1
|
Chike-Ekwughe A, Adegboyega AE, Johnson TO, Adebayo AH, Ogunlana OO. In vitro and in silico inhibitory validation of Tapinanthus cordifolius leaf extract on alpha-glucosidase in the management of type 2 diabetes. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:2512-2524. [PMID: 37293926 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2212791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The anti-diabetic properties of medicinal plants are becoming more widely recognized. To identify potential anti-diabetic agents for diabetes drug discovery, the current study used in vitro and in silico approaches to assess the alpha glucosidase inhibitory activities of Tapinanthus cordifolius (TC) leaf extracts and its bioactive components respectively. In vitro alpha glucosidase inhibitory assay was carried out on TC extract and fractions at various concentrations (50-1600 µg/mL), and the compounds with alpha glucosidase inhibitory potentials were identified using molecular docking, pharmacophore modelling, and molecular dynamics simulation. The crude extract exhibited the highest activity with an IC50 value of 248 μg/mL. Out of the 42 phytocompounds of the extract, α-Tocopherol-β-d-mannoside gave the lowest binding energy of -6.20 Kcal/mol followed by, 5-Ergosterol (-5.46 kcal/mol), Acetosyringone (-4.76 kcal/mol), and Benzaldehyde, 4-(Ethylthio)-2,5-Dimethoxy-(-4.67 kcal/mol). The selected compounds interacted with critical active site amino acid residues of alpha-glucosidase, just like the reference ligand. Molecular dynamics simulation revealed the formation of a stable complex between α-glucosidase and α-Tocopherol-β-d-mannoside, with ASP 564 sustaining two hydrogen bond connections for 99.9 and 75.0% of the simulation duration, respectively. Therefore, the selected TC compounds, especially α-Tocopherol-β-d-mannoside might be explored for future research and development as diabetic medicines.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amarachi Chike-Ekwughe
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Abayomi Emmanuel Adegboyega
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
- Bioinformatics Unit, Jaris Computational Biology Centre, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Titilayo Omolara Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
- Bioinformatics Unit, Jaris Computational Biology Centre, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Abiodun Humphrey Adebayo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Olubanke Olujoke Ogunlana
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aljuhani WS, Al Thagafi NTS. Micromorphological characterization and electron microscopic study of parasitic species of the family Loranthaceae Juss. BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 83:e278994. [PMID: 38422275 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.278994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The Loranthaceae Juss. family includes parasitic species that invade important trees such as fruit trees. In Saudi Arabia, Loranthaceae comprises four genera, which include six species that grow in the western, southwestern, and northern regions: Tapinanthus globifer (A.Rich.) Tiegh, Oncocalyx glabratus (Engl.) M. G. Gilbert, Loranthella deflersii (Tiegh.) S. Blanco & C. E. Wetze, Phragmanthera austroarabica A. G. Mill. & J. Nyberg, Plicosepalus curviflorus (Benth.ex Oliv.) Tiegh. and Plicosepalus acaciae (Zucc.). The species present in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia have not been the subject of enough studies. This work aims to screen and evaluate the taxonomic importance of the micromorphological traits of leaves and fruits in Loranthaceae species native to Saudi Arabia (SA) using scanning electron microscope (SEM). In this study, cluster dendrogram (CD), principal component analysis (PCA) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to evaluate the ability to discriminate Loranthaceae species using micromorphological characteristics. Most of the micromorphological characteristics of the leaf and fruit surfaces used reflected significant variation between the species of Loranthaceae. The type of stomata, trichome, lenticels, fine relief of the cell wall and wax form were the most taxonomically important characteristics. In addition, the cluster dendrogram of morphological characteristics showed species distribution within branches based on affiliation to subtribes Tapinanthinae and Emelianthinae. To the best of our knowledge, the fruit and leaves of the species under study have never been described using electron microscopy, and this study is considered the first of its kind. It also contributes to solving the classification problems of the family Loranthaceae in general and confirms the importance of the characteristics and methods used as tools for characterizing parasitic species that infect trees and helps to verify their identities. This will help to improve resistance efforts and put effective control plans in place.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W S Aljuhani
- Umm Al-Qura University, Faculty of Science, Biology Department, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - N T S Al Thagafi
- Taif University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Idoko ND, Chukwuma IF, Nworah FN, Mba SE, Joshua PE, Nwodo OFC, Abusudah WF, Almohmadi NH, de Waard M. Immunomodulatory effects of epiphytic Loranthus micranthus leaf extracts collected from two host plants: Psidium guajava and Parkia biglobosa. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:7. [PMID: 38166988 PMCID: PMC10759741 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04282-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunological abnormalities are implicated in the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases. Due to the drug-related adverse effects of currently available orthodox immunomodulators, natural immunomodulators are being looked upon as potential agents to replace them in therapeutic regimens. This research aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory potential of L. micranthus extracts epiphytic on Psidium guajava (LMPGE) and Parkia biglobosa (LMPBE). METHODS Phytochemical screening and acute toxicity testing were carried out to identify the phytoconstituents and safety profiles of the extracts. The extracts' innate and adaptive immunomodulatory potentials were determined in experimental animals using in vivo leucocyte mobilization, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, hemagglutination antibody titre, and cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression models. Levamisole was used as the standard drug throughout the study. RESULTS Compared to LMPBE, LMPGE contained significantly (p < 0.05) more tannins, cyanogenic glycosides, saponins, reducing sugars, glycosides, flavonoids, and alkaloids. Furthermore, the groups treated with the extracts had a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the total number of leucocytes, neutrophils, basophils, and antibody titers relative to the untreated control. In the same way, the treatment raised TLC in cyclophosphamide-intoxicated rats, with 250 mg/kg b. w. of LMPGE and LMPBE recording 9712.50 ± 178.00 and 8000.00 ± 105.00 × 109 /L, respectively, compared to 3425.00 ± 2 5.00 × 109 /L in the untreated group. Overall, LMPGE was more effective. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this study suggest that L. micranthus epiphytic in Psidium guajava and Parkia biglobosa has possible immune stimulating potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ngozi Dorathy Idoko
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Ifeoma Felicia Chukwuma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
| | - Florence Nkechi Nworah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | | | - Parker Elijah Joshua
