1
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Christopoulou ME, Aletras AJ, Papakonstantinou E, Stolz D, Skandalis SS. WISP1 and Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in Respiratory Inflammation: Novel Insights and Therapeutic Potentials for Asthma and COPD. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:10049. [PMID: 39337534 PMCID: PMC11432718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms251810049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements highlight the intricate interplay between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and immune responses, notably in respiratory diseases such as asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). The ECM, a dynamic structural framework within tissues, orches-trates a plethora of cellular processes, including immune cell behavior and tissue repair mecha-nisms. WNT1-inducible-signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP1), a key ECM regulator, controls immune cell behavior, cytokine production, and tissue repair by modulating integrins, PI3K, Akt, β-catenin, and mTOR signaling pathways. WISP1 also induces macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) expression via Src kinases and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation. MIF, through its wide range of activities, enhances inflammation and tissue restructuring. Rec-ognized for its versatile roles in regulating the immune system, MIF interacts with multiple immune components, such as the NLRP3 inflammasome, thereby sustaining inflammatory pro-cesses. The WISP1-MIF axis potentially unveils complex molecular mechanisms governing im-mune responses and inflammation. Understanding the intricate roles of WISP1 and MIF in the pathogenesis of chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma and COPD could lead to the identi-fication of novel targets for therapeutic intervention to alleviate disease severity and enhance patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Elpida Christopoulou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Clinic of Pneumology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexios J Aletras
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Eleni Papakonstantinou
- Clinic of Pneumology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daiana Stolz
- Clinic of Pneumology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Spyros S Skandalis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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2
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Tümen D, Heumann P, Huber J, Hahn N, Macek C, Ernst M, Kandulski A, Kunst C, Gülow K. Unraveling Cancer's Wnt Signaling: Dynamic Control through Protein Kinase Regulation. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2686. [PMID: 39123414 PMCID: PMC11312265 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16152686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the initial identification of oncogenic Wnt in mice and Drosophila, the Wnt signaling pathway has been subjected to thorough and extensive investigation. Persistent activation of Wnt signaling exerts diverse cancer characteristics, encompassing tumor initiation, tumor growth, cell senescence, cell death, differentiation, and metastasis. Here we review the principal signaling mechanisms and the regulatory influence of pathway-intrinsic and extrinsic kinases on cancer progression. Additionally, we underscore the divergences and intricate interplays of the canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways and their critical influence in cancer pathophysiology, exhibiting both growth-promoting and growth-suppressing roles across diverse cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Karsten Gülow
- Department of Internal Medicine I Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (D.T.); (N.H.)
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3
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Trinh-Minh T, Chen CW, Tran Manh C, Li YN, Zhu H, Zhou X, Chakraborty D, Zhang Y, Rauber S, Dees C, Lin NY, Kah D, Gerum R, Bergmann C, Kreuter A, Reuter C, Groeber-Becker F, Eckes B, Distler O, Fabry B, Ramming A, Schambony A, Schett G, Distler JH. Noncanonical WNT5A controls the activation of latent TGF-β to drive fibroblast activation and tissue fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e159884. [PMID: 38747285 PMCID: PMC11093613 DOI: 10.1172/jci159884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling is a core pathway of fibrosis, but the molecular regulation of the activation of latent TGF-β remains incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate a crucial role of WNT5A/JNK/ROCK signaling that rapidly coordinates the activation of latent TGF-β in fibrotic diseases. WNT5A was identified as a predominant noncanonical WNT ligand in fibrotic diseases such as systemic sclerosis, sclerodermatous chronic graft-versus-host disease, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, stimulating fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition and tissue fibrosis by activation of latent TGF-β. The activation of latent TGF-β requires rapid JNK- and ROCK-dependent cytoskeletal rearrangements and integrin αV (ITGAV). Conditional ablation of WNT5A or its downstream targets prevented activation of latent TGF-β, rebalanced TGF-β signaling, and ameliorated experimental fibrosis. We thus uncovered what we believe to be a novel mechanism for the aberrant activation of latent TGF-β in fibrotic diseases and provided evidence for targeting WNT5A/JNK/ROCK signaling in fibrotic diseases as a new therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuong Trinh-Minh
- Department of Rheumatology and
- Hiller Research Center, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, North-Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Chih-Wei Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
- German Center for Immunotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Cuong Tran Manh
- Department of Rheumatology and
- Hiller Research Center, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, North-Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Yi-Nan Li
- Department of Rheumatology and
- Hiller Research Center, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, North-Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Honglin Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
- German Center for Immunotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and
- Hiller Research Center, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, North-Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Debomita Chakraborty
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
- German Center for Immunotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and
- Hiller Research Center, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, North-Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Simon Rauber
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
- German Center for Immunotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Clara Dees
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
- German Center for Immunotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Neng-Yu Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
- German Center for Immunotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Delf Kah
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Richard Gerum
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Christina Bergmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
- German Center for Immunotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Alexander Kreuter
- Clinic for Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, HELIOS St. Elisabeth Clinic Oberhausen, North-Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Christiane Reuter
- Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies, Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC) Würzburg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Florian Groeber-Becker
- Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies, Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC) Würzburg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Beate Eckes
- Translational Matrix Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, North-Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, North-Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Oliver Distler
- Rheumaklinik, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ben Fabry
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Andreas Ramming
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
- German Center for Immunotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schambony
- Division of Developmental Biology, Biology Department, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
- German Center for Immunotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Jörg H.W. Distler
- Department of Rheumatology and
- Hiller Research Center, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, North-Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
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4
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Montazer M, Taghehchian N, Mojarrad M, Moghbeli M. Role of microRNAs in regulation of WNT signaling pathway in urothelial and prostate cancers. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Urothelial cancer (UC) and prostate cancer (PCa) are the most common cancers among men with a high ratio of mortality in advanced-stages. The higher risk of these malignancies among men can be associated with higher carcinogens exposure. Molecular pathology of UC and PCa is related to the specific mutations and aberrations in some signaling pathways. WNT signaling is a highly regulated pathway that has a pivotal role during urothelial and prostate development and homeostasis. This pathway also plays a vital role in adult stem cell niches to maintain a balance between stemness and differentiation. Deregulation of the WNT pathway is frequently correlated with tumor progression and metastasis in urothelial and prostate tumors. Therefore, regulatory factors of WNT pathways are being investigated as diagnostic or prognostic markers and novel therapeutic targets during urothelial and prostate tumorigenesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have a pivotal role in WNT signaling regulation in which there are interactions between miRNAs and WNT signaling pathway during tumor progression. Since, the miRNAs are sensitive, specific, and noninvasive, they can be introduced as efficient biomarkers of tumor progression.
Main body
In present review, we have summarized all of the miRNAs that have been involved in regulation of WNT signaling pathway in urothelial and prostate cancers.
Conclusions
It was observed that miRNAs were mainly involved in regulation of WNT signaling in bladder cancer cells through targeting the WNT ligands and cytoplasmic WNT components such as WNT5A, WNT7A, CTNNB1, GSK3β, and AXIN. Whereas, miRNAs were mainly involved in regulation of WNT signaling in prostate tumor cells via targeting the cytoplasmic WNT components and WNT related transcription factors such as CTNNB1, GSK3β, AXIN, TCF7, and LEF1. MiRNAs mainly functioned as tumor suppressors in bladder and prostate cancers through the WNT signaling inhibition. This review paves the way of introducing a noninvasive diagnostic panel of WNT related miRNAs in urothelial and prostate tumors.
