state-of-the-art review. J Periodontol 2014; 86:556-68. [PMID: 25415244 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.140559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immune response to oral bacteria and the subsequent activation of inflammatory signaling is not only dependent on genetic factors. The importance of so-called epigenetic mechanisms presents additional regulatory pathways of genes involved in maintaining chronic inflammation, including gingivitis and periodontitis. The term epigenetics relates to changes in gene expression that are not encoded in the DNA sequence itself and include chemical alterations of DNA and its associated proteins. These changes lead to remodeling of the chromatin and subsequent activation or inactivation of a gene. Epigenetic mechanisms have been found to contribute to disease, including cancer and autoimmune or inflammatory diseases. In this state-of-the art review, the authors provide the latest findings on the involvement of epigenetic modifications in the development of periodontal disease and present emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at epigenetic targets (epidrugs) associated with the disruption of tissue homeostasis and the development of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Larsson
- Currently, Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; previously, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Hsu K, Chung YM, Endoh Y, Geczy CL. TLR9 ligands induce S100A8 in macrophages via a STAT3-dependent pathway which requires IL-10 and PGE2. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103629. [PMID: 25098409 PMCID: PMC4123874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
S100A8 and S100A9 are highly-expressed calcium-binding proteins in neutrophils and monocytes, and in subsets of macrophages in inflammatory lesions. Unmethylated CpG motifs found in bacterial and viral DNA are potent activators of innate immunity via Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). S100A8, but not S100A9, mRNA and protein was directly induced by CpG-DNA in murine and human macrophages. Induction in murine macrophages peaked at 16 h. CpG-DNA-induced S100A8 required de novo protein synthesis; IL-10 and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synergistically enhanced expression and promoted earlier gene induction. Inhibitors of endogenous IL-10, PGE2, and the E prostanoid (EP) 4 receptor strongly suppressed S100A8 expression, particularly when combined. Thus, S100A8 induction by E. coli DNA required both IL-10 and PGE2/EP4 signaling. The MAPKs, PI3K and JAK pathways were essential, whereas ERK1/2 appeared to play a direct role. S100A8 induction by CpG-DNA was controlled at the transcriptional level. The promoter region responsible for activation, either directly, or indirectly via IL-10 and PGE2, was located within a -178 to -34-bp region and required STAT3 binding. Because of the robust links connecting IL-10 and PGE2 with an anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype, the induction profile of S100A8 strongly indicates a role for this protein in resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Hsu
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Yuen Ming Chung
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yasumi Endoh
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carolyn L. Geczy
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Mangal D, Uboh CE, Jiang Z, Soma LR. Interleukin-1β inhibits synthesis of 5-lipooxygenase in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated equine whole blood. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2014; 108:9-22. [PMID: 24530239 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine. It induces the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) catalyzed by cyclooxygenase (COX) and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase (m-PGES). Besides its pro-inflammatory properties, PGE2 also exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting synthesis of 5-lipooxygenase (5-LO) products which are in themselves, pro-inflammatory mediators. Thus, inhibition of 5-LO products is beneficial in regulating immune-responses and pro-inflammatory processes. To investigate the hypothesis that IL-1β is responsible for the increase in the synthesis of PGE2 and in the reduction of 5-LO products, equine whole blood (EWB) was treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In vitro treatment of EWB with LPS resulted in increased expression of IL-1β while expression of 5-LO was suppressed. Quantification of eicosanoids using liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry/multiple reaction monitoring (LC-MS/MRM) showed increased concentrations of prostaglandins and decreased 5-LO products in LPS-treated EWB. Pretreatment of EWB with IL-1β followed by calcium ionophore A23187 (CI) reduced synthesis of 5-LO products. However, pretreatment of EWB with COX-2 inhibitor (NS-398) or m-PGES-1 inhibitor (CAY 10526) and IL-1β followed with CI resulted in a significant (p<0.0001) increase in 5-LO products. Pretreatment of EWB with phospholipase C inhibitor (U73122) followed with LPS reduced PGE2 production but increased 5-LO products. The result of this study indicated that increased PGE2 production led to reduction in 5-LO products in LPS-treated EWB via IL-1β. However, other pathways, cytokines and mediators may be involved in inhibiting 5-LO products but the present study did not include those other potential pathways. Inhibition of 5-LO products by PGE2 in EWB may regulate the initiation and pathogenesis of inflammatory responses in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipti Mangal
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
| | - Cornelius E Uboh
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA; PA Equine Toxicology & Research Center, West Chester University, Department of Chemistry, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, PA 19382, USA.