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Okwesilieze Fred Chiletugo Nwodo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Wafaa Fouzi Abusudah
- Clinical Nutrition Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, UMM AL-QURA University, Makkah, 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najlaa Hamed Almohmadi
- Clinical Nutrition Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, UMM AL-QURA University, Makkah, 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michel de Waard
- Smartox Biotechnology, 6 rue des Platanes, 38120, Saint-Egrève, France
- L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Univ nantes, F-44007, Nantes, France
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, LabEx «Ion Channels, Science & Therapeutics, F-06560, Valbonne, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Castro SJ, Castro AB, Araújo NM, Abreu VHR, Oliveira ML, Fadini RF. The pollination ecology of a rare case of bee-pollinated Psittacanthus mistletoe. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2023; 25:1091-1100. [PMID: 37850399 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The genus Psittacanthus (Loranthaceae) is widely distributed in the Neotropical region, where it is known for its large, colourful, scentless flowers. Until very recently, all Psittacanthus species were regarded as exclusively hummingbird-pollinated and the large species radiation in the genus attributed to the interactions with bird dispersers and pollinators. P. eucalyptifolius (Kunth) G.Don. is the only species reported as bee-pollinated. Here we describe the floral biology, floral visitors, and the reproductive system of P. eucalyptifolius in an Amazonian savanna, Brazil. We also compare the pollination success (reproductive performance) among different Psittacanthus species reported in previous studies. Psittacanthus eucalyptifolius produces sweet-scented flowers, and a small quantity of concentrated nectar. At least five species of scopate bees were recorded visiting and carrying pollen of P. eucalyptifolius. Xylocopa frontalis carried most pollen, visited more flowers, remained longer, and touched reproductive parts of flowers in >95% of the observed visits. Experiments indicate that P. eucalyptifolius is partially autocompatible (39% autonomous pollination) but depends on pollinators to achieve higher performance (~78% in control), indicating that bees can be as effective as birds in pollinating this group of mistletoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Castro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Naturais da Amazônia, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém, PA, Brazil
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, R. Vera Paz, Santarém, PA, Brazil
| | - A B Castro
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, R. Vera Paz, Santarém, PA, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - N M Araújo
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, R. Vera Paz, Santarém, PA, Brazil
| | - V H R Abreu
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, R. Vera Paz, Santarém, PA, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Naturais e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - M L Oliveira
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Av. André Araújo, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - R F Fadini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Naturais da Amazônia, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém, PA, Brazil
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, R. Vera Paz, Santarém, PA, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Suaza-Gaviria V, Mesa-Vanegas AM, Ocampo-Jiménez O, Monsalve-Fonnegra ZI. Antioxidant Activity and Phytopathogenic Control of Extracts and Fraction from Struthanthus calophyllus A.C.Sm. ( Loranthaceae). Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202200830. [PMID: 36650106 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic microorganisms cause oxidative stress in host plants, thus affecting agricultural crops. Such stress could be controlled by antioxidant compounds from parasitic plants, given their antioxidant power. This article reports an evaluation of Struthanthus calophyllus antimicrobial activity and antioxidant mechanism by testing different polarity extracts. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against phytopathogens bacteria (e. g., Erwinia, Pectobacterium, Xanthomonas) using the agar diffusion method. Pectobacterium and Xanthomonas presented growth inhibition zones similar to streptomycin control. Antioxidant activity was determined by measuring total phenol content, DPPH⋅, and ABTS⋅+ radicals-scavenging inhibition percentage (IP). Most polar extracts presented 76,9-95,9 % IP, which correlates with its phenolic content. Besides, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in a V14-1 sub-fraction from stem ethanolic extract, chose one for highest yield percentage, highest metabolites presence, and antimicrobial activity, showed triterpenic compounds mixture (α-amyrin, β-amyrin and 24-methylenecycloartanol). Findings in this study are among the first reports for S. calophyllus, even the chemical characterization, that confirm its strong antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Further molecular composition research about parasitic plants could show how unknown compounds may combat pathogenic microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Suaza-Gaviria
- AgroBiotecnología Research Group, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, P.O. Box: 1226, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ana María Mesa-Vanegas
- AgroBiotecnología Research Group, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, P.O. Box: 1226, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Omar Ocampo-Jiménez
- AgroBiotecnología Research Group, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, P.O. Box: 1226, Medellín, Colombia
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang L, Kong D, Tian J, Zhao W, Chen Y, An Y, Liu X, Wang F, Cai F, Sun X, Liu Q, Zhang W, Tian J, Zhou H. Tapinanthus species: A review of botany and biology, secondary metabolites, ethnomedical uses, current pharmacology and toxicology. J Ethnopharmacol 2022; 296:115462. [PMID: 35714877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tapinanthus species are hemiparasites that grow on diverse hosts in African regions. Tapinanthus species are locally known as "all purpose herbs" as they are traditionally used to treat various diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, cancer, inflammation, malaria, anemia, anxiety, itching, and so on. AIM OF THE STUDY A comprehensive review on research outcomes and future perspectives of Tapinanthus species are presented to provide a reference for relevant researchers. MATERIALS AND METHODS The references regarding Tapinanthus species were retrieved from Google Scholar, Web of Science, Sci-finder, PubMed, Elsevier, Wiley, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Open Access Library, and SpringerLink between 1963 and 2022. Scientific plant names were provided by "The Plant List" (www.theplantlist.org) and "The world Flora Online" (www.worldfloraonline.org). RESULTS Even though Tapinanthus species are regarded as notorious pests that can undermine various hosts, they are, as omnipotent herbs in folklore, meaningful for the development of potential phytomedicine sources. Phytochemistry screening has revealed the presence of glycosides, triterpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, anthraquinones. Among them, the chemical structures of 40 compounds have been elucidated by phytochemical methods without alkaloids and anthraquinones. These secondary metabolites might be responsible for