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5
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Vizoso M, van Rheenen J. Diverse transcriptional regulation and functional effects revealed by CRISPR/Cas9-directed epigenetic editing. Oncotarget 2021; 12:1651-1662. [PMID: 34434494 PMCID: PMC8378768 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is an epigenetic process that controls DNA accessibility and serves as a transcriptomic switch when deposited at regulatory regions. The adequate functioning of this process is indispensable for tissue homeostasis and cell fate determination. Conversely, altered DNA methylation patterns result in abnormal gene transcription profiles that contribute to tumor initiation and progression. However, whether the consequence of DNA methylation on gene expression and cell fate is uniform regardless of the cell type or state could so far not been tested due to the lack of technologies to target DNA methylation in-situ. Here, we have taken advantage of CRISPR/dCas9 technology adapted for epigenetic editing through site-specific targeting of DNA methylation to characterize the transcriptional changes of the candidate gene and the functional effects on cell fate in different tumor settings. As a proof-of-concept, we were able to induce de-novo site-specific methylation of the gene promoter of IGFBP2 up to 90% with long-term and bona-fide inheritance by daughter cells. Strikingly, this modification led to opposing expression profiles of the target gene in different cancer cell models and affected the expression of mesenchymal genes CDH1, VIM1, TGFB1 and apoptotic marker BCL2. Moreover, methylation-induced changes in expression profiles was also accompanied by a phenotypic switch in cell migration and cell morphology. We conclude that in different cell types the consequence of DNA methylation on gene expression and cell fate can be completely different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Vizoso
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacco van Rheenen
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Liang LM, Xiong L, Cheng PP, Chen SJ, Feng X, Zhou YY, Niu Q, Wang M, Chen Q, Song LJ, Yu F, He XL, Xiang F, Wang X, Ye H, Ma WL. Splicing factor SRSF6 mediates pleural fibrosis. JCI Insight 2021; 6:146197. [PMID: 33905374 PMCID: PMC8262297 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.146197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleural fibrosis is defined as an excessive deposition of extracellular matrix that results in destruction of the normal pleural tissue architecture and compromised function. Tuberculous pleurisy, asbestos injury, and rheumatoid pleurisy are main causes of pleural fibrosis. Pleural mesothelial cells (PMCs) play a key role in pleural fibrosis. However, detailed mechanisms are poorly understood. Serine/arginine-rich protein SRSF6 belongs to a family of highly conserved RNA-binding splicing-factor proteins. Based on its known functions, SRSF6 should be expected to play a role in fibrotic diseases. However, the role of SRSF6 in pleural fibrosis remains unknown. In this study, SRSF6 protein was found to be increased in cells of tuberculous pleural effusions (TBPE) from patients, and decellularized TBPE, bleomycin, and TGF-β1 were confirmed to increase SRSF6 levels in PMCs. In vitro, SRSF6 mediated PMC proliferation and synthesis of the main fibrotic protein COL1A2. In vivo, SRSF6 inhibition prevented mouse experimental pleural fibrosis. Finally, activated SMAD2/3, increased SOX4, and depressed miRNA-506-3p were associated with SRSF6 upregulation in PMCs. These observations support a model in which SRSF6 induces pleural fibrosis through a cluster pathway, including SRSF6/WNT5A and SRSF6/SMAD1/5/9 signaling. In conclusion, we propose inhibition of the splicing factor SRSF6 as a strategy for treatment of pleural fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Mei Liang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Xiong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Health Commission of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Pei-Pei Cheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, and
| | - Shuai-Jun Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, and
| | - Xiao Feng
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, and
| | - Ya-Ya Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Health Commission of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Niu
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Health Commission of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, and
| | - Qianlan Chen
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin-Jie Song
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Health Commission of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Health Commission of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin-Liang He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Health Commission of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Xiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Health Commission of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Health Commission of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Ye
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Health Commission of China, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, and
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Health Commission of China, Wuhan, China
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7
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Li Q, Chen X, Chen L, Yan H, Li J. LINC00173 promotes the apoptosis of hypertrophic scar fibroblasts through increasing β-catenin expression. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 476:1005-1014. [PMID: 33141309 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03966-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the involvement of long intergenic nonprotein coding RNA 173 (LINC00173) in several pathological disorders. However, the function of LINC00173 in the hypertrophic scar is not well understood. This study confirmed that the two transcript variants of TSV1 and TSV2 were both upregulated in hypertrophic scar fibroblasts. The overexpression of TSV1 or TSV2 promoted the apoptosis of fibroblasts, whereas the overexpression of TSV2 inhibited the proliferation of fibroblasts. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showed that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling might be involved in the role of LINC00173 in hypertrophic scar pathogenesis. Furthermore, the protein expression of β-catenin was upregulated in the TSV1 or TSV2 overexpression group. Overall, the study demonstrated that LINC00173 promoted the apoptosis of fibroblasts through increasing β-catenin expression, suggesting that LINC00173 might be a new target for hypertrophic scar treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Plastic & Cosmetic Surgery, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), 123rd Tianfei Street, Mochou Road, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Caridology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Plastic & Cosmetic Surgery, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), 123rd Tianfei Street, Mochou Road, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Plastic & Cosmetic Surgery, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), 123rd Tianfei Street, Mochou Road, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Plastic & Cosmetic Surgery, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), 123rd Tianfei Street, Mochou Road, Nanjing, 210004, China.
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8
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Heo HJ, Park SY, Lee YS, Shin HK, Hong KW, Kim CD. Combination therapy with cilostazol, aripiprazole, and donepezil protects neuronal cells from β-amyloid neurotoxicity through synergistically enhanced SIRT1 expression. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 24:299-310. [PMID: 32587124 PMCID: PMC7317180 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2020.24.4.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multi-faceted neurodegenerative disease. Thus, current therapeutic strategies require multitarget-drug combinations to treat or prevent the disease. At the present time, single drugs have proven to be inadequate in terms of addressing the multifactorial pathology of AD, and multitarget-directed drug design has not been successful. Based on these points of views, it is judged that combinatorial drug therapies that target several pathogenic factors may offer more attractive therapeutic options. Thus, we explored that the combination therapy with lower doses of cilostazol and aripiprazole with add-on donepezil (CAD) might have potential in the pathogenesis of AD. In the present study, we found the superior efficacies of donepezil add-on with combinatorial mixture of cilostazol plus aripiprazole in modulation of expression of AD-relevant genes: Aβ accumulation, GSK-3β, P300, acetylated tau, phosphorylated-tau levels, and activation of α-secretase/ADAM 10 through SIRT1 activation in the N2a Swe cells expressing human APP Swedish mutation (N2a Swe cells). We also assessed that CAD synergistically raised acetylcholine release and choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) expression that were declined by increased β-amyloid level in the activated N2a Swe cells. Consequently, CAD treatment synergistically increased neurite elongation and improved cell viability through activations of PI3K, BDNF, β-catenin and a7-nicotinic cholinergic receptors in neuronal cells in the presence of Aβ1-42. This work endorses the possibility for efficient treatment of AD by supporting the synergistic therapeutic potential of donepezil add-on therapy in combination with lower doses of cilostazol and aripiprazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Heo
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Korea.,Gene & Cell Therapy Research Center for Vessel-associated Diseases, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - So Youn Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Korea.,Gene & Cell Therapy Research Center for Vessel-associated Diseases, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Yi Sle Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Korea.,Gene & Cell Therapy Research Center for Vessel-associated Diseases, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Hwa Kyoung Shin