| | - Zibin Jiang
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
| | - Lawrence R Soma
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
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34
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Lei L, Li H, Yan F, Xiao Y. Hyperlipidemia impaired innate immune response to periodontal pathogen porphyromonas gingivalis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71849. [PMID: 23977160 PMCID: PMC3745424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A finely-tuned innate immune response plays a pivotal role in protecting host against bacterial invasion during periodontal disease progression. Hyperlipidemia has been suggested to exacerbate periodontal health condition. However, the underlying mechanism has not been addressed. In the present study, we investigated the effect of hyperlipidemia on innate immune responses to periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis infection. Apolipoprotein E-deficient and wild-type mice at the age of 20 weeks were used for the study. Peritoneal macrophages were isolated and subsequently used for the study of viable P. gingivalis infection. ApoE−/− mice demonstrated inhibited iNOS production and impaired clearance of P. gingivalis in vitro and in vivo; furthermore, ApoE−/− mice displayed disrupted cytokine production pattern in response to P. gingivalis, with a decreased production of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β and monocyte chemotactic protein-1. Microarray data demonstrated that Toll-like receptor (TLR) and NOD-like receptor (NLR) pathway were altered in ApoE−/− mice macrophages; further analysis of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) demonstrated that expression of triggering receptors on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1), an amplifier of the TLR and NLR pathway, was decreased in ApoE−/− mice macrophages, leading to decreased recruitment of NF-κB onto the promoters of the TNF-α and IL-6. Our data suggest that in ApoE−/− mice hyperlipidemia disrupts the expression of PRRs, and cripples the host’s capability to generate sufficient innate immune response to P. gingivalis, which may facilitate immune evasion, subgingival colonization and establishment of P. gingivalis in the periodontal niche.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apolipoproteins E/deficiency
- Apolipoproteins E/genetics
- Bacteroidaceae Infections/immunology
- Bacteroidaceae Infections/microbiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Hyperlipidemias/complications
- Hyperlipidemias/immunology
- Immunity, Innate
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/microbiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Periodontal Diseases/immunology
- Periodontal Diseases/microbiology
- Phagocytosis
- Porphyromonas gingivalis/immunology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/genetics
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/metabolism
- Transcription Factor RelA/metabolism
- Transcriptome
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Lei
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Houxuan Li
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fuhua Yan
- Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (FY); (YX)
| | - Yin Xiao
- Bone Research Lab, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail: (FY); (YX)
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Dobreva ZG, Kostadinova GS, Popov BN, Petkov GS, Stanilova SA. Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in adolescents from Southeast Bulgarian cities with different levels of air pollution. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 31:1210-7. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233713491812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies demonstrated that the exposure of different air pollutants including particulate matter (PM) has been related to adverse effect on immune system. Current study was designed to investigate cytokines in blood plasma of adolescent persons continuously exposed to different degrees of ambient air pollutions. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-12p40, and IL-10 were chosen as cytokines of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune response. The peripheral venous blood was taken from adolescents living in the cities of Stara Zagora region, Southeast Bulgaria, that is, in Stara Zagora, Kazanlak, and Chirpan. The quantity of cytokines in plasma samples was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results demonstrated that youths living in Stara Zagora showed significantly smaller quantity of TNF-α, compared with adolescents from Kazanlak and Chirpan. Moreover, adolescents living in Stara Zagora showed significantly higher quantity of IL-10 than students from Kazanlak and Chirpan. Analysis of the data of air quality gives reason to assert that PM10 and PM2.5 have been the main atmospheric pollutants around the monitoring points. The complex air quality assessment based on these criteria determined that the highest air pollution was in the city of Stara Zagora, followed by Chirpan and the relatively unpolluted town was Kazanlak. We concluded that air pollutants, mostly PM2.5, can modulate cytokine production and can change the balance between proinflammatory TNF-α and anti-inflammatory IL-10 production. Increased levels of IL-10 combined with decreased level of TNF-α in adolescents living in Stara Zagora can serve as a biomarker for suppression of T helper 1 (Th1) cell-mediated immunity and exacerbation of Th2 humoral immune response and could be a prerequisite for the development of allergic and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlatka Georgieva Dobreva
