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Xiong Z, Cao J, Wang K, Yang Y, Hu Y, Nie J, Zeng Q, Hu Y, Zhu L, Li X, Wu H. Characterization and functional analysis of chicken CDK protein. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103833. [PMID: 38810563 PMCID: PMC11166876 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The family of cell cycle-dependent kinases (CDKs) serves as catalytic subunits within protein kinase complexes, playing a crucial role in cell cycle progression. While the function of CDK proteins in regulating mammalian innate immune responses and virus replication is well-documented, their role in chickens remains unclear. To address this, we cloned several chicken CDKs, specifically CDK6 through CDK10. We observed that CDK6 is widely expressed across various chicken tissues, with localization in the cytoplasm, nucleus, or both in DF-1 cells. In addition, we also found that multiple chicken CDKs negatively regulate IFN-β signaling induced by chicken MAVS or chicken STING by targeting different steps. Moreover, during infection with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), various chicken CDKs, except CDK10, were recruited and co-localized with viral protein VP1. Interestingly, overexpression of CDK6 in chickens significantly enhanced IBDV replication. Conversely, knocking down CDK6 led to a marked increase in IFN-β production, triggered by chMDA5. Furthermore, targeting endogenous CDK6 with RNA interference substantially reduced IBDV replication. These findings collectively suggest that chicken CDKs, particularly CDK6, act as suppressors of IFN-β production and play a facilitative role in IBDV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixuan Xiong
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Jingjing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Yuling Yang
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Camphor Engineering Research Center of NFGA, Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Jiangjiang Nie
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Qinghua Zeng
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Lina Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Xiangzhi Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Huansheng Wu
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
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Wagner PM, Fornasier SJ, Guido ME. Pharmacological Modulation of the Cytosolic Oscillator Affects Glioblastoma Cell Biology. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2024; 44:51. [PMID: 38907776 PMCID: PMC11193694 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-024-01485-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
The circadian system is a conserved time-keeping machinery that regulates a wide range of processes such as sleep/wake, feeding/fasting, and activity/rest cycles to coordinate behavior and physiology. Circadian disruption can be a contributing factor in the development of metabolic diseases, inflammatory disorders, and higher risk of cancer. Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive grade 4 brain tumor that is resistant to conventional therapies and has a poor prognosis after diagnosis, with a median survival of only 12-15 months. GBM cells kept in culture were shown to contain a functional circadian oscillator. In seeking more efficient therapies with lower side effects, we evaluated the pharmacological modulation of the circadian clock by targeting the cytosolic kinases glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) and casein kinase 1 ε/δ (CK1ε/δ) with specific inhibitors (CHIR99021 and PF670462, respectively), the cryptochrome protein stabilizer (KL001), or circadian disruption after Per2 knockdown expression in GBM-derived cells. CHIR99021-treated cells had a significant effect on cell viability, clock protein expression, migration, and cell cycle distribution. Moreover, cultures exhibited higher levels of reactive oxygen species and alterations in lipid droplet content after GSK-3 inhibition compared to control cells. The combined treatment of CHIR99021 with temozolomide was found to improve the effect on cell viability compared to temozolomide therapy alone. Per2 disruption affected both GBM migration and cell cycle progression. Overall, our results suggest that pharmacological modulation or molecular clock disruption severely affects GBM cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Wagner
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC)-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Santiago J Fornasier
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC)-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mario E Guido
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC)-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Mohamed HE, Abdelhady MA, Elmaghraby AM, Elrashidy RA. Empagliflozin and pirfenidone confer renoprotection through suppression of glycogen synthase kinase-3β and promotion of tubular regeneration in rats with induced metabolic syndrome. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 485:116892. [PMID: 38492675 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is largely coupled with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) pathway drives tubular injury in animal models of acute kidney injury; but its contribution in CKD is still elusive. This study investigated the effect empagliflozin and/or pirfenidone against MetS-induced kidney dysfunction, and to clarify additional underpinning mechanisms particularly the GSK-3β signaling pathway. Adult male rats received 10%w/v fructose in drinking water for 20 weeks to develop MetS, then treated with either drug vehicle, empagliflozin (30 mg/kg/day) and/or pirfenidone (100 mg/kg/day) via oral gavage for subsequent 4 weeks, concurrently with the high dietary fructose. Age-matched rats receiving normal drinking water were used as controls. After 24 weeks, blood and kidneys were harvested for subsequent analyses. Rats with MetS showed signs of kidney dysfunction, structural changes and interstitial fibrosis. Activation of GSK-3β, decreased cyclinD1 expression and enhanced apoptotic signaling were found in kidneys of MetS rats. There was abundant alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression along with up-regulation of TGF-β1/Smad3 in kidneys of MetS rats. These derangements were almost alleviated by empagliflozin or pirfenidone, with evidence that the combined therapy was more effective than either individual drug. This study emphasizes a novel mechanism underpinning the beneficial effects of empagliflozin and pirfenidone on kidney dysfunction associated with MetS through targeting GSK-3β signaling which can mediate the regenerative capacity, anti-apoptotic effects and anti-fibrotic properties of such drugs. These findings recommend the possibility of using empagliflozin and pirfenidone as promising therapies for management of CKD in patients with MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda E Mohamed
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Merna A Abdelhady
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M Elmaghraby
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt
| | - Rania A Elrashidy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.
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Moon DO. Curcumin in Cancer and Inflammation: An In-Depth Exploration of Molecular Interactions, Therapeutic Potentials, and the Role in Disease Management. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2911. [PMID: 38474160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper delves into the diverse and significant roles of curcumin, a polyphenolic compound from the Curcuma longa plant, in the context of cancer and inflammatory diseases. Distinguished by its unique molecular structure, curcumin exhibits potent biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and potential anticancer effects. The research comprehensively investigates curcumin's molecular interactions with key proteins involved in cancer progression and the inflammatory response, primarily through molecular docking studies. In cancer, curcumin's effectiveness is determined by examining its interaction with pivotal proteins like CDK2, CK2α, GSK3β, DYRK2, and EGFR, among others. These interactions suggest curcumin's potential role in impeding cancer cell proliferation and survival. Additionally, the paper highlights curcumin's impact on inflammation by examining its influence on proteins such as COX-2, CRP, PDE4, and MD-2, which are central to the inflammatory pathway. In vitro and clinical studies are extensively reviewed, shedding light on curcumin's binding mechanisms, pharmacological impacts, and therapeutic application in various cancers and inflammatory conditions. These studies are pivotal in understanding curcumin's functionality and its potential as a therapeutic agent. Conclusively, this review emphasizes the therapeutic promise of curcumin in treating a wide range of health issues, attributed to its complex chemistry and broad pharmacological properties. The research points towards curcumin's growing importance as a multi-faceted natural compound in the medical and scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Oh Moon
- Department of Biology Education, Daegu University, 201, Daegudae-ro, Gyeongsan-si 38453, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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Gao L, Gao S, Shan H, Wu Y, Zhou Q. GSK-3β inhibitor TWS119 promotes neuronal differentiation after hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in neonatal rats. Neuroreport 2024; 35:200-207. [PMID: 38305107 PMCID: PMC10833190 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000002006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Brain injury in preterm infants is a major cause of disability and mortality in children. GSK-3β is a common pathogenic factor for cognitive dysfunction and involves in neuronal proliferation and differentiation. However, GSK-3β affected neuronal differentiation and its molecular pathogenesis after hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in neonatal rats remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of GSK-3β inhibitor (TWS119) on cell cycle regulatory proteins, a neuronal differentiation factor (CEND1), maturation neurons, T-box brain transcription factor 1 (TBR1)-positive neurons to clarify the mechanisms of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in neonatal rats. We used hypoxic-ischemic Sprague-Dawley neonatal rats with brain damage as models. These rats were used for investigating the effect of GSK-3β on cell cycle regulatory proteins, neuronal differentiation factor (CEND1), maturation neurons, TBR1-positive neurons by western blot and immunofluorescence. Cyclin D1 (a positive cell cycle regulator) expression decreased, and p21 (a negative cell cycle regulator) expression increased in the TWS119 group compared to the hypoxia-ischemia (HI) group 7 days after HI. Additionally, compared to the HI group, TWS119 treatment up-regulated CEND1 expression and promoted neuronal differentiation and cortex development based on NeuN and TBR1 expression. Our study suggests that the GSK-3β inhibitor TWS119 promotes neuronal differentiation after hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in neonatal rats by inhibiting cell cycle pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hailei Shan
- Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde City, Hebei Province, China
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Sivaganesh V, Peethambaran B. Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 inhibitor strictinin exhibits anti-cancer properties against highly aggressive androgen-independent prostate cancer. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2023; 4:1188-1209. [PMID: 38213538 PMCID: PMC10784114 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2023.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim It is important to identify anti-cancer compounds that can inhibit specific molecular targets to eradicate androgen-receptor negative (ARneg), androgen-independent (AI) prostate cancer, which is an aggressive form of prostate cancer with limited treatment options. The goal of this study was to selectively target prostate cancer cells that have high levels of oncogenic protein Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) by using strictinin, a small molecule ROR1 inhibitor. Methods The methods performed in this study include western blots, methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) proliferation assays, phosphatidylserine apoptosis assays, apoptosis flow cytometry (Annexin V, caspase 3/7), migration scratch assays, Boyden chamber invasion assays, and cell cycle flow cytometry. Results Strictinin was most lethal against PC3 [half-maximal drug inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 277.2 µmol/L], an ARneg-AI cell type that expresses the highest levels of ROR1. Strictinin inhibited ROR1 expression, downstream phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (AKT)-glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3β) pro-survival signaling, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers in PC3 cells. Additionally, strictinin decreased PC3 cell migration and invasion, while increasing S-phase cell cycle arrest. In ARneg-AI DU145 cells, strictinin inhibited ROR1 expression and modulated downstream AKT-GSK3β signaling. Furthermore, strictinin exhibited anti-migratory, anti-invasive, but minimal pro-apoptotic effects in DU145 cells likely due to DU145 having less ROR1 expression in comparison to PC3 cells. Throughout the study, strictinin minimally impacted the phenotype of normal prostatic epithelial cells RWPE-1 (IC50 of 658.5 µmol/L). Strictinin was further identified as synergistic with docetaxel [combination index (CI) = 0.311] and the combination therapy was found to reduce the IC50 of strictinin to 38.71 µmol/L in PC3 cells. Conclusions ROR1 is an emerging molecular target that can be utilized for treating prostate cancer. The data from this study establishes strictinin as a potential therapeutic agent that targets ARneg-AI prostate cancer with elevated ROR1 expression to reduce the migration, invasion, cell cycle progression, and survival of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Sivaganesh
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA
| | - Bela Peethambaran
