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In Vivo Models and In Vitro Assays for the Assessment of Pertussis Toxin Activity. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080565. [PMID: 34437436 PMCID: PMC8402560 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main virulence factors produced by Bordetella pertussis is pertussis toxin (PTx) which, in its inactivated form, is the major component of all marketed acellular pertussis vaccines. PTx ADP ribosylates Gαi proteins, thereby affecting the inhibition of adenylate cyclases and resulting in the accumulation of cAMP. Apart from this classical model, PTx also activates some receptors and can affect various ADP ribosylation- and adenylate cyclase-independent signalling pathways. Due to its potent ADP-ribosylation properties, PTx has been used in many research areas. Initially the research primarily focussed on the in vivo effects of the toxin, including histamine sensitization, insulin secretion and leukocytosis. Nowadays, PTx is also used in toxicology research, cell signalling, research involving the blood–brain barrier, and testing of neutralizing antibodies. However, the most important area of use is testing of acellular pertussis vaccines for the presence of residual PTx. In vivo models and in vitro assays for PTx often reflect one of the toxin’s properties or details of its mechanism. Here, the established and novel in vivo and in vitro methods used to evaluate PTx are reviewed, their mechanisms, characteristics and limitations are described, and their application for regulatory and research purposes are considered.
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Di Liberto V, Mudò G, Belluardo N. Crosstalk between receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) in the brain: Focus on heteroreceptor complexes and related functional neurotrophic effects. Neuropharmacology 2018; 152:67-77. [PMID: 30445101 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal events are regulated by the integration of several complex signaling networks in which G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are considered key players of an intense bidirectional cross-communication in the cell, generating signaling mechanisms that, at the same time, connect and diversify the traditional signal transduction pathways activated by the single receptor. For this receptor-receptor crosstalk, the two classes of receptors form heteroreceptor complexes resulting in RTKs transactivation and in growth-promoting signals. In this review, we describe heteroreceptor complexes between GPCR and RTKs in the central nervous system (CNS) and their functional effects in controlling a variety of neuronal effects, ranging from development, proliferation, differentiation and migration, to survival, repair, synaptic transmission and plasticity. In this interaction, RTKs can also recruit components of the G protein signaling cascade, creating a bidirectional intricate interplay that provides complex control over multiple cellular events. These heteroreceptor complexes, by the integration of different signals, have recently attracted a growing interest as novel molecular target for depressive disorders. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Receptor heteromers and their allosteric receptor-receptor interactions'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Di Liberto
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Mudò
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Natale Belluardo
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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Ma D, Wako Y. Evaluation of Phenolic Compounds and Neurotrophic/neuroprotective Activity of Cultivar Extracts Derived from Chrysanthemum morifolium Flowers. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.23.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongjian Ma
- Graduate School of Mechanical and Biochemical Engineering, Hachinohe Institute of Technology
| | - Yutaka Wako
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hachinohe Institute of Technology
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Kudo TA, Kanetaka H, Mochizuki K, Tominami K, Nunome S, Abe G, Kosukegawa H, Abe T, Mori H, Mori K, Takagi T, Izumi SI. Induction of neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells treated with temperature-controlled repeated thermal stimulation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124024. [PMID: 25879210 PMCID: PMC4399938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To promote the functional restoration of the nervous system following injury, it is necessary to provide optimal extracellular signals that can induce neuronal regenerative activities, particularly neurite formation. This study aimed to examine the regulation of neuritogenesis by temperature-controlled repeated thermal stimulation (TRTS) in rat PC12 pheochromocytoma cells, which can be induced by neurotrophic factors to differentiate into neuron-like cells with elongated neurites. A heating plate was used to apply thermal stimulation, and the correlation of culture medium temperature with varying surface temperature of the heating plate was monitored. Plated PC12 cells were exposed to TRTS at two different temperatures via heating plate (preset surface temperature of the heating plate, 39.5°C or 42°C) in growth or differentiating medium for up to 18 h per day. We then measured the extent of growth, neuritogenesis, or acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity (a neuronal marker). To analyze the mechanisms underlying the effects of TRTS on these cells, we examined changes in intracellular signaling using the following: tropomyosin-related kinase A inhibitor GW441756; p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor SB203580; and MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK) inhibitor U0126 with its inactive analog, U0124, as a control. While a TRTS of 39.5°C did not decrease the growth rate of cells in the cell growth assay, it did increase the number of neurite-bearing PC12 cells and AChE activity without the addition of other neuritogenesis inducers. Furthermore, U0126, and SB203580, but not U0124 and GW441756, considerably inhibited TRTS-induced neuritogenesis. These results suggest that TRTS can induce neuritogenesis and that participation of both the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways is required for TRTS-dependent neuritogenesis in PC12 cells. Thus, TRTS may be an effective technique for regenerative neuromedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tada-aki Kudo