ethnomedical uses and bioactivities of Tapinanthus species. Current research has provided scientific evidence for traditional uses of Tapinanthus species, especially unraveling hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-anxiety, anti-depression, anti-inflammatory, and other pharmacological properties. Given the fact that ethnomedical uses served as a valuable reference for pharmacology, however, some records to treat arthritis, fever, itching, dysentery, stomach pain, and anemia, have not been confirmed in current research. Furthermore, the toxic effects of Tapinanthus species were susceptible to the dosages, with relative safety across a wide range. CONCLUSIONS To reasonably yield Tapinanthus species, artificial culture might be a promising method to develop in the future. The discrepancies between phytochemistry screening and structure elucidation, as well as between ethnomedical uses and current pharmacology, need to be further clarified. The identification of bioactive compounds in crude extracts and fractions, the illustration of the underlying mechanisms of pharmacology, along with the addition of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and clinical trials of toxic tests, should be carried out in depth. This review highlights that Tapinanthus species can be considered promising phytomedicine sources as long as we adhere to digging more deeply into their potential role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Degang Kong
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Jinli Tian
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Wei Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Yueru Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Ying An
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Xue Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Fulin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Fujie Cai
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Wenru Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Jingzhen Tian
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Honglei Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, Shandong Province, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gade IS, Chadeneau C, Tagne Simo R, Atchade ADT, Talla E, Seite P, Vannier B, Guillard J, Laurent S, Henoumont C, Nwabo Kamdje AH, Muller JM. A new flavonoid glycoside from Tapinanthus sp. ( Loranthaceae) and evaluation of anticancer activity of extract and some isolated compounds. Nat Prod Res 2022; 36:4085-4093. [PMID: 34380347 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1963243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The present work describes the isolation and anticancer activity of Tapinanthus sp. which is a hemi parasitic plant harvested on Combretum glutinosum, the host plant. Phytochemical study afforded a new flavonoid glycoside, tapinantoside (1) isolated for the first time from natural source, alongside six known compounds (2-7). Structure of compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses including 1 D and 2 D NMR, mass spectrometry and by comparison with literature data. The anticancer activity of extract and some isolated compounds were evaluated on glioblastoma (U87MG, C6) and prostate (PC-3) cancer cells. The methanol leaves extract showed good anticancer activity against U87 (IC50 = 21.40 µg/mL) and PC-3 cells (IC50 = 10.26 µg/mL). Compound 3 powerfully inhibits the proliferation of C6 (IC50 = 38.84 µM) and PC-3 cells (IC50 = 21.33 µM), while its effect was moderated on U87MG cells. Compound 1 and 7 were not active on all tested cancer cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Silvère Gade
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
- UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Team Récepteurs, Régulations, Cellules Tumoraales (2RCT)-EA 3842 CAPTuR, Pôle Biologie Santé-Bât. B36/B37, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Corinne Chadeneau
- UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Team Récepteurs, Régulations, Cellules Tumoraales (2RCT)-EA 3842 CAPTuR, Pôle Biologie Santé-Bât. B36/B37, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Richard Tagne Simo
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | | | - Emmanuel Talla
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Paul Seite
- UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Team Récepteurs, Régulations, Cellules Tumoraales (2RCT)-EA 3842 CAPTuR, Pôle Biologie Santé-Bât. B36/B37, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Brigitte Vannier
- UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Team Récepteurs, Régulations, Cellules Tumoraales (2RCT)-EA 3842 CAPTuR, Pôle Biologie Santé-Bât. B36/B37, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Jérôme Guillard
- Institute of Chemistry IC2MP, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Sophie Laurent
- Laboratory of NMR and Molecular Imaging, Department of General, Organic Chemistry and Biomedical, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Celine Henoumont
- Laboratory of NMR and Molecular Imaging, Department of General, Organic Chemistry and Biomedical, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Armel Herve Nwabo Kamdje
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Jean-Marc Muller
- UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Team Récepteurs, Régulations, Cellules Tumoraales (2RCT)-EA 3842 CAPTuR, Pôle Biologie Santé-Bât. B36/B37, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Taxillus chinensis (DC.) Danser is an extensively used medicinal shrub in the traditional as well as modern systems of medicines. It is a perennial hemiparasitic plant, which is difficult to propagate artificially because of its low parasitic rate. Successful parasitism of parasitic plants is to fuse their tissues and connect their vasculature to the host vasculature building a physiological bridge, which can efficiently withdraw water, sugars and nutrients from their host plants. It is reported that endophytic fungi play an important role in cell wall degradation and fusion, which is the key forming process of the physiological bridge. Therefore, in this study, the endophytic fungi from T. chinensis of different hosts were isolated, and then the organisms that could degrade the main components of the cell walls were screened out using a medium consisting of guaihuol and cellulose degradation capacity. The results showed that five strains were screened out from 72 endophytic fungi of T. chinensis which with high enzyme activities for lignocellulosic degradation. The laccase and cellulase activities of five strains reached their peaks at day 7, and the highest enzyme activities of these two enzymes were found in strain P6, which was 117.66 and 1.66 U/mL, respectively. Manganese peroxidase of strain 4 and lignin peroxidase of strain N6 also reached their peaks at day 7 and were the highest among the 5 strains, with enzyme activities of 11.61 and 6.64 U/mL, respectively. Strains 4, 15, 31, N6 and P6 were identified as Colletotrichum sp., Nigerrospora sphaerica, Exserohilum sp., Diaporthe phaseolorum and Pestalotiopsis sp., respectively, according to their morphological and molecular biology properties. The endophytic fungi may secrete efficient cell wall degradation enzymes, which promote the dissolution and relaxation of the cell wall between T. chinensis and host, thus contributing to the parasitism of T. chinensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Song
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Limei Pan
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Ni Jiang
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Jine Fu
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, 530023, China.
| | - Lingyun Wan
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, 530023, China.