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Demirel D, Ozkaya FC, Ebrahim W, Sokullu E, Sahin ID. Aspergillus Carneus metabolite Averufanin induced cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death on cancer cell lines via inducing DNA damage. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6460. [PMID: 37081051 PMCID: PMC10119153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30775-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths in 2020. Current treatment methods include hormone therapy, γ-radiation, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy. Although chemotherapy is the most effective treatment, there are major obstacles posed by resistance mechanisms of cancer cells and side-effects of the drugs, thus the search for novel anti-cancer compounds, especially from natural sources, is crucial for cancer pharmaceutics research. One natural source worthy of investigation is fungal species. In this study, the cytotoxicity of 5 metabolic compounds isolated from filamentous fungus Aspergillus Carneus. Arugosin C, Averufin, Averufanin, Nidurifin and Versicolorin C were analyzed using NCI-SRB assay on 10 different cell lines of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, glioblastoma and non-tumorigenic cell lines. Averufanin showed highest cytotoxicity with lowest IC50 concentrations especially on breast cancer cells. Therefore, Averufanin was further investigated to enlighten cell death and molecular mechanisms of action involved. Cell cycle analysis showed increase in SubG1 phase suggesting apoptosis induction which was further confirmed by Annexin V and Caspase 3/7 Assays. H2A.X staining revealed accumulation of DNA damage in cells treated with Averufanin and finally western blot analysis validated DNA damage response and downstream effects of Averufanin treatment in various signaling pathways. Consequently, this study shows that Averufanin compound induces cell cycle arrest and cell death via apoptosis through causing DNA damage and can be contemplated and further explored as a new therapeutic strategy in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deren Demirel
- Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ferhat Can Ozkaya
- Aliaga Industrial Zone Technology Transfer Office, Aliaga, 35800, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Weaam Ebrahim
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Emel Sokullu
- Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Koc University, School of Medicine, Sariyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Irem Durmaz Sahin
- Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Koc University, School of Medicine, Sariyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Mei Z, Hong Y, Yang H, Cai S, Hu Y, Chen Q, Yuan Z, Liu X. Ferulic acid alleviates high fat diet-induced cognitive impairment by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 946:175642. [PMID: 36871664 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment has become a major public health problem. Growing evidence suggests that high-fat diet (HFD) can cause cognitive dysfunction and increase the risk of dementia. However, effective treatment for cognitive impairment is not available. Ferulic acid (FA) is a single phenolic compound with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Nevertheless, its role in regulating learning and memory in HFD-fed mice and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to identify the neuroprotective mechanisms of FA in HFD induced cognitive impairment. We found that FA improved the survival rate of HT22 cells treated with palmitic acid (PA), inhibited cell apoptosis, and reduced oxidative stress via the IRS1/PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway; Furthermore, FA treatment for 24 weeks improved the learning and memory of HFD-fed mice and decreased hyperlipidemia. Moreover, the expression of Nrf2 and Gpx4 proteins were decreased in HFD-fed mice. After FA treatment, the decline of these proteins was reversed. Our study showed that the neuroprotective effect of FA on cognitive impairment was related to the inhibition of oxidative stress and apoptosis and regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. These findings suggested that FA can be developed as a potential agent for the treatment of HFD-induced cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrong Mei
- Department of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510150, PR China
| | - Ye Hong
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510440, PR China
| | - Haiyi Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510150, PR China
| | - Shihong Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510150, PR China
| | - Yujun Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Qibo Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Zhongwen Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510150, PR China.
| | - Xixia Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Department of Rehabilitation, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.
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Asano S, Ono A, Sakamoto K, Hayata-Takano A, Nakazawa T, Tanimoto K, Hashimoto H, Ago Y. Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 signaling promotes breast cancer cell proliferation by enhancing the ERK pathway. Peptides 2023; 161:170940. [PMID: 36603770 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.170940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor 2 (VIPR2) is a class B G protein-coupled receptor with the neuropeptide VIP as a ligand. Increased VIPR2 mRNA expression and/or VIPR2 gene copy number has been documented in several cancers including breast carcinoma. However, the pathophysiological role of increased VIPR2 in the proliferation of breast cancer cells remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that VIPR2 overexpression in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, human breast cancer cell lines, promoted cell proliferation. Increased VIPR2 also exacerbated intraperitoneal proliferation of breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells in a tumor nude mouse model in vivo. Treatment with KS-133, a VIPR2-selective antagonist peptide, significantly inhibited VIP-induced cell proliferation in VIPR2-overexpressing MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Overexpressed VIPR2 caused increases in the levels of cAMP and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), which involves a VIPR2 signaling pathway through Gs protein. Additionally, phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (Ser157) and cAMP response element binding protein (Ser133) in VIPR2-overexpressing MCF-7 cells was greater than that in control cells, suggesting the increased PKA activity. Moreover, an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, U0126, attenuated tumor proliferation in exogenous VIPR2-expressing MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells at the same level as observed in EGFP-expressing cells treated with U0126. Together, these findings suggest that VIPR2 controls breast tumor growth by regulating the cAMP/PKA/ERK signaling pathway, and the excessive expression of VIPR2 may lead to an exacerbation of breast carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Asano
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Ami Ono
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Kotaro Sakamoto
- Research & Development Department, Ichimaru Pharcos Company Limited, 318-1 Asagi, Motosu, 501-0475 Gifu, Japan
| | - Atsuko Hayata-Takano
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takanobu Nakazawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Kotaro Tanimoto
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Division of Bioscience, Institute for Datability Science, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Transdimensional Life Imaging Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Molecular Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yukio Ago
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
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Ghosh N, Kundu M, Ghosh S, Das AK, De S, Das J, Sil PC. pH-responsive and targeted delivery of chrysin via folic acid-functionalized mesoporous silica nanocarrier for breast cancer therapy. Int J Pharm 2023; 631:122555. [PMID: 36586636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a disease of global importance. In order to mitigate conventional chemotherapy-related side effects, phytochemicals with inherent anticancer efficacy have been opted. However, the use of nanotechnology is essential to enhance the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of these phytochemicals. Herein, we have formulated folic acid conjugated polyacrylic acid capped mesoporous silica nanoparticles (∼47.6 nm in diameter) for pH-dependent targeted delivery of chrysin to breast cancer (MCF-7) cells. Chrysin loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (Chr- mSiO2@PAA/FA) have been noted to induce apoptosis in MCF-7 cells through oxidative insult and mitochondrial dysfunction with subsequent G1 arrest. Further, in tumor bearing mice, intravenous incorporation of Chr-mSiO2@PAA/FA has been noticed to enhance the anti-neoplastic effects of chrysin via tumor site-specific accumulation. Enhanced cytotoxicity of chrysin contributed towards in vivo tumor regression, restoration of normalized tissue architecture and maintenance of healthy body weight. Besides, no serious systemic toxicity was manifested in response to Chr-mSiO2@PAA/FA administration in vivo. Thus, the study evokes about the anticancer potentiality of chrysin and its increased therapeutic activity via incorporation into folic acid conjugated mesoporous silica nanoparticles, which may hold greater impact in field of future biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noyel Ghosh
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Mousumi Kundu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Sumit Ghosh
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar Das
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Samhita De
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Joydeep Das
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796004, Mizoram, India.
| | - Parames C Sil
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India.
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Pharmacological Effects and Clinical Prospects of Cepharanthine. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248933. [PMID: 36558061 PMCID: PMC9782661 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cepharanthine is an active ingredient separated and extracted from Stephania cepharantha Hayata, a Menispermaceae plant. As a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, cepharanthine has various pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antitumoral, and antiviral effects. Following the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), cepharanthine has been found to have excellent anti-COVID-19 activity. In this review, the important physicochemical properties and pharmacological effects of cepharanthine, particularly the antiviral effect, are systematically described. Additionally, the molecular mechanisms and novel dosage formulations for the efficient, safe, and convenient delivery of cepharanthine are summarized.
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12
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Tsai PJ, Lai YH, Manne RK, Tsai YS, Sarbassov D, Lin HK. Akt: a key transducer in cancer. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:76. [PMID: 36180910 PMCID: PMC9526305 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00860-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth factor signaling plays a pivotal role in diverse biological functions, such as cell growth, apoptosis, senescence, and migration and its deregulation has been linked to various human diseases. Akt kinase is a central player transmitting extracellular clues to various cellular compartments, in turn executing these biological processes. Since the discovery of Akt three decades ago, the tremendous progress towards identifying its upstream regulators and downstream effectors and its roles in cancer has been made, offering novel paradigms and therapeutic strategies for targeting human diseases and cancers with deregulated Akt activation. Unraveling the molecular mechanisms for Akt signaling networks paves the way for developing selective inhibitors targeting Akt and its signaling regulation for the management of human diseases including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Jane Tsai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Lai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Rajesh Kumar Manne
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Yau-Sheng Tsai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Dos Sarbassov
- Biology Department, School of Sciences and Humanities, and National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan City, 010000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Hui-Kuan Lin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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13
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miR-100-5p Promotes Epidermal Stem Cell Proliferation through Targeting MTMR3 to Activate PIP3/AKT and ERK Signaling Pathways. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:1474273. [PMID: 36045954 PMCID: PMC9421352 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1474273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin epidermal stem cells (EpSCs) play a critical role in wound healing and are ideal seed cells for skin tissue engineering. Exosomes from human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC-Exos) promote human EpSC proliferation, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effect of miR-100-5p, one of the most abundant miRNAs in ADSC-Exos, on the proliferation of human EpSCs and explored the mechanisms involved. MTT and BrdU incorporation assays showed that miR-100-5p mimic transfection promoted EpSC proliferation in a time-dependent manner. Cell cycle analysis showed that miR-100-5p mimic transfection significantly decreased the percentage of cells in the G1 phase and increased the percentage of cells in the G2/M phase. Myotubularin-related protein 3 (MTMR3), a lipid phosphatase, was identified as a direct target of miR-100-5p. Knockdown of MTMR3 in EpSCs by RNA interference significantly enhanced cell proliferation, decreased the percentage of cells in the G1 phase and increased the percentage of cells in the S phase. Overexpression of MTMR3 reversed the proproliferative effect of miR-100-5p on EpSCs, indicating that miR-100-5p promoted EpSC proliferation by downregulating MTMR3. Mechanistic studies showed that transfection of EpSCs with miR-100-5p mimics elevated the intracellular PIP3 level, induced AKT and ERK phosphorylation, and upregulated cyclin D1, E1, and A2 expression, which could be attenuated by MTMR3 overexpression. Consistently, intradermal injection of ADSC-Exos or miR-100-5p-enriched ADSC-Exos into cultured human skin tissues significantly reduced MTMR3 expression and increased the thickness of the epidermis and the number of EpSCs in the basal layer of the epidermis. The aforementioned effect of miR-100-5p-enriched ADSC-Exos was stronger than that of ADSC-Exos and was reversed by MTMR3 overexpression. Collectively, our findings indicate that miR-100-5p promotes EpSC proliferation through MTMR3-mediated elevation of PIP3 and activation of AKT and ERK. miR-100-5p-enriched ADSC-Exos can be used to treat skin wound and expand EpSCs for generating epidermal autografts and engineered skin equivalents.