- Division of Oral Physiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai city, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Kanetaka
- Liaison Center for Innovative Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai city, Miyagi, Japan; Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sendai city, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kentaro Mochizuki
- Cell Resource Center for Biomedical Research, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai city, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kanako Tominami
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sendai city, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shoko Nunome
- Division of Oral Dysfunction Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai city, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Genji Abe
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai city, Miyagi, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Toshiyuki Takagi
- Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, Sendai city, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Izumi
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sendai city, Miyagi, Japan; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai city, Miyagi, Japan
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SRC tyrosine kinases regulate neuronal differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells via modulation of voltage-gated sodium channel activity. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:674-87. [PMID: 25577147 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1514-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated Na(+) channel activity is vital for the proper function of excitable cells and has been indicated in nervous system development. Meanwhile, the Src family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases (SFKs) has been implicated in the regulation of Na(+) channel activity. The present investigation tests the hypothesis that Src family kinases influence neuronal differentiation via a chronic regulation of Na(+) channel functionality. In cultured mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells undergoing neural induction and terminal neuronal differentiation, SFKs showed distinct stage-specific expression patterns during the differentiation process. ES cell-derived neuronal cells expressed multiple voltage-gated Na(+) channel proteins (Nav) and underwent a gradual increase in Na(+) channel activity. While acute inhibition of SFKs using the Src family inhibitor PP2 suppressed the Na(+) current, chronic inhibition of SFKs during early neuronal differentiation of ES cells did not change Nav expression. However, a long-lasting block of SFK significantly altered electrophysiological properties of the Na(+) channels, shown as a right shift of the current-voltage relationship of the Na(+) channels, and reduced the amplitude of Na(+) currents recorded in drug-free solutions. Immunocytochemical staining of differentiated cells subjected to the chronic exposure of a SFK inhibitor, or the Na(+) channel blocker tetrodotoxin, showed no changes in the number of NeuN-positive cells; however, both treatments significantly hindered neurite outgrowth. These findings suggest that SFKs not only modulate the Na(+) channel activation acutely, but the tonic activity of SFKs is also critical for normal development of functional Na(+) channels and neuronal differentiation or maturation of ES cells.
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c-Jun N-terminal kinase in synergistic neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells mediated through P90RSK. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:153. [PMID: 24330599 PMCID: PMC4029309 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Synergistic multi-ligand treatments that can induce neuronal differentiation offer valuable strategies to regulate and modulate neurite outgrowth. Whereas the signaling pathways mediating single ligand-induced neurite outgrowth, such as Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38), have been extensively studied, the mechanisms underlying multi-ligand synergistic neurite outgrowth are poorly understood. In an attempt to gain insight into synergistic neurite outgrowth, PC12 cells were treated with one of three combinations: pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) with epidermal growth factor (EP), basic fibroblast growth factor (FP), or nerve growth factor (NP) and then challenged with the appropriate kinase inhibitors to assess the signaling pathways involved in the process. Results Response surface analyses indicated that synergistic neurite outgrowth was regulated by distinct pathways in these systems. Synergistic increases in the phosphorylation of Erk and JNK, but not Akt or P38, were observed with the three growth factor-PACAP combinations. Unexpectedly, we identified a synergistic increase in JNK phosphorylation, which was involved in neurite outgrowth in the NP and FP, but not EP, systems. Inhibition of JNK using the SP600125 inhibitor reduced phosphorylation of 90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (P90RSK) in the NP and FP, but not EP, systems. This suggested the involvement of P90RSK in mediating the differential effects of JNK in synergistic neurite outgrowth. Conclusions Taken together, these findings reveal the involvement of distinct signaling pathways in regulating neurite outgrowth in response to different synergistic growth factor-PACAP treatments. Our findings demonstrate a hitherto unrecognized mechanism of JNK-P90RSK in mediating synergistic neurite outgrowth induced by the co-treatment of growth factors and PACAP.