- Department of Korean Medical Science, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Ki Whan Hong
- Gene & Cell Therapy Research Center for Vessel-associated Diseases, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Chi Dae Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Korea.,Gene & Cell Therapy Research Center for Vessel-associated Diseases, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
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9
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Lee YS, Park SY, Heo HJ, Lee WS, Hong KW, Kim CD. Multitarget-directed cotreatment with cilostazol and aripiprazole for augmented neuroprotection against oxidative stress-induced toxicity in HT22 mouse hippocampal cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 857:172454. [PMID: 31202803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular dysfunction is crucially associated with cognitive impairment and a high prevalence of psychotic symptoms in the vascular dementia characterized by oxidative stress and multifactorial neurodegeneration. In this study, the significant decrease in BDNF expression in HT22 cells due to H2O2 (0.25 mM) was little affected by either aripiprazole (1 μM) or cilostazol (1 μM) alone, but significantly increased by cotreatment with both drugs. Even in the presence of H2O2, P-CK2α (Tyr 255), nuclear P-CREB (Ser 133), and nuclear P-β-catenin (Ser 675) levels were significantly increased in a synergistic manner by aripiprazole plus cilostazol cotreatment. Aripiprazole and cilostazol cotreatment synergistically increased P-GSK-3β (Ser 9) level. Nrf2/HO-1 expression was significantly elevated time- and concentration-dependently by either aripiprazole or cilostazol. In line with these, concurrent treatment with aripiprazole (1 μM) plus cilostazol (1 μM) significantly increased Nrf2 and HO-1 expression in a synergistic manner, accompanying with increased ARE luciferase activity, while each drug monotherapy showed little effects. Consequently, this cotreatment synergistically ameliorated the attenuated neurite outgrowth induced by H2O2 in the HT22 cells, and these were inhibited by K252A (inhibitor of BDNF receptor), TBCA (CK2 inhibitor), imatinib (β-catenin inhibitor) and ZnPP (inhibitor of HO-1), indicating that BDNF, P-CK2α, β-catenin and HO-1 activation are implicated in the enhanced neurite outgrowth. This study highlights that cotreatment with low concentrations of aripiprazole and cilostazol synergistically elicits neuroprotective effects by overcoming oxidative stress-evoked neurotoxicity associated with increased neurite outgrowth, providing a rationale for the use of this combinatorial treatment in vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sle Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea; Gene & Cell Therapy Research Center for Vessel-associated Diseases, Pusan National University, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - So Youn Park
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea; Gene & Cell Therapy Research Center for Vessel-associated Diseases, Pusan National University, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Heo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea; Gene & Cell Therapy Research Center for Vessel-associated Diseases, Pusan National University, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Suk Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea; Gene & Cell Therapy Research Center for Vessel-associated Diseases, Pusan National University, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Whan Hong
- Gene & Cell Therapy Research Center for Vessel-associated Diseases, Pusan National University, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Dae Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea; Gene & Cell Therapy Research Center for Vessel-associated Diseases, Pusan National University, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Gutzman JH, Graeden E, Brachmann I, Yamazoe S, Chen JK, Sive H. Basal constriction during midbrain-hindbrain boundary morphogenesis is mediated by Wnt5b and focal adhesion kinase. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio.034520. [PMID: 30305282 PMCID: PMC6262868 DOI: 10.1242/bio.034520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal constriction occurs at the zebrafish midbrain–hindbrain boundary constriction (MHBC) and is likely a widespread morphogenetic mechanism. 3D reconstruction demonstrates that MHBC cells are wedge-shaped, and initially constrict basally, with subsequent apical expansion. wnt5b is expressed in the MHB and is required for basal constriction. Consistent with a requirement for this pathway, expression of dominant negative Gsk3β overcomes wnt5b knockdown. Immunostaining identifies focal adhesion kinase (Fak) as active in the MHB region, and knockdown demonstrates Fak is a regulator of basal constriction. Tissue specific knockdown further indicates that Fak functions cell autonomously within the MHBC. Fak acts downstream of wnt5b, suggesting that Wnt5b signals locally as an early step in basal constriction and acts together with more widespread Fak activation. This study delineates signaling pathways that regulate basal constriction during brain morphogenesis. Summary: Focal adhesion kinase acts downstream of Wnt5b to mediate basal constriction of neuroepithelial cells during the formation of the midbrain–hindbrain boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellie Graeden
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Isabel Brachmann
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sayumi Yamazoe
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - James K Chen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hazel Sive
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA .,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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11
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Neuroprotection by aripiprazole against β-amyloid-induced toxicity by P-CK2α activation via inhibition of GSK-3β. Oncotarget 2017; 8:110380-110391. [PMID: 29299155 PMCID: PMC5746390 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychosis is reported over 30% of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in clinics. Aripiprazole is an atypical antipsychotic drug with partial agonist activity at the D2 dopamine and 5-HT1A receptors with low side-effect profile. We identified aripiprazole is able to overcome the amyloid-β (Aβ)-evoked neurotoxicity and then increase the cell viability. This study elucidated the mechanism(s) by which aripiprazole ameliorates Aβ1-42-induced decreased neurite outgrowth and viability in neuronal cells. Pretreatment with aripiprazole increased Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA and protein expressions in N2a cells. Additionally, phosphorylated casein kinase 2α at Y 255 (P-CK2α) was increased in time- and concentration-dependent manners. Furthermore, Aβ1-42-induced decreased BDNF and P-CK2α expression were increased over control level by aripiprazole. Subsequently, Aβ1-42-induced decreased levels of phosphorylated glycogen synthase-3β at Ser9 (P-GSK-3β) and nuclear P-β-catenin (Ser675) were elevated by aripiprazole, which were inhibited by K252A (inhibitor of BDNF receptor) and tetrabromocinnamic acid (TBCA, CK2 inhibitor), indicating that BDNF and P-CK2α activation are implicated in the aripiprazole effects. Expressions of cyclin D1 and insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) mRNA were increased by aripiprazole; even in the presence of Aβ1-42, which was blocked by K252A and TBCA. In CK2α gene-silenced N2a cells, aripiprazole failed to increase P-GSK-3β and P-β-catenin expressions. Consequently, aripiprazole ameliorated Aβ1-42-induced attenuation of neurite elongation in HT22 cells, and this effect was blocked by both TBCA and imatinib. Decreased viability induced by Aβ1-42 was recovered by aripiprazole. These findings provide evidence supporting that aripiprazole can provide an effective therapeutic strategy against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in AD-associated psychosis.
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12
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Implication of downregulation and prospective pathway signaling of microRNA-375 in lung squamous cell carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2017; 213:364-372. [PMID: 28214218 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is one of the most typical cancers in the world. Altered expression profiles of microRNA-375(miR-375) are linked to many diseases including lung cancer. However, the relationship between miR-375 and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) is controversial. METHODS We first evaluated the 23 LUSCs and the paired normal lung tissues by qRT-PCR. Then we analyzed the LUSC samples with miR-375 expression based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis was performed to explore the biological role of miR-375 in LUSC. RESULTS The expression of miR-375 was remarkably reduced in LUSC tissues compared with that in paired lung tissues by qRT-PCR (P=0.003). Additionally, the TCGA dataset suggested that miR-375 was significantly downregulated in 478 LUSC tissues compared with 45 normal lung tissues (P<0.0001), as well as the result derived from GEO datasets (the pooled SMD=-1.01; 95%CIs-1.66 to -0.33, P=0.004). Furthermore, a total of 1348 miR-375-related differently expressed genes were identified by the analytical integration, which were involved in critical pathways of LUSC like neuron differentiation, plasma membrane part and sequence-specific DNA binding. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway examination also unveiled the involvement of target genes in morphine addiction and drug metabolism- other enzymes and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction. Finally, the expression of WNT5A was inversely correlated with miR-375 expression according to TCGA dataset (r=-0.2342, P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS miR-375 exerts a strong tumor-suppressive effect in LUSC and provided novel insight into the biological function in tumorigenesis and progression of LUSC.