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14
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Gong W, Zhao W, Liu G, Shi L, Zhao X. Curcumin analogue BDDD-721 exhibits more potent anticancer effects than curcumin on medulloblastoma by targeting Shh/Gli1 signaling pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:5464-5477. [PMID: 35802536 PMCID: PMC9320555 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is a malignant tumor in the fourth ventricle of children. The clinical treatment is mainly surgical resection combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, but the curative effect is not ideal, and the 3-year survival rate is very low. Previous study confirmed that curcumin attenuated the proliferation of medulloblastoma both in vitro and in vivo. In present study, we found a curcumin analogue named BDDD-721, exhibited more potent anti-tumor activity than curcumin. Compared with curcumin, BDDD-721 more effectively inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasion, and increased apoptosis of medulloblastoma cells. Furthermore, BDDD-721 treatment led to activation of glioma-associated oncogene homolog (Gli), reduced expression of Shh and its downstream target Smo, Gli1 and Ptch1. In addition, SAG (Shh signaling pathway agonist) antagonized the pro-apoptotic effects of BDDD-721 on medulloblastomas as confirmed by CCK8 assays and flow cytometry; while cyclopamine (Shh signaling pathway inhibitor) enhanced its effects on medulloblastomas. In conclusion, these results indicate that curcumin analogue BDDD-721 has more potent anticancer effects than curcumin on medulloblastomas by targeting Shh/Gli1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou 215300, China
| | - Wenxuan Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou 215300, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou 215300, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou 215300, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The Yancheng Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng 224006, China
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15
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El-Din MIG, Fahmy NM, Wu F, Salem MM, Khattab OM, El-Seedi HR, Korinek M, Hwang TL, Osman AK, El-Shazly M, Fayez S. Comparative LC-LTQ-MS-MS Analysis of the Leaf Extracts of Lantana camara and Lantana montevidensis Growing in Egypt with Insights into Their Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Cytotoxic Activities. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11131699. [PMID: 35807651 PMCID: PMC9269492 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Lantana camara L. and Lantana montevidensis Briq. (F. Verbenaceae) are invasive ornamental weeds native to the tropical regions of Africa and America. The leaves of both species have been traditionally used as infusions for treating fever, rheumatism, and cancer. LC-MS-MS-guided profiling of the methanolic extracts of the leaves of L. camara and L. montevidensis growing in Egypt led to the putative identification of 59 compounds belonging to terpenoids, flavonoids, iridoid glycosides, phenolic acids, and their derivatives. The in-vitro antioxidants and anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of the two extracts were investigated. L. camara and L. montevidensis inhibited DPPH• (IC50 = 34.01 ± 1.32 and 47.43 ± 1.74 µg/mL), ABTS+ (IC50 = 30.73 ± 1.42 and 40.37 ± 1.51 µg/mL), and superoxide anion (IC50 = 1.57 ± 0.19 and 1.31 ± 0.14 μg/mL) free radicals. A potent anti-inflammatory effect was observed for both species through the inhibition of elastase release in fMLF/CB-induced human neutrophils (IC50 = 2.40 ± 0.16 and 1.90 ± 0.07 μg/mL). The extracts showed significant cytotoxic activity against a panel of cancer cell lines with the most potent activity against Caco cells (IC50 = 45.65 ± 1.64 and 40.67 ± 1.52 µg/mL for L. camara and L. montevidensis, respectively). Western blotting supported by FACS analysis revealed that the extracts inhibited cancer cell proliferation, reduced metastasis, and induced apoptosis resulting in cell cycle arrest. This was achieved via increasing mRNA and protein expressions of p53 and GSK-3β as well as decreasing the expression of PI3K, Akt, and cyclin D1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam I. Gamal El-Din
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (M.I.G.E.-D.); (N.M.F.); (S.F.)
| | - Nouran M. Fahmy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (M.I.G.E.-D.); (N.M.F.); (S.F.)
| | - Fulin Wu
- Pharmacognosy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; (F.W.); (O.M.K.); (H.R.E.-S.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Maha M. Salem
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
| | - Omar M. Khattab
- Pharmacognosy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; (F.W.); (O.M.K.); (H.R.E.-S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32512, Egypt
| | - Hesham R. El-Seedi
- Pharmacognosy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; (F.W.); (O.M.K.); (H.R.E.-S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32512, Egypt
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-Products Processing, Jiangsu Education Department, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Michal Korinek
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243303, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (T.-L.H.); (M.E.-S.); Tel.: +886-3-2118800 (ext. 5523) (T.-L.H.); +20-1001401091 (M.E.-S.)
| | - Ahmed K. Osman
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (M.I.G.E.-D.); (N.M.F.); (S.F.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Correspondence: (T.-L.H.); (M.E.-S.); Tel.: +886-3-2118800 (ext. 5523) (T.-L.H.); +20-1001401091 (M.E.-S.)
| | - Shaimaa Fayez
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (M.I.G.E.-D.); (N.M.F.); (S.F.)
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16
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Zhao C, Yu H, Fan X, Niu W, Fan J, Sun S, Gong M, Zhao B, Fang Z, Chen X. GSK3β palmitoylation mediated by ZDHHC4 promotes tumorigenicity of glioblastoma stem cells in temozolomide-resistant glioblastoma through the EZH2-STAT3 axis. Oncogenesis 2022; 11:28. [PMID: 35606353 PMCID: PMC9126914 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-022-00402-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) are a highly tumorigenic cell subgroup of glioblastoma (GBM). Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) is considered a key hub for promoting malignant phenotypes in GBM. However, the functional relationships between GSK3β and GSCs in GBM are unclear. Here, we found that GSK3β was noted as a substrate for ZDHHC4-mediated palmitoylation at the Cys14 residue, which enhanced GBM temozolomide (TMZ) resistance and GSC self-renewal. Clinically, the expression level of ZDHHC4 was upregulated in GBM, which significantly correlated with tumor grade and poor prognosis. The above phenotypes were based on decreasing p-Ser9 and increasing p-Tyr216 by GSK3β palmitoylation, which further activated the enhancer of the zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)-STAT3 pathway. Notably, STAT3 silencing also inhibited ZDHHC4 expression. This study revealed that GSK3β palmitoylation mediated by ZDHHC4 improved the stemness of TMZ-resistant GBM by activating the EZH2-STAT3 signaling axis, providing a new theoretical basis for further understanding the mechanism of TMZ resistance and recurrence after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Zhao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology; Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 350, Shushan Hu Road, 230031, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Science Island Branch, Graduate School of University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96, Jin Zhai Road, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 350, Shushan Hu Road, 230031, Hefei, Anhui, China.,MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science & Technology of China, No. 96, Jin Zhai Road, 230027, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Huihan Yu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology; Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 350, Shushan Hu Road, 230031, Hefei, Anhui, China.,MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science & Technology of China, No. 96, Jin Zhai Road, 230027, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoqing Fan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology; Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 350, Shushan Hu Road, 230031, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Science Island Branch, Graduate School of University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96, Jin Zhai Road, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 350, Shushan Hu Road, 230031, Hefei, Anhui, China.,MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science & Technology of China, No. 96, Jin Zhai Road, 230027, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), No. 17, Lu Jiang Road, 230001, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wanxiang Niu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology; Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 350, Shushan Hu Road, 230031, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Science Island Branch, Graduate School of University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96, Jin Zhai Road, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 350, Shushan Hu Road, 230031, Hefei, Anhui, China.,MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science & Technology of China, No. 96, Jin Zhai Road, 230027, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Junqi Fan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology; Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 350, Shushan Hu Road, 230031, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Science Island Branch, Graduate School of University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96, Jin Zhai Road, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 350, Shushan Hu Road, 230031, Hefei, Anhui, China.,MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science & Technology of China, No. 96, Jin Zhai Road, 230027, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Suling Sun
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology; Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 350, Shushan Hu Road, 230031, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Science Island Branch, Graduate School of University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96, Jin Zhai Road, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 350, Shushan Hu Road, 230031, Hefei, Anhui, China.,MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science & Technology of China, No. 96, Jin Zhai Road, 230027, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Meiting Gong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology; Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 350, Shushan Hu Road, 230031, Hefei, Anhui, China.,MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science & Technology of China, No. 96, Jin Zhai Road, 230027, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678, Fu Rong Road, 230601, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Zhiyou Fang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology; Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 350, Shushan Hu Road, 230031, Hefei, Anhui, China. .,Science Island Branch, Graduate School of University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96, Jin Zhai Road, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 350, Shushan Hu Road, 230031, Hefei, Anhui, China. .,MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science & Technology of China, No. 96, Jin Zhai Road, 230027, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Xueran Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology; Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 350, Shushan Hu Road, 230031, Hefei, Anhui, China. .,Science Island Branch, Graduate School of University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96, Jin Zhai Road, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 350, Shushan Hu Road, 230031, Hefei, Anhui, China. .,MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science & Technology of China, No. 96, Jin Zhai Road, 230027, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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17
