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Anim M, Sogkas G, Camacho-Ordonez N, Schmidt G, Elsayed A, Proietti M, Witte T, Grimbacher B, Atschekzei F. Novel hypermorphic variants in IRF2BP2 identified in patients with common variable immunodeficiency and autoimmunity. Clin Immunol 2024; 266:110326. [PMID: 39059757 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein 2 (IRF2BP2) is a transcriptional regulator, functioning a transcriptional corepressor by interacting with the interferon regulatory factor-2. The ubiquitous expression of IRF2BP2 by diverse cell types and tissues suggests its potential involvement in different cell signalling pathways. Variants inIRF2BP2have been recently identified to cause familial common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) characterized by immune dysregulation. This study investigated three rare novel variants inIRF2BP2, identified in patients with primary antibody deficiency and autoimmunity by whole exome-sequencing (WES). Following transient overexpression of EGFP-fused mutants in HEK293 cells and transfection in Jurkat cell lines, we used fluorescence microscopy, real-time PCR and Western blotting to analyze their effects on IRF2BP2 expression, subcellular localization, nuclear translocation of IRF2, and the transcriptional activation of NFκB1(p50). We found altered IRF2BP2 mRNA and protein expression levels in the mutants compared to the wild type after IRF2BP2 overexpression. In confocal fluorescence microscopy, variants in the C-terminal RING finger domain showed an irregular aggregate formation and distribution instead of the expected nuclear localization compared to the variants in the N-terminal zinc finger domain and their wildtype counterpart. Immunoblotting revealed an impaired IRF2 and NFκB1 (p50) nuclear localization in the mutants compared to the IRF2BP2 wildtype counterpart. LPS stimulation reduced IRF2BP2 mRNA expression in the variants compared to the wild type. Our findings significantly contribute to understanding the clinical significance of IRF2BP2 mutations in the pathogenesis of immunodeficiency and immune dysregulation. We observed impairment of the nuclear translocation of IRF2 and NFκB1 (p50) due to the upregulation of IRF2BP2, potentially affecting specific gene expressions involved in immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Anim
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Hannover Biomedical Research School (HBRS), Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Georgios Sogkas
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; RESIST - Cluster of Excellence 2155 to Hanover Medical School, Satellite Center Freiburg, Hanover, Germany
| | - Nadezhda Camacho-Ordonez
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Clinic of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gunnar Schmidt
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Abdulwahab Elsayed
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michele Proietti
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; RESIST - Cluster of Excellence 2155 to Hanover Medical School, Satellite Center Freiburg, Hanover, Germany.; Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Witte
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; RESIST - Cluster of Excellence 2155 to Hanover Medical School, Satellite Center Freiburg, Hanover, Germany
| | - Bodo Grimbacher
- RESIST - Cluster of Excellence 2155 to Hanover Medical School, Satellite Center Freiburg, Hanover, Germany.; Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Clinic of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany; DZIF - German Center for Infection Research, Satellite Center Freiburg, Germany
| | - Faranaz Atschekzei
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; RESIST - Cluster of Excellence 2155 to Hanover Medical School, Satellite Center Freiburg, Hanover, Germany..
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Di Mauro S, Filipe J, Facchin A, Roveri L, Addis MF, Monistero V, Piccinini R, Sala G, Pravettoni D, Zamboni C, Ceciliani F, Lecchi C. The secretome of Staphylococcus aureus strains with opposite within-herd epidemiological behavior affects bovine mononuclear cell response. Vet Res 2023; 54:120. [PMID: 38098120 PMCID: PMC10720180 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01247-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus modulates the host immune response directly by interacting with the immune cells or indirectly by secreting molecules (secretome). Relevant differences in virulence mechanisms have been reported for the secretome produced by different S. aureus strains. The present study investigated the S. aureus secretome impact on peripheral bovine mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by comparing two S. aureus strains with opposite epidemiological behavior, the genotype B (GTB)/sequence type (ST) 8, associated with a high within-herd prevalence, and GTS/ST398, associated with a low within-herd prevalence. PBMCs were incubated with different concentrations (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2.5%) of GTB/ST8 and GTS/ST398 secretome for 18 and 48 h, and the viability was assessed. The mRNA levels of pro- (IL1-β and STAT1) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10, STAT6, and TGF-β) genes, and the amount of pro- (miR-155-5p and miR-125b-5p) and anti-inflammatory (miR-146a and miR-145) miRNAs were quantified by RT-qPCR. Results showed that incubation with 2.5% of GTB/ST8 secretome increased the viability of cells. In contrast, incubation with the GTS/ST398 secretome strongly decreased cell viability, preventing any further assays. The GTB/ST8 secretome promoted PBMC polarization towards the pro-inflammatory phenotype inducing the overexpression of IL1-β, STAT1 and miR-155-5p, while the expression of genes involved in the anti-inflammatory response was not affected. In conclusion, the challenge of PBMC to the GTS/ST398 secretome strongly impaired cell viability, while exposure to the GTB/ST8 secretome increased cell viability and enhanced a pro-inflammatory response, further highlighting the different effects exerted on host cells by S. aureus strains with epidemiologically divergent behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Di Mauro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Joel Filipe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Alessia Facchin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Laura Roveri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Maria Filippa Addis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali-MILab, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Valentina Monistero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali-MILab, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Renata Piccinini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali-MILab, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Giulia Sala
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, via Livornese s.n.c, 56122, San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - Davide Pravettoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Clarissa Zamboni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ceciliani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Cristina Lecchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy.
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Kobayashi K, Omatsu N, Han L, Shan-Ni L, Nishimura T. Early effects of lipoteichoic acid from Staphylococcus aureus on milk production-related signaling pathways in mouse mammary epithelial cells. Exp Cell Res 2022; 420:113352. [PMID: 36108712 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes subclinical mastitis; lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from S. aureus causes mastitis-like adverse effects on milk production by mammary epithelial cells (MECs). Here, we investigated the early effects of LTA from S. aureus on mouse MECs using a culture model, in which MECs produced milk components and formed less permeable tight junctions (TJs). In MECs of this model, Toll-like receptor 2 (receptor for LTA), was localized on the apical membrane, similar to MECs in lactating mammary glands. LTA weakened the TJ barrier within 1 h, concurrently with localization changes of claudin 4. LTA treatment for 24 h increased αS1-casein and decreased β-casein levels. In MECs exposed to LTA, the activation level of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (major transcriptional factor for milk production) was low. LTA activated signaling pathways related to cell survival (extracellular signal-regulated kinase, heat shock protein 27, and Akt) and inflammation (p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and nuclear factor κB). Thus, LTA caused abnormalities in casein production and weakened the TJs by affecting multiple signaling pathways in MECs. LTA-induced changes in signaling pathways were not uniform in all MECs. Such complex and semi-negative actions of LTA may contribute to subclinical mastitis caused by S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Naoki Omatsu
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Liang Han
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Lu Shan-Ni
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Takanori Nishimura
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan.