- Department of Molecular Biology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | | | - Borislav Nikolov Popov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Georgi Stefanov Petkov
- Department of Applied Ecology and Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Spaska Angelova Stanilova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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Witham J, Ouboussad L, Lefevre PF. A NF-κB-dependent dual promoter-enhancer initiates the lipopolysaccharide-mediated transcriptional activation of the chicken lysozyme in macrophages. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59389. [PMID: 23533622 PMCID: PMC3606415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional activation of the chicken lysozyme gene (cLys) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in macrophages is dependent on transcription of a LPS-Inducible Non-Coding RNA (LINoCR) triggering eviction of the CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) from a negative regulatory element upstream of the lysozyme transcription start site. LINoCR is transcribed from a promoter originally characterized as a hormone response enhancer in the oviduct. Herein, we report the characterization of this cis-regulatory element (CRE). In activated macrophages, a 60 bp region bound by NF-κB, AP1 and C/EBPβ controls this CRE, which is strictly dependent on NF-κB binding for its activity in luciferase assays. Moreover, the serine/threonine kinase IKKα, known to be recruited by NF-κB to NF-κB-dependent genes is found at the CRE and within the transcribing regions of both cLys and LINoCR. Such repartition suggests a simultaneous promoter and enhancer activity of this CRE, initiating cLys transcriptional activation and driving CTCF eviction. This recruitment was transient despite persistence of both cLys transcription and NF-κB binding to the CRE. Finally, comparing cLys with other LPS-inducible genes indicates that IKKα detection within transcribing regions can be correlated with the presence of the elongating form of RNA polymerase II or concentrated in the 3′ end of the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Witham
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Lylia Ouboussad
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Pascal F. Lefevre
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Dentesano G, Straccia M, Ejarque-Ortiz A, Tusell JM, Serratosa J, Saura J, Solà C. Inhibition of CD200R1 expression by C/EBP β in reactive microglial cells. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:165. [PMID: 22776069 PMCID: PMC3414764 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In physiological conditions, it is postulated that neurons control microglial reactivity through a series of inhibitory mechanisms, involving either cell contact-dependent, soluble-factor-dependent or neurotransmitter-associated pathways. In the current study, we focus on CD200R1, a microglial receptor involved in one of these cell contact-dependent mechanisms. CD200R1 activation by its ligand, CD200 (mainly expressed by neurons in the central nervous system),is postulated to inhibit the pro-inflammatory phenotype of microglial cells, while alterations in CD200-CD200R1 signalling potentiate this phenotype. Little is known about the regulation of CD200R1 expression in microglia or possible alterations in the presence of pro-inflammatory stimuli. Methods Murine primary microglial cultures, mixed glial cultures from wild-type and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ)-deficient mice, and the BV2 murine cell line overexpressing C/EBPβ were used to study the involvement of C/EBPβ transcription factor in the regulation of CD200R1 expression in response to a proinflammatory stimulus (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)). Binding of C/EBPβ to the CD200R1 promoter was determined by quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation (qChIP). The involvement of histone deacetylase 1 in the control of CD200R1 expression by C/EBPβ was also determined by co-immunoprecipitation and qChIP. Results LPS treatment induced a decrease in CD200R1 mRNA and protein expression in microglial cells, an effect that was not observed in the absence of C/EBPβ. C/EBPβ overexpression in BV2 cells resulted in a decrease in basal CD200R1 mRNA and protein expression. In addition, C/EBPβ binding to the CD200R1 promoter was observed in LPS-treated but not in control glial cells, and also in control BV2 cells overexpressing C/EBPβ. Finally, we observed that histone deacetylase 1 co-immunoprecipitated with C/EBPβ and showed binding to a C/EBPβ consensus sequence of the CD200R1 promoter in LPS-treated glial cells. Moreover, histone deacetylase 1 inhibitors reversed the decrease in CD200R1 expression induced by LPS treatment. Conclusions CD200R1 expression decreases in microglial cells in the presence of a pro-inflammatory stimulus, an effect that is regulated, at least in part, by C/EBPβ. Histone deacetylase 1 may mediate C/EBPβ inhibition of CD200R1 expression, through a direct effect on C/EBPβ transcriptional activity and/or on chromatin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Dentesano