| | - Shugen Wei
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, 530023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lara C, Xicohténcatl-Lara L, Ornelas JF. Differential reproductive responses to contrasting host species and localities in Psittacanthus calyculatus ( Loranthaceae) mistletoes. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2021; 23:603-611. [PMID: 33819386 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Host trees are immediate environments for multi-host mistletoes, so parasitizing different hosts implies exposure to varying environmental conditions between mistletoe generations. Therefore, to maximize reproductive fitness in heterogeneous environments (host species) mistletoes should adjust its reproductive responses in relation to circumstances. Here, we ask how reproductive traits of Psittacanthus calyculatus mistletoes vary on two host tree species (Crataegus mexicana, Prunus serotina) at three different localities. We followed individual mistletoes on each host species and at three localities through the flowering season to quantify traits related to reproductive effort and success, e.g. total number of buds, flowers and fruits produced. In buds about to open, we measured two anthers and quantified the number of pollen grains and their viability. Individual flowers were marked to obtain flower longevity data and were followed until fruit formation. At which time we measured and weighed the fruits and the seeds. Mistletoes from one locality produced more buds, flowers and fruits, and the flowers lasted longer, had larger anthers and produced more pollen as compared to the other two localities. However, mistletoes on Prunus serotina produced fewer floral buds, but their fruits were heaviest, longest and widest and ripened fastest across localities. The probability of fruit formation, percentage of fruits formed, and pollen viability were similar among the mistletoes, regardless of host species or locality. We propose that the observed differences in reproductive effort and success associated with host species or locality are plastic or adaptive in this mistletoe in response to varying conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Lara
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - L Xicohténcatl-Lara
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - J F Ornelas
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL), Veracruz, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hong X, Ajat M, Fakurazi S, Noor AM, Ismail IS. Anti-inflammatory evaluation of Scurrula ferruginea (jack) danser parasitizing on Tecoma stans (L.) H.B.K. in LPS/IFN-γ-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 268:113647. [PMID: 33271242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Scurrula ferruginea (Jack) Danser (locally known as 'Dedalu' or 'dian nan ji sheng' in Malaysia and China) is a hemi-parasitic shrub that is widely used as herbal medicine to treat inflammation, rheumatism, and stroke. However, the scientific basis of its anti-inflammatory function and mechanism remain to be proven. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity as well as the preliminary mechanism of S. ferruginea parasitizing on Tecoma stans. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-inflammatory capability of freeze-dried stem aqueous extract was assessed via inhibition of inflammatory cytokines interleukin- (IL-) 1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The underlying anti-inflammatory mechanism was deciphered through reverse transcriptase and real time quantitative polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR and qPCR) for inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), IL-1β, and TNF-α mRNA expression. RESULTS The results exhibited that aqueous extract of freeze-dried S. ferruginea stem sample concentration-dependently inhibited IL-1β protein production along with the down regulation of iNOS and IL-1β mRNA expression. Moreover, it significantly suppressed the protein release of IL-6 and IL-10 in a concentration-dependent manner. However, it slightly reduced TNF-α at higher sample concentration (250 μg/mL) without affecting the mRNA expression levels of COX-2 and TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that S. ferruginea parasitizing on Tecoma stans exerted anti-inflammatory capability attributed to inhibition of iNOS and IL-1β mRNA expression, NO creation, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α protein production, indicating this plant might be a useful plant-derived candidate against inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Hong
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Hebei Key Laboratory of Research and Development for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical University, 067000, Chengde, Hebei, PR China
| | - Mokrish Ajat
- Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Sharida Fakurazi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Akmal Mohd Noor
- Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Intan Safinar Ismail
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Elusiyan CA, Faria ALG, Mendes AEQ, Silva IO, Martins JLR, Rosa DA, Pedrino GR, Costa EA, Ibrahim MA, Zjawiony JK, Fajemiroye JO. Involvement of the Benzodiazepine Site in the Anticonvulsant Activity of Tapinanthus globiferus against Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures in Mice. Planta Med 2020; 86:1204-1215. [PMID: 32668477 DOI: 10.1055/a-1209-1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tapinanthus globiferus is often referred to as an all-purpose herb for the treatment of stroke and epilepsy. The present study investigates the anticonvulsant effect of methanolic leaf extract, active fractions, and lupeol (isolate) of Tapinanthus globiferus in mice as well as the underlying mechanisms. Following phytochemical studies of T. globiferus, preliminary assays were performed to evaluate MLE-induced toxic effect and behavioral changes. The pentylenetetrazol (70 mg/kg, i. p.)-induced seizure was evaluated in mice that were pretreated orally with vehicle 10 mL/kg, MLE (4, 20, or 100 mg/kg), fractions (F1 to F6), lupeol 10 mg/kg or diazepam (3 mg/kg). Methanolic leaf extract preserved neuron viability as well as the relative organ weight, and hematological and biochemical parameters. The behavioral endpoints, neuromuscular coordination, and sensory response parameters revealed a dose-dependent effect of methanolic leaf extract. This extract, active fractions, lupeol, and diazepam potentiated the hypno-sedative effect of the barbiturate and attenuated PTZ-induced acute seizure. This antiseizure effect was completely reversed by flumazenil 2 mg/kg (benzodiazepine site antagonist). Altogether, the benzodiazepine site-mediated anticonvulsant effects of methanolic leaf extract, active fractions, and lupeol corroborate traditional application of T. globiferus against epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christianah A Elusiyan
- Drug Research and Production Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Alves Rosa
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Rodrigues Pedrino
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Elson Alves Costa
- Department of Pharmacology Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Mohamed Ali Ibrahim
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, United States
| | - Jordan K Zjawiony
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, United States