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Trung NB, Nguyen TP, Hsueh HY, Loh JY, Wangkahart E, Wong ASF, Lee PT. Sterile alpha and TIR motif-containing protein 1 is a negative regulator in the anti-bacterial immune responses in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Front Immunol 2022; 13:940877. [PMID: 35928810 PMCID: PMC9344004 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the most important food fish in the world. However, the farming industry has encountered significant challenges, such as pathogen infections. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an essential role in the initiation of the innate immune system against pathogens. Sterile alpha and TIR motif-containing protein 1 (SARM1) is one of the most evolutionarily conserved TLR adaptors, and its orthologs are present in various species from worms to humans. SARM1 plays an important role in negatively regulating TIR domain-containing adaptor proteins inducing IFNβ (TRIF)-dependent TLR signaling in mammals, but its immune function remains poorly understood in fish. In this study, O. niloticus SARM1 (OnSARM1) was cloned and its evolutionary status was verified using bioinformatic analyses. mRNA expression of OnSARM1 was found at a higher level in the trunk kidney and muscle in healthy fish. The examination of its subcellular location showed that the OnSARM1 was detected only in the cytoplasm of THK cells, and colocalized with OnMyD88, OnTRIF and OnTRIF in small speckle-like condensed granules. The transcript levels of OnMyD88, OnTIRAP, OnTRIF, and downstream effectors, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, IL-12b and type I interferon (IFN)d2.13, were regulated conversely to the expression of OnSARM1 in the head kidney from Aeromonas hydrophila and Streptococcus agalactiae infected fish. Moreover, the treatment of THK cells with lysates from A. hydrophila and S. agalactiae enhanced the activity of the NF-κB promoter, but the effects were inhibited in the OnSARM1 overexpressed THK cells. Overexpression of OnSARM1 alone did not activate the NF-κB-luciferase reporter, but it suppressed OnMyD88- and OnTIRAP-mediated NF-κB promoter activity. Additionally, OnSARM1 inhibited the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines and hepcidin in A. hydrophila lysate stimulated THK cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that OnSARM1 serves as a negative regulator by inhibiting NF-κB activity, thereby influencing the transcript level of proinflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial peptides in the antibacterial responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Bao Trung
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Tan-Phat Nguyen
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Yun Hsueh
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Yan Loh
- Centre of Research for Advanced Aquaculture (CORAA), UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Eakapol Wangkahart
- Laboratory of Fish Immunology and Nutrigenomics, Applied Animal and Aquatic Sciences Research Unit, Division of Fisheries, Faculty of Technology, Mahasarakham University, Khamriang Sub-District, Mahasarakham, Thailand
| | - Alice Sui Fung Wong
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Tsang Lee
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Po-Tsang Lee,
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5
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Sanchez-Gonzalez R, Koupourtidou C, Lepko T, Zambusi A, Novoselc KT, Durovic T, Aschenbroich S, Schwarz V, Breunig CT, Straka H, Huttner HB, Irmler M, Beckers J, Wurst W, Zwergal A, Schauer T, Straub T, Czopka T, Trümbach D, Götz M, Stricker SH, Ninkovic J. Innate Immune Pathways Promote Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Recruitment to the Injury Site in Adult Zebrafish Brain. Cells 2022; 11:520. [PMID: 35159329 PMCID: PMC8834209 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The oligodendrocyte progenitors (OPCs) are at the front of the glial reaction to the traumatic brain injury. However, regulatory pathways steering the OPC reaction as well as the role of reactive OPCs remain largely unknown. Here, we compared a long-lasting, exacerbated reaction of OPCs to the adult zebrafish brain injury with a timely restricted OPC activation to identify the specific molecular mechanisms regulating OPC reactivity and their contribution to regeneration. We demonstrated that the influx of the cerebrospinal fluid into the brain parenchyma after injury simultaneously activates the toll-like receptor 2 (Tlr2) and the chemokine receptor 3 (Cxcr3) innate immunity pathways, leading to increased OPC proliferation and thereby exacerbated glial reactivity. These pathways were critical for long-lasting OPC accumulation even after the ablation of microglia and infiltrating monocytes. Importantly, interference with the Tlr1/2 and Cxcr3 pathways after injury alleviated reactive gliosis, increased new neuron recruitment, and improved tissue restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Sanchez-Gonzalez
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.S.-G.); (C.K.); (T.L.); (A.Z.); (K.T.N.); (T.D.); (S.A.); (V.S.); (M.G.)
- Department Biology II, University of Munich, 80539 München, Germany;
| | - Christina Koupourtidou
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.S.-G.); (C.K.); (T.L.); (A.Z.); (K.T.N.); (T.D.); (S.A.); (V.S.); (M.G.)
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 München, Germany
- Graduate School Systemic Neurosciences, LMU, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Tjasa Lepko
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.S.-G.); (C.K.); (T.L.); (A.Z.); (K.T.N.); (T.D.); (S.A.); (V.S.); (M.G.)
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 München, Germany
- Graduate School Systemic Neurosciences, LMU, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Alessandro Zambusi
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.S.-G.); (C.K.); (T.L.); (A.Z.); (K.T.N.); (T.D.); (S.A.); (V.S.); (M.G.)
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 München, Germany
- Graduate School Systemic Neurosciences, LMU, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Klara Tereza Novoselc
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.S.-G.); (C.K.); (T.L.); (A.Z.); (K.T.N.); (T.D.); (S.A.); (V.S.); (M.G.)
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 München, Germany
- Graduate School Systemic Neurosciences, LMU, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Durovic
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.S.-G.); (C.K.); (T.L.); (A.Z.); (K.T.N.); (T.D.); (S.A.); (V.S.); (M.G.)
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 München, Germany
- Graduate School Systemic Neurosciences, LMU, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Aschenbroich
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.S.-G.); (C.K.); (T.L.); (A.Z.); (K.T.N.); (T.D.); (S.A.); (V.S.); (M.G.)