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13
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Kumawat K, Gosens R. WNT-5A: signaling and functions in health and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:567-87. [PMID: 26514730 PMCID: PMC4713724 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2076-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
WNT-5A plays critical roles in a myriad of processes from embryonic morphogenesis to the maintenance of post-natal homeostasis. WNT-5A knock-out mice fail to survive and present extensive structural malformations. WNT-5A predominantly activates β-catenin-independent WNT signaling cascade but can also activate β-catenin signaling to relay its diverse cellular effects such as cell polarity, migration, proliferation, cell survival, and immunomodulation. Moreover, aberrant WNT-5A signaling is associated with several human pathologies such as cancer, fibrosis, and inflammation. Thus, owing to its diverse functions, WNT-5A is a crucial signaling molecule currently under intense investigation with efforts to not only delineate its signaling mechanisms and functions in physiological and pathological conditions, but also to develop strategies for its therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Kumawat
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Reinoud Gosens
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Bo H, Gao L, Chen Y, Zhang J, Zhu M. Upregulation of the expression of Wnt5a promotes the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in a nude mouse model. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:1163-71. [PMID: 26648282 PMCID: PMC4732830 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt proteins are a group of secreted signaling proteins, which function to regulate cell fate and pattern formation during embryogenesis. Altered expression of Wnt5a has been implicated in human carcinogenesis and tumor progression. A previous study identified that Wnt5a is overexpressed in human pancreatic cancer tissues, and that upregulated expression of Wnt5a promotes tumor cell migration and invasion. The present study investigated the role of Wnt5a in pancreatic cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in an orthotopic nude mouse model. Wnt5a cDNA or small interfering RNA were stably transfected into pancreatic cancer cells to assess cell proliferation-associated behaviors, including cell viability, colony formation and apoptosis in vitro, as well as tumor cell growth in an orthotopic nude mouse model. Western blot analysis was used to analyze the expression of Wnt signaling molecules. The data showed that upregulation of the expression of Wnt5a significantly promoted proliferation of the human pancreatic cells, but inhibited tumor cell apoptosis in vitro and promoted tumor growth in an orthotopic nude mouse model. By contrast, knockdown of the expression of Wnt5a inhibited cell growth and promoted apoptosis of the pancreatic cancer cells. The data also revealed that β-catenin mediated the effects of Wnt5a on the regulation of pancreatic cancer cell apoptosis in vitro. These results suggested that Wnt5a is involved in the modulation of pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, and that Wnt5a may be a potential target for pancreatic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiji Bo
- Department of Pathology, No. 455 Hospital of PLA, Shanghai 200052, P.R. China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Minghua Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
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15
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Wnt pathway in Dupuytren disease: connecting profibrotic signals. Transl Res 2015; 166:762-771.e3. [PMID: 26470681 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A role of Wnt signaling in Dupuytren disease, a fibroproliferative disease of the hand and fingers, has not been fully elucidated. We examined a large set of Wnt pathway components and signaling targets and found significant dysregulation of 41 Wnt-related genes in tissue from the Dupuytren nodules compared with patient-matched control tissue. A large proportion of genes coding for Wnt proteins themselves was downregulated. However, both canonical Wnt targets and components of the noncanonical signaling pathway were upregulated. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that protein expression of Wnt1-inducible secreted protein 1 (WISP1), a known Wnt target, was increased in nodules compared with control tissue, but knockdown of WISP1 using small interfering RNA (siRNA) in the Dupuytren myofibroblasts did not confirm a functional role. The protein expression of noncanonical pathway components Wnt5A and VANGL2 as well as noncanonical coreceptors Ror2 and Ryk was increased in nodules. On the contrary, the strongest downregulated genes in this study were 4 antagonists of Wnt signaling (DKK1, FRZB, SFRP1, and WIF1). Downregulation of these genes in the Dupuytren tissue was mimicked in vitro by treating normal fibroblasts with transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), suggesting cross talk between different profibrotic pathways. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated knockdown of these antagonists in normal fibroblasts led to increased nuclear translocation of Wnt target β-catenin in response to TGF-β1 treatment. In conclusion, we have shown extensive dysregulation of Wnt signaling in affected tissue from Dupuytren disease patients. Components of both the canonical and the noncanonical pathways are upregulated, whereas endogenous antagonists are downregulated, possibly via interaction with other profibrotic pathways.
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16
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Oursler MJ, Westendorf JJ, Weivoda MM, Ruan M, Hachfeld CM, Howe A, Davey R, Zajac J, Williams BO, Khosla S. Response to Wnt Signaling Pathways. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:2135-6. [PMID: 26309234 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Merry Jo Oursler
- Endocrine Research Unit and Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Megan M Weivoda
- Endocrine Research Unit and Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ming Ruan
- Endocrine Research Unit and Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Christine M Hachfeld
- Endocrine Research Unit and Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alan Howe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Rachel Davey
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Zajac
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bart O Williams
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Sundeep Khosla
- Endocrine Research Unit and Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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17
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Wnt5A regulates ABCB1 expression in multidrug-resistant cancer cells through activation of the non-canonical PKA/β-catenin pathway. Oncotarget 2015; 5:12273-90. [PMID: 25401518 PMCID: PMC4322984 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance in cancer cells arises from altered drug permeability of the cell. We previously reported activation of the Wnt pathway in ABCB1-overexpressed human uterus sarcoma drug-resistant MES-SA/Dx5 cells through active β-catenin and associated transactivation activities, and upregulation of Wnt-targeting genes. In this study, Wnt5A was found to be significantly upregulated in MES-SA/Dx5 and MCF7/ADR2 cells, suggesting an important role for the Wnt5A signaling pathway in cancer drug resistance. Higher cAMP response elements and Tcf/Lef transcription activities were shown in the drug-resistant cancer cells. However, expression of Wnt target genes and CRE activities was downregulated in Wnt5A shRNA stably-transfected MES-SA/Dx5 cells. Cell viability of the drug-resistant cancer cells was also reduced by doxorubicin treatment and Wnt5A shRNA transfection, or by Wnt5A depletion. The in vitro data were supported by immunohistochemical analysis of 24 paired breast cancer biopsies obtained pre- and post-chemotherapeutic treatment. Wnt5A, VEGF and/or ABCB1 were significantly overexpressed after treatment, consistent with clinical chemoresistance. Taken together, the Wnt5A signaling pathway was shown to contribute to regulating the drug-resistance protein ABCB1 and β-catenin-related genes in antagonizing the toxic effects of doxorubicin in the MDR cell lines and in clinical breast cancer samples.
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18
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Viale-Bouroncle S, Klingelhöffer C, Ettl T, Reichert T, Morsczeck C. A protein kinase A (PKA)/β-catenin pathway sustains the BMP2/DLX3-induced osteogenic differentiation in dental follicle cells (DFCs). Cell Signal 2015; 27:598-605. [PMID: 25530217 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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19
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Zhang M, Mahoney E, Zuo T, Manchanda PK, Davuluri RV, Kirschner LS. Protein kinase A activation enhances β-catenin transcriptional activity through nuclear localization to PML bodies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109523. [PMID: 25299576 PMCID: PMC4192022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Protein Kinase A (PKA) and Wnt signaling cascades are fundamental pathways involved in cellular development and maintenance. In the osteoblast lineage, these pathways have been demonstrated functionally to be essential for the production of mineralized bone. Evidence for PKA-Wnt crosstalk has been reported both during tumorigenesis and during organogenesis, and the nature of the interaction is thought to rely on tissue and cell context. In this manuscript, we analyzed bone tumors arising from mice with activated PKA caused by mutation of the PKA regulatory subunit Prkar1a. In primary cells from these tumors, we observed relocalization of β-catenin to intranuclear punctuate structures, which were identified as PML bodies. Cellular redistribution of β-catenin could be recapitulated by pharmacologic activation of PKA. Using 3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts as a model system, we found that PKA phosphorylation sites on β-catenin were required for nuclear re-localization. Further, β-catenin's transport to the nucleus was accompanied by an increase in canonical Wnt-dependent transcription, which also required the PKA sites. PKA-Wnt crosstalk in the cells was bi-directional, including enhanced interactions between β-catenin and the cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) and transcriptional crosstalk between the Wnt and PKA signaling pathways. Increases in canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling were associated with a decrease in the activity of the non-canonical Wnt/Ror2 pathway, which has been shown to antagonize canonical Wnt signaling. Taken together, this study provides a new understanding of the complex regulation of the subcellular distribution of β-catenin and its differential protein-protein interaction that can be modulated by PKA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Emilia Mahoney
- Department of Molecular, Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tao Zuo
- Department of Molecular, Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Parmeet K. Manchanda
- Department of Molecular, Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ramana V. Davuluri
- Department of Molecular, Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lawrence S. Kirschner
- Department of Molecular, Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Formosa R, Vassallo J. cAMP signalling in the normal and tumorigenic pituitary gland. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 392:37-50. [PMID: 24845420 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
cAMP signalling plays a key role in the normal physiology of the pituitary gland, regulating cellular growth and proliferation, hormone production and release. Deregulation of the cAMP signalling pathway has been reported to be a common occurrence in pituitary tumorigenesis. Several mechanisms have been implicated including somatic mutations, gene-gene interactions and gene-environmental interactions. Somatic mutations in G-proteins and protein kinases directly alter cAMP signalling, while malfunctioning of other signalling pathways such as the Raf/MAPK/ERK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Wnt pathways which normally interact with the cAMP pathway may mediate indirect effects on cAMP and varying downstream effectors. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor signalling pathway has been implicated in pituitary tumorigenesis and we review its role in general and specifically in relation to cAMP de-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Formosa
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Level 0, Block A, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida MSD2080, Malta.
| | - J Vassallo
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Level 0, Block A, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida MSD2080, Malta.