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Elekofehinti OO, Kamdem JP, Saliu TP, Famusiwa CD, Boligon A, Teixeira Rocha JB. Improvement of mitochondrial function by Tapinanthus globifer (A.Rich.) Tiegh. Against hepatotoxic agent in isolated rat's liver mitochondria. J Ethnopharmacol 2019; 242:112026. [PMID: 31260758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Disturbed mitochondrial function and energy crisis serve as key mechanisms for the development of liver injury. Hence, targeting cellular mitochondria in liver diseases might serve as a therapeutic option. Tapinanthus globifer (A.Rich.) Tiegh. has been used in traditional medicine in the management of liver disease. However, there is no scientific evidence supporting such use. AIM OF THE STUDY The current investigation was designed to evaluate the protective role of Tapinanthus globifer treatment on the liver mitochondrial function after the induction of hepatotoxicity by the hepatotoxic agent Fe2+in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, isolated mitochondria from rats' liver was incubated with Fe2+ (10 μM) for 1 h in the absence or presence of T. globifer (50, 100 and 200 μg/mL) metanolic extract (MVA). Mitochondrial viability, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), mitochondrial swelling (MPTP)., total thiol content, lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were measured. HPLC-DAD was used to identify potential phytochemicals in MVA. RESULTS (MVA) was able to improve mitochondrial dysfunction induced by Fe2+, by attenuating MTT reduction, increased ΔΨm and mitochondrial swelling. Reduced total thiol and non-protein thiol contents which were associated with increased lipid peroxidation and ROS generation in Fe2+-treated mitochondria were significantly improved by MVA co-treatment. HPLC-DAD analysis revealed the presence of gallic acid, catechin, epigallocatechin, caffeic acid, rutin, glycoside flavonoid and quercetin in MVA that can be responsible for its beneficial effect. CONCLUSION MVA phyto-compounds enhance mitochondrial redox signaling and possess mitochondrial function improving potential, thereby, providing scientific basis for its use in traditional medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olusola Olalekan Elekofehinti
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Biochemical Toxicology Unit, Department of Chemistry, CCNE, Federal University of Santa. Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Jean Paul Kamdem
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Regional do Cariri, URCA, RuaCel. Antônio Luis, 1161, 63105-000, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Tolulope Peter Saliu
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Courage Dele Famusiwa
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - AlineAugusti Boligon
- Postgraduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Campus Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Joao Batista Teixeira Rocha
- Biochemical Toxicology Unit, Department of Chemistry, CCNE, Federal University of Santa. Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Apaza T L, Serban AM, Cabanillas AH, Villacampa A, Rumbero A. Flavonoids of Tripodanthus acutifolius inhibit TNF-α production in LPS-activated THP-1 and B16-F10 cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2019; 242:112036. [PMID: 31238104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE T. acutifolius is an endemic species from South America which has been used in traditional medicine since ancient times due to its biological properties, including its anti-inflammatory effects. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the article is to investigate the inhibitory activity of T. acutifolius over TNF-α production in THP-1 and B16-F10 cells. To achieve this, phytochemical analysis has been used to determine the compounds present in the species with anti-inflammatory effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Leaves and stems of T. acutifolius were extracted with n-heptane, dichloromethane, methanol and water. The resulting extracts were analysed in THP-1 and B16-F10 cells by measuring their inhibitory capacity over the production of TNF-α stimulated with LPS. RESULTS The guided-bioassay led to the isolation of 6,2',4'-trimethoxyflavone (1), 5,3',4'-trihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxyflavone (2), (E)-2',4'-dihydroxy-6'-methoxy-chalcone (3) and 5,4'-dihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxyflavone (4) from the dichloromethanic extract. Compounds showed an inhibitory activity of TNF-⍺ production in THP-1 cells, with IC50 of 2.38 ± 0.02 μM, 12.36 ± 0.17 μM, 1.12 ± 0.01 μM and 8.09 ± 0.04 μM, respectively. In addition, the compounds showed an inhibitory activity of TNF-⍺ production in B16-F10 cells with IC50 of 1.32 ± 0.03 μM, 5.63 ± 0.09 μM, 0.60 ± 0.02 μM and 3.77 ± 0.15 μM, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We identified 3 flavones (6,2',4'-trimethoxyflavone, 5,3',4'-trihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxyflavone, 5,4'-dihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxyflavone) and a chalcone ((E)-2',4'-dihydroxy-6'-methoxy-chalcone) present in the leaves and stems of T. acutifolius. These compounds are an alternative for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory disorders, acting as negative modulators over the TNF-α production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Apaza T
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Andreea Madalina Serban
- Marie Sklodowska Curie Hospital for Children. Constantin Brancoveanu Boulevard, 077120, Bucharest, Romania
| | - A H Cabanillas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Villacampa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Rumbero
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ebokaiwe AP, Ijomone OM, Edeh O, Oteh I, Ebuka DE. Influence of Loranthus micranthus on hepatic and renal antioxidant status and impaired glycolytic flux in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 29:447-461. [PMID: 29634482 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2017-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The use of Loranthus micranthus in folklore medicine for treatment of diabetes and its associated complications is a common practice around the world. The present study investigated this traditional affirmation by in vivo investigation into the effect of L. micranthus leaf extract on hepatic and renal, oxidative status and glucose metabolism in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.
Methods
Diabetes mellitus was induced in adult male Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg). The diabetic rats were thereafter treated orally once per day with 5 mg/kg gilbenclamide or L. micranthus leaf extract (100 or 200 mg/kg) and monitored for 14 days. Clinical observations, plasma biochemistry, hormonal profile, oxidative stress parameters, glucose metabolism enzymes and histopathologic examination of the liver and kidney were evaluated to monitor treatment-related effects of L. micranthus leaf extract in STZ-induced diabetic rats.
Results
Loranthus micranthus leaf extract administration significantly ameliorated hyperglycemia-mediated damage by decreasing the blood glucose level (45.9% and 84.7% on days 7 and 14 posttreatment, respectively), enhancing the antioxidant status, inhibiting lipid peroxidation and improving the architecture of the liver and kidney in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Furthermore, intervention of L. micranthus leaf extract restored the liver and kidney function biomarkers and increased the plasma levels of triiodothyronine and thyroxine to normal control in STZ-induced diabetic rats.