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 München, Germany
- Graduate School Systemic Neurosciences, LMU, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Veronika Schwarz
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.S.-G.); (C.K.); (T.L.); (A.Z.); (K.T.N.); (T.D.); (S.A.); (V.S.); (M.G.)
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 München, Germany
- Graduate School Systemic Neurosciences, LMU, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Christopher T. Breunig
- Reprogramming and Regeneration, Biomedical Center (BMC), Physiological Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 München, Germany; (C.T.B.); (S.H.S.)
- Epigenetic Engineering, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Hans Straka
- Department Biology II, University of Munich, 80539 München, Germany;
| | - Hagen B. Huttner
- Department of Neurology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (M.I.); (J.B.)
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (M.I.); (J.B.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (W.W.); (D.T.)
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology SYNERGY, LMU, 80539 Munich, Germany
- Chair of Developmental Genetics c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, 80333 München, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Zwergal
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Campus Grosshadern, 81377 Munich, Germany;
| | - Tamas Schauer
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Bioinformatic Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 München, Germany; (T.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Tobias Straub
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Bioinformatic Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 München, Germany; (T.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Tim Czopka
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK;
| | - Dietrich Trümbach
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (W.W.); (D.T.)
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.S.-G.); (C.K.); (T.L.); (A.Z.); (K.T.N.); (T.D.); (S.A.); (V.S.); (M.G.)
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology SYNERGY, LMU, 80539 Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Physiological Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Stefan H. Stricker
- Reprogramming and Regeneration, Biomedical Center (BMC), Physiological Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 München, Germany; (C.T.B.); (S.H.S.)
- Epigenetic Engineering, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Jovica Ninkovic
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.S.-G.); (C.K.); (T.L.); (A.Z.); (K.T.N.); (T.D.); (S.A.); (V.S.); (M.G.)
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 München, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology SYNERGY, LMU, 80539 Munich, Germany
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6
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Getachew A, Hussain M, Huang X, Li Y. Toll-like receptor 2 signaling in liver pathophysiology. Life Sci 2021; 284:119941. [PMID: 34508761 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic liver diseases (CLD) are among the major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Despite current achievements in the area of hepatitis virus, chronic alcohol abuse and high-fat diet are still fueling an epidemic of severe liver disease, for which, an effective therapy has yet not been discovered. In particular, the therapeutic regimens that could prevent the progression of fibrosis and, in turn, aid cirrhotic liver to develop a robust regenerative capability are intensively needed. To this context, a better understanding of the signaling pathways regulating hepatic disease development may be of critical value. In general, the liver responds to various insults with an orchestrated healing process involving variety of signaling pathways. One such pathway is the TLR2 signaling pathway, which essentially regulates adult liver pathogenesis and thus has emerged as an attractive target to treat liver disease. TLR2 is expressed by different liver cells, including Kupffer cells (KCs), hepatocytes, and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). From a pathologic perspective, the crosstalk between antigens and TLR2 may preferentially trigger a distinctive set of signaling mechanisms in these liver cells and, thereby, induce the production of inflammatory and fibrogenic cytokines that can initiate and prolong liver inflammation, ultimately leading to fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the currently available evidence regarding the role of TLR2 signaling in hepatic disease progression. We first elaborate its pathological involvement in liver-disease states, such as inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. We then discuss how therapeutic targeting of this pathway may help to alleviate its disease-related functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anteneh Getachew
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Muzammal Hussain
- Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xinping Huang
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Yinxiong Li
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China.
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7
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Ma M, Zhao Z, Liang Q, Shen H, Zhao Z, Chen Z, He R, Feng S, Cao D, Gan G, Ye H, Qiu W, Deng J, Ming F, Jia J, Sun C, Li J, Zhang L. Overexpression of pEGF improved the gut protective function of Clostridium butyricum partly through STAT3 signal pathway. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:5973-5991. [PMID: 34396488 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11472-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium butyricum (C. butyricum) is a probiotic that could promote animal growth and protect gut health. So far, current studies mainly keep up with the basic biological functions of C. butyricum, missing the effective strategy to further improve its protective efficiency. A recent report about C. butyricum alleviating intestinal injury through epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inspired us to bridge this gap by porcine epidermal growth factor (EGF) overexpression. Lacking a secretory overexpression system, we constructed the recombinant strains overexpressing pEGF in C. butyricum for the first time and obtained 4 recombinant strains for highly efficient secretion of pEGF (BC/pPD1, BC/pSPP, BC/pGHF, and BC/pDBD). Compared to the wild-type strain, we confirmed that the expression level ranges of the intestinal development-related genes (Claudin-1, GLUT-2, SUC, GLP2R, and EGFR) and anti-inflammation-related gene (IL-10) in IPECs were upregulated under recombinant strain stimulation, and the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium was significantly inhibited as well. Furthermore, a particular inhibitor (stattic) was used to block STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation, resulting in the downregulation on antibacterial effect of recombinant strains. This study demonstrated that the secretory overexpression of pEGF in C. butyricum could upregulate the expression level of EGFR, consequently improving the intestinal protective functions of C. butyricum partly following STAT3 signal activation in IPECs and making it a positive loop. These findings on the overexpression strains pointed out a new direction for further development and utilization of C. butyricum. KEY POINTS: • By 12 signal peptide screening in silico, 4 pEGF overexpression strains of C. butyricum/pMTL82151-pEGF for highly efficient secretion of pEGF were generated for the first time. • The secretory overexpression of pEGF promoted the intestinal development, antimicrobial action, and anti-inflammatory function of C. butyricum. • The overexpressed pEGF upregulated the expression level of EGFR and further magnified the gut protective function of recombinant strains which in turn partly depended on STAT3 signal pathway in IPECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaopeng Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Zitong Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Qianyi Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Haokun Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Zengjue Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Rongxiao He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Saixiang Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Ding Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Guanhua Gan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Hejia Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Weihong Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinbo Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Feiping Ming
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Junhao Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Chongjun Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Linghua Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
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8
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Varga E, Pap R, Jánosa G, Sipos K, Pandur E. IL-6 Regulates Hepcidin Expression Via the BMP/SMAD Pathway by Altering BMP6, TMPRSS6 and TfR2 Expressions at Normal and Inflammatory Conditions in BV2 Microglia. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1224-1238. [PMID: 33835366 PMCID: PMC8053173 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03322-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The hormone hepcidin plays a central role in controlling iron homeostasis. Iron-mediated hepcidin synthesis is triggered via the BMP/SMAD pathway. At inflammation, mainly IL-6 pro-inflammatory cytokine mediates the regulation of hepcidin via the JAK/STAT signalling pathway. Microglial cells of the central nervous system are able to recognize a broad spectrum of pathogens via toll-like receptors and initiate inflammatory response. Although the regulation of hepcidin synthesis is well described in many tissues, little is known about the inflammation mediated hepcidin regulation in microglia. In this study, we investigated the pathways, which are involved in HAMP regulation in BV2 microglia due to inflammatory mediators and the possible relationships between the iron regulatory pathways. Our results showed that IL-6 produced by resting BV2 cells was crucial in maintaining the basal HAMP expression and hepcidin secretion. It was revealed that IL-6 neutralization decreased both STAT3 and SMAD1/5/9 phosphorylation suggesting that IL-6 proinflammatory cytokine is necessary to maintain SMAD1/5/9 activation. We revealed that IL-6 influences BMP6 and TMPRSS6 protein levels, moreover it modified TfR2 expression, as well. In this study, we revealed that BV2 microglia increased their hepcidin secretion upon IL-6 neutralization although the major regulatory pathways were inhibited. Based on our results it seems that both at inflammation and at normal condition the absence of IL-6 triggered HAMP transcription and hepcidin secretion via the NFκB pathway and possibly by the autocrine effect of TNFα cytokine on BV2 microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edit Varga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus Str. 2, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Ramóna Pap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus Str. 2, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Gergely Jánosa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus Str. 2, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Katalin Sipos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus Str. 2, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Edina Pandur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus Str. 2, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.