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21
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Amini AA, Nair LS. Recombinant human lactoferrin as a biomaterial for bone tissue engineering: mechanism of antiapoptotic and osteogenic activity. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:897-905. [PMID: 24352833 PMCID: PMC4053819 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin is a bioactive globular protein with unique properties towards musculo-skeletal cells and anabolic to bone in vivo. Even though the potent anti-apoptotic and osteogenic activity of lactoferrin has been reported, the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated. The study demonstrates that the anti-apoptotic effect of rhLF towards MC3T3 pre-osteoblast cells is mediated by Wnt5a/PKA pathway and the stabilization of β-catenin by rhLF is dependent on PKA/LRP6 signaling pathway. The study also investigates the feasibility of developing rhLF as a biomaterial for cell delivery. The injectable rhLF cell delivery vehicles are prepared by enzymatic crosslinking of tyramine-modified rhLF in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and horseradish peroxidase. The modified rhLF shows bioactivity similar to unmodified rhLF. The rhLF gels support encapsulated MC3T3 cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation, as well as phosphorylation of signaling proteins. In conclusion, the study demonstrates the involvement of Wnt5a, LRP6, and PKA signaling in rhLF-mediated bioactivity towards MC3T3 cells and the feasibility of developing an injectable cell delivery vehicle from rhLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A. Amini
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut – 06030
| | - Lakshmi S. Nair
- Department of Orthopeadic Surgery, Institute for Regenerative Engineering, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut – 06030
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Material Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut – 06269
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22
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Yap LF, Ahmad M, Zabidi MMA, Chu TL, Chai SJ, Lee HM, Lim PVH, Wei W, Dawson C, Teo SH, Khoo ASB. Oncogenic effects of WNT5A in Epstein-Barr virus‑associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2014; 44:1774-80. [PMID: 24626628 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular events that drive the progression of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) are still to be elucidated. Here, we report for the first time the pathogenic significance of an NPC-associated gene, wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 5A (WNT5A) and the contribution of EBV to its expression. WNT5A is a representative Wnt protein that activates non-canonical Wnt signalling. With regard to its role in carcinogenesis, there is conflicting evidence as to whether WNT5A has a tumour-promoting or tumour-suppressive role. We show that WNT5A is upregulated in primary NPC tissue samples. We also demonstrate that WNT5A expression was dramatically increased in NPC cell lines expressing the EBV-encoded LMP2A gene, suggesting that this EBV-encoded latent gene is responsible for upregulating WNT5A in NPC. In addition, in vitro WNT5A overexpression promotes the proliferation, migration and invasion of NPC cells. Our results not only reveal pro-tumorigenic effects of WNT5A in NPC but also suggest that WNT5A could be an important therapeutic target in patients with EBV-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Fah Yap
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences and Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Munirah Ahmad
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Tai Lin Chu
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - San Jiun Chai
- Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hui Min Lee
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences and Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Wenbin Wei
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Soo-Hwang Teo
- Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Alan Soo Beng Khoo
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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23
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Amin H, Vachris J, Hamilton A, Steuerwald N, Howden R, Arthur ST. GSK3β inhibition and LEF1 upregulation in skeletal muscle following a bout of downhill running. J Physiol Sci 2014; 64:1-11. [PMID: 23963660 PMCID: PMC10717853 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-013-0284-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Canonical Wnt signaling is important in skeletal muscle repair but has not been well characterized in response to physiological stimuli. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of downhill running (DHR) on components of Wnt signaling. Young, male C57BL/J6 mice were exposed to DHR. Muscle injury and repair (MCadherin) were measured in soleus. Gene and protein expression of Wnt3a, active β-catenin, GSK3β, and LEF1 were measured in gastrocnemius. Muscle injury increased 6 days post-DHR and MCadherin protein increased 5 days post-DHR. Total and active GSK3β protein decreased 3 days (9-fold and 3.6-fold, respectively) post-DHR. LEF1 protein increased 6 days (5-fold) post-DHR. DHR decreased GSK3β and increased LEF1 protein expression, but did not affect other components of Wnt signaling. Due to their applicability, using models of physiological stimuli such as DHR will provide significant insight into cellular mechanisms within muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiral Amin
- Molecular Biology Core Facility, Cannon Research Center, Charlotte, NC USA
| | - Judy Vachris
- Molecular Biology Core Facility, Cannon Research Center, Charlotte, NC USA
| | - Alicia Hamilton
- Molecular Biology Core Facility, Cannon Research Center, Charlotte, NC USA
| | - Nury Steuerwald
- Molecular Biology Core Facility, Cannon Research Center, Charlotte, NC USA
| | - Reuben Howden
- Laboratory of Systems Physiology, Department of Kinesiology, UNC Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223 USA
| | - Susan Tsivitse Arthur
- Laboratory of Systems Physiology, Department of Kinesiology, UNC Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223 USA
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Yan J, Zheng M, Zhang D. Chrysophanol Liposome Preconditioning Protects against Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion
Injury by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Mice. INT J PHARMACOL 2013. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2014.55.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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25
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Kim JE, Won CH, Bak H, Kositratna G, Manstein D, Dotto GP, Chang SE. Gene Profiling Analysis of the Early Effects of Ablative Fractional Carbon Dioxide Laser Treatment on Human Skin. Dermatol Surg 2013; 39:1033-43. [DOI: 10.1111/dsu.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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26
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Jang MW, Yun SP, Park JH, Ryu JM, Lee JH, Han HJ. Cooperation of Epac1/Rap1/Akt and PKA in prostaglandin E(2) -induced proliferation of human umbilical cord blood derived mesenchymal stem cells: involvement of c-Myc and VEGF expression. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:3756-67. [PMID: 22378492 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) is well known to regulate cell functions through cAMP; however, the role of exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac1) and protein kinase A (PKA) in modulating such functions is unknown in human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs). Therefore, we investigated the relationship between Epac1 and PKA during PGE(2)-induced hUCB-MSC proliferation and its related signaling pathways. PGE(2) increased cell proliferation, and E-type prostaglandin (EP) 2 receptor mRNA expression level and activated cAMP generation, which were blocked by EP2 receptor selective antagonist AH 6809. PGE(2) increased Epac1 expression, Ras-related protein 1 (Rap1) activation level, and Akt phosphorylation, which were inhibited by AH 6809, adenylyl cyclase inhibitor SQ 22536, and Epac1/Rap1-specific siRNA. Also, PGE(2) increased PKA activity, which was inhibited by AH 6809, SQ 22536, and PKA inhibitor PKI. HUCB-MSCs were incubated with the Epac agonist 8-pCPT-cAMP or the PKA agonist 6-phe-cAMP to examine whether Epac1/Rap1/Akt activation was independent of PKA activation. 8-pCPT-cAMP increased Akt phosphorylation but not PKA activity. 6-Phe-cAMP increased PKA activity, but not Akt phosphorylation. Additionally, an Akt inhibitor or PKA inhibitor (PKI) did not block the PGE(2) -induced increase in PKA activity or Akt phosphorylation, respectively. Moreover, PGE(2) increased glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of active-β-catenin, which were inhibited by Akt inhibitor or/and PKI. PGE(2) increased c-Myc and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression levels, which were blocked by β-catenin siRNA. In conclusion, PGE(2) stimulated hUCB-MSC proliferation through β-catenin-mediated c-Myc and VEGF expression via Epac/Rap1/Akt and PKA cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Woo Jang
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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27
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Rashid ST, Humphries JD, Byron A, Dhar A, Askari JA, Selley JN, Knight D, Goldin RD, Thursz M, Humphries MJ. Proteomic analysis of extracellular matrix from the hepatic stellate cell line LX-2 identifies CYR61 and Wnt-5a as novel constituents of fibrotic liver. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:4052-64. [PMID: 22694338 PMCID: PMC3411196 DOI: 10.1021/pr3000927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and subsequent
uncontrolled
accumulation of altered extracellular matrix (ECM) underpin liver
fibrosis, a wound healing response to chronic injury, which can lead
to organ failure and death. We sought to catalogue the components
of fibrotic liver ECM to obtain insights into disease etiology and
aid identification of new biomarkers. Cell-derived ECM was isolated
from the HSC line LX-2, an in vitro model of liver
fibrosis, and compared to ECM from human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs)
as a control. Mass spectrometry analyses of cell-derived ECMs identified,
with ≥99% confidence, 61 structural ECM or secreted proteins
(48 and 31 proteins for LX-2 and HFF, respectively). Gene ontology
enrichment analysis confirmed the enrichment of ECM proteins, and
hierarchical clustering coupled with protein–protein interaction
network analysis revealed a subset of proteins enriched to fibrotic
ECM, highlighting the existence of cell type-specific ECM niches.