Conclusions
The findings from this investigation provide credible scientific support for the traditional use of L. micranthus leaf extract in the treatment of diabetes and its associated complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azubuike P Ebokaiwe
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, P.O. Box 1010, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Omamuyovwi M Ijomone
- Department of Anatomy, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Oscar Edeh
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Ifebunachi Oteh
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - David E Ebuka
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Soberón JR, Sgariglia MA, Sampietro DA, Quiroga EN, Vattuone MA. Free radical scavenging activities and inhibition of inflammatory enzymes of phenolics isolated from Tripodanthus acutifolius. J Ethnopharmacol 2010; 130:329-333. [PMID: 20488234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Leaf extracts from Tripodanthus acutifolius (Ruiz and Pavón) Van Tieghem have long been used in Argentinean traditional medicine as anti-inflammatory, however, there is no scientific evidence which supports this use in the literature. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was conducted to evaluate the ability of five phenolic compounds purified from infusion prepared from Tripodanthus acutifolius leaves to inhibit key enzymes in inflammatory processes. As anti-inflammatory compounds frequently possess free radical scavenging activities, purified substances were comparatively evaluated to asses their free radical scavenging properties. Genotoxic effects were also evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Compounds were evaluated on their ability to inhibit hyaluronidase and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activities to assess their anti-inflammatory capacities. Free radical scavenging activity was assessed by: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH), superoxide anion assay and the inhibition on lipid peroxidation. Genotoxicity was evaluated by Bacillus subtilis rec assay. RESULTS Fractionation of Tripodanthus acutifolius infusion yielded a novel phenylbutanoid derivative (tripodantoside) and four known flavonoid glycosides (rutin, nicotiflorin, hyperoside and isoquercitrin). Flavonoids produced higher inhibition on hyluronidase activity (IC(50) approximately 1.7 mM) than tripodantoside (IC(50)=27.90 mM). A similar COX-2 inhibition activity was exerted by tripodantoside and monoglycosilated flavonoids (IC(50) approximately 50 microM). Compounds were strong radical scavengers, with effective concentration 50 (EC(50)) values for DPPH in the range of 2.7-6.3 microg/mL, and for superoxide anion in the range of 3.9-8.7 microg/mL. All compounds scavenged peroxyl radicals in the lipid peroxidation assay. The substances showed no genotoxic effects. CONCLUSIONS The anti-inflammatory effects, free radical scavenging activities and lack of genotoxicity of purified compounds may support the folk use of infusion from Tripodanthus acutifolius leaves as anti-inflammatory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José R Soberón
- Instituto de Estudios Vegetales Dr. A.R. Sampietro, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gijón E, García X, Contreras-Barrios MA, Valencia J, Magos G, Lorenzana-Jiménez M. Effects of Struthanthus venetus methanol extract in the guinea pig heart. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 2010; 53:26-28. [PMID: 22128446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Struthanthus venetus (Sv) from family Loranthaceae is employed in traditional medicine to treat coughs. In previous studies, a methanol extract of Sv shows hypotensive effects and changes in heart rate in rats. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a methanol extract of Sv on the electrocardiogram (EKG), and histological changes in the guinea pig heart. Male Hartley guinea pigs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital received 50 mg/kg ip of Sv extract. An EKG was taken before and after the ip application of Sv extract. The EKG showed changes in QRS morphology, ST segment and T wave, Q wave in DI and AVL, data of ischemia, and myocardial injury. Guinea pigs were sacrificed after 1-93 days; the hearts were prepared for histopathological study with HE, PAS, Masson and Gallegos staining. The methanol extract of Sv causes apoptosis of myocardial fibers, degeneration of muscle fibers, staying only the fibro vascular skeleton, necrosis areas, hyperplasia of endothelial cells and mitotic figures in vascular endothelial cells and myocardial fibers. Changes in the EKG of the guinea pig could explain the hypotensive effects of Sv in rats. Sv extract causes cardio toxicity, apoptosis, autophagic and mitogenic activity in guinea pig heart, suggesting regeneration of the heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Gijón
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gupta RS, Kachhawa JBS. Evaluation of contraceptive activity of methanol extract of Dendrophthoe falcata stem in male albino rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2007; 112:215-8. [PMID: 17446020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2006] [Revised: 12/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the contraceptive efficacy of methanol extract of Dendrophthoe falcata Ettingsh (family-Loranthaceae), stem in male albino rats as reported in folk remedies. Adult proven fertile male rats were gavaged methanol extract of D. falcata stem at 50, 100 and 200mg/rat/day for 60 days. The activity was compared with standard drug, i.e. Lonidamine. On day 61 the animals were autopsied and the testes, epididymides, seminal vesicle and ventral prostate were dissected out and weighed. Sperm motility and density and serum testosterone level were assessed. The sperm motility and density were significantly reduced. The histoarchitecture of testes revealed degenerative changes in the seminiferous tubules, arrest of spermatogenesis at the stage of round spermatid. Serum testosterone levels were decreased significantly in all treatment groups. It is concluded that D. falcata methanol stem extract showed a significant effect on fertility in male rats as reported in folk remedies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R S Gupta
- Reproductive Physiology Section, Center of Advanced Studies, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ojewole JAO, Adewole SO. Hypoglycaemic and hypotensive effects of Globimetula cupulata (DC) Van Tieghem ( Loranthaceae) aqueous leaf extract in rats. Cardiovasc J S Afr 2007; 18:9-15. [PMID: 17392989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The leaves of some mistletoes, specifically Loranthus micranthus Linn, Tapinanthus dodoneifolius (DC) Danser and Globimetula cupulata (DC) Van Tieghem (family: Loranthaceae), are used traditionally in Nigerian folk medicine to manage, control and/or treat a plethora of human ailments, including diabetes mellitus and hypertension. In order to scientifically appraise some of the folkloric, ethnomedical uses of Globimetula species, the present study was undertaken to investigate the hypoglycaemic and hypotensive effects of Globimetula cupulata aqueous leaf extract (GCE, 50-800 mg/kg po) in rat experimental paradigms. The hypoglycaemic effect of the plant extract was examined in normal (normoglycaemic) and diabetic (hyperglycaemic) rats using a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes model. Normotensive Wistar and hypertensive Dahl salt-sensitive rats were used to investigate the hypotensive (antihypertensive) effect of the plant extract. Metformin (MFM, 