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Interactions with Commensal and Pathogenic Bacteria Induce HIV-1 Latency in Macrophages through Altered Transcription Factor Recruitment to the LTR. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02141-20. [PMID: 33472928 PMCID: PMC8092691 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02141-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are infected by HIV-1 in vivo and contribute to both viral spread and pathogenesis. Recent human and animal studies suggest that HIV-1-infected macrophages serve as a reservoir that contributes to HIV-1 persistence during anti-retroviral therapy. The ability of macrophages to serve as persistent viral reservoirs is likely influenced by the local tissue microenvironment, including interactions with pathogenic and commensal microbes. Here we show that the sexually transmitted pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) and the gut-associated microbe Escherichia coli (E. coli), which encode ligands for both Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4, repressed HIV-1 replication in macrophages and thereby induced a state reminiscent of viral latency. This repression was mediated by signaling through TLR4 and the adaptor protein TRIF and was associated with increased production of type I interferons. Inhibiting TLR4 signaling, blocking type 1 interferon, or knocking-down TRIF reversed LPS- and GC-mediated repression of HIV-1. Finally, the repression of HIV-1 in macrophages was associated with the recruitment of interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) to the interferon stimulated response element (ISRE) downstream of the 5' HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR). Our data indicate that IRF8 is responsible for repression of HIV-1 replication in macrophages in response to TRIF-dependent signaling during GC and E. coli co-infection. These findings highlight the potential role of macrophages as HIV-1 reservoirs as well as the role of the tissue microenvironment and co-infections as modulators of HIV-1 persistence.IMPORTANCE The major barrier toward the eradication of HIV-1 infection is the presence of a small reservoir of latently infected cells, which include CD4+ T cells and macrophages that escape immune-mediated clearance and the effects of anti-retroviral therapy. There remain crucial gaps in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that lead to transcriptionally silent or latent HIV-1 infection of macrophages. The significance of our research is in identifying microenvironmental factors, such as commensal and pathogenic microbes, that can contribute to the establishment and maintenance of latent HIV-1 infection in macrophages. It is hoped that identifying key processes contributing to HIV-1 persistence in macrophages may ultimately lead to novel therapeutics to eliminate latent HIV-1 reservoirs in vivo.
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10
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Naqvi AR. Immunomodulatory roles of human herpesvirus-encoded microRNA in host-virus interaction. Rev Med Virol 2020; 30:e2081. [PMID: 31432608 PMCID: PMC7398577 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesviruses (HHV) are large, double stranded, DNA viruses with high seroprevalence across the globe. Clinical manifestation of primary HHV infection resolve shortly, however, this period is prolonged in immunocompromised patients or individuals with suppressed immunity. Examining molecular mechanisms of HHV-encoded virulence factors can provide finer details of HHV-host interaction. A unique genetic feature of most members of HHV is that they encode multiple microRNAs (miR). In this review, I will provide mechanistic insights into the immunomodulatory functions of herpesvirus-encoded viral miR (v-miR) that favor viral persistence and spread by ingenious immune evasion schemes. Similar to host miR, v-miR can simultaneously regulate expression of multiple transcripts including host- and virus-derived. V-miRs, by virtue of their direct interaction with various transcripts, can regulate expression of critical components of host innate and adaptive immune system. V-miRs are also exported through exosomal route and gain entry into various cells even at distant sites, thereby allowing HHV to manipulate cellular and tissue immunity. Targeting v-miR may serve as a novel and promising therapeutic candidate to mitigate HHV-mediated clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsar R Naqvi
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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11
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Leonard A, Lalk M. Infection and metabolism – Streptococcus pneumoniae metabolism facing the host environment. Cytokine 2018; 112:75-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Askarian F, Wagner T, Johannessen M, Nizet V. Staphylococcus aureus modulation of innate immune responses through Toll-like (TLR), (NOD)-like (NLR) and C-type lectin (CLR) receptors. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:656-671. [PMID: 29893825 PMCID: PMC6098222 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Early recognition of pathogens by the innate immune system is crucial for bacterial clearance. Many pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like (TLRs) and (NOD)-like (NLRs) receptors have been implicated in initial sensing of bacterial components. The intracellular signaling cascades triggered by these receptors result in transcriptional upregulation of inflammatory pathways. Although this step is crucial for bacterial elimination, it is also associated with the potential for substantial immunopathology, which underscores the need for tight control of inflammatory responses. The leading human bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus expresses over 100 virulence factors that exert numerous effects upon host cells. In this manner, the pathogen seeks to avoid host recognition or perturb PRR-induced innate immune responses to allow optimal survival in the host. These immune system interactions may result in enhanced bacterial proliferation but also provoke systemic cytokine responses associated with sepsis. This review summarizes recent findings on the various mechanisms applied by S. aureus to modulate or interfere with inflammatory responses through PRRs. Detailed understanding of these complex interactions can provide new insights toward future immune-stimulatory therapeutics against infection or immunomodulatory therapeutics to suppress or correct dysregulated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Askarian
- Research Group of Host Microbe Interaction, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Theresa Wagner
- Research Group of Host Microbe Interaction, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mona Johannessen
- Research Group of Host Microbe Interaction, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Victor Nizet
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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13