- Department of Cerebral Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
The liver is an immunocompetent organ that plays a key role in the immune response to infections, and the development of hepatic immune function during early postnatal stages has not been thoroughly characterized. This study analyzed the constitutive expression of complement factors, namely C3 and C9, and pattern recognition receptors, namely CD14, toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), in the liver of postnatal day (P)1, P21, and P70 rats, and compared the kinetics of induction of cytokines and chemokines in the liver of P 1 and P 21 animals. Our studies found that while the mRNA expression of C3, C9, CD14, and TLR-4 was lower in P1 animals, the mRNA level of LBP was higher in P1 animals as compared to older animals, and that the kinetics of induction of cytokines and chemokines was significantly delayed in P1 as compared to P21 liver following LPS stimulation. Our data suggest that hepatic innate immunity is deficient in the neonates and undergo significant development during early postnatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Le Rouzic
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
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Cloning and characterization of the porcine IL-10 promoter. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 146:277-82. [PMID: 22469463 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokine that plays an important role in regulating the immune response. Therefore, understanding how IL-10 is regulated is important. The regulatory elements have been well studied in human and mouse promoters and several transcription factors have been showed to be involved in IL-10 transcription. In our study, a 1.5 kb fragment of the 5' flanking region of IL-10 gene was cloned and functionally characterized. Several putative regulatory elements including IRF, AP-1, Sp1, C/EBP, and STAT binding sites were found in the porcine IL-10 (pIL-10) promoter. The pIL-10 promoter deletion mutants were analyzed for their ability to direct luciferase expression in a porcine macrophage cell line (CRL 2843), human gastric carcinoma cell lines with or without Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), AGS-EBV and AGS cell lines. Our data showed that the minimal active pIL-10 promoter region was from -605 to +19, with the inducible activity requiring only one key DNA element, the Sp1 binding site (-398 to -393) upstream of the IL-10 gene starting point in both LPS-stimulated CRL 2843 and AGS-EBV cells. Moreover, our results suggested that the two IRF binding sites (-950 to -942 and -662 to -640) may have a positive role in the activation of the pIL-10 promoter in AGS-EBV cells, but not in LPS-stimulated CRL 2843 cells. These data implicate that the cloned porcine IL-10 promoter could be used to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of IL10 production in pigs.
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CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-δ expression by dendritic cells regulates CNS autoimmune inflammatory disease. J Neurosci 2012; 31:17612-21. [PMID: 22131422 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3449-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CCAAT enhancer binding protein-delta (C/EBPδ) is a transcription factor that regulates inflammatory processes mediating bystander neuronal injury and CNS autoimmune inflammatory disease. The mechanism of the involvement of C/EBPδ in these processes remains to be determined. Here, we examined the cellular source(s) and mechanisms by which C/EBPδ may be involved in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Mice deficient in C/EBPδ expression exhibited less severe clinical disease than wild-type littermates in response to induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by vaccination with a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) fragment. This reduction in EAE severity was associated with a significant alteration in the complement of major CNS T-helper (Th) cell subtypes throughout disease, manifest as reduced ratios of Th17 cells to regulatory T-cells (Tregs). Studies in bone marrow chimeric mice indicated that C/EBPδ expression by peripherally derived immune cells mediates C/EBPδ involvement in EAE. Follow up in vitro and in vivo examination of dendritic cell (DC) mediated Th-cell development suggests that C/EBPδ suppresses DC expression of interleukin-10 (IL-10), favoring Th17 over Treg development. In vitro and in vivo blockade of IL-10 signaling attenuated the effect of reduced C/EBPδ expression by DCs on Th17:Treg ratios. These findings identify C/EBPδ as an important DC transcription factor in CNS autoimmune inflammatory disease by virtue of its capacity to alter the Th17:Treg balance in an IL-10 dependent fashion.