500 mg/kg po) was used as the reference hypoglycaemic agent for comparison. Acute oral administrations of G cupulata aqueous leaf extract (GCE, 50-800 mg/kg po) caused dose-related, significant (p < 0.05-0.001) hypoglycaemia in normal and STZ-treated diabetic rats. Furthermore, acute intravenous administrations of GCE (50-800 mg/kg iv) produced dose-dependent, significant reductions (p < 0.05-0.001) in systemic arterial blood pressure and heart rates of the normotensive and hypertensive rats used. Although the exact hypoglycaemic and hypotensive mechanisms of action of the plant extract still remain speculative, it is unlikely that the extract induced hypotension in the mammalian experimental animal model via cholinergic mechanisms, since its cardiovascular effects were resistant to atropine pretreatment. However, the findings of this experimental study indicated that Globimetula cupulata aqueous leaf extract possesses hypoglycaemic and hypotensive properties. This therefore lends pharmacological support to the folkloric, ethnomedical uses of the plant in the management and/ or control of diabetes mellitus and hypertension among the Yoruba-speaking people of western Nigeria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A O Ojewole
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ferrero M, Crosetti D, Dominighini A, de Luján Alvarez M, Ronco MT, Wagner ML, Gurni A, Carnovale C, Luquita A. Effect of the vehicle polyvinylpyrolidone and the Methanolic Fraction of Ligaria cuneifolia (Argentine Mistletoe) extract on hemorheological properties and biliary secretion in rats. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2007; 36:95-104. [PMID: 17325433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Ligaria cuneifolia (R et P) Tiegh. (Loranthaceae) (Lc) aqueous extract-treated rats by via intraperitoneal (i.p.) show increased blood viscosity and decreased plasma cholesterol (Chol) levels. In this work, we analize the effect of the vehicle polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and that of the Methanolic Fraction of the extract of Lc (MFLc) on hemorrheological properties in vivo and in vitro and on biliary excretion. For in vivo conditions, adult male Wistar rats were divided in five experimental groups (n=5 each one) which were injected, every 24 hr during 3 days by via i.p., with: (1) saline solution (Control); (2) PVP 0.47 mg/100 g bw; (3) MFLc 0.95 mg/100 g bw plus PVP 0.47 mg/100 g bw; (4) PVP 12.5 mg/100 g bw; and (5) MFLc 23.0 mg/100 g bw plus PVP 12.5 mg/100 g bw. Intended for in vitro conditions, blood samples obtained by heart puncture were divided into three fractions, which were incubated with: saline solution (Control), PVP 12.5 mg%, and MFLc 25 mg% plus PVP 12.5 mg%. We demonstrated a direct effect of PVP alone and of MFLc "per se" on the erythrocyte membrane resulting in a cell shape change from dyscocyte to spherostomatocyte (MI more negative) as well as a decrease in erythrocyte deformability (increased RI). These changes induce an increase in blood viscosity. Decreased plasma Chol is a consequence of an increased bile salts biliary excretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Ferrero
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Daud A, Gallo A, Riera AS. Antimicrobial properties of Phrygilanthus acutifolius. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 99:193-7. [PMID: 15894126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2003] [Revised: 12/23/2004] [Accepted: 01/19/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol extract of flowers of Phrygilanthus acutifolius (Ruiz & Pav.) Eichler (Loranthaceae) inhibited the growth of both Gram (+) bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram (-) bacteria (Serratia marcescens, Acinetobacter sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). This extract was bactericidal against Staphylococcus aureus and bacteriostatic against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Morphological evidence suggests that the extract causes the swelling of the bacterial body of Staphylococcus aureus, the disintegration of the cell surface and the cell death. Bactericidal activity was optimal at pH 7.5 and was not affected by different ionic strengths. The presence of Mg2+ in the culture medium of Phrygilanthus acutifolius diminished the sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain against the extract. Test results would tend to corroborate the folk belief that the flowers of this plant are efficacious against respiratory infections and would justify its further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Daud
- Departamento de Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO) y Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), Chacabuco 461, 4000-San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Osadebe PO, Okide GB, Akabogu IC. Study on anti-diabetic activities of crude methanolic extracts of Loranthus micranthus (Linn.) sourced from five different host trees. J Ethnopharmacol 2004; 95:133-138. [PMID: 15507325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2002] [Revised: 06/07/2004] [Accepted: 06/07/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The hypoglycaemic and anti-hyperglycemic activities of dried leaves of Loranthus micranthus (Linn.) (Loranthaceae), parasitic on Persea americana, Baphia nitda, Kola acuminata, Pentaclethra macrophylla, Azadirchta indica, were evaluated in normoglycemic and alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats. Normoglycemic and alloxan-induced diabetic rats were treated (intraperitoneally) with 200 mg/kg of the respective methanolic extracts of Loranthus micranthus (Linn.), glibenclamide (positive control), and 20% (v/v) Tween 20 solution (negative control). The sugar levels of the withdrawn blood samples were determined by o-toluidine spectrophotometric method. The studies indicate that the crude methanolic extract of Loranthus micranthus (Linn.) exhibited statistically significant hypoglycaemic (P < 0.001) and anti-hyperglycemic (P < 0.001) activities in normoglycemic and alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats, respectively. The hypoglycaemic effect was found to be dose-dependent. The maximum effect of the mistletoe extract (400 mg/kg) from Persea americana on alloxan-induced diabetic rats was found to be statistically comparable with that of the positive control, glibenclamide, at 24 h after administration, with a percentage reduction of blood sugar levels of 82.59 and 83.34%, respectively. Acute toxicity tests of the methanolic extracts of Persea americana, Baphia nitda, Kola acuminata, Pentaclethra macrophylla, Azadirchta indica host trees in mice gave LD(50) values of 11650, 11650, 5900, 5900 and 5900 mg/kg, respectively, which are all within the practically non-toxic range. The methanolic extract of African mistletoe was found to be a good candidate for alternative and/or complimentary medicine in the management of diabetes mellitus. The leaves of the Eastern Nigerian species of the African mistletoe harvested from Kola acuminata, Azadirchta indica and Baphia nitda host trees exhibited comparatively better anti-hyperglycemic activities among the host trees studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P O Osadebe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Islam R, Khurshid Alam AHM, Hossain MA, Mosaddik MA, Sadik G. Biological screening of Bangladeshi mango mistletoe bark extracts. Fitoterapia 2004; 75:405-8. [PMID: 15159008 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2004.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2003] [Accepted: 02/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The ethyl acetate extract of the Bangladeshi mango mistletoe (Loranthus globosus) bark was found to be most effective against both Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria and it also showed good cytotoxicity with a LC50 10.83 microg/ml.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Islam
- Phytochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Okpako LC, Ajaiyeoba EO. In vitro and in vivo antimalarial studies of Striga hermonthica and Tapinanthus sessilifolius extracts. Afr J Med Med Sci 2004; 33:73-5. [PMID: 15490799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The antimalarial activities of the methanol extracts of Striga hermonthica (whole plant) and Tapinanthus sessilifolius (leaves), commonly used in Northern Nigeria for the treatment of malaria, were evaluated. In the in vitro antiplasmodial analysis, the extracts of T. sessilifolius and S. hermonthica utilized in the study, displayed mild to weak activities with IC50 values of 200.5 and 274.8 microg/ml respectively. This was investigated, using the multidrug resistant Plasmodium falciparum, K1 strain, in the parasite lactate dehydrogenase assay. The murine model in vivo antimalarial activity of the tested extracts, using chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei (ANKA P1), in the 4-day suppressive test, showed that both plants had intrinsic antimalarial properties, that were dose-dependent. At a dose of 400mg/kg weight of mice, extract of S. hermonthica exhibited a higher intrinsic antimalarial activity (68.5 % suppression) than that of T. sessilifolius (51.3 %). Chloroquine, the standard reference drug, had an average suppression of 78.0 % at a dose of 10 mg/kg weight of mice while normal saline was used as control. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extracts indicated the presence ofsaponins, tannins, flavonoids, volatile oils and cardiac glycosides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L C Okpako
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Quality Control, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, P.M.B 21, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
(+)-Catechin, 3,4-dimethoxycinnamyl alcohol and 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamyl alcohol were isolated from the barks of Loranthus globosus. All compounds showed significant antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Sadik
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Murwani R. Indonesian tea mistletoe (Scurrula oortiana) stem extract increases tumour cell sensitivity to tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). Phytother Res 2003; 17:407-9. [PMID: 12722151 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The water extract of Indonesian tea mistletoe, Scurrula oortiana ('benalu teh'), has been used for generations to treat tumours, however, little is known of its biological action. In the present study the stem and leaf extracts of S. oortiana were investigated for their modulation of tumour cell sensitivity toward TNFalpha, a potent anti-tumour cytokine. WEHI-164 cells which are known to be sensitive to TNFalpha, were used as a model. The assay results showed that either the stem or leaf extract of S. oortiana increased the sensitivity or susceptibility of WEHI-164 cells to TNFalpha as shown by decreases in LD(50) values in the TNFalpha sensitivity assay. The stem extract showed a greater increase than the leaf extract, increasing the sensitivity more than 160 times compared with the normal untreated tumour cells. This study showed for the fi rst time that water extracts of S. oortiana were significantly cytotoxic to the WEHI-164 tumour cell line and increased tumour cell sensitivity to TNFalpha mediated lysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Retno Murwani
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Faculty of Animal Agriculture, Center for Traditional Food Studies, Research Institute, Diponegoro University, Kampus Tembalang, Semarang 50275, Indonesia.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Five C(16)-alkynic fatty acids (2-6) were prepared and examined their inhibitory effects on cancer cell invasion. It has been found that hexadeca-6,8,10-triynoic acid (5) and hexadeca-8,10,12-triynoic acid (6) exhibit similar potent inhibitory activities with that of octadeca-8,10,12-triynoic acid (1) which was isolated from Scurrula atropurpurea (Loranthaceae).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Ohashi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Sanzo, 1 Gakuen-cho, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ohashi K, Winarno H, Mukai M, Inoue M, Prana MS, Simanjuntak P, Shibuya H. Indonesian medicinal plants. XXV. Cancer cell invasion inhibitory effects of chemical constituents in the parasitic plant Scurrula atropurpurea ( Loranthaceae). Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2003; 51:343-5. [PMID: 12612428 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.51.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Six fatty acids (1-6), two xanthines (7, 8), two flavonol glycosides (9, 10), one monoterpene glucoside (11), one lignan glycoside (12), and four flavanes (13-16) were clarified by a bioassay-guided separation as chemical constituents of Scurrula atropurpurea (Loranthaceae), a parasitic plant of the tea plant Thea sinensis (Theaceae). Among these constituents, it was found that the alkynic fatty acid octadeca-8,10,12-triynoic acid (6) exhibits a more potent inhibitory effect on cancer cell invasion in vitro than flavanes [(+)-catechin (13), (-)-epicatechin (14), (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate (15) and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (16)].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Ohashi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
THODAY D. Modes of union and interaction between parasite and host in the Loranthaceae - IV.
Viscum obscurum
on
Euphorbia polygona. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997; 149:42-57. [PMID: 13554430 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1958.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A unique specimen of
Viscum obscurum
on the succulent
Euphorbia polygona
is described and its structure compared with that of specimens of similar size on two woody hosts,
Brachylaena elliptica
and
Sideroxylon inerme
. On
Euphorbia
, the primary haustorium was embedded in host wood, but it was ribbed and had produced narrow branches at various points. The structure can be related to the normal types on woody hosts as the response of the parasite to initially separate bundles, by production of branches growing along them inwards. The cambial activity of the host was greatly stimulated, groups of bundles united to form steles, these merged more or less as they increased in diameter. At the margin of contact in the cambial region, protrusions formed the ribs, more or less embedded in host xylem. Some of these extended inwards along the host cambium; a few were separated from the main cortex as lateral branches of the haustorium, with separate cortical tips and cambium. Against the haustorium and its branches internal patches of periderm were frequent and the extent of periderm at the surface was greatly increased. Comparison of the different specimens and of a range of seedling forms leads to an emphasis of the dorsiventral character of the haustorial system and an attempt to distinguish the reactions expressed in its structure.
Collapse
|
29
|
IZQUIERDO JA, STARITTA S. [Vascular actions and Psittacanthus flagellaris Phrygilanthus cuneifolius]. Prensa Med Argent 1955; 42:3570-4. [PMID: 13322818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
|