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Zhang M, Zhang L, Cui M, Ye W, Zhang P, Zhou S, Wang J. miR-302b inhibits cancer-related inflammation by targeting ERBB4, IRF2 and CXCR4 in esophageal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:49053-49063. [PMID: 28467773 PMCID: PMC5564748 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer related inflammation (CRI) plays an important role in the development of esophageal cancer (EC), and the target gene analysis shows that miR-302b potential target genes closely correlated to CRI important signaling pathways. The present study was to evaluate the inhibition of miR-302b on CRI in EC and its mechanism. We found that the expression levels of miR-302b in EC cells were lower than that in Het-1A cells, while TE11 with the lowest expression and OE33 with the highest. Inflammatory stimuli at 48 h significantly reduced expression of miR-302b in EC cells, but had no effect in Het-1A. After up-regulation of miR-302b in TE11 and down-regulation of miR-302b in OE33, it was found that miR-302b reduced CRI key transcription factors and representative cytokines. Then, over-expressed of miR-302b significantly altered potential target genes protein expressions and there was a negative correlation between miR-302b and potential target genes protein expressions (ERBB4, IRF2 and CXCR4) in EC tissues. Then reporter gene analysis revealed that miR-302b post-transcriptionally regulated expression of target genes by specific area of 3′-UTR. Transfected by target genes shRNA plasmids together could get the same effects of miR-302b on protein expression of CRI key transcription factors. Furthermore, miR-302b was able to repress tumor growth and transcription factors protein expression in vivo. These finding suggests that miR-302b inhibits key transcription factors and cytokines by targeting ERBB4, IRF2 and CXCR4, implicating its role in the inhibition of CRI in EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lingmin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Manli Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wenguang Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Pengjiang Zhang
- Second Department of Cadre's Ward, Lanzhou General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Suna Zhou
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jingjie Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
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Chan DD, Li J, Luo W, Predescu DN, Cole BJ, Plaas A. Pirfenidone reduces subchondral bone loss and fibrosis after murine knee cartilage injury. J Orthop Res 2018; 36. [PMID: 28646530 PMCID: PMC5742076 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pirfenidone is an anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic drug that has shown efficacy in lung and kidney fibrosis. Because inflammation and fibrosis have been linked to the progression of osteoarthritis, we investigated the effects of oral Pirfenidone in a mouse model of cartilage injury, which results in chronic inflammation and joint-wide fibrosis in mice that lack hyaluronan synthase 1 (Has1-/- ) in comparison to wild-type. Femoral cartilage was surgically injured in wild-type and Has1-/- mice, and Pirfenidone was administered in food starting after 3 days. At 4 weeks, Pirfenidone reduced the appearance, on micro-computed tomography, of pitting in subchondral bone at, and cortical bone surrounding, the site of cartilage injury. This corresponded with a reduction in fibrotic tissue deposits as observed with gross joint surface photography. Pirfenidone resulted in significant recovery of trabecular bone parameters affected by joint injury in Has1-/- mice, although the effect in wild-type was less pronounced. Pirfenidone also increased Safranin-O staining of growth plate cartilage after cartilage injury and sham operation in both genotypes. Taken together with the expression of selected extracellular matrix, inflammation, and fibrosis genes, these results indicate that Pirfenidone may confer chondrogenic and bone-protective effects, although the well-known anti-fibrotic effects of Pirfenidone may occur earlier in the wound-healing response than the time point examined in this study. Further investigations to identify the specific cell populations in the joint and signaling pathways that are responsive to Pirfenidone are warranted, as Pirfenidone and other anti-fibrotic drugs may encourage tissue repair and prevent progression of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:365-376, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deva D. Chan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center; 1653 West Congress Parkway, Chicago, Illinois, USA 60612,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA,Corresponding author: Deva D. Chan, 110 Eighth St., BT 3141, Troy, NY 12180, Phone: (518) 276-4272
| | - Jun Li
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center; 1653 West Congress Parkway, Chicago, Illinois, USA 60612,Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center
| | - Wei Luo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center; 1653 West Congress Parkway, Chicago, Illinois, USA 60612,Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | | | - Brian J. Cole
- Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, Rush University Medical Center,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center
| | - Anna Plaas
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center; 1653 West Congress Parkway, Chicago, Illinois, USA 60612,Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center
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15
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Staphylococcus aureus Infection Reduces Nutrition Uptake and Nucleotide Biosynthesis in a Human Airway Epithelial Cell Line. Metabolites 2016; 6:metabo6040041. [PMID: 27834866 PMCID: PMC5192447 DOI: 10.3390/metabo6040041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram positive opportunistic human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus induces a variety of diseases including pneumonia. S. aureus is the second most isolated pathogen in cystic fibrosis patients and accounts for a large proportion of nosocomial pneumonia. Inside the lung, the human airway epithelium is the first line in defence with regard to microbial recognition and clearance as well as regulation of the immune response. The metabolic host response is, however, yet unknown. To address the question of whether the infection alters the metabolome and metabolic activity of airway epithelial cells, we used a metabolomics approach. The nutrition uptake by the human airway epithelial cell line A549 was monitored over time by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) and the intracellular metabolic fingerprints were investigated by gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography (GC-MS) and (HPLC-MS). To test the metabolic activity of the host cells, glutamine analogues and labelled precursors were applied after the infection. We found that A549 cells restrict uptake of essential nutrients from the medium after S. aureus infection. Moreover, the infection led to a shutdown of the purine and pyrimidine synthesis in the A549 host cell, whereas other metabolic routes such as the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway remained active. In summary, our data show that the infection with S. aureus negatively affects growth, alters the metabolic composition and specifically impacts the de novo nucleotide biosynthesis in this human airway epithelial cell model.