Thirty-six proteins were enriched to LX-2 ECM as compared to HFF ECM,
of which Wnt-5a and CYR61 were validated by immunohistochemistry in
human and murine fibrotic liver tissue. Future studies will determine
if these and other components may play a role in the etiology of hepatic
fibrosis, serve as novel disease biomarkers, or open up new avenues
for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tamir Rashid
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, and Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Abstract
The non-canonical Wnt/Ca(2+) signaling cascade is less characterized than their canonical counterpart, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways are diverse, defined as planer cell polarity pathway, Wnt-RAP1 signaling pathway, Wnt-Ror2 signaling pathway, Wnt-PKA pathway, Wnt-GSK3MT pathway, Wnt-aPKC pathway, Wnt-RYK pathway, Wnt-mTOR pathway, and Wnt/calcium signaling pathway. All these pathways exhibit a considerable degree of overlap between them. The Wnt/Ca(2+) signaling pathway was deciphered as a crucial mediator in development. However, now there is substantial evidence that the signaling cascade is involved in many other molecular phenomena. Many aspects of Wnt/Ca(2+) pathway are yet enigmatic. This review will give a brief overview of the fundamental and evolving concepts of the Wnt/Ca(2+) signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antara De
- Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India.
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29
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Chua AWC, Gan SU, Ting Y, Fu Z, Lim CK, Song C, Sabapathy K, Phan TT. Keloid fibroblasts are more sensitive to Wnt3a treatment in terms of elevated cellular growth and fibronectin expression. J Dermatol Sci 2011; 64:199-209. [PMID: 22005028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current evidence suggests the potential role of Wnt signalling in keloids pathogenesis but such literature remains scanty. We hypothesize that Wnt signalling is upregulated in keloid fibroblasts (KFs) and this promotes cellular growth, migration and extracellular matrix (ECM) production in such fibroblasts. OBJECTIVES To verify the downregulation of secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1), a Wnt inhibitor and test KFs sensitivity to Wnt3a treatment compared to NFs in terms of activation of Wnt/β-catenin, cellular growth, migration and ECM expressions. Next, to investigate if ectopic expression of SFRP1 and treatment of quercetin in KFs can reverse their phenotypes. METHODS Quantitative Real-time PCR and western blotting were used to verify SFRP1 expression in NFs and KFs. The fibroblasts were tested with Wnt3a conditioned media and its effects were tested for (1) the cells' sensitivity to direct Wnt signalling via the activation of TCF reporter assay and protein expression of β-catenin, (2) cellular growth, (3) cell migration and (4) expressions of ECM components. Finally KFs were stably transduced with SFRP1 and treated with 2 doses of quercetin. RESULTS Lower levels of SFRP1 were confirmed at mRNA and protein levels in KFs which partly explained their sensitivity to Wnt3a treatment in terms of higher Wnt activation, cellular growth and fibronectin expression. Interestingly, Wnt3a did not promote higher cell migration rate and increase in collagen I expression. Ectopic expression of SFRP1 and quercetin treatment was able to mitigate Wnt3a-mediated phenotype of KFs. CONCLUSIONS Using SFRP1 or inhibitors of Wnt signalling might be one of the therapeutic solutions to treat keloid scarring.
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30
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Schulte G. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXX. The class Frizzled receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 62:632-67. [PMID: 21079039 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.002931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor class Frizzled, which has recently been categorized as a separate group of G protein-coupled receptors by the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, consists of 10 Frizzleds (FZD(1-10)) and Smoothened (SMO). The FZDs are activated by secreted lipoglycoproteins of the Wingless/Int-1 (WNT) family, whereas SMO is indirectly activated by the Hedgehog (HH) family of proteins acting on the transmembrane protein Patched (PTCH). Recent years have seen major advances in our knowledge about these seven-transmembrane-spanning proteins, including: receptor function, molecular mechanisms of signal transduction, and the receptor's role in embryonic patterning, physiology, cancer, and other diseases. Despite intense efforts, many question marks and challenges remain in mapping receptor-ligand interaction, signaling routes, mechanisms of specificity and how these molecular details underlie disease and also the receptor's important role in physiology. This review therefore focuses on the molecular aspects of WNT/FZD and HH/SMO signaling discussing receptor structure, mechanisms of signal transduction, accessory proteins, receptor dynamics, and the possibility of targeting these signaling pathways pharmacologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Schulte
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Dept. of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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31
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Desarnaud F, Geck P, Parkin C, Carpinito G, Makarovskiy AN. Gene expression profiling of the androgen independent prostate cancer cells demonstrates complex mechanisms mediating resistance to docetaxel. Cancer Biol Ther 2011; 11:204-12. [PMID: 21057205 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.11.2.13750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms conferring resistance to docetaxel in prostate cancer patients remain partially understood. We generated docetaxel resistant derivatives of the androgen independent prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 and DU-145. Docetaxel rapidly induces DU-145 cell death via apoptosis and the drug resistant cells were produced by periodically exposing proliferating DU-145 cultures to small doses of docetaxel. In PC-3 cells docetaxel induces delayed cell death via mitotic catastrophe evident by profound multinucleation and formation of giant cells. Mononucleated progeny of the giant PC-3 cells shows significant resistance to docetaxel. Gene expression profiling of these docetaxel resistant PC-3 cells revealed sets of docetaxel inducible and constitutively expressed genes associated with major cancer pathways. A contradictory overlap with DU-145 docetaxel resistant cells was also found. Analyses suggested significant changes associated with apoptotic function, DNA repair, cell growth, survival and proliferation, metabolism, maintenance of cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix formation. These cellular processes often contribute to drug resistance and our study identified a set of genes managing this phenotype. Additional analyses of the drug resistant PC-3 cells using shRNA constructs determined direct relevance of Cyclin G2 to docetaxel resistance as well as prevention of multinucleation, whereas the knockdown of upregulated CYP1B1 showed no effect on either of these processes. Downregulated GBP1 was explored by ectopic overexpression and even though GBP1 has a potential to mediate resistance to docetaxel, it was not utilized in PC-3 cells. The results suggest complex combination of gene expression pattern changes that enables resistance to docetaxel while preventing death via multinucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Desarnaud
- Department of Urology, Tufts Medical Center/Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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32