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Feng SF, Shi TY, Wang WN, Chen YC, Tan QR. Long-lasting effects of chronic rTMS to treat chronic rodent model of depression. Behav Brain Res 2012; 232:245-51. [PMID: 22537774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been demonstrated in the pre-clinical and clinical settings to have an antidepressant effect. However, studies on the long-lasting effect of rTMS, especially when the effect is measured after treatment has ceased for a few weeks is lacking. We examined this question in a chronic unpredicted mild stress (CUMS) rat model of depression. We gave 3 weeks of high frequency (15 Hz) rTMS, venlafaxine, or these two treatments combined to a modified CUMS paradigm, and then investigated the prolonged effect of treatments. Behavioral testing (sucrose preference test, open field test, forced swimming test, novelty suppressed feeding test), plasma hormone level, hippocampal BrdU labeling, and amount of related neurotropic factors were used to assess the effects of stress and treatments. Long-term chronic rTMS significantly reversed andehonic-like behavior, increased hippocampus cell proliferation, BDNF protein level, phosphorylation of ERK1/2 compared with CUMS rats two weeks after the cessation of rTMS treatment. However, the changes in plasma hormone level were not sustained for that amount of time. Venlafaxine had no interaction with the physical stimulation. Our results suggest that high frequency rTMS has long-lasting effects, which may have some relationship with neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-fang Feng
- Department of Psychosomatics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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Kudo TA, Kanetaka H, Mizuno K, Ryu Y, Miyamoto Y, Nunome S, Zhang Y, Kano M, Shimizu Y, Hayashi H. Dorsomorphin stimulates neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells via activation of a protein kinase A-dependent MEK-ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Genes Cells 2011; 16:1121-32. [PMID: 21988724 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2011.01556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of dorsomorphin, a selective inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, on rat PC12 pheochromocytoma cell differentiation. PC12 cells can be induced to differentiate into neuron-like cells possessing elongated neurites by nerve growth factor, BMP2, and other inducers. Cells were incubated with BMP2 and/or dorsomorphin, and the extent of neurite outgrowth was evaluated. Unexpectedly, BMP2-mediated neuritogenesis was not inhibited by co-treatment with dorsomorphin. We also found that treatment with dorsomorphin alone, but not another BMP signaling inhibitor, LDN-193189, induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. To further understand the mechanism of action of dorsomorphin, the effects of this drug on intracellular signaling were investigated using the following signaling inhibitors: the ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor U0126; the tropomyosin-related kinase A inhibitor GW441756; and the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H89. Dorsomorphin induced rapid and sustained ERK1/2 activation; however, dorsomorphin-mediated ERK1/2 activation and neuritogenesis were robustly inhibited in the presence of U0126 or H89, but not GW441756. These findings suggest that dorsomorphin has the potential to induce neuritogenesis in PC12 cells, a response that requires the activation of PKA-dependent MEK-ERK1/2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tada-aki Kudo
- Division of Oral Physiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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Phospholipase D2 activation by p38 MAP kinase is involved in neurite outgrowth. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 413:288-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.08.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zhou L, Too HP. Mitochondrial localized STAT3 is involved in NGF induced neurite outgrowth. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21680. [PMID: 21738764 PMCID: PMC3124549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) plays critical roles in neural development and is increasingly recognized as a major mediator of injury response in the nervous system. Cytokines and growth factors are known to phosphorylate STAT3 at tyrosine705 with or without the concomitant phosphorylation at serine727, resulting in the nuclear localization of STAT3 and subsequent transcriptional activation of genes. Recent evidence suggests that STAT3 may control cell function via alternative mechanisms independent of its transcriptional activity. Currently, the involvement of STAT3 mono-phosphorylated at residue serine727 (P-Ser-STAT3) in neurite outgrowth and the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. Principal Findings In this study, we investigated the role of nerve growth factor (NGF) induced P-Ser-STAT3 in mediating neurite outgrowth. NGF induced the phosphorylation of residue serine727 but not tyrosine705 of STAT3 in PC12 and primary cortical neuronal cells. In PC12 cells, serine but not tyrosine dominant negative mutant of STAT3 was found to impair NGF induced neurite outgrowth. Unexpectedly, NGF induced P-Ser-STAT3 was localized to the mitochondria but not in the nucleus. Mitochondrial STAT3 was further found to be intimately involved in NGF induced neurite outgrowth and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Conclusion Taken together, the findings herein demonstrated a hitherto unrecognized novel transcription independent mechanism whereby the mitochondria localized P-Ser-STAT3 is involved in NGF induced neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihan Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Chemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Singapore–Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Heng-Phon Too
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Chemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Singapore–Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Pyne NJ, Pyne S. Receptor tyrosine kinase-G-protein-coupled receptor signalling platforms: out of the shadow? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011; 32:443-50. [PMID: 21612832 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can form platforms in which protein signalling components specific for each receptor are shared (owing to close proximity) to produce an integrated response upon engagement of ligands. RTK-GPCR signalling platforms respond to growth factors and GPCR agonists to increase gain over and above that which is normally produced by separate receptors. They can also function to change the spatial context of signalling in response to growth factor activation. The function of RTK-GPCR signalling platforms can be modulated with conformational-specific inhibitors that stabilise defined GPCR states to abrogate both GPCR agonist- and growth factor-stimulated cell responses. In this paper, we provide an opinion of the biology and unusual pharmacology of RTK-GPCR signalling platforms and make comparisons with a more traditional model of crosstalk between RTKs and GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel J Pyne
- Cell Biology Group, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK.