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Stagni F, Bartesaghi R. The Challenging Pathway of Treatment for Neurogenesis Impairment in Down Syndrome: Achievements and Perspectives. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:903729. [PMID: 35634470 PMCID: PMC9130961 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.903729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by triplication of Chromosome 21. Gene triplication may compromise different body functions but invariably impairs intellectual abilities starting from infancy. Moreover, after the fourth decade of life people with DS are likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease. Neurogenesis impairment during fetal life stages and dendritic pathology emerging in early infancy are thought to be key determinants of alterations in brain functioning in DS. Although the progressive improvement in medical care has led to a notable increase in life expectancy for people with DS, there are currently no treatments for intellectual disability. Increasing evidence in mouse models of DS reveals that pharmacological interventions in the embryonic and neonatal periods may greatly benefit brain development and cognitive performance. The most striking results have been obtained with pharmacotherapies during embryonic life stages, indicating that it is possible to pharmacologically rescue the severe neurodevelopmental defects linked to the trisomic condition. These findings provide hope that similar benefits may be possible for people with DS. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding (i) the scope and timeline of neurogenesis (and dendritic) alterations in DS, in order to delineate suitable windows for treatment; (ii) the role of triplicated genes that are most likely to be the key determinants of these alterations, in order to highlight possible therapeutic targets; and (iii) prenatal and neonatal treatments that have proved to be effective in mouse models, in order to rationalize the choice of treatment for human application. Based on this body of evidence we will discuss prospects and challenges for fetal therapy in individuals with DS as a potential means of drastically counteracting the deleterious effects of gene triplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenza Stagni
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Renata Bartesaghi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- *Correspondence: Renata Bartesaghi,
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18
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Prasad SK, Bhat S, Shashank D, C R A, R S, Rachtanapun P, Devegowda D, Santhekadur PK, Sommano SR. Bacteria-Mediated Oncogenesis and the Underlying Molecular Intricacies: What We Know So Far. Front Oncol 2022; 12:836004. [PMID: 35480118 PMCID: PMC9036991 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.836004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancers are known to have multifactorial etiology. Certain bacteria and viruses are proven carcinogens. Lately, there has been in-depth research investigating carcinogenic capabilities of some bacteria. Reports indicate that chronic inflammation and harmful bacterial metabolites to be strong promoters of neoplasticity. Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric adenocarcinoma is the best illustration of the chronic inflammation paradigm of oncogenesis. Chronic inflammation, which produces excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) is hypothesized to cause cancerous cell proliferation. Other possible bacteria-dependent mechanisms and virulence factors have also been suspected of playing a vital role in the bacteria-induced-cancer(s). Numerous attempts have been made to explore and establish the possible relationship between the two. With the growing concerns on anti-microbial resistance and over-dependence of mankind on antibiotics to treat bacterial infections, it must be deemed critical to understand and identify carcinogenic bacteria, to establish their role in causing cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashanka K Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara (JSS) Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, India
| | - Smitha Bhat
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara (JSS) Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, India
| | - Dharini Shashank
- Department of General Surgery, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Mandya, India
| | - Akshatha C R
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Sindhu R
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara (JSS) Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, India
| | - Pornchai Rachtanapun
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Devananda Devegowda
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, India
| | - Prasanna K Santhekadur
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, India
| | - Sarana Rose Sommano
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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19
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Zhu M, Wang H, Ding Y, Yang Y, Xu Z, Shi L, Zhang N. Ribonucleotide reductase holoenzyme inhibitor COH29 interacts with deubiquitinase ubiquitin-specific protease 2 and downregulates its substrate protein cyclin D1. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22329. [PMID: 35476303 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101914rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
USP2 contributes to the quality control of multiple oncogenic proteins including cyclin D1, Mdm2, Aurora-A, etc., and it is a potential target for anti-cancer drug development. However, currently only a few inhibitors with moderate inhibition activities against USP2 have been discovered. USP2-targeted active compounds with either new scaffolds or enhanced activities are in need. Here in this study, Ub-AMC hydrolysis assay-based screening against ~4000 commercially available drugs and drug candidates was performed to identify USP2-targeted inhibitors. COH29, which was originally developed as an anti-cancer agent by blocking the function of human ribonucleotide reductase (RNR, IC50 = 16 µM), was found to exhibit an inhibition activity against USP2 with the IC50 value at 2.02 ± 0.16 µM. The following conducted biophysical and biochemical experiments demonstrated that COH29 could specifically interact with USP2 and inhibit its enzymatic activity in a noncompetitive inhibition mode (Ki = 1.73 ± 0.14 µM). Since COH29 shows similar inhibitory potencies against RNR (RRM2) and USP2, USP2 inhibition-dependent cellular consequences of COH29 are expected. The results of cellular assays confirmed that the application of COH29 could downregulate the level of cyclin D1 by enhancing its degradation via ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), and the modulation effect of COH29 on cyclin D1 is independent of RRM2. Since cyclin D1 acts as an oncogenic driver in human cancer, our findings suggest that USP2 might be a promising therapeutic target for cyclin D1-addicted cancers, and COH29 could serve as a starting compound for high selectivity inhibitor development against USP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Zhu
- Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiluan Ding
- Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuo Xu
- Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Shi
- Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Naixia Zhang
- Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Sadeghalvad M, Mansouri K, Mohammadi-Motlagh HR, Noorbakhsh F, Mostafaie A, Alipour S, Rezaei N. Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR induces the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in breast cancer cells. REVISTA DA ASSOCIAÇÃO MÉDICA BRASILEIRA 2022; 68:456-462. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20210966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Sadeghalvad
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | - Sadaf Alipour
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, Iran
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21
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Collard M, Gallagher PE, Tallant EA. A Polyphenol-Rich Extract From Muscadine Grapes Inhibits Triple-Negative Breast Tumor Growth. Integr Cancer Ther 2021; 19:1534735420917444. [PMID: 32578460 PMCID: PMC7315667 DOI: 10.1177/1534735420917444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer that tends to affect young women and has a high propensity to metastasize. No targeted treatments are available for this type of breast cancer due to a lack of estrogen or progesterone receptors or overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 overexpression. Currently, patients have no therapeutic options once standard of care is complete, indicating a need for safe and effective therapies to slow or prevent the progression of TNBC to metastatic disease. Studies showed that isolated polyphenols or polyphenol-rich muscadine grape extracts polyphenols inhibit the proliferation of various cancer cells including breast cancer. A proprietary muscadine grape extract (MGE) was administered to nude mice with human MDA-MB-231 TNBC atumors for 4 weeks to determine the effect of the extract on tumor growth. MGE decreased tumor volume in association with a reduction in the proliferative markers Ki67 and cyclin D1. To determine the molecular mechanisms for the MGE-induced reduction in tumor growth, mouse 4T1, MDA-MB-231, or human BT-549 TNBC cells were treated with MGE, and various signaling pathways were investigated. MGE reduced c-Met, differentially abrogated ERK/MAPK and AKT signaling, and decreased a downstream targets of ERK/MAPK and AKT pathways, cyclin D1. Cyclin D1 reduction was associated with retinoblastoma activation and cell cycle arrest in MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells. MGE-regulated molecular signaling pathways were functionally associated with a dose-dependent reduction in cell proliferation. The pluripotency of MGE and high index of safety and tolerability suggest that the extract may serve as a therapeutic to reduce TNBC progression to metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - E Ann Tallant
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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22
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Gu SJ, Li M, Yuan YM, Xin ZC, Guan RL. A novel flavonoid derivative of icariside II improves erectile dysfunction in a rat model of cavernous nerve injury. Andrology 2021; 9:1893-1901. [PMID: 34106520 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Icariside II (ICA II), an active flavonoid monomer, has been proven to restore post-prostatectomy erectile dysfunction in rats; however, the high cost of extraction from natural plants limits the application of ICA II. OBJECTIVE To investigate the therapeutic effect and possible mechanism of action of YS-10, a new flavonoid compound, which was designed and synthesized based on the structure of ICA II in a rat model in of cavernous nerve injury. MATERIALS/METHODS Eight of 32 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were selected as the normal control (NC) group and received vehicle treatment. The remaining rats were subjected to bilateral cavernous nerve injury (BCNI) and randomized into three groups: BCNI group, BCNI + ICA II group (2.5 mg/kg/day), and BCNI + YS-10 group (2.5 mg/kg/day). The total procedure lasted for 21 days, followed by a washout period of 3 days. All animals were evaluated for erectile function, and tissues were harvested for histopathological analyses. RESULTS It was observed that in YS-10 group, the ratio of intracavernous pressure (ICP) to mean arterial pressure (MAP) and the area under the ICP/MAP curve were effectively enhanced. The maximum ICP/MAP increased by 30% in the YS-10 group (0.86 ± 0.085) compared with the BCNI group (0.66 ± 0.058), which is close to 82% of the NC group (1.05 ± 0.033). Histopathological changes demonstrated significant reduction of smooth muscle atrophy, collagen deposition, and endothelial and neural dysfunction after YS-10 treatment, which have no statistical differences compared with ICA II group. Additionally, high-protein expression levels of β-Catenin and cyclin D1 were observed in the treatment groups. CONCLUSION YS-10, a novel synthesized flavonoid compound, could effectively improve erectile dysfunction in rats after BCNI by alleviating pathological impairments; this effect may associate with the upregulation of β-Catenin and cyclin D1 in Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Ji Gu
- Molecular Biology Laboratory of Andrology Center, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Li
- Molecular Biology Laboratory of Andrology Center, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Ming Yuan
- Molecular Biology Laboratory of Andrology Center, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Cheng Xin
- Molecular Biology Laboratory of Andrology Center, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Male Reproductive and Sexual Medicine, Department of Urology, The Second Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui-Li Guan