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16
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Lyu JH, Huang B, Park DW, Baek SH. Regulation of PHLDA1 Expression by JAK2-ERK1/2-STAT3 Signaling Pathway. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:483-90. [PMID: 26239656 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-mediated signaling cascades and gene regulation are mainly involved in diseases, such as immunity and inflammation. In this study, microarray analysis was performed using bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) and Raw 264.7 cells to identify novel proteins involved in the TLR2-mediated cellular response. We found that pleckstrin homology-like domain family, member 1 (PHLDA1) is a novel gene up-regulated by TLR2 stimulation and determined the unique signaling pathway for its expression. Treatment with TLR2 agonist Pam3 CSK4 increased mRNA, protein, and fluorescence staining of PHLDA1. Induction of PHLDA1 by TLR2 stimulation disappeared from TLR2 KO mice-derived BMDM. Among janus kinase (JAK) family members, JAK2 was involved in TLR2-stimulated PHLDA1 expression. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) also participated in PHLDA1 expression downstream of the JAK2. Interestingly, ERK1/2 was an intermediate between JAK2 and STAT3. In silico analysis revealed the presence of highly conserved γ-activated sites within mouse PHLDA1 promoter and confirmed the JAK2-STAT3 pathway is important to Pam3 CSK4 -induced PHLDA1 transcription. These findings suggest that the JAK2-ERK1/2-STAT3 pathway is an important signaling pathway for PHLDA1 expression and that these proteins may play a critical role in eliciting TLR2-mediated immune and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyo Lyu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu, 705-703, South Korea
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu, 705-703, South Korea
| | - Dae-Weon Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu, 705-703, South Korea
| | - Suk-Hwan Baek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu, 705-703, South Korea
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17
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Leifer CA, Medvedev AE. Molecular mechanisms of regulation of Toll-like receptor signaling. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:927-941. [PMID: 27343013 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2mr0316-117rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
TLRs play a critical role in the detection of microbes and endogenous "alarmins" to initiate host defense, yet they can also contribute to the development and progression of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. To avoid pathogenic inflammation, TLR signaling is subject to multilayer regulatory control mechanisms, including cooperation with coreceptors, post-translational modifications, cleavage, cellular trafficking, and interactions with negative regulators. Nucleic acid-sensing TLRs are particularly interesting in this regard, as they can both recognize host-derived structures and require internalization of their ligand as a result of intracellular sequestration of the nucleic acid-sensing TLRs. This review summarizes the regulatory mechanisms of TLRs, including regulation of their access to ligands, receptor folding, intracellular trafficking, and post-translational modifications, as well as how altered control mechanism could contribute to inflammatory and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Leifer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; and
| | - Andrei E Medvedev
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Heath Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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18
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Vencken SF, Greene CM. Toll-Like Receptors in Cystic Fibrosis: Impact of Dysfunctional microRNA on Innate Immune Responses in the Cystic Fibrosis Lung. J Innate Immun 2016; 8:541-549. [PMID: 27043239 DOI: 10.1159/000444687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of pattern recognition receptors that are particularly expressed in the sentinel and epithelial cells in the body, including the lung. They are central players in the innate immune system in response to microbial infection, and are the triggers of a complex pathway network that both promotes the inflammatory response and influences the adaptive immune response. These pathways are transiently and finely tuned by cellular factors, including a cell's microRNA response program. MicroRNAs are small, non-coding RNAs that specifically regulate gene expression. In this article, we review the disease-specific microRNA regulatory network of cystic fibrosis, a debilitating and ultimately fatal disease and, specifically, its effect on TLR signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian F Vencken
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Lim R, Tran HT, Liong S, Barker G, Lappas M. The Transcription Factor Interferon Regulatory Factor-1 (IRF1) Plays a Key Role in the Terminal Effector Pathways of Human Preterm Labor1. Biol Reprod 2016; 94:32. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.134726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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20
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Bergstrøm B, Aune MH, Awuh JA, Kojen JF, Blix KJ, Ryan L, Flo TH, Mollnes TE, Espevik T, Stenvik J. TLR8 Senses Staphylococcus aureus RNA in Human Primary Monocytes and Macrophages and Induces IFN-β Production via a TAK1–IKKβ–IRF5 Signaling Pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1100-11. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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21
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Stack J, Doyle SL, Connolly DJ, Reinert LS, O'Keeffe KM, McLoughlin RM, Paludan SR, Bowie AG. TRAM is required for TLR2 endosomal signaling to type I IFN induction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:6090-102. [PMID: 25385819 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Detection of microbes by TLRs on the plasma membrane leads to the induction of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, via activation of NF-κB. Alternatively, activation of endosomal TLRs leads to the induction of type I IFNs via IFN regulatory factors (IRFs). TLR4 signaling from the plasma membrane to NF-κB via the Toll/IL-1R (TIR) adaptor protein MyD88 requires the TIR sorting adaptor Mal, whereas endosomal TLR4 signaling to IRF3 via the TIR domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-β (TRIF) requires the TRIF-related adaptor molecule (TRAM). Similar to TLR4 homodimers, TLR2 heterodimers can also induce both proinflammatory cytokines and type I IFNs. TLR2 plasma membrane signaling to NF-κB is known to require MyD88 and Mal, whereas endosomal IRF activation by TLR2 requires MyD88. However, it was unclear whether TLR2 requires a sorting adaptor for endosomal signaling, like TLR4 does. In this study, we show that TLR2-dependent IRF7 activation at the endosome is both Mal- and TRAM-dependent, and that TRAM is required for the TLR2-dependent movement of MyD88 to endosomes following ligand engagement. TRAM interacted with both TLR2 and MyD88, suggesting that TRAM can act as a bridging adapter between these two molecules. Furthermore, infection of macrophages lacking TRAM with herpes viruses or the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus led to impaired induction of type I IFN, indicating a role for TRAM in TLR2-dependent responses to human pathogens. Our work reveals that TRAM acts as a sorting adaptor not only for TLR4, but also for TLR2, to facilitate signaling to IRF7 at the endosome, which explains how TLR2 is capable of causing type I IFN induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne Stack
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sarah L Doyle
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; The National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland; and
| | - Dympna J Connolly
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Line S Reinert
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kate M O'Keeffe
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Rachel M McLoughlin
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Andrew G Bowie
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland;
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22
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Malireddi RKS, Kanneganti TD. Role of type I interferons in inflammasome activation, cell death, and disease during microbial infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:77. [PMID: 24273750 PMCID: PMC3824101 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) were discovered over a half-century ago as antiviral factors. The role of type I IFNs has been studied in the pathogenesis of both acute and chronic microbial infections. Deregulated type I IFN production results in a damaging cascade of cell death, inflammation, and immunological host responses that can lead to tissue injury and disease progression. Here, we summarize the role of type I IFNs in the regulation of cell death and disease during different microbial infections, ranging from viruses and bacteria to fungal pathogens. Understanding the specific mechanisms driving type I IFN-mediated cell death and disease could aid in the development of targeted therapies.