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AMP-activated kinase mediates adipose stem cell-stimulated neuritogenesis of PC12 cells. Neuroscience 2011; 181:40-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Xiong Z, Jiang B, Wu PF, Tian J, Shi LL, Gu J, Hu ZL, Fu H, Wang F, Chen JG. Antidepressant Effects of a Plant-Derived Flavonoid Baicalein Involving Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases Cascade. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:253-9. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Peng-Fei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Jia Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Liang-Liang Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Jun Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Zhuang-Li Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Drug Chemistry and Evaluation (HUST)
| | - Hui Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Drug Chemistry and Evaluation (HUST)
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Drug Chemistry and Evaluation (HUST)
| | - Jian-Guo Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Drug Chemistry and Evaluation (HUST)
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Guimond MO, Roberge C, Gallo-Payet N. Fyn is involved in angiotensin II type 2 receptor-induced neurite outgrowth, but not in p42/p44mapk in NG108-15 cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2010; 45:201-12. [PMID: 20600928 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In NG108-15 cells, activation of p42/p44(mapk) is essential for induction of neurite outgrowth by angiotensin II (Ang II) type 2 receptor (AT(2)). The aim was to verify whether Fyn, a member of the Src family kinases (SFK), is involved in neurite outgrowth induced by AT(2) activation. Preincubation of cells with PP1, a general inhibitor of the SKF, decreased activation of Rap1 and p42/p44(mapk) and abolished TrkA activation by Ang II or by the AT(2) agonist, CGP42112A. NG108-15 cells were transfected with a Fyn-WT and a Fyn-DN expressing vector. Fyn-WT was sufficient to induce neurite outgrowth, although transfection with Fyn-DN abolished neurite elongation. However, the Fyn-DN form failed to affect activation of TrkA, Rap1 or p42/p44(mapk) by Ang II. Thus, although SKF activity is required to achieve AT(2)-induced activation of TrkA, Rap1 and p42/p44(mapk), Fyn is essential for AT(2) receptor-induced neurite outgrowth, but not in AT(2) signaling leading to p42/p44(mapk) activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-O Guimond
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Département de Médecine Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e Ave Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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Hatanaka M, Shibata N, Shintani N, Haba R, Hayata A, Hashimoto H, Baba A. 15d-Prostaglandin J2 Enhancement of Nerve Growth Factor–Induced Neurite Outgrowth Is Blocked by the Chemoattractant Receptor– Homologous Molecule Expressed on T-Helper Type 2 Cells (CRTH2) Antagonist CAY10471 in PC12 Cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2010; 113:89-93. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.10001sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) detect a great diversity of extracellular stimuli ranging from hormonal peptides, chemokines, neurotransmitters, lipids, nucleotides, amino acids, biogenic amines to ions. G protein-coupled pathways regulate a rich collection of biological processes involved in normal physiological function of the body as well as in pathological progression of diseases. In addition to their function in postmitotic steady-state tissues, GPCRs have been implicated in the differentiation of stem cells and tissue specific progenitor cells during development. Examples of these include the functions of nucleotides and neuropeptides in neuronal differentiation and axon growth, chemokines in lymphocyte differentiation and activation, and other GPCR-mediated processes in the differentiation of adipocytes, osteoblasts and smooth muscle cells. This review summarizes the recent advances in our understanding of the importance of GPCR-linked signaling cascades in the differentiation of different cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kepeng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, The Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Tso PH, Morris CJ, Yung LY, Ip NY, Wong YH. Multiple Gi Proteins Participate in Nerve Growth Factor-Induced Activation of c-Jun N-terminal Kinases in PC12 Cells. Neurochem Res 2008; 34:1101-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9880-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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