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Lai HY, Yang MJ, Wen KC, Chao KC, Shih CC, Lee OK. Mesenchymal stem cells negatively regulate dendritic lineage commitment of umbilical-cord-blood-derived hematopoietic stem cells: an unappreciated mechanism as immunomodulators. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:2987-97. [PMID: 20545555 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their immunomodulatory functions, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have great potential for clinical applications to prevent rejection in organ transplantation and to prevent graft-versus-host disease in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation. Since dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in modulating diverse T cell responses, including rejection and graft-versus-host disease, the goal of this study was to investigate whether MSCs modulate DC differentiation from HSCs and if this effect could be one of the mechanisms for MSCs' immune-modulating functions. Our results demonstrate that differentiation of HSCs into mature DCs is inhibited in the presence of MSCs. Similar frequency of dendritic precursors in the cultures, either with or without MSCs, suggests that the inhibition of MSCs on the differentiation of mature DCs from HSCs could be due to the arresting of maturation at the dendritic precursor step. Reduced levels of cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and beta-catenin in DC-like cells from the cocultures are detected, suggesting that induction of apoptosis and inhibition of differentiation could be the basis for the inhibition of mature DCs from HSCs by MSCs. Further, our results demonstrate that DCs derived from HSCs in the presence of MSCs are functionally impaired, especially for those after direct contact with MSCs. To investigate the basis of functional impairment, our data show downregulated tumor necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta1 secretion and upregulated interleukin-6 (IL6) and IL1beta secretion in the cultures with MSCs. Together, MSCs can inhibit differentiation of mature DCs from HSCs by arresting them at the precursor stage and induce their apoptosis. Further, HSC-derived DCs in the presence of MSCs are functionally impaired, which could be partly due to the upregulation of IL6 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Yu Lai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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33
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The role of R-spondin2 in keratinocyte proliferation and epidermal thickening in keloid scarring. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 131:644-54. [PMID: 21160497 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Keloids are found only in humans and the underlying biochemical mechanisms of their pathogenesis remain unknown. R-spondins (Rspos) are a relatively new group of secreted proteins known to be Wnt/β-catenin signaling agonists, but their role in keloids has yet to be elucidated. We investigated the expression levels of R-spondin2 (Rspo2) in cell lysates and conditioned media of monocultures and co-cultures of fibroblasts and keratinocytes derived from keloids and normal skin. In this study we found increased protein expression and secretion of Rspo2 in respective monocultures of keloid fibroblasts and keratinocytes when compared with their normal counterparts. Double-chamber co-culture experiments implicated the role of keloid keratinocytes (KKs) in the induction of Rspo2 secretion from fibroblasts because of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Addition of recombinant human Rspo2 in culture increased the proliferation of keratinocytes and it acted synergistically with Wnt3a through the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Overexpression of Rspo2 in normal fibroblasts brought about thicker epidermis when compared with control fibroblasts in a skin organotypic culture model. This observation coincides with the hyperproliferative phenotype of thickened epidermis seen in keloids. Taken together, the results suggest the possible double paracrine action of KKs in inducing higher expression of Rspo2 in fibroblasts that promotes keratinocyte proliferation and epidermal thickening.
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Wong VSC, Yeung A, Schultz W, Brubaker PL. R-spondin-1 is a novel beta-cell growth factor and insulin secretagogue. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:21292-302. [PMID: 20442404 PMCID: PMC2898385 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.129874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
R-spondin-1 (Rspo1) is an intestinal growth factor known to exert its effects through activation of the canonical Wnt (cWnt) signaling pathway and subsequent expression of cWnt target genes. We have detected Rspo1 mRNA in murine islets and the murine MIN6 and betaTC beta-cell lines, and Rspo1 protein in MIN6 beta-cells. Rspo1 activated cWnt signaling in MIN6 beta-cells by increasing nuclear beta-catenin and c-myc, a cWnt target gene. Rspo1 also induced insulin mRNA expression in MIN6 cells. Analysis of MIN6 and mouse beta-cell proliferation by [(3)H]thymidine and BrdU incorporation, respectively, revealed that Rspo1 stimulated cell growth. Incubation of MIN6 and mouse beta-cells with cytokines (IL1beta/TNFalpha/interferon-gamma) significantly increased cellular apoptosis; this increase was abolished by pretreatment with Rspo1. Rspo1 also stimulated insulin secretion in a glucose-independent fashion. We further demonstrated that the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, exendin4 (EX4), stimulated Rspo1 mRNA transcript levels in MIN6 cells in a glucose-, time-, dose-, and PI3-kinase-dependent fashion. This effect was not limited to this beta-cell line, as similar time-dependent increases in Rspo1 were also observed in the betaTC beta-cell line and mouse islets in response to EX4 treatment. Together, these studies demonstrate that Rspo1 is a novel beta-cell growth factor and insulin secretagogue that is regulated by EX4. These findings suggest that Rspo1 and the cWnt signaling pathway may serve as a novel target to enhance beta-cell growth and function in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Patricia L. Brubaker
- From the Departments of Physiology and
- Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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35
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Park CH, Moon Y, Shin CM, Chung JH. Cyclic AMP suppresses matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression through inhibition of MAPK and GSK-3beta. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:2049-56. [PMID: 20357815 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) is stimulated by diverse stimuli and is likely to be regulated by many signaling pathways. cAMP is known to act as a second messenger for various extracellular stimuli and to be involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation. Here, we investigated the effect of cAMP on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced MMP-1 expression and the molecular events involved in the processes in human skin fibroblasts. We showed that cAMP suppresses TNF-alpha-induced MMP-1 expression via protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. cAMP inhibited TNF-alpha-stimulated ERK and JNK activation, which was shown to have an important role in MMP-1 expression. However, MMP-1 expression could also be inhibited by cAMP even when ERK and JNK activities were unaffected, indicating that there might be other target(s) that mediate cAMP-mediated suppression of MMP-1 expression. Further studies revealed that glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3beta can be inactivated by cAMP/PKA pathway and has important roles in MMP-1 expression, and showed that inactivation of GSK-3beta is critical for suppression of MMP-1 expression by cAMP elevation after TNF-alpha treatment. Taken together, our results suggest that cAMP/PKA pathway can suppress MMP-1 expression through inhibition of multiple signaling pathways, including MAPK and GSK-3beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hyun Park
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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36
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Mechanisms of protein kinase A anchoring. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 283:235-330. [PMID: 20801421 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(10)83005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which is produced by adenylyl cyclases following stimulation of G-protein-coupled receptors, exerts its effect mainly through the cAMP-dependent serine/threonine protein kinase A (PKA). Due to the ubiquitous nature of the cAMP/PKA system, PKA signaling pathways underlie strict spatial and temporal control to achieve specificity. A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) bind to the regulatory subunit dimer of the tetrameric PKA holoenzyme and thereby target PKA to defined cellular compartments in the vicinity of its substrates. AKAPs promote the termination of cAMP signals by recruiting phosphodiesterases and protein phosphatases, and the integration of signaling pathways by binding additional signaling proteins. AKAPs are a heterogeneous family of proteins that only display similarity within their PKA-binding domains, amphipathic helixes docking into a hydrophobic groove formed by the PKA regulatory subunit dimer. This review summarizes the current state of information on compartmentalized cAMP/PKA signaling with a major focus on structural aspects, evolution, diversity, and (patho)physiological functions of AKAPs and intends to outline newly emerging directions of the field, such as the elucidation of AKAP mutations and alterations of AKAP expression in human diseases, and the validation of AKAP-dependent protein-protein interactions as new drug targets. In addition, alternative PKA anchoring mechanisms employed by noncanonical AKAPs and PKA catalytic subunit-interacting proteins are illustrated.