- Molecular Biology Laboratory of Andrology Center, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Maetani Y, Asano S, Mizokami A, Yamawaki Y, Sano T, Hirata M, Irifune M, Kanematsu T. Expression of PRIP, a phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate binding protein, attenuates PI3K/AKT signaling and suppresses tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 552:106-113. [PMID: 33743346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled proliferation resulting from aberrant cell cycle progression. The activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling, a regulatory pathway for the cell cycle, stabilizes cyclin D1 in the G1 phase by inhibiting the activity of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) via phosphorylation. We previously reported that phospholipase C-related catalytically inactive protein (PRIP), a phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] binding protein, regulates PI3K/AKT signaling by competitively inhibiting substrate recognition by PI3K. Therefore, in this study, we investigated whether PRIP is involved in cell cycle progression. PRIP silencing in MCF-7 cells, a human breast cancer cell line, demonstrated PI(3,4,5)P3 signals accumulated at the cell periphery compared to that of the control. This suggests that PRIP reduction enhances PI(3,4,5)P3-mediated signaling. Consistently, PRIP silencing in MCF-7 cells exhibited increased phosphorylation of AKT and GSK3β which resulted in cyclin D1 accumulation. In contrast, the exogenous expression of PRIP in MCF-7 cells evidenced stronger downregulation of AKT and GSK3β phosphorylation, reduced accumulation of cyclin D1, and diminished cell proliferation in comparison to control cells. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that MCF-7 cells stably expressing PRIP attenuate cell cycle progression. Importantly, tumor growth of MCF-7 cells stably expressing PRIP was considerably prevented in an in vivo xenograft mouse model. In conclusion, PRIP expression downregulates PI3K/AKT/GSK3β-mediated cell cycle progression and suppresses tumor growth. Therefore, we propose that PRIP is a new therapeutic target for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Maetani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan; Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Satoshi Asano
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Akiko Mizokami
- OBT Research Center, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan; Department of Cell Biology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yamawaki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan; Laboratory of Advanced Pharmacology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan
| | - Tomomi Sano
- Department of Cell Biology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masato Hirata
- Oral Medicine Research Center, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan
| | - Masahiro Irifune
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanematsu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan; Department of Cell Biology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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24
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Gong K, Miao S, Yang L, Wu Y, Guo J, Chen W, Dai J, Du J, Xi S. Aaptamine attenuates the proliferation and progression of non-small cell lung carcinoma. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2020; 58:1044-1054. [PMID: 33027592 PMCID: PMC7580566 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1822420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Aaptamine is a potent ocean-derived non-traditional drug candidate against human cancers. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms governing aaptamine-mediated repression of lung cancer cells remain largely undefined. OBJECTIVE To examine the inhibitory effect of aaptamine on proliferation and progression of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and dissect the potential mechanisms involved in its anticancer functions. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro assays of cell proliferation, cell cycle analysis, clonal formation, apoptosis and migration were performed to examine the inhibitory effects of aaptamine (8, 16 and 32 μg/mL) on NSCLC cells. The expression levels of proteins were analysed using western blotting analysis when cells were treated with a single drug or a combination treatment for 48 h. RESULTS Aaptamine significantly inhibited A549 and H1299 cells proliferation with IC50 values of 13.91 and 10.47 μg/mL. At the concentrations of 16 and 32 μg/mL, aaptamine significantly reduced capacities in clonogenicity, enhanced cellular apoptosis and decreased the motile and invasive cellular phenotype. In addition, aaptamine arrested cell cycle at G1 phase via selectively abating cell cycle regulation drivers (CDK2/4 and Cyclin D1/E). Western blotting results showed that aaptamine attenuated the protein expression of MMP-7, MMP-9 and upregulated the expression of cleaved-PARP and cleaved-caspase 3. Moreover, aaptamine inhibited PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signalling cascades through specifically degrading the phosphorylated AKT and GSK3β. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Aaptamine retarded the proliferation and invasion of NSCLC cells by selectively targeting the pathway PI3K/AKT/GSK3β suggesting it as a potential chemotherapeutic agent for repressing tumorigenesis and progression of NSCLC in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaikai Gong
- Cancer Research Institute, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, PR China
| | - Shuang Miao
- Cancer Research Institute, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, PR China
| | - Lijuan Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, PR China
| | - Yan Wu
- Cancer Research Institute, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, PR China
| | - Jiwei Guo
- Cancer Research Institute, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, PR China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Cancer Research Institute, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, PR China
| | - Juanjuan Dai
- Cancer Research Institute, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, PR China
| | - Jing Du
- Cancer Research Institute, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, PR China
- Jing Du Cancer Research Institute, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, PR China
| | - Sichuan Xi
- Cancer Research Institute, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, PR China
- CONTACT Sichuan Xi
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25
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mTOR-targeted cancer therapy: great target but disappointing clinical outcomes, why? Front Med 2020; 15:221-231. [PMID: 33165737 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-020-0812-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) critically regulates several essential biological functions, such as cell growth, metabolism, survival, and immune response by forming two important complexes, namely, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and complex 2 (mTORC2). mTOR signaling is often dysregulated in cancers and has been considered an attractive cancer therapeutic target. Great efforts have been made to develop efficacious mTOR inhibitors, particularly mTOR kinase inhibitors, which suppress mTORC1 and mTORC2; however, major success has not been achieved. With the strong scientific rationale, the intriguing question is why cancers are insensitive or not responsive to mTOR-targeted cancer therapy in clinics. Beyond early findings on induced activation of PI3K/Akt, MEK/ERK, and Mnk/eIF4E survival signaling pathways that compromise the efficacy of rapalog-based cancer therapy, recent findings on the essential role of GSK3 in mediating cancer cell response to mTOR inhibitors and mTORC1 inhibition-induced upregulation of PD-L1 in cancer cells may provide some explanations. These new findings may also offer us the opportunity to rationally utilize mTOR inhibitors in cancer therapy. Further elucidation of the biology of complicated mTOR networks may bring us the hope to develop effective therapeutic strategies with mTOR inhibitors against cancer.
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26
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Kim MJ, Kang YJ, Sung B, Jang JY, Ahn YR, Oh HJ, Choi H, Choi I, Im E, Moon HR, Chung HY, Kim ND. Novel SIRT Inhibitor, MHY2256, Induces Cell Cycle Arrest, Apoptosis, and Autophagic Cell Death in HCT116 Human Colorectal Cancer Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2020; 28:561-568. [PMID: 33073770 PMCID: PMC7585637 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2020.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the anticancer effects of a novel sirtuin inhibitor, MHY2256, on HCT116 human colorectal cancer cells to investigate its underlying molecular mechanisms. MHY2256 significantly suppressed the activity of sirtuin 1 and expression levels of sirtuin 1/2 and stimulated acetylation of forkhead box O1, which is a target protein of sirtuin 1. Treatment with MHY2256 inhibited the growth of the HCT116 (TP53 wild-type), HT-29 (TP53 mutant), and DLD-1 (TP53 mutant) human colorectal cancer cell lines. In addition, MHY2256 induced G0/G1 phase arrest of the cell cycle progression, which was accompanied by the reduction of cyclin D1 and cyclin E and the decrease of cyclin-dependent kinase 2, cyclin-dependent kinase 4, cyclin-dependent kinase 6, phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein, and E2F transcription factor 1. Apoptosis induction was shown by DNA fragmentation and increase in late apoptosis, which were detected using flow cytometric analysis. MHY2256 downregulated expression levels of procaspase-8, -9, and -3 and led to subsequent poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. MHY2256-induced apoptosis was involved in the activation of caspase-8, -9, and -3 and was prevented by pretreatment with Z-VAD-FMK, a pan-caspase inhibitor. Furthermore, the autophagic effects of MHY2256 were observed as cytoplasmic vacuolation, green fluorescent protein-light-chain 3 punctate dots, accumulation of acidic vesicular organelles, and upregulated expression level of light-chain 3-II. Taken together, these results suggest that MHY2256 could be a potential novel sirtuin inhibitor for the chemoprevention or treatment of colorectal cancer or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jeong Kim
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jung Kang
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokyung Sung
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yoon Jang
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Ra Ahn
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Oh
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejeong Choi
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Inkyu Choi
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunok Im
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Ryong Moon
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Deuk Kim
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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He R, Du S, Lei T, Xie X, Wang Y. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β in tumorigenesis and oncotherapy (Review). Oncol Rep 2020; 44:2373-2385. [PMID: 33125126 PMCID: PMC7610307 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK 3β), a multifunctional serine and threonine kinase, plays a critical role in a variety of cellular activities, including signaling transduction, protein and glycogen metabolism, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and apoptosis. Therefore, aberrant regulation of GSK 3β results in a broad range of human diseases, such as tumors, diabetes, inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. Accumulating evidence has suggested that GSK 3β is correlated with tumorigenesis and progression. However, GSK 3β is controversial due to its bifacial roles of tumor suppression and activation. In addition, overexpression of GSK 3β is involved in tumor growth, whereas it contributes to the cell sensitivity to chemotherapy. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of GSK 3β in tumorigenesis remain obscure and require further in‑depth investigation. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the roles of GSK 3β in tumorigenesis and oncotherapy, and focus on its potentials as an available target in oncotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui He
- Department of Union, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Suya Du
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Tiantian Lei
- Department of Pharmacy, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing 400013, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofang Xie
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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Abstract
Introduction Various types of cancers threaten human life. The role of bacteria in causing cancer is controversial, but it has been determined that the Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the identified risk factors for gastric cancer. Helicobacter pylori infection is highly prevalent, and about half of the world,s population is infected with it. Objective The aim of this study was the role of Helicobacter pylori in the development of gastric cancer. Method We obtained information from previously published articles. Results and Conclusion The bacterium has various virulence factors, including cytotoxin- associated gene A, vacuolating cytotoxin A, and the different outer membrane proteins that cause cancer by different mechanisms. These virulence factors activate cell signaling pathways such as PI3-kinase/Akt, JAK/STAT and Ras, Raf, and ERK signaling that control cell proliferation. Uncontrolled proliferation can lead to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Alipour
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Islamic Azad University, Babol Branch, Babol, Iran.