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Tsolmongyn B, Koide N, Jambalganiin U, Odkhuu E, Naiki Y, Komatsu T, Yoshida T, Yokochi T. A Toll-like receptor 2 ligand, Pam3CSK4, augments interferon-γ-induced nitric oxide production via a physical association between MyD88 and interferon-γ receptor in vascular endothelial cells. Immunology 2013; 140:352-61. [PMID: 23826757 PMCID: PMC3800440 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of Pam3CSK4, a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) ligand, on interferon-γ (IFN-γ) -induced nitric oxide (NO) production in mouse vascular endothelial END-D cells was studied. Pre-treatment or post-treatment with Pam3CSK4 augmented IFN-γ-induced NO production via enhanced expression of an inducible NO synthase (iNOS) protein and mRNA. Pam3CSK4 augmented phosphorylation of Janus kinase 1 and 2, followed by enhanced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) at tyrosine 701. Subsequently, the enhanced STAT1 activation augmented IFN-γ-induced IFN-regulatory factor 1 expression leading to the iNOS expression. Pam3CSK4 also induced the activation of p38 and subsequent phosphorylation of STAT1 at serine 727. A pharmacological p38 inhibitor abolished the augmentation of IFN-γ-induced NO production by Pam3CSK4. Surprisingly, Pam3CSK4 enhanced a physical association of MyD88 and IFN-γ receptor. Together, these findings suggest that Pam3CSK4 up-regulates IFN-γ signalling in vascular endothelial cells via the physical association between MyD88 and IFN-γ receptor α, and p38-dependent serine 727 STAT1 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilegtsaikhan Tsolmongyn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
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24
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MEKATA EIJI, MURATA SATOSHI, SONODA HIROMICHI, SHIMIZU TOMOHARU, UMEDA TOMOKO, SHIOMI HISANORI, NAKA SHIGEYUKI, YAMAMOTO HIROSHI, ABE HAJIME, EDAMATSU TAKEO, FUJIEDA AYAKO, FUJIOKA MASAKI, WADA TSUTOMU, TANI TOHRU. Protein-bound polysaccharide-K augments the anticancer effect of fluoropyrimidine derivatives possibly by lowering dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase expression in gastrointestinal cancers. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:2845-51. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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25
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Involvement of PKA and HO-1 signaling in anti-inflammatory effects of surfactin in BV-2 microglial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 268:68-78. [PMID: 23360889 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Surfactin, one of the most powerful biosurfactants, is a bacterial cyclic lipopeptide. Here, we investigated the anti-neuroinflammatory properties of surfactin in lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells. Surfactin significantly inhibited excessive production of the pro-inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and suppressed the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Subsequent mechanistic studies revealed that surfactin inhibited LTA-induced nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT-1) activation. However, surfactin increases the phosphorylation of the STAT-3, a component of the homeostatic mechanism causing anti-inflammatory events. We also demonstrated that surfactin induces heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression and nuclear factor-regulated factor-2 (Nrf-2) activation, and that the anti-inflammatory effects of surfactin are abrogated by small interfering RNA-mediated knock-down of HO-1 or Nrf-2. Interestingly, we found that surfactin increased the level of cAMP and induced phosphorylation of cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) in microglial cells. Furthermore, treatment with the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, H-89, blocked HO-1 induction by surfactin and abolished surfactin's suppressive effects on ROS and NO production. These results indicate that HO-1 and its upstream effector, PKA, play a pivotal role in the anti-neuroinflammatory response of surfactin in LTA-stimulated microglia. Therefore, surfactin might have therapeutic potential for neuroprotective agents to treat inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases.
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26
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Bathige SDNK, Whang I, Umasuthan N, Lim BS, Park MA, Kim E, Park HC, Lee J. Interferon regulatory factors 4 and 8 in rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus: structural and expressional evidence for their antimicrobial role in teleosts. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:857-871. [PMID: 22885028 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The interferon regulatory factor (IRF) members IRF4 and IRF8 contribute to B-lymphocyte development and can act as regulators of immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain gene transcription. These two IRFs are closely interrelated and are expressed at high levels in the lymphoid and myeloid cells of the immune system. In this study, the complete cDNA and genomic sequences of rock bream IRF4 (RbIRF4) and IRF8 (RbIRF8) were identified by homology screening of a multi-tissue normalized cDNA library and a BAC library, respectively, which had been established using Roche 454 GS-FLX™ technology. The full-length RbIRF4 cDNA is composed of 3442 bp and encodes a polypeptide of 462 amino acids; the genomic DNA is 9262 bp in length, consisting of eight exons and seven introns. The full-length RbIRF8 cDNA is composed of 2186 bp and encodes a 422 amino acid polypeptide; the genomic DNA is 4120 bp in length, consisting of nine exons and eight introns. The deduced amino acid sequences of RbIRF4 and RbIRF8 include a conserved DNA-binding domain (DBD) encompassing a tryptophan pentad-repeat and an IRF-association domain (IAD). Several putative transcription factor binding sites were also identified in 5' flanking region of both RbIRF4 and RbIRF8, and include those of immune-related factors. Quantitative real time PCR analysis of healthy rock bream detected the highest expression levels of RbIRF4 and RbIRF8 in lymphomyeloid-rich tissues. In addition, viral (rock bream iridovirus) and bacterial (Edwardsiella tarda and Streptococcus iniae) infection stimulated RbIRF4 and RbIRF8 expressions in head kidney and spleen. These results suggest not only that RbIRF4 and RbIRF8 may have a protective function against virus and bacteria pathogen invasion in rock bream, but also that IRFs may be immunomodulatory factors of teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D N K Bathige
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
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Klune JR, Dhupar R, Kimura S, Ueki S, Cardinal J, Nakao A, Nace G, Evankovich J, Murase N, Tsung A, Geller DA. Interferon regulatory factor-2 is protective against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G666-73. [PMID: 22744333 PMCID: PMC3468551 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00050.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1 is a nuclear transcription factor that induces inflammatory cytokine mediators and contributes to hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. No strategies to mitigate IRF1-mediated liver damage exist. IRF2 is a structurally similar endogenous protein that competes with IRF1 for DNA binding sites in IRF-responsive target genes and acts as a competitive inhibitor. However, the role of IRF2 in hepatic injury during hypoxic or inflammatory conditions is unknown. We hypothesize that IRF2 overexpression may mitigate IRF1-mediated I/R damage. Endogenous IRF2 is basally expressed in normal livers and is mildly increased by ischemia alone. Overexpression of IRF2 protects against hepatic warm I/R injury. Furthermore, we demonstrate that IRF2 overexpression limits production of IRF1-dependent proinflammatory genes, such as IL-12, IFNβ, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, even in the presence of IRF1 induction. Additionally, isograft liver transplantation with IRF2 heterozygote knockout (IRF2(+/-)) donor grafts that have reduced endogenous IRF2 levels results in worse injury following cold I/R during murine orthotopic liver transplantation. These findings indicate that endogenous intrahepatic IRF2 protein is protective, because the IRF2-deficient liver donor grafts exhibited increased liver damage compared with the wild-type donor grafts. In summary, IRF2 overexpression protects against I/R injury by decreasing IRF1-dependent injury and may represent a novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Klune