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Hundsrucker C, Skroblin P, Christian F, Zenn HM, Popara V, Joshi M, Eichhorst J, Wiesner B, Herberg FW, Reif B, Rosenthal W, Klussmann E. Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta interaction protein functions as an A-kinase anchoring protein. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:5507-21. [PMID: 20007971 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.047944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) include a family of scaffolding proteins that target protein kinase A (PKA) and other signaling proteins to cellular compartments and thereby confine the activities of the associated proteins to distinct regions within cells. AKAPs bind PKA directly. The interaction is mediated by the dimerization and docking domain of regulatory subunits of PKA and the PKA-binding domain of AKAPs. Analysis of the interactions between the dimerization and docking domain and various PKA-binding domains yielded a generalized motif allowing the identification of AKAPs. Our bioinformatics and peptide array screening approaches based on this signature motif identified GSKIP (glycogen synthase kinase 3beta interaction protein) as an AKAP. GSKIP directly interacts with PKA and GSK3beta (glycogen synthase kinase 3beta). It is widely expressed and facilitates phosphorylation and thus inactivation of GSK3beta by PKA. GSKIP contains the evolutionarily conserved domain of unknown function 727. We show here that this domain of GSKIP and its vertebrate orthologues binds both PKA and GSK3beta and thereby provides a mechanism for the integration of PKA and GSK3beta signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hundsrucker
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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38
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Surmann-Schmitt C, Widmann N, Dietz U, Saeger B, Eitzinger N, Nakamura Y, Rattel M, Latham R, Hartmann C, von der Mark H, Schett G, von der Mark K, Stock M. Wif-1 is expressed at cartilage-mesenchyme interfaces and impedes Wnt3a-mediated inhibition of chondrogenesis. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:3627-37. [PMID: 19755491 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.048926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt factors are involved in the regulation of all steps of cartilage development. The activity of Wnt factors is generally regulated at the extracellular level by factors like the Dkk family, sFRPs, Cerberus and Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (Wif-1). Here we report that Wif-1 is highly expressed at cartilage-mesenchyme interfaces of the early developing skeleton. In fetal and postnatal skeletal development, Wif-1 is expressed in a sharply restricted zone in the upper hyaline layer of epiphyseal and articular cartilage and in trabecular bone. Coimmunoprecipitation and pull-down assays using recombinant Wif-1 and Wnt factors show specific binding of Wif-1 to Wnt3a, Wnt4, Wnt5a, Wnt7a, Wnt9a and Wnt11. Moreover, Wif-1 was able to block Wnt3a-mediated activation of the canonical Wnt signalling pathway. Consequently, Wif-1 impaired growth of mesenchymal precursor cells and neutralised Wnt3a-mediated inhibition of chondrogenesis in micromass cultures of embryonic chick limb-bud cells. These results identify Wif-1 as a novel extracellular Wnt modulator in cartilage biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordula Surmann-Schmitt
- Department of Experimental Medicine I, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
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Ge X, Ma X, Meng J, Zhang C, Ma K, Zhou C. Role of Wnt-5A in interleukin-1β-induced matrix metalloproteinase expression in rabbit temporomandibular joint condylar chondrocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:2714-22. [DOI: 10.1002/art.24779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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40
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Hansen C, Howlin J, Tengholm A, Dyachok O, Vogel WF, Nairn AC, Greengard P, Andersson T. Wnt-5a-induced phosphorylation of DARPP-32 inhibits breast cancer cell migration in a CREB-dependent manner. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:27533-43. [PMID: 19651774 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.048884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cell migration plays a central role in the process of cancer metastasis. We recently identified dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa (DARPP-32) as an antimigratory phosphoprotein in breast cancer cells. Here we link this effect of DARPP-32 to Wnt-5a signaling by demonstrating that recombinant Wnt-5a triggers cAMP elevation at the plasma membrane and Thr34-DARPP-32 phosphorylation in MCF-7 cells. In agreement, both protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors and siRNA-mediated knockdown of Frizzled-3 receptor or Galpha(s) expression abolished Wnt-5a-induced phosphorylation of DARPP-32. Furthermore, Wnt-5a induced DARPP-32-dependent inhibition of MCF-7 cell migration. Phospho-Thr-34-DARPP-32 interacted with protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) and potentiated the Wnt-5a-mediated phosphorylation of CREB, a well-known PP1 substrate, but had no effect on CREB phosphorylation by itself. Moreover, inhibition of the Wnt-5a/DARPP-32/CREB pathway, by expression of dominant negative CREB (DN-CREB), diminished the antimigratory effect of Wnt-5a-induced phospho-Thr-34-DARPP-32. Phalloidin-staining revealed that that the presence of phospho-Thr-34-DARPP-32 in MCF-7 cells results in reduced filopodia formation. In accordance, the activity of the Rho GTPase Cdc42, known to be crucial for filopodia formation, was reduced in MCF-7 cells expressing phospho-Thr-34-DARPP-32. The effects of DARPP-32 on cell migration and filopodia formation could be reversed in T47D breast cancer cells that were depleted of their endogenous DARPP-32 by siRNA targeting. Consequently, Wnt-5a activates a Frizzled-3/Galpha(s)/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway that triggers a DARPP-32- and CREB-dependent antimigratory response in breast cancer cells, representing a novel mechanism whereby Wnt-5a can inhibit breast cancer cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hansen
- Experimental Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, CRC, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
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41
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Abstract
Wnt-5a is one of the most highly investigated non-canonical Wnts and has been implicated in almost all aspects of non-canonical Wnt signalling. In terms of cancer development, Wnt-5a has, until recently, lived in the shadow of its better-characterised relatives. This was largely because of its apparent inability to transform cells or signal through the canonical beta-catenin pathway that is so important in cancer, particularly colorectal cancer. Recent work in a wide range of human tumours has pointed to a critical role for Wnt-5a in malignant progression, but there is conflicting evidence whether Wnt-5a has a tumour-promoting or -suppressing role. Emerging evidence suggests that the functions of Wnt-5a can be drastically altered depending on the availability of key receptors. Hence, the presence or absence of these receptors may go some way to explain the conflicting role of Wnt-5a in different cancers. This review summarises our current understanding of Wnt-5a and cancer.
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Vuga LJ, Ben-Yehudah A, Kovkarova-Naumovski E, Oriss T, Gibson KF, Feghali-Bostwick C, Kaminski N. WNT5A is a regulator of fibroblast proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 41:583-9. [PMID: 19251946 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0201oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) is a specific histopathologic pattern of interstitial lung fibrosis that may be idiopathic or secondary to autoimmune diseases and environmental exposures. In this study, we compared gene expression patterns in primary fibroblasts isolated from lung tissues with UIP histology and fibroblasts isolated from lung tissues with normal histology using expression microarrays. We found that WNT5A was significantly increased in fibroblasts obtained from UIP lung tissues compared with normal lung fibroblasts, an observation verified by quantitative real-time RT-PCR and Western blot. Because the role of WNT5A in UIP is unknown, we treated normal lung fibroblasts or UIP lung fibroblasts with WNT5A, and found that WNT5A increased proliferation as well as relative resistance to H2O2-induced apoptosis. This effect was not mediated through the canonical WNT/beta-catenin pathway, as WNT5A induced a decrease in beta-catenin levels in the same cells. In addition, WNT5A induced increases in fibronectin and alpha(5)-integrin in normal lung fibroblasts. Collectively, our data suggest that WNT5A may play a role in fibroblast expansion and survival characteristics of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other fibrotic interstitial lung diseases that exhibit UIP histological patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J Vuga
- Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Diseases, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Sen M, Ghosh G. Transcriptional outcome of Wnt-Frizzled signal transduction in inflammation: evolving concepts. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:4441-5. [PMID: 18802045 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.7.4441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Wnt-Frizzled signaling was first identified as a key event in Drosophila development. Over the years, ample evidence has accumulated regarding the multiple roles of Wnt-Frizzled signaling in mammalian cell differentiation and tissue/organ morphogenesis. It is thus not surprising that variations in the regulatory network of the Wnt signaling scheme would lead to alterations in cellular organization and cell activation and to the development of pathogenic conditions. Several reports have accordingly implied the involvement of Wnt-Frizzled signaling in the activation of proinflammatory mediators in inflammatory disorders. We will discuss how Wnt-Frizzled signaling may initiate/augment inflammation, focusing on its transcriptional outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malini Sen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.
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