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29
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Hashemzaei M, Mamoulakis C, Tsarouhas K, Georgiadis G, Lazopoulos G, Tsatsakis A, Shojaei Asrami E, Rezaee R. Crocin: A fighter against inflammation and pain. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 143:111521. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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30
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Lee DS, Roh SY, Choi H, Park JC. NFI-C Is Required for Epiphyseal Chondrocyte Proliferation during Postnatal Cartilage Development. Mol Cells 2020; 43:739-748. [PMID: 32759468 PMCID: PMC7468589 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2020.2272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stringent regulation of the chondrocyte cell cycle is required for endochondral bone formation. During the longitudinal growth of long bones, mesenchymal stem cells condense and differentiate into chondrocytes. Epiphyseal chondrocytes sequentially differentiate to form growth- plate cartilage, which is subsequently replaced with bone. Although the importance of nuclear factor 1C (Nfic) in hard tissue formation has been extensively studied, knowledge regarding its biological roles and molecular mechanisms in this process remains insufficient. Herein, we demonstrated that Nfic deficiency affects femoral growth-plate formation. Chondrocyte proliferation was downregulated and the number of apoptotic cell was increased in the growth plates of Nfic-/- mice. Further, the expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 was upregulated in the primary chondrocytes of Nfic-/- mice, whereas that of cyclin D1 was downregulated. Our findings suggest that Nfic may contribute to postnatal chondrocyte proliferation by inhibiting p21 expression and by increasing the stability of cyclin D1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Seol Lee
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology & Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Song Yi Roh
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology & Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Hojae Choi
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology & Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Present address: Postgraduate Orthodontic Program, Arizona School of Dentistry & Oral Health, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ 8506, USA
| | - Joo-Cheol Park
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology & Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Arctigenin inhibits proliferation of ER-positive breast cancer cells through cell cycle arrest mediated by GSK3-dependent cyclin D1 degradation. Life Sci 2020; 256:117983. [PMID: 32565252 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER) positive accounts for a large proportion of breast cancer. Although there are many targeted therapeutic drugs, the emergence of drug resistance urgently requires the development of new drugs. Arctigenin (Arc), a lignan found in certain plants of the Asteraceae, has the effect on inhibiting breast cancer, but its molecular mechanism has not been clear. AIMS To this end, the current study focuses on understanding the mechanism of Arc on ER-positive breast cancer cells. MAIN METHODS Colony formation experiments and sulforhodamine B methods were used to determine the growth-inhibitory effect of Arc. The cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. Alterations of signaling proteins were measured by Western blotting. Protein degradation was determined by comparing protein half-lives and inhibiting proteasome. KEY FINDINGS The experimental results show that Arc did not induce apoptosis in ER-positive breast cancer cell, rather caused G1 cycle arrest by decreasing cyclin D1 levels without effect on altering CDK4/6 levels. Moreover, we have demonstrated that Arc decreases cyclin D1 levels through prompting Akt/GSK3β-mediated degradation. SIGNIFICANCE These findings warrant the potential of Arc as a candidate treatment for ER-positive breast cancer.
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Qiao Y, Zhao X, Liu J, Yang W. Epstein-Barr virus circRNAome as host miRNA sponge regulates virus infection, cell cycle, and oncogenesis. Bioengineered 2020; 10:593-603. [PMID: 31668120 PMCID: PMC6844377 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2019.1679698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic virus that infects more than 90% of the world’s population. The proteins and miRNAs encoded by EBV are involved in multiple human malignancies. Recently R-resistance RNA-seq demonstrated that EBV-encoded circular RNAs. The current research aims to explore their functions in EBV-associated malignancies. Total 56 miRNAs were sponged by circRNAome. 24 and 9 in EBV host B and epithelial cells out of 56 miRNAs were detectable by miRNA-seq. 18 and 5 miRNAs were down-regulated in both types of host cells, respectively, after EBV infection. The network between five miRNAs and their targets included 1414 genes, 1419 nodes, and 2423 edges. These targets were enriched in multiple categories, and most of them were up-regulated in EBV-infected cells. These data represented the first report that EBV circRNAs could sponge the miRNAs to promote the up-regulated expression of their targets, involving in malignancies associated with EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Qiao
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuequn Zhao
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenjie Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Potential role of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Curr Opin Oncol 2020; 31:122-130. [PMID: 30986809 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000000513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) is mainly driven by genetic aberrations involved in the cell cycle pathway resulting in cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4 and 6 activation. This supports the investigation of the activity of CDK4/6 inhibitors in this disease. We review the therapeutic potential of CDK4/6 inhibitors in SCCHN. RECENT FINDINGS CDK4/6 inhibitors in monotherapy have demonstrated cytostatic activity in HPV-negative SCCHN. Combination with epidermal growth factor inhibitors, with phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathways inhibitors or with immunotherapy, have shown promising preclinical efficacy. No strong predictive biomarkers of response or resistance have been firmly identified.Phase I clinical trials have demonstrated that palbociclib or ribociclib in combination with cetuximab is well tolerated. A phase II single-arm trial combining palbociclib/cetuximab has shown promising results. SUMMARY Inhibition of CDK4/6 represents a new potential treatment for HPV-negative SCCHN patients. Randomized clinical trials that investigate these compounds in an unbiased manner are needed to fully evaluate their efficacy. However, it is unlikely that all the patients will benefit from this new approach. To determine a molecular profile/phenotype that will predict CDK4/6 inhibitor activity, researchers will have to take into account simultaneously occurring events in the cyclin-D/CDK4/CDK6/retinoblastoma and associated pathways.
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Chen B, Yang B, Zhu J, Wu J, Sha J, Sun J, Bao E, Zhang X. Hsp90 Relieves Heat Stress-Induced Damage in Mouse Kidneys: Involvement of Antiapoptotic PKM2-AKT and Autophagic HIF-1α Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051646. [PMID: 32121259 PMCID: PMC7084842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress can particularly affect the kidney because of its high rate of adenosine triphosphate consumption. Competition between apoptosis and autophagy-mediated survival always exists in damaged tissue. And Hsp90 can enhance cellular protection to resist heat stress. However, the relationship between Hsp90 and the above competition and its underlying mechanism in the kidney are unclear. The present study found that heat stress induced obvious histopathological and oxidative injury, which was connected with cellular apoptosis and autophagy in the kidney and was associated with the levels of Hsp90 expression or function. The data showed that during heat stress, Hsp90 activated the PKM2-Akt signaling pathway to exert antiapoptotic effects and induce Hsp70 expression regulated by HSF-1, stimulated autophagy-mediated survival through the HIF-1α-BNIP3/BNIP3L pathway, and finally protected the kidney from heat-stress injury. Moreover, the nuclear translocation of PKM2, (p-) Akt, HSF-1, and HIF-1α was enhanced by heat stress, but only intranuclear p-Akt and HSF-1 were specifically influenced by Hsp90, contributing to regulate the cellular ability of resisting heat-stress damage. Our study provided new insights regarding the molecular mechanism of Hsp90 in the kidney in response to heat-stress injury, possibly contributing to finding new targets for the pharmacological regulation of human or animal acute kidney injury from heat stress in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-258-439-5316; Fax: +86-258-439-8669
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Recovery of muscle mass and muscle oxidative phenotype following disuse does not require GSK-3 inactivation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165740. [PMID: 32087280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical inactivity contributes to muscle wasting and reductions in mitochondrial oxidative phenotype (OXPHEN), reducing physical performance and quality of life during aging and in chronic disease. Previously, it was shown that inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β stimulates muscle protein accretion, myogenesis, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Additionally, GSK-3β is inactivated during recovery of disuse-induced muscle atrophy. AIM Therefore, we hypothesize that GSK-3 inhibition is required for reloading-induced recovery of skeletal muscle mass and OXPHEN. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and whole-body constitutively active (C.A.) Ser21/9 GSK-3α/β knock-in mice were subjected to a 14-day hind-limb suspension/14-day reloading protocol. Soleus muscle mass, fiber cross-sectional area (CSA), OXPHEN (abundance of sub-units of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes and fiber-type composition), as well as expression levels of their main regulators (respectively protein synthesis/degradation, myogenesis and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) signaling) were monitored. RESULTS Subtle but consistent differences suggesting suppression of protein turnover signaling and decreased expression of several OXPHOS sub-units and PGC-1α signaling constituents were observed at baseline in C.A. GSK-3 versus WT mice. Although soleus mass recovery during reloading occurred more rapidly in C.A. GSK-3 mice, this was not accompanied by a parallel increased CSA. The OXPHEN response to reloading was not distinct between C.A. GSK-3 and WT mice. No consistent or significant differences in reloading-induced changes in the regulatory steps of protein turnover, myogenesis or muscle OXPHEN were observed in C.A. GSK-3 compared to WT muscle. CONCLUSION This study indicates that GSK-3 inactivation is dispensable for reloading-induced recovery of muscle mass and OXPHEN.