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Patti F, Nicoletti A, Pappalardo A, Castiglione A, Lo Fermo S, Messina S, D'Amico E, Cimino V, Zappia M. Frequency and severity of headache is worsened by Interferon-β therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 2012; 125:91-5. [PMID: 21649611 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2011.01532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between multiple sclerosis (MS) and headache (HA) is not well known. It was reported that interferon-beta (IFNβ) could induce or worsen HA. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of IFNβ treatment on HA and the relationship between HA and the various commercial preparations of IFNβ in mildly disabled patients with MS. METHODS A specific questionnaire was administered to 357 relapsing-remitting MS patients. Characteristics of HAs were considered, including the temporal relationships with IFNβ administration. RESULTS One hundred and seventeen patients were treated with weekly intramuscular injections of interferon IFNβ-1a (Avonex(®)), 84 with subcutaneous injections of IFNβ-1b (Betaferon(®)) every other day, 48 and 108 with three times weekly subcutaneous injections of IFNβ-1a (Rebif(®)) 22 mcg or IFNβ-1a (Rebif(®)) 44 mcg, respectively. Three hundred and fourteen patients were affected by HA, and among them, 219 patients suffered of pre-existing HA. In this latter group, 121 subjects (55%) noted a worsening of their HA after starting IFNβ therapy; this was more frequently reported by patients treated with Avonex(®) and Rebif(®) 44. Ninety-five patients experienced new HA. CONCLUSION IFNβ treatment could worsen HA in patients with pre-existing HA or cause the appearance of new HA. Among different IFNβ preparations, Rebif(®) 44 and Avonex(®) seemed to be more cephalalgic than the other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Patti
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy
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Sredni B. Immunomodulating tellurium compounds as anti-cancer agents. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 22:60-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Anti-inflammatory effect of transduced PEP-1-Cyclophilin A in Raw 264.7 cells and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced mice. Life Sci 2011; 89:896-904. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Moon ML, McNeil LK, Freund GG. Macrophages make me sick: how macrophage activation states influence sickness behavior. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011; 36:1431-40. [PMID: 21855222 PMCID: PMC3199305 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The macrophage (MΦ) is an essential cellular first responder in the innate immune system, sensing, alerting, removing and destroying intrinsic and extrinsic pathogens. While congenital aplasia of granulocytes, T or B lymphocytes leads to serious disease, lack of MΦs is incompatible with life. The MΦ, however, is not a monomorphic entity. These constructers, repairers and defenders of the body are diverse in form and function. What controls MΦ phenotype is beginning to be understood and involves a complex interplay of origination, location and microenvironment. Common to all MΦ developmental pathways are pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. MΦs respond to these bioactives in distinct ways developing recently recognized activation phenotypes that canonically support bacterial clearance (classical activation), parasite defense/tissue repair (alternative activation) and anti-inflammation (deactivation). Critically, the same cytokines which orchestrate immune defense and homeostasis dramatically impact sense of well being and cognition by eliciting sickness symptoms. Such behaviors are the manifestation of pro/anti-inflammatory cytokine action in the brain and are a direct consequence of MΦ function. This review describes the "new" archetypal MΦ activation states, delineates microglia phenotypic plasticity and explores the importance of these macrophage activation states to sickness behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan L. Moon
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Leslie K. McNeil
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Gregory G. Freund