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rajeev Dhupar
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shoko Kimura
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shinya Ueki
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jon Cardinal
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Atsunori Nakao
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gary Nace
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John Evankovich
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Noriko Murase
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Allan Tsung
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David A. Geller
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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28
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Oliveira-Nascimento L, Massari P, Wetzler LM. The Role of TLR2 in Infection and Immunity. Front Immunol 2012; 3:79. [PMID: 22566960 PMCID: PMC3342043 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognition molecules for multiple pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. TLR2 forms heterodimers with TLR1 and TLR6, which is the initial step in a cascade of events leading to significant innate immune responses, development of adaptive immunity to pathogens and protection from immune sequelae related to infection with these pathogens. This review will discuss the current status of TLR2 mediated immune responses by recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) on these organisms. We will emphasize both canonical and non-canonical responses to TLR2 ligands with emphasis on whether the inflammation induced by these responses contributes to the disease state or to protection from diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Oliveira-Nascimento
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA
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29
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Parker D, Prince A. Type I interferon response to extracellular bacteria in the airway epithelium. Trends Immunol 2011; 32:582-8. [PMID: 21996313 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The airway epithelium possesses many mechanisms to prevent bacterial infection. Not only does it provide a physical barrier, but it also acts as an extension of the immune system through the expression of innate immune receptors and corresponding effectors. One outcome of innate signaling by the epithelium is the production of type I interferons (IFNs), which have traditionally been associated with activation via viral and intracellular organisms. We discuss how three extracellular bacterial pathogens of the airway activate this intracellular signaling cascade through both surface components as well as via secretion systems, and the differing effects of type I IFN signaling on host defense of the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane Parker
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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30
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Lal G, Yin N, Xu J, Lin M, Bernd S, Ding Y, Marie I, Levy DE, Bromberg JS. Distinct inflammatory signals have physiologically divergent effects on epigenetic regulation of Foxp3 expression and Treg function. Am J Transplant 2011; 11:203-14. [PMID: 21219575 PMCID: PMC3079560 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Foxp3 expression in regulatory T cells (Treg) is required for their development and suppressive function. How different inflammatory signals affect Foxp3 chromatin structure, expression and Tregs plasticity are not completely known. In the present study, the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) ligand peptidoglycan inhibited Foxp3 expression in both natural Treg (nTreg) and TGFβ-driven adaptive Treg (aTreg). Inhibition was independent of paracrine Th1, Th2 and Th17 cytokines. PGN-induced T cell-intrinsic TLR2-Myd88-dependent IFR1 expression and induced IRF1 bound to IRF1 response elements (IRF-E) in the Foxp3 promoter and intronic enhancers, and negatively regulated Foxp3 expression. Inflammatory IL-6 and TLR2 signals induced divergent chromatin changes at the Foxp3 locus and regulated Treg suppressor function, and in an islet transplant model resulted in differences in their ability to prolong graft survival. These findings are important for understanding how different inflammatory signals can affect the transplantation tolerance and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girdhari Lal
- Dept. of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 21201,Address correspondence to Jonathan S. Bromberg. MD, PhD, , 29 S. Greene St., Baltimore, MD 21201, [410]328-0008 (tel), [410]320-6343 (fax)
| | - Na Yin
- Dept. of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 21201,Address correspondence to Jonathan S. Bromberg. MD, PhD, , 29 S. Greene St., Baltimore, MD 21201, [410]328-0008 (tel), [410]320-6343 (fax)
| | - Jiangnan Xu
- Dept. of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 21201,Address correspondence to Jonathan S. Bromberg. MD, PhD, , 29 S. Greene St., Baltimore, MD 21201, [410]328-0008 (tel), [410]320-6343 (fax)
| | - Marvin Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Schroppel Bernd
- Recanati/Miller Transplantation Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, Division of Nephrology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Yaozhong Ding
- Dept. of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 21201,Address correspondence to Jonathan S. Bromberg. MD, PhD, , 29 S. Greene St., Baltimore, MD 21201, [410]328-0008 (tel), [410]320-6343 (fax)
| | - Isabelle Marie
- Pathology and Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - David E. Levy
- Pathology and Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Jonathan S. Bromberg
- Dept. of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 21201,Address correspondence to Jonathan S. Bromberg. MD, PhD, , 29 S. Greene St., Baltimore, MD 21201, [410]328-0008 (tel), [410]320-6343 (fax)
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31
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Eliasson M, Mörgelin M, Farber JM, Egesten A, Albiger B. Streptococcus pneumoniae induces expression of the antibacterial CXC chemokine MIG/CXCL9 via MyD88-dependent signaling in a murine model of airway infection. Microbes Infect 2010; 12:565-73. [PMID: 20381636 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
MIG/CXCL9 belongs to the CXC family of chemokines and participates in the regulation of leukocyte-trafficking and angiogenesis. Certain chemokines, including human MIG/CXCL9, exert strong antibacterial activity in vitro, although the importance of this property in vivo is unknown. In the present study, we investigated the expression and a possible role for MIG/CXCL9 in host defense during mucosal airway infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in vivo. We found that intranasal challenge of C57BL/6 wild-type mice with pneumococci elicited production of high levels of MIG/CXCL9 in the lungs via the MyD88-dependent signaling pathway. Whereas both human and murine MIG/CXCL9 showed efficient killing of S. pneumoniae in vitro, MIG/CXCL9 knock-out mice were not more susceptible to pneumococcal infection. Our data demonstrate that, in vivo this chemokine probably has a redundant role, acting together with other antibacterial peptides and chemokines, in innate and adaptive host defense mechanisms against pneumococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Eliasson
- Lund University and Lund University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences, Section for Respiratory Medicine, and Allergology, Lund, Sweden
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32
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Cai L, Li Y, Liu F, Zhang W, Huo B, Zheng W, Ding R, Guo J, Zhao Q, Dou K. The influence of ADAR1’s regulation on lymphocyte cell function during rejection. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:2703-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9804-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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