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Kong Y, Zhao S, Tian H, Hai Y. GAS2 Promotes Cell Proliferation and Invasion and Suppresses Apoptosis in Pediatric T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Activates Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:1099-1108. [PMID: 32103979 PMCID: PMC7008185 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s236854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to investigate the effect of growth arrest specific 2 (GAS2) on T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and its potential molecular mechanism. Methods The GAS2 expression level was detected by qRT-RCR and Western blot in normal T lymphocytes and T-ALL cells Jurkat and CCRF-CEM. The proliferation and invasion of Jurkat and CCRF-CEM cells were detected by MTT and Transwell assay, respectively. Apoptosis and cell cycle were measured by flow cytometry. In addition, the chemotherapeutic sensitivity of Jurkat and CCRF-CEM cells was measured MTT assay and flow cytometry. Results GAS2 was highly expressed in Jurkat and CCRF-CEM cells. GAS2 could promote cell proliferation and invasion, and inhibit apoptosis of Jurkat and CCRF-CEM cells. GAS2 also promoted cell cycle changes from G0/G1 phase to S phase in Jurkat and CCRF-CEM cells. In addition, GAS2 could reduce the chemotherapeutic sensitivity of Jurkat and CCRF-CEM cells. GAS2 overexpression could promote the expression levels of ki67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Bcl-2, c-myc, cyclin D1 and β-catenin, while GAS2 knockdown could inhibit their expression levels. Meanwhile, GAS2 overexpression could inhibit Bax expression. Moreover, Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitor XAV939 could inhibit the expressions of c-myc, cyclin D1 and β-catenin, but activator LiCl could promote their expression. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that GAS2 could promote cell proliferation and invasion, and induce cell cycle, as well as inhibit apoptosis and could activate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in T-ALL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Kong
- Clinical Lab, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng City, Shandong Province 252000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouyong Zhao
- Clinical Lab, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng City, Shandong Province 252000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hurong Tian
- Clinical Lab, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng City, Shandong Province 252000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Hai
- Clinical Lab, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng City, Shandong Province 252000, People's Republic of China
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Matsui A, Kobayashi J, Kanno SI, Hashiguchi K, Miyaji M, Yoshikawa Y, Yasui A, Zhang-Akiyama QM. Oxidation resistance 1 prevents genome instability through maintenance of G2/M arrest in gamma-ray-irradiated cells. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2020; 61:1-13. [PMID: 31845986 PMCID: PMC6976731 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrz080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human oxidation resistance 1 (OXR1) was identified as a protein that decreases genomic mutations in Escherichia coli caused by oxidative DNA damage. However, the mechanism by which OXR1 defends against genome instability has not been elucidated. To clarify how OXR1 maintains genome stability, the effects of OXR1-depletion on genome stability were investigated in OXR1-depleted HeLa cells using gamma-rays (γ-rays). The OXR1-depleted cells had higher levels of superoxide and micronucleus (MN) formation than control cells after irradiation. OXR1-overexpression alleviated the increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and MN formation after irradiation. The increased MN formation in irradiated OXR1-depleted cells was partially attenuated by the ROS inhibitor N-acetyl-L-cysteine, suggesting that OXR1-depeletion increases ROS-dependent genome instability. We also found that OXR1-depletion shortened the duration of γ-ray-induced G2/M arrest. In the presence of the cell cycle checkpoint inhibitor caffeine, the level of MN formed after irradiation was similar between control and OXR1-depleted cells, demonstrating that OXR1-depletion accelerates MN formation through abrogation of G2/M arrest. In OXR1-depleted cells, the level of cyclin D1 protein expression was increased. Here we report that OXR1 prevents genome instability by cell cycle regulation as well as oxidative stress defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ako Matsui
- Laboratory of Stress Response Biology, Department of Zoology, Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Junya Kobayashi
- Department of Genome Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Kanno
- Division of Dynamic Proteome in Cancer and Aging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazunari Hashiguchi
- Laboratory of Stress Response Biology, Department of Zoology, Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan
| | - Masahiro Miyaji
- Laboratory of Stress Response Biology, Department of Zoology, Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Stress Response Biology, Department of Zoology, Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Akira Yasui
- Division of Dynamic Proteome in Cancer and Aging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Qiu-Mei Zhang-Akiyama
- Laboratory of Stress Response Biology, Department of Zoology, Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Guo L, Yang T. Oxymatrine Inhibits the Proliferation and Invasion of Breast Cancer Cells via the PI3K Pathway. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:10499-10508. [PMID: 31853201 PMCID: PMC6916680 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s221950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Oxymatrine has been reported to possess anti-cancer activity, but its role in breast cancer (BC) is weakly defined. We investigated the anti-cancer effects of oxymatrine in human BC cells, and the underlying molecular mechanisms of these effects. Methods BC lines were treated with oxymatrine. The MTT assay was conducted to evaluate cell viability. The cell cycle and apoptosis of BC cells were analyzed using flow cytometry and Hoechst 33258 staining. Transwell™ assays were undertaken to measure the migratory and invasive abilities of MCF-7 or MDA-MB-231 cells. Expression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, cyclin D1, cluster of differentiation (CD)K2, PARP, Gsk3β, caspase-3, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2 and Bax at protein and RNA levels was measured by Western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results Oxymatrine inhibited the proliferation of BC cells in a time-dependent manner. It induced apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent way according to Annexin V and Hoechst 33258 staining. Oxymatrine could inhibit the invasion of BC cells as shown by the Transwell assay. Oxymatrine inhibited expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 while increasing that of Bax as well as increasing expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9. Addition of oxymatrine to BC cells attenuated the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway cascade, as evidenced by dephosphorylation of P13K and Akt. Conclusion Oxymatrine exerts its anti-tumor effects in BC cells by abolishing the PI3K pathway. Oxymatrine may be a new compound for BC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Guo
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Nutriology Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, LiaoNing 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengfei Yang
- The Department of Social Service, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, LiaoNing 110004, People's Republic of China
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Shen GH, Song Y, Yao Y, Sun QF, Jing B, Wu J, Li SY, Liu SQ, Li HC, Yuan C, Liu GY, Li JB, Liu XY, Wang HY. Downregulation of DLGAP1-Antisense RNA 1 Alleviates Vascular Endothelial Cell Injury Via Activation of the Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt Pathway Results from an Acute Limb Ischemia Rat Model. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2019; 59:98-107. [PMID: 31744785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2019.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the effect of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) DLGAP1 antisense RNA 1 (DLGAP1-AS1) on vascular endothelial cell (VEC) injury via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway in rat models of acute lower limb ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R). METHODS Differentially expressed lncRNAs related to I/R were screened using the gene expression omnibus database. Acute lower limb I/R models were induced in male Wistar rats, in which the regulatory mechanisms of DLGAP1-AS1 silencing were analysed after the treatment of small interfering RNA (siRNA) against DLGAP1-AS1 or an inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt pathway. The relationship between DLGAP1-AS1 and the PI3K/Akt pathway was analysed. The levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and creatine kinase (CK) activity, were measured. The number of circulating endothelial cells (CECs) and apoptosis of VECs were identified. RESULTS Microarray based analysis indicated that DLGAP1-AS1 was highly expressed in I/R, which was further confirmed by detection of expression in rat models of acute lower limb I/R. Notably, the treatment of siRNA against DLGAP1-AS1 led to the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. In response to siRNA against DLGAP1-AS1, the levels of TNF-α and VCAM-1 were decreased, and MDA concentration and CK activity was downregulated. Reduced CEC numbers and suppressed VEC apoptosis were also observed. CONCLUSION DLGAP1-AS1 silencing could further suppress the oxidative stress, exert an anti-apoptosis effect, and reduce inflammatory reaction, whereby VEC injury is alleviated by activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in rats with acute lower limb I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Hui Shen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Ye Song
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Ye Yao
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Qing-Feng Sun
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Bao Jing
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Jia Wu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Shi-Yong Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Si-Qi Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Hao-Cheng Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Gao-Yan Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Jing-Bo Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xin-Yu Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Hai-Yang Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China.
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Ozaki M. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of liver regeneration: Proliferation, growth, death and protection of hepatocytes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 100:62-73. [PMID: 31669133 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Liver regeneration is an important and necessary process that the liver depends on for recovery from injury. The regeneration process consists of a complex network of cells and organs, including liver cells (parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells) and extrahepatic organs (thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum, spleen, and autonomic nervous system). The regeneration process of a normal, healthy liver depends mainly on hepatocyte proliferation, growth, and programmed cell death. Cell proliferation and growth are regulated in a cooperative manner by interleukin (IL)-6/janus kinase (Jak)/signal transducers and activators of transcription-3 (STAT3), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K)/phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1)/Akt pathways. The IL-6/Jak/STAT3 pathway regulates hepatocyte proliferation and protects against cell death and oxidative stress. The PI3-K/PDK1/Akt pathway is primarily responsible for the regulation of cell size, sending mitotic signals in addition to pro-survival, antiapoptotic and antioxidative signals. Though programmed cell death may interfere with liver regeneration in a pathological situation, it seems to play an important role during the termination phase, even in a normal, healthy liver regeneration. However, further study is needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms regulating the processes of liver regeneration with regard to cell-to-cell and organ-to-organ networks at the molecular and cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michitaka Ozaki
- Department of Biological Response and Regulation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, N12, W5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.
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Rouhani M, Ramshini S, Omidi M. The Psychiatric Drug Lithium Increases DNA Damage and Decreases Cell Survival in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cell Lines Expos ed to Ionizing Radiation. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2019; 12:301-310. [DOI: 10.2174/1874467212666190503151753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. Radiation therapy
is used for treating almost every stage of breast cancer. A strategy to reduce irradiation side effects and
to decrease the recurrence of cancer is concurrent use of radiation and radiosensitizers. We studied the
effect of the antimanic drug lithium on radiosensitivity of estrogen-receptor (ER)-positive MCF-7 and
ER-negative, invasive, and radioresistant MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines.
Methods:
MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines were treated with 30 mM and 20 mM
concentrations of lithium chloride (LiCl), respectively. These concentrations were determined by
MTT viability assay. Growth curves were depicted and comet assay was performed for control and
LiCl-treated cells after exposure to X-ray. Total and phosphorylated inactive levels of glycogen
synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3β) protein were determined by ELISA assay for control and treated
cells.
Results:
Treatment with LiCl decreased cell proliferation after exposure to X-ray as indicated by
growth curves of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines within six days following radiation. Such
treatment increased the amount of DNA damages represented by percent DNA in Tails of comets at
0, 1, 4, and even 24 hours after radiation in both studied cell lines. The amount of active GSK-3β
was increased in LiCl-treated cells in ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancer cell lines.