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Hernández LV, Gonzalo S, Castro M, Arruebo MP, Plaza MA, Murillo MD, Grasa L. Nuclear factor κB is a key transcription factor in the duodenal contractility alterations induced by lipopolysaccharide. Exp Physiol 2011; 96:1151-62. [PMID: 21890516 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2011.060830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in intestinal motility are one of the features of sepsis induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This study investigated the role of the nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB) in the LPS-induced duodenal contractility alterations, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and production of cytokines in rabbit duodenum. Rabbits were treated with saline, LPS, sulfasalazine + LPS, pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC) + LPS or RO 106-9920 + LPS. Contractility studies were performed in an organ bath. The formation of products of oxidative damage to proteins (carbonyls) and lipids (malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxyalkenals) was quantified in intestinal tissue and plasma. The protein expression of NF-κB was measured by Western blot. The DNA binding activity of NF-κB was evaluated by transcription factor activity assay. The expression of interleukin-1β, tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6, interleukin-10 and interleukin-8 mRNA was determined by RT-PCR. Sulfasalazine, PDTC and RO 106-9920 blocked the inhibitory effect of LPS on contractions induced by ACh in the longitudinal smooth muscle of rabbit duodenum. Sulfasalazine, PDTC and RO 106-9920 reduced the increased levels of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxyalkenals and the carbonyls induced by LPS in plasma. Lipopolysaccharide induced the activation, translocation to the nucleus and DNA binding of NF-κB. Lipopolysaccharide increased the mRNA expression of interleukin-6 and TNF-α in duodenal tissue, and this effect was partly reversed by PDTC, sulfasalazine and RO 106-9920. In conclusion, NF-κB mediates duodenal contractility disturbances, the generation of ROS and the increase in the expression of interleukin-6 and TNF-α induced by LPS. Sulfasalazine, PDTC and RO 106-9920 may be therapeutic drugs to reduce these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia Verónica Hernández
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
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The endocannabinoid anandamide downregulates IL-23 and IL-12 subunits in a viral model of multiple sclerosis: evidence for a cross-talk between IL-12p70/IL-23 axis and IL-10 in microglial cells. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:736-49. [PMID: 21310228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Theiler's virus (TMEV) infection of the central nervous system (CNS) induces an immune-mediated demyelinating disease in susceptible mouse strains and serves as a relevant infection model for human multiple sclerosis (MS). The endocannabinoid system represents a novel therapeutic target for autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases due to its anti-inflammatory properties by regulating cytokine network. IL-12p70 and IL-23 are functionally related heterodimeric cytokines that play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of MS. In the present study we showed that the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) downregulated the gene expression of IL-12p70 and IL-23 forming subunits mRNAs in the spinal cord of TMEV-infected mice and ameliorated motor disturbances. This was accompanied by significant decreases on the serological levels of IL-12p70/IL-23 and more interestingly, of IL-17A. In contrast, serum levels of IL-10 resulted elevated. In addition, we studied the signalling pathways involved in the regulation of IL-12p70/IL-23 and IL-10 expression in TMEV-infected microglia and addressed the possible interactions of AEA with these pathways. AEA acted through the ERK1/2 and JNK pathways to downregulate IL-12p70 and IL-23 while upregulating IL-10. These effects were partially mediated by CB2 receptor activation. We also described an autocrine circuit of cross-talk between IL-12p70/IL-23 and IL-10, since endogenously produced IL-10 negatively regulates IL-12p70 and IL-23 cytokines in TMEV-infected microglia. This suggests that by altering the cytokine network, AEA could indirectly modify the type of immune responses within the CNS. Accordingly, pharmacological modulation of endocannabinoids might be a useful tool for treating neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Ultrapotent effects of salvinorin A, a hallucinogenic compound from Salvia divinorum, on LPS-stimulated murine macrophages and its anti-inflammatory action in vivo. J Mol Med (Berl) 2011; 89:891-902. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0752-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ramberg V, Tracy LM, Samuelsson M, Nilsson LNG, Iverfeldt K. The CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) δ is differently regulated by fibrillar and oligomeric forms of the Alzheimer amyloid-β peptide. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:34. [PMID: 21492414 PMCID: PMC3096570 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The transcription factors CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBP) α, β and δ have been shown to be expressed in brain and to be involved in regulation of inflammatory genes in concert with nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). In general, C/EBPα is down-regulated, whereas both C/EBPβ and δ are up-regulated in response to inflammatory stimuli. In Alzheimer's disease (AD) one of the hallmarks is chronic neuroinflammation mediated by astrocytes and microglial cells, most likely induced by the formation of amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits. The inflammatory response in AD has been ascribed both beneficial and detrimental roles. It is therefore important to delineate the inflammatory mediators and signaling pathways affected by Aβ deposits with the aim of defining new therapeutic targets. Methods Here we have investigated the effects of Aβ on expression of C/EBP family members with a focus on C/EBPδ in rat primary astro-microglial cultures and in a transgenic mouse model with high levels of fibrillar Aβ deposits (tg-ArcSwe) by western blot analysis. Effects on DNA binding activity were analyzed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Cross-talk between C/EBPδ and NF-κB was investigated by analyzing binding to a κB site using a biotin streptavidin-agarose pull-down assay. Results We show that exposure to fibril-enriched, but not oligomer-enriched, preparations of Aβ inhibit up-regulation of C/EBPδ expression in interleukin-1β-activated glial cultures. Furthermore, we observed that, in aged transgenic mice, C/EBPα was significantly down-regulated and C/EBPβ was significantly up-regulated. C/EBPδ, on the other hand, was selectively down-regulated in the forebrain, a part of the brain showing high levels of fibrillar Aβ deposits. In contrast, no difference in expression levels of C/EBPδ between wild type and transgenic mice was detected in the relatively spared hindbrain. Finally, we show that interleukin-1β-induced C/EBPδ DNA binding activity to both C/EBP and κB sites is abolished after exposure to Aβ. Conclusions These data suggest that both expression and function of C/EBPδ are dysregulated in Alzheimer's disease. C/EBPδ seems to be differently regulated in response to different conformations of Aβ. We propose that Aβ induces an imbalance between NF-κB and C/EBP transcription factors that may result in abnormal responses to inflammatory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Ramberg
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Ruiz-García A, Monsalve E, Novellasdemunt L, Navarro-Sabaté A, Manzano A, Rivero S, Castrillo A, Casado M, Laborda J, Bartrons R, Díaz-Guerra MJM. Cooperation of adenosine with macrophage Toll-4 receptor agonists leads to increased glycolytic flux through the enhanced expression of PFKFB3 gene. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:19247-58. [PMID: 21464136 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.190298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages activated through Toll receptor triggering increase the expression of the A(2A) and A(2B) adenosine receptors. In this study, we show that adenosine receptor activation enhances LPS-induced pfkfb3 expression, resulting in an increase of the key glycolytic allosteric regulator fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and the glycolytic flux. Using shRNA and differential expression of A(2A) and A(2B) receptors, we demonstrate that the A(2A) receptor mediates, in part, the induction of pfkfb3 by LPS, whereas the A(2B) receptor, with lower adenosine affinity, cooperates when high adenosine levels are present. pfkfb3 promoter sequence deletion analysis, site-directed mutagenesis, and inhibition by shRNAs demonstrated that HIF1α is a key transcription factor driving pfkfb3 expression following macrophage activation by LPS, whereas synergic induction of pfkfb3 expression observed with the A(2) receptor agonists seems to depend on Sp1 activity. Furthermore, levels of phospho-AMP kinase also increase, arguing for increased PFKFB3 activity by phosphorylation in long term LPS-activated macrophages. Taken together, our results show that, in macrophages, endogenously generated adenosine cooperates with bacterial components to increase PFKFB3 isozyme activity, resulting in greater fructose 2,6-bisphosphate accumulation. This process enhances the glycolytic flux and favors ATP generation helping to develop and maintain the long term defensive and reparative functions of the macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Ruiz-García
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Albacete, Spain
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Kinsenoside Isolated from Anoectochilus Formosanus Suppresses LPS-Stimulated Inflammatory Reactions in Macrophages and Endotoxin Shock in Mice. Shock 2011; 35:184-90. [DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3181f0e7a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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