Conclusion:
Treatment with LiCl that increased the active GSK-3β protein, increased DNA damages
and decreased survival independent of estrogen receptor status in breast cancer cells exposed to
ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rouhani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Samira Ramshini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Maryam Omidi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
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2,5-Dimethylcelecoxib prevents isoprenaline-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and cardiac fibroblast activation by inhibiting Akt-mediated GSK-3 phosphorylation. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 168:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Nagy T, Fisi V, Frank D, Kátai E, Nagy Z, Miseta A. Hyperglycemia-Induced Aberrant Cell Proliferation; A Metabolic Challenge Mediated by Protein O-GlcNAc Modification. Cells 2019; 8:E999. [PMID: 31466420 PMCID: PMC6769692 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hyperglycemia has been associated with an increased prevalence of pathological conditions including cardiovascular disease, cancer, or various disorders of the immune system. In some cases, these associations may be traced back to a common underlying cause, but more often, hyperglycemia and the disturbance in metabolic balance directly facilitate pathological changes in the regular cellular functions. One such cellular function crucial for every living organism is cell cycle regulation/mitotic activity. Although metabolic challenges have long been recognized to influence cell proliferation, the direct impact of diabetes on cell cycle regulatory elements is a relatively uncharted territory. Among other "nutrient sensing" mechanisms, protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification emerged in recent years as a major contributor to the deleterious effects of hyperglycemia. An increasing amount of evidence suggest that O-GlcNAc may significantly influence the cell cycle and cellular proliferation. In our present review, we summarize the current data available on the direct impact of metabolic changes caused by hyperglycemia in pathological conditions associated with cell cycle disorders. We also review published experimental evidence supporting the hypothesis that O-GlcNAc modification may be one of the missing links between metabolic regulation and cellular proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Nagy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Viktória Fisi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Frank
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7621 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Emese Kátai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Nagy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Attila Miseta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
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Zhou Y, Zhang L, Fu X, Jiang Z, Tong R, Shi J, Li J, Zhong L. Design, Synthesis and in Vitro Tumor Cytotoxicity Evaluation of 3,5-Diamino-N-substituted Benzamide Derivatives as Novel GSK-3β Small Molecule Inhibitors. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1900304. [PMID: 31338947 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) plays an important regulatory role in various signaling pathways; such as PI3 K/AKT, which is closely related to the occurrence and development of tumors. At present, the most reported active GSK-3 inhibitors have the same structure: lactam ring or amide structure. To find out the GSK-3β small molecule inhibitor with novel, safe, efficient and more uncomplicated synthesis method, we analyzed in-depth reported crystal-binding patterns of GSK-3β small molecule inhibitor with GSK-3β protein, and designed and synthesized 17 non-reported 3,5-diamino-N-substituted benzamide compounds. Their structures were confirmed by 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, and HR-MS. The preliminary screening of tumor cytotoxicity of compounds in vitro was detected by MTT, and their structure-activity relationships were illustrated. The results have shown that 3,5-diamino-N-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzamide (4d) exhibited significant tumor cytotoxicity against human colon cancer cells (HCT-116) with IC50 of 8.3 μm and showed commendable selectivity to GSK-3β. In addition, Compound 4d induced apoptosis to some extent and possessed modest PK properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Zhou
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 West Second Section First Ring Road, Chengdu, 610072, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 West Second Section First Ring Road, Chengdu, 610072, P. R. China
| | - Xiujuan Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medicinal University, No. 319 Section 3, Zhongshan Road, Luzhou, 646000, P. R. China
| | - Zhongliang Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, USA
| | - Rongsheng Tong
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 West Second Section First Ring Road, Chengdu, 610072, P. R. China
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 West Second Section First Ring Road, Chengdu, 610072, P. R. China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhong
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 West Second Section First Ring Road, Chengdu, 610072, P. R. China
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45
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Zhang S, Qian G, Zhang QQ, Yao Y, Wang D, Chen ZG, Wang LJ, Chen M, Sun SY. mTORC2 Suppresses GSK3-Dependent Snail Degradation to Positively Regulate Cancer Cell Invasion and Metastasis. Cancer Res 2019; 79:3725-3736. [PMID: 31142514 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) positively regulates cell invasion and metastasis by enhancing translation of Snail. A connection between mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) and cell invasion and metastasis has also been suggested, yet the underlying biology or mechanism is largely unknown and thus is the focus of this study. Inhibition of mTOR with both mTOR inhibitors and knockdown of key components of mTORC, including rictor, Sin1, and raptor, decreased Snail protein levels. Inhibition of mTOR enhanced the rate of Snail degradation, which could be rescued by inhibition of the proteasome. Critically, inhibition of mTORC2 (by knocking down rictor) but not mTORC1 (by knocking down raptor) enhanced Snail degradation. Therefore, only mTORC2 inhibition induces Snail proteasomal degradation, resulting in eventual Snail reduction. Interestingly, inhibition of GSK3 but not SCF/β-TrCP rescued the Snail reduction induced by mTOR inhibitors, suggesting GSK3-dependent, but SCF/β-TrCP-independent proteasomal degradation of Snail. Accordingly, mTOR inhibitors elevated E-cadherin levels and suppressed cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro and metastasis in vivo. Collectively, this study reveals that mTORC2 positively regulates Snail stability to control cell invasion and metastasis. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings delineate a new regulation mechanism of Snail, an important master regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Guoqing Qian
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Qian-Qian Zhang
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Basic Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yuying Yao
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Basic Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Zhuo G Chen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Li-Jing Wang
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Basic Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Mingwei Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Yong Sun
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Abolghasemi M, Yousefi T, Maniati M, Qujeq D. The interplay of Klotho with signaling pathway and microRNAs in cancers. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:14306-14317. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Abolghasemi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran
- Student Research Committee Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran
| | - Tooba Yousefi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran
- Student Research Committee Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran
| | - Mahmood Maniati
- Assistant Professor of the English Department Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Ahvaz Iran
| | - Durdi Qujeq
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran
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Wood DJ, Endicott JA. Structural insights into the functional diversity of the CDK-cyclin family. Open Biol 2019; 8:rsob.180112. [PMID: 30185601 PMCID: PMC6170502 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their characterization as conserved modules that regulate progression through the eukaryotic cell cycle, cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) in higher eukaryotic cells are now also emerging as significant regulators of transcription, metabolism and cell differentiation. The cyclins, though originally characterized as CDK partners, also have CDK-independent roles that include the regulation of DNA damage repair and transcriptional programmes that direct cell differentiation, apoptosis and metabolic flux. This review compares the structures of the members of the CDK and cyclin families determined by X-ray crystallography, and considers what mechanistic insights they provide to guide functional studies and distinguish CDK- and cyclin-specific activities. Aberrant CDK activity is a hallmark of a number of diseases, and structural studies can provide important insights to identify novel routes to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Wood
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Jane A Endicott
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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48
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Acikgoz E, Güler G, Camlar M, Oktem G, Aktug H. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition in glioblastoma multiforme cells induces apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and changing biomolecular structure. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 209:150-164. [PMID: 30388586 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant and aggressive primary human brain tumors. The regulatory pathways of apoptosis are altered in GBMs, leading to a survival advantage of the tumor cells. Thus, identification of target molecules, which are effective in triggering of the cell death mechanisms in GBM, is an essential strategy for therapeutic purposes. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) plays an important role in apoptosis, proliferation and cell cycle. This study focused on the effect of GSK-3 inhibitor IX in the GBM cells. Apoptosis induction was determined by Annexin-V assay, multicaspase activity and immunofluorescence analyses. Concentration-dependent effects of GSK-3 inhibitor IX on the cell cycle were also evaluated. Moreover, the effect of GSK inhibitor on the cellular biomolecules was assessed by using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Our assay results indicated that GSK-3 inhibitor IX induces apoptosis, resulting in a significant increase in the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-8 proteins. Cell cycle analyses revealed that GSK-3 inhibitor IX leads to dose-dependent G2/M-phase cell cycle arrest. Based on the FTIR data, treatment of GBM cells causes dysregulation in the carbohydrate metabolism and induces apoptotic cell death which was characterized by the spectral alterations in nucleic acids, an increment in the lipid amount with disordering state and compositional changes in the cellular proteins. These findings suggest that GSK-3 inhibitor IX exhibits anti-cancer effects by inducing apoptosis and changing biomolecular structure of membrane lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and proteins, and thus, may be further evaluated as a potential effective candidate agent for the GBM combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Acikgoz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University, 65080 Van, Turkey.
| | - Günnur Güler
- Center for Drug Research & Development and Pharmacokinetic Applications (ARGEFAR), Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Mahmut Camlar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sağlık Bilimleri University Izmir Tepecik Education and Research Hospital, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Gulperi Oktem
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Aktug
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
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49
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Zhang ZQ, Chen J, Huang WQ, Ning D, Liu QM, Wang C, Zhang L, Ren L, Chu L, Liang HF, Fan HN, Zhang BX, Chen XP. FAM134B induces tumorigenesis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via Akt signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:792-810. [PMID: 30556279 PMCID: PMC6441892 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fam134b (JK‐1, RETREG1) was first identified as an oncogene in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. However, the roles of FAM134B during tumorigenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and in epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) were previously unclear. In this study, we investigated the function of FAM134B in HCC and the related tumorigenesis mechanisms, as well as how FAM134B induces EMT. We detected the expression of FAM134B in a normal hepatic cell line, HCC cell lines, fresh specimens, and a HCC tissue microarray. A retrospective study of 122 paired HCC tissue microarrays was used to analyze the correlation between FAM134B and clinical features. Gain‐ and loss‐of‐function experiments, rescue experiments, Akt pathway activator/inhibitors, nude mice xenograft models, and nude mice lung metastasis models were used to determine the underlying mechanisms of FAM134B in inducing tumorigenesis and EMT in vitro and in vivo. The expression level of FAM134B was highly elevated in HCC, as compared with that in normal liver tissues and normal hepatic cells. Overexpression of FAM134B was significantly associated with tumor size (P = 0.025), pathological vascular invasion (P = 0.026), differentiation grade (P = 0.023), cancer recurrence (P = 0.044), and portal vein tumor thrombus (P = 0.036) in HCC. Patients with high expression of FAM134B had shorter overall survival and disease‐free survival than patients with non‐high expression of FAM134B. Furthermore, knockdown of FAM134B with shRNAs inhibited cell growth and motility, as well as tumor formation and metastasis in nude mice, all of which were promoted by overexpression of FAM134B. Our study demonstrated that Fam134b is an oncogene that plays a crucial role in HCC via the Akt signaling pathway with subsequent glycogen synthase kinase‐3β phosphorylation, accumulation of β‐catenin, and stabilization of Snail, which promotes tumorigenesis, EMT, and tumor metastasis in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Qi Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health, Wuhan, China.,Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health, Wuhan, China.,Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Wan-Qiu Huang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health, Wuhan, China.,Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Deng Ning
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiu-Meng Liu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health, Wuhan, China.,Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health, Wuhan, China.,Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health, Wuhan, China.,Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Ren
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Liang Chu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health, Wuhan, China.,Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui-Fang Liang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health, Wuhan, China.,Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai-Ning Fan
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Bi-Xiang Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health, Wuhan, China.,Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Chen
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health, Wuhan, China.,Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
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50
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Portman N, Alexandrou S, Carson E, Wang S, Lim E, Caldon CE. Overcoming CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance in ER-positive breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:R15-R30. [PMID: 30389903 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Three inhibitors of CDK4/6 kinases were recently FDA approved for use in combination with endocrine therapy, and they significantly increase the progression-free survival of patients with advanced estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer in the first-line treatment setting. As the new standard of care in some countries, there is the clinical emergence of patients with breast cancer that is both CDK4/6 inhibitor and endocrine therapy resistant. The strategies to combat these cancers with resistance to multiple treatments are not yet defined and represent the next major clinical challenge in ER+ breast cancer. In this review, we discuss how the molecular landscape of endocrine therapy resistance may affect the response to CDK4/6 inhibitors, and how this intersects with biomarkers of intrinsic insensitivity. We identify the handful of pre-clinical models of acquired resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors and discuss whether the molecular changes in these models are likely to be relevant or modified in the context of endocrine therapy resistance. Finally, we consider the crucial question of how some of these changes are potentially amenable to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Portman
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah Alexandrou
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emma Carson
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shudong Wang
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Elgene Lim
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Elizabeth